Yellow vests protests
The Yellow Vests Protests or Yellow Jackets Protests or Yellow Vests Revolution (French: Mouvement des gilets jaunes, pronounced [muvmɑ̃ de ʒilɛ ʒon]) are a series of populist,[66] grassroots[67] weekly protests in France that began on 17 November 2018. At first the protestors advocated economic justice;[68][69] later they called for institutional political reforms.[citation needed]
| Yellow vests protests Yellow vests Revolution Gilets jaunes protests | |||
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| Part of the protests against Emmanuel Macron | |||
A yellow vests protest in Belfort, France, on 29 December 2018 | |||
| Date | 17 November 2018 – present (4 years, 9 months and 4 days)
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| Location | France Other countries:
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| Caused by |
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| Goals |
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Other occurrences | ||
| Status | Ongoing[49][50] | ||
| Concessions |
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| Lead figures | |||
Jacline Mouraud Emmanuel Macron | |||
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| Casualties | |||
| Death(s) | 11 people, including 3 yellow vests, were killed in traffic accidents caused by yellow vests roadblocks in Belgium and France, 2 yellow vests, both aged over 50, died during the demonstrations due to heart problems unrelated to the protests, 1 woman died of a surgical shock at the hospital after being hit by a tear gas grenade in the margins of a demonstration[64] | ||
| Injuries | 4,439 (police and civilians)[65] | ||
After an online petition posted in May 2018 had attracted nearly 1 million signatures, mass demonstrations began on 17 November.[70] The movement was initially motivated by rising crude oil and fuel prices, a high cost of living, and economic inequality. The movement argued that a disproportionate burden of taxation in France was falling on the working and middle classes,[71][72][73] especially in rural and peri-urban areas.[32][74] The protesters called for lower fuel taxes, a reintroduction of the solidarity tax on wealth, a minimum wage increase,[39] among other things. On 29 November 2018, a list of 42 demands was made public and went viral on social media, becoming a de facto structuring basis for the movement. The demands covered a wide range of eclectic topics, mostly related to democracy, and social and fiscal justice.[38][75] After President Emmanuel Macron made an address on TV on 10 December announcing the cancellation of the fuel tax increase and other social measures, the movement evolved, and the citizens' initiative referendums became its unique goal.[39][clarification needed] Participation in the weekly protests diminished due to violence, particularly due to the loss of eyes, hands, and other neurological disorders caused by police blast balls.[76][77][78] The protests eventually stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic in France but continued again after health restrictions were lifted.[79]
The movement spans the political spectrum. According to one poll, few of those protesting had voted for Macron in the 2017 French presidential election; many had shown political alienation by not voting, or had voted for far-right or far-left candidates.[80] Rising fuel prices initially sparked the demonstrations. Yellow high-visibility vests, which French law requires all drivers to have in their vehicles and to wear during emergency situations, were chosen as "a unifying thread and call to arms" because of their convenience, visibility, ubiquity, and association with working-class industries.[81] The protests have involved demonstrations and the blocking of roads and fuel depots, sometimes developing into major riots,[82] described as the most violent since those of May 68.[83] The police action, resulting in multiple incidents of loss of limb, has been criticized by politicians and international media; it has sometimes resulted in police officers being charged for their violent behavior.[84] The movement has received international attention. Protesters in many places around the world have used the yellow vest as a symbol.[85][86] About 3 million people have participated in the yellow-vests movement.[87]
Background
The issue on which the French movement centered at first was the projected 2019 increase in fuel taxes, particularly on diesel fuel.[88] The yellow vest was an accessible symbol for the protests, as all French drivers have been required to have one in their vehicles since 2008.[81]
General discontentment
Already low in early 2018 (47% approval in January 2018),[89] French President Emmanuel Macron's approval rating had dipped below 25% at the beginning of the movement.[90] The government's method of curbing the budget deficit had proven unpopular, with Macron being dubbed président des très riches ("president of the very rich") by his former boss François Hollande.[91]
Late in June 2017, Macron's Minister of Justice, François Bayrou, came under pressure to resign, due to the ongoing investigation into the financial arrangements of the political party (MoDem) he leads.[92][93] During a radio interview in August 2018, Nicolas Hulot had resigned from the Ministry of the Environment, without telling either the President or the Prime Minister of his plans to do so.[94] Criticized for his role in the Benalla affair, Gérard Collomb tried to resign in October 2018 as Minister of the Interior—leaving himself with only two jobs, as a senator and mayor of Lyon—but saw his resignation initially refused, then finally accepted.[95][96]
Diesel
In the 1950s, diesel engines were used only in heavy equipment so, to help sell off the surpluses in French refineries, the state created a favorable tax regime to encourage motorists and manufacturers to use diesel.[97] The 1979 oil crisis prompted efforts to curb petrol (gasoline) use, while taking advantage of diesel fuel availability and diesel engine efficiency. The French manufacturer Peugeot has been at the forefront of diesel technology, and from the 1980s, the French government favored this technology. A reduction in VAT taxes for corporate fleets also increased the prevalence of diesel cars in France.[98] In 2015, two out of every three cars purchased consumed diesel fuel.[97]
Fuel prices
The price of petrol (SP95-E10) decreased during 2018, from €1.47 per liter (USD $6.57/gallon) in January to €1.43 per liter (USD $6.40/gallon) in the last week of November.[99]
Prices of petrol and diesel fuel increased by 15 per cent and 23 per cent respectively between October 2017 and October 2018.[100] The world market purchase price of petrol for distributors increased by 28 per cent over the previous year; for diesel, by 35 per cent. Costs of distribution increased by 40 per cent. VAT included, diesel taxes increased by 14 per cent over one year and petrol taxes by 7.5 per cent.[100] The tax increase had been 7.6 cents per litre on diesel and 3.9 cents on petrol in 2018, with a further increase of 6.5 cents on diesel and 2.9 cents on petrol planned for 1 January 2019.[101][102]
The taxes collected on the sale of fuel are:
- The domestic consumption tax on energy products (TICPE, la Taxe intérieure de consommation sur les produits énergétiques), which is not calculated based on the price of oil, but rather at a fixed rate by volume. Part of this tax, paid at the pump, goes to regional governments, while another portion goes to the national government. Since 2014, this tax has included a carbon component—increased each year—in an effort to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The TICPE for diesel fuel was raised sharply in 2017 and 2018 to bring it to the same level as the tax on petrol.
- Value added tax (VAT), calculated on the sum of the price excluding tax and the TICPE. Its rate has been stable at 20 per cent since 2014, after having been at 19.6 per cent between 2000 and 2014.
The protest movement against fuel prices mainly concerns individuals, as a number of professions and activities benefit from partial or total exemptions from TICPE.[30][103]
Though allegedly pro-climate, the protesters criticized Édouard Philippe's second government for burdening households with the bulk of the carbon tax, while offering exemptions to many carbon-intensive companies.[68] As the carbon tax had progressively been ramping up to meet ecological objectives, many who had chosen fossil fuel-based heating for their homes, outside of the city center—where a car is required were displeased. President Macron attempted to dispel these concerns in early November by offering special subsidies and incentives.[104][105]
Diesel prices in France increased by 16 per cent in 2018, with taxes on both petrol and diesel increasing at the same time and a further tax increase planned for 2019, making diesel as expensive as petrol.[106] President Macron bore the brunt of the protesters' anger for his extension of policies implemented under François Hollande's government.[106]
Speed limit reduction
The government decided in 2017 to cut the speed limit on country roads from 1 July 2018 from 90 to 80 km/h (50 mph) with the aim to save 200 lives each year, after research found that "excessive or unsuitable" speed was involved in a third (32 per cent) of fatal road accidents. The change was opposed and was a factor in the rise of the yellow vest movement. It was seen as another tax via citations [107] and a failure to understand the needs of rural residents who are totally reliant on their cars. Vandalism of traffic enforcement cameras grew significantly after the yellow vest movement began.[108][109][110]
Economic reforms
Sparked by claims that the fuel tax was intended to finance tax cuts for big business[111] (a characterization that French President Emmanuel Macron has objected to, stating that the fuel tax was intended to discourage fossil fuel use as a way to combat climate change[112][104]) and including many people motivated by economic difficulties due to low salaries and high energy prices,[113] the yellow vests movement has called for redistributive economic policies like a wealth tax, increased pensions, a higher minimum wage, and reduced salaries for politicians.[114][115] While some commentators have claimed that the movement was a backlash to policies meant to combat climate change,[116][117] a communique released by the movement calls for a "real ecological policy", including fuel and kerosene taxes for ships and airplanes, but objects to policies like the gas tax that hit the poor and working class most heavily.[118][119]
Yellow vest symbol
No one knows how the high-visibility yellow vest came to be chosen as the symbol and uniform for the movement, and no one has claimed to be its originator.[81] The movement originated with French motorists from rural areas who had long commutes protesting against an increase in fuel taxes, wearing the yellow vests that, under a 2008 French law, all motorists are required to keep in their vehicles and to wear in case of emergency.[82] The symbol has become "a unifying thread and call to arms" because yellow vests are common and inexpensive, easy to wear over any clothing, associated with working-class industries, highly visible, and widely understood as a distress signal.[81] As the movement grew to include grievances beyond fuel taxes, non-motorists in France put on yellow vests and joined the demonstrations, as did protesters in other countries with diverse (and sometimes conflicting) grievances of their own.[81][82] In the words of one commentator, "The uniform of this revolution is as accessible as the frustration and fury."[81]
Origin
Éric Drouet and a businesswoman named Priscillia Ludosky from the Seine-et-Marne department started a petition on the change.org website in May 2018 that had reached 300,000 signatures by mid-October and close to 1 million a month later.[70][120][121] Parallel to this petition, two men from the same Department launched a Facebook event for 17 November to "block all roads" and thus protest against an increase in fuel prices they considered excessive, stating that this increase was the result of the tax increase. One of the viral videos around this group launched the idea of using yellow jackets.[122]
The movement is organized in a leaderless, horizontal fashion. Informal leaders can emerge, but some have been rejected by other demonstrators and even threatened. According to John Lichfield, some in the movement extend their hatred of politicians even to any "would-be politicians who emerge from their own ranks".[123][124] The yellow jacket movement is not associated with a specific political party or trade union and has spread largely by social media.[125]
The yellow vests movement has been described as a populist,[66][80] grassroots[67] movement for economic justice,[69] opposing what it sees as the wealthy urban elite and the establishment.[126] Many of the protesters live in tight financial circumstances, often in rural or outer-urban areas where there is "weak economic growth and high unemployment", and where depending on a car for transport is "essential, and increasingly costly".[80] According to the BBC, "It's no accident that cars were the spark that ignited this anger. Not needing one has become a status symbol in France. Those in city centers have a wealth of public transport to choose from, but you need to be rich enough to live in the center of Paris or Marseille or Bordeaux".[67]
The movement has drawn supporters from across the political spectrum.[66][67][80] An opinion poll published by the Elabe Institute showed that in the presidential election in May 2017, 36% of the participants voted for far-right candidate Marine Le Pen and 28% for far-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon in the 2017 presidential elections.[80][127] Five Le Monde journalists studied the yellow vests' forty-two directives[38] and concluded that two thirds were "very close" to the position of the "radical left" (Mélenchon, Philippe Poutou and Nathalie Arthaud), nearly a half were "compatible with" the position of the "far right" (Nicolas Dupont-Aignan and Marine Le Pen), and that all were "very far removed" from economically "liberal" policies (Emmanuel Macron and François Fillon).[128] Étienne Girard, writing for Marianne, says the one figure that gathers wide support in the movement has been dead for thirty-two years: the former humourist and presidential candidate Coluche.[129]
Some media outlets were shocked at the hostility they felt from the very beginning of the yellow vest mobilization. The media had been largely supportive of Emmanuel Macron's government since before his election. This unyielding support of his policies was widely cited by the yellow vests' as the main cause of this violence.[130] Multiple verbal and physical attacks perpetrated by yellow vests against journalists have been reported and documented throughout the movement.[131] For example in Rouen during the Acte IX, LCI television reporters were attacked by a group of protesters, thrown to the ground and beaten.[132] The same day a reporter for the local newspaper La Dépêche du Midi was threatened by yellow vest protesters in Toulouse who told her "we'll take you out of your car and rape you".[132] On 19 November a BFMTV crew was forced to abandon a protest in the Bordeaux region because they were targeted by protesters who not only hurled insults but also threw stones and beer cans at them.[131] In parallel, many comments and photomontages expressing hatred towards journalists as a whole circulated on "yellow vest" Facebook pages. In December the level of threats and attacks was such that more and more news organizations decided that every reporter they sent out should be accompanied by a bodyguard,[133] because of the strong aversion the yellow jackets had shown toward journalists and media.[130][133] A month later, 25 yellow vests prevented Ouest-France from being delivered in parts of the Vendée and Loire-Atlantique because they did not like an editorial.[134][135] Protesters had also blocked the printing center of the L'Yonne Republicaine newspaper and prevented the newspaper la Voix du Nord from being distributed.[136]
International media have also reported on the disproportionate violence used by the French police response against the protestors, including the use of explosive grenades and flashball weapons resulting in multiple incidents of loss of limb and sight by the protestors.[84]
According to Stéphane Sirot, a specialist in the history of French trade unionism, the unions were hesitant to join forces with the yellow jackets because the movement included people trade unions traditionally do not represent (business owners and the self-employed) as well as people who simply did not want to negotiate. The presence of far-right elements in the movement was also off-putting to the CGT.[137]
A significant number of misleading images and information have been circulated on social media concerning the protests. According to Pascal Froissart, the leaderless, horizontal aspect of the movement contributes to the dissemination of disinformation, as nobody is in charge of public relations or social media messaging.[138]
One of the goals of the yellow jackets is to obtain the right to direct initiative, in other words, the right to petition the government at any time to propose or repeal a law, amend the constitution, or remove a public official from office. The bottom-up Swiss model of government, where referendums are frequent, has been compared to the top-down French governmental system to explain the lack of a similar movement in French-speaking Switzerland.[139][140] Étienne Chouard, a French economics and law teacher, and a retired dentist named Yvan Bachaud, who named the RIC, were among the earliest proponents of such referendums.[141] More recently, several politicians included the idea in their 2017 presidential platforms.[142][143][144]
Timeline First phase
2018
17 November: "Act I"
The protests began on 17 November 2018, and attracted more than 300,000 people across France with protesters constructing barricades and blocking roads.[101][145] John Lichfield, a journalist who witnessed the riots, described them as insurrectional.[146]
In addition to roads, protesters also blocked as many as ten fuel depots.[147] On this first day of protests, a 63-year-old pensioner was run over by a motorist in Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin while she was demonstrating at a roundabout at the entrance to a commercial zone.[122][148] A motorcyclist died after being struck the same day by a van trying to get around a barricade.[149] By 21 November casualties had climbed to 585 civilians and 115 police injured, with 16 civilians and 3 police severely wounded.[150]
Protests also occurred in the French overseas region of Réunion, where the situation developed into looting and riots. Schools on the island were closed for three days after protesters blocked access to roads. On 21 November, President Macron ordered the deployment of troops to the island to calm the violence.[151]
24 November: "Act II"
With the protests in Paris having raised tensions the previous week, the Interior Ministry agreed to allow a gathering on 24 November at the Champ de Mars.[151] The protests attracted 106,000 people all across France,[152] only 8,000 of whom were in Paris, where the protests turned violent. Protesters lit fires in the streets, tore down signs, built barricades, and pulled up cobblestones. Police resorted to tear gas and water cannons to disperse the protesters.[101] On 26 November, an official estimated that the riots in Paris during the two previous days had cost up to €1.5m ($1,680,000) in damage. Two hundred additional workers were assigned to assist with the cleanup and repair work.[153]
1 December: "Act III"
A protest called "Act 3 – Macron Quits" was organised for 1 December.[154]
Yellow vest protestors briefly occupied the runway at Nantes Atlantique Airport and prevented access to Nice Côte d'Azur Airport. Vinci Autoroutes reported tollbooths were blocked on 20 major arteries all across France.[155][156][157]
In Marseille, where demonstrations had been frequent since the 5 November collapse of a building and the evacuation of the surrounding neighborhoods,[158] Zineb Redouane, an 80-year-old Algerian woman, was fatally wounded by shards from a police tear gas canister while trying to close her shutters.[159][160] Farther north, a second motorist was killed after crashing his van into stopped lorries at a barricade on the Arles bypass.[149]
More than 100 cars were burned in Paris during the protest on 1 December, and the Arc de Triomphe was vandalised.[146] A man fell into a coma and several people were seriously injured after the yellow vests tore down a 15 ft cast iron railing from the Tuilerie garden.[161] On the following Monday, Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo estimated the property damages at €3–4 million ($3,358,000-4,480,000).[159]
8 December: "Act IV"
Protests turned violent for the second week in a row in Le Puy-en-Velay. Civil unrest marred the Festival of Lights in both Lyon and Saint-Étienne.[162] The A6 motorway was again blocked north of Lyon in Villefranche-sur-Saône.[163]
In Bordeaux, after two hours of skirmishes between the police and protesters, rioters took advantage of the situation to set fires and pillage the local Apple Store.[164]
Paris experienced protests for the fourth consecutive week. Many shops were boarded up in anticipation of violence, with The Louvre, Eiffel Tower and the Paris Opera also closed.[165] Police assembled steel fences around the Élysée Palace and deployed armored vehicles on the streets in an attempt to limit the violence.[165]
10 December: Macron's televised address
In his 10 December speech to the French people in response to the movement, Macron pledged a €100 per month increase in the minimum wage in 2019, the exclusion of charges and taxes on overtime hours in 2019, and on any 2018 end-of-year bonuses paid to employees. Macron likewise announced that pensioners on low incomes would be excluded from an increase in the CSG in 2019. He stood by his replacement of the solidarity tax on wealth with increases in property taxes.[166][167] The broadcast was watched by more than 23 million people, making it the most-viewed political speech in French history.[168] After investigation, it became apparent that the minimum wage itself would not be raised by €100 a month but that those eligible would see an increase in the activity bonus paid by the CAF.[54]
On 11 December, after having declared a state of economic and social emergency the day before, Macron invited representatives of the French banks to the Elysée to announce that the banks had agreed to freeze their prices in 2019 and to permanently limit incident-related fees to €25 a month ($28/month) for people in extreme financial difficulty, as determined by the Bank of France.[169]
15 December: "Act V"
In the wake of the 2018 Strasbourg attack, the government asked protesters to stay off the streets. According to the Paris prefecture estimates, there were 8,000 police for 2,200 demonstrators in Paris.[60] The Minister of the Interior estimated that 66,000 people protested in France on 15 December.[170] Conflict arose in Bordeaux, Toulouse, Marseille, Lyon and the capital. Priscillia Ludosky, in front of the Paris Opera, said over megaphone: "We are exhausted by the colossal pressure of taxation that takes away the energy of our country, of our entrepreneurs, of our artisans, of our small businesses, of our creators and of our workers, while a small elite constantly dodges taxes."[170]
At the end of the day, the Interior Minister called for the roundabouts, occupied since 17 November, to be liberated.[171]
22 December: "Act VI"
Demonstrations continued throughout the country. The Ministry of the Interior announced a participation figure almost half that of the previous week with 38,600 demonstrators throughout France, including 2,000 in Paris according to the Prefecture of Police.[172][173] Versailles Palace was preventively closed for the day.[174] Éric Drouet, the 33-year-old truck driver who is one of the most followed yellow jackets on Facebook, was arrested for organizing an undeclared demonstration and participating in a violent assembly. He had called on Facebook for demonstrators to meet at Versailles but then revised the call to Montmartre after it had been announced that Versailles would be closed. Authorities say that Drouet was carrying a truncheon and would be summoned in court where they would seek to prevent him from coming to Paris.[175]
Protesters blocked border traffic to Switzerland at Cluse-et-Mijoux. They were dispersed after one hour by police.[176] Similar operations were conducted at the Spanish, Italian, German, and Belgian borders.[176] Two distribution platforms were blocked in Montélimar: EasyDis (Groupe Casino) and Amazon.[177][178]
Overall, at least 220 people were arrested in the country, including 142 in Paris.[179] A motorist was killed on 21 December when his car hit a truck that was stopped at a blockade in Perpignan, the tenth fatality overall.[173]
29 December: "Act VII"
Much quieter than in the first weeks on a national level, there was a significant confrontation in Rouen, Normandy, after fires were set in front of the local branch of the Bank of France.[180]
In Paris, the protesters demonstrated in front of the headquarters of BFM-TV, Libération and France Télévisions. Victor Glad suggests that the same crisis of representation motivating the citizens' initiative referendums is also behind the gilets jaunes' criticism of the traditional media.[181]
2019
5 January: "Act VIII"
According to the French Ministry of the Interior, the first demonstrations of 2019 brought 50,000 people into the streets across France. A door to Rennes' city hall was damaged, while government Spokesman Benjamin Griveaux was evacuated from his office on Rue de Grenelle (Paris) through the garden, after rioters hijacked a forklift to break down the door to the Ministry. There were also skirmishes in Bordeaux, Nantes, Caen & Rennes.[182]
Women's role, both in defining the movement's objectives[70][183] and in communicating at roundabouts,[184] is—for editorialist Pierre Rimbert—a reflection of the fact that women make up the majority of workers in "intermediary professions" but are three times more likely to be classed as "employees" than men according to an INSEE study in 2017.[185][186] Women organized separate demonstrations in Paris, Toulouse and Caen. According to one of the organizers, the goal was to have a "channel of communication other than violence".[187]
A civil servant and former light-heavyweight boxing champion was filmed fighting with two gendarmes on a footbridge about one of the gendarmes' use of force. One month later the civil servant was sentenced to serve one year of sleeping in jail, which allowed him to continue to work.[188]
The interior minister announced that over 60% of the traffic enforcement cameras in the country had been vandalized.[189] This was up from estimates of 50% in early December.[190]
12 January: "Act IX"
Attendance increased in the ninth straight weekend of protests, with at least 84,000 demonstrating on 12 January for economic reform across France, including 8,000 in Paris, 6,000 in Bourges, 6,000 in Bordeaux, and 2,000 in Strasbourg.[191][192][193] Government officials deployed 80,000 security forces nationwide, vowing "zero tolerance" for violence.[193] The CRS (riot police) resorted to tear gas in most major cities.[191]
On the streets of Paris, protesters marching "noisily but mostly peacefully",[192] singing the French national anthem, were met by 5,000 riot police officers, armored vehicles and barricades.[193] Citing 5 January attack on the Dijon gendarmerie and terror threats, the police communication service said that some CRS agents were authorized to carry semi-automatic weapons. This was confirmed by the Paris prefecture.[194][195] Small groups of people left the designated protest route and threw projectiles at police.[192] Around the Arc de Triomphe, riot police fired water cannons and tear gas at protesters after being hit with stones and paint.[192] 244 people were arrested nationwide; 156 in Paris.[192][193]
A "massive"[192] gas explosion caused by an apparent gas leak in a bakery in northern Paris killed four people, including two firefighters already at the scene investigating the leak, and injured dozens more.[192][196] The explosions occurred early on 12 January,[192] while Paris was under heavy guard in anticipation of the day's demonstrations.[196] The French Interior Minister told the media that "responsibility triumphed over the temptation of confrontation" and that protesters marched in Paris "without serious incident".[193]
19 January: "Act X"
As in week IX, police estimated that 84,000 people demonstrated across France, including a peak of 10,000 in Toulouse for a short period, 7,000 in Paris (where protesters demonstrated on the Left Bank for the first time), 4,000 in Bordeaux, and 2,500 in both Marseille and Angers.[197] This weekly protest is the first to happen after the launch of the "Great National Debate" by President Emmanuel Macron.[citation needed]
26 January: "Act XI"
Nationwide demonstrations continued for an eleventh straight week on Saturday, 26 January. The French interior ministry estimated crowds of 69,000 across the country, and local police estimated 4,000 in Paris. A high-profile member of the protest movement, Jérôme Rodrigues, was maimed after being shot in the face by police with a flash-ball launcher, resulting in the loss of his right eye. Dozens of people have been similarly injured during the course of the yellow vests protests.[198] "I was deliberately targeted. I am a figure of the movement, at least in the Paris protests, and police pointed their fingers at me many times during previous demonstrations, so I think they knew very well who they were shooting at," Rodrigues told the media.[199] The following day, an estimated 10,000 people marched in Paris in a foulards rouges ("red scarves") counter-protest in opposition to the yellow vests.[198][199]
2 February: "Act XII"
On Friday, 1 February 2019, Edouard Philippe went to Bordeaux and informed merchants that an agreement had been found with insurers to treat insurance damage claims in successive weeks as part of a single event (with a single deductible). He also announced that the ten cities most affected by degradations, including Bordeaux, would receive €300,000 ($336,000).[200]
On Saturday, 2 February, between 10,000 and 13,800 people protested in Paris,[201][202] with thousands more in Tours, Valence, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulouse, and other French cities.[201][202] In Valence, the downtown shopping district was boarded up; the city had removed trash cans, park benches and protective fencing around trees in preparation. Paving stones had been tarred over to eliminate the risk of their being used as projectiles.[203] According to the préfecture, 1850 people demonstrated in downtown Tours, which had likewise been boarded up.[204]
The demonstrations of "Act XII" focused on denouncing the number of serious injuries caused by police violence during anti-government demonstrations.[202][205] According to the French government, around 2,000 civilians were injured in protests between November 2018 and February 2019, including four serious eye injuries.[205] The government agency that investigates police abuses has opened 116 investigations into police conduct during the protests, including ten for serious eye injuries.[202] A group of 59 lawyers published an open letter denouncing the treatment of protesters in the courts, including rushed judgments against protesters without regard for their rights, which they contrasted with the slow pace of investigations into reports of police violence.[202]
Earlier in the week, France's highest court denied a request to ban police from using "flash balls" or "defensive ball launchers", known as LBDs, that shoot 40 millimetres (1.6 in) rubber projectiles, which have been blamed for a number of serious injuries.[202] French Interior Minister Christophe Castaner admitted in media interviews that the weapon could cause injuries and had been used more than 9,000 times since yellow vests demonstrations began.[202] The day before the Act XII protests, the government warned the public that police would not hesitate to use weapons to combat violence by demonstrators, since they had been authorized by the court.[201][205] On Saturday, thousands in Paris participated in a "march of the injured" calling for the weapon to be banned.[202] Injured protesters marched at the front, some wearing eye patches with a target sign on them.[201] Jerome Rodrigues, a well-known participant in the movement who lost an eye in the previous week's demonstrations, was received warmly with applause by the crowds.[202][205]
Most of the demonstrations during Act XII were peaceful.[205] As in prior weeks, 80,000 security officials had been mobilized, including 5,000 in Paris.[201] In Paris, police used tear gas and water cannons at Place de la Republique in the city center to force demonstrators back after clashes with protesters, some hooded or masked, and some who set fire to bins and a scooter. Despite these incidents, the media reported that demonstrations "remained relatively calm compared to previous weekends".[205] Two police officers were injured and two protesters arrested in Morlaix; two officers injured and one demonstrator arrested in Nantes; and in Lille, where between 1,800 and 3,000 protesters marched, 20 were arrested.[202]
The twelfth week of protests occurred as the French parliament was considering a new law proposed by Macron's governing party restricting the right to protest. The proposed law would outlaw covering one's face during a street demonstration (whether with a helmet, mask, or scarf), punishable by a €15,000 ($16,800) fine or imprisonment,[206] and allow local police to establish blacklists of people not allowed to participate in street protests.[202][205][206] The proposed law was opposed by some members of parliament inside and outside Macron's party.[206]
16 February: "Act XIV"
About 41,500 protesters (5,000 in Paris) took to the streets again on Saturday 16 February, for the 14th consecutive weekend.[citation needed]
In Paris, a group of individuals involved in the march confronted the high-profile Jewish philosopher and academician Alain Finkielkraut with anti-Semitic verbal abuse. Police stepped in to protect him, and Macron later said that this behavior was an "absolute negation" of what made France great and would not be tolerated.[207][208] The man leading the insults against the philosopher on published video-recordings of the event was detained for questioning on Tuesday on charges of hate speech. Police indicated he was close to the Salafi movement in 2014.[209]
16 March: "Act XVIII"
Leaders of the movement stated on 8 March 2019 that a protest (which had already been dubbed "The Ultimatum") was planned for the following weekend of 16 March.[210]
200 people were taken into custody in Paris after the Champs-Elysées was again targeted by rioters. Luxury stores including Fouquet's, Hugo Boss and Xiaomi were among the 80 businesses damaged, pillaged or set ablaze. Anne Hidalgo, the Mayor of Paris, called upon the government to do something about the political and social fracture.[211]
In response, the French government announced it would deploy the military, in addition to extra police and gendarmery forces. The soldiers were drafted from Operation Sentinelle, active since the January 2015 terror attacks in Paris.[212]
7 September: "Act XLIII"
New protests were held in cities, including Montpellier, Rouen and Strasbourg.[213]
21 September: "Act XLV"
A new wave of yellow vest protests was initiated in Paris for the 45th consecutive week. Over a hundred demonstrators were taken into custody after they attempted to enter Avenue Champs-Elysees by force.[214]
2020
14 March: "Act LXX"
People participated in the protests of 14 March 2020 in spite of the imminent COVID-19 national lockdown, but leaders of the movement, like Maxime Nicolle and Jérôme Rodrigues, called on staying safe at home.[215] The lockdown effectively put an end to the weekly protests.[citation needed]
Fatalities and injuries
As of 22 December 2018, 10 fatalities had been linked to the protests in France,[217] one of which resulted from police action.
| Date | Number | Context |
|---|---|---|
| 17 November | 1 | pedestrian + car[149] |
| 19 November | 1 | motorbike + truck[149] |
| 1/2 December | 1 | car + HGV/LGV[149] |
| 1 December | 1 | tear gas grenade (Marseille)[159][160] |
| 10 December | 1 | car + HGV/LGV[218] |
| 12/13 December | 1 | pedestrian + HGV/LGV[218] |
| 14 December | 2 | car + HGV/LGV[219] car + car[220] |
| 20 December | 1 | pedestrian + truck[221] |
| 22 December | 1 | car + truck[217] |
By late December, over 1,843 protesters and 1,048 police had been injured.[222] Injuries included tens of facial trauma (jaws or even eyes) caused by police non-lethal weapon ammunition,[223] nicknamed "flash-ball" despite not being of the type,[224][225] that are supposed to be fired at the legs, not at the head, and are accurate enough for this purpose.[226]
As of 14 January 2019, 94 had been reported as seriously injured, including 14 with monocular blindness and one who had to be treated for a brain hemorrhage and left in an artificial coma (from which he emerged on the following Friday).[227][228]
Impact
Adama Committee and Nuit Debout
On 29 November, François Ruffin, the founder of left-wing Fakir magazine, organized a mobilizing meeting with various French left-wing movements, at which Frédéric Lordon spoke of the Yellow Vests, saying "If the Nuitdeboutistes who got all wound up into deforestation and anti-specist commissions can't get moving when this happens, then they are the lowest of the low".[229]
Students protesting against the government's educational reforms
Angered by Macron's education reforms and plans to change the baccalauréat (a secondary-school leaving exam), students protested in cities across France.[230] Students expressed concern that these reforms will lead to further inequalities of access to higher education between students in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas.[231][232][233]
On 6 December, over 140 students were arrested outside a school in Mantes-la-Jolie. A video of the mass arrest—showing students kneeling with their hands behind their heads—inspired indignation.[234] Jean-Michel Blanquer, the French Education Minister, said that although he was "shocked" by the scene, it needed to be viewed "in context".[235][236] Amnesty International issued a report about the incident.[237] On the same day, France Bleu reported that Saint-Étienne was "under siege".[238] It was in this context that the mayor of Saint-Étienne suggested, first by tweet then by press release, that the Festival of Lights in neighboring Lyon be canceled to free up police in the region.[239]
University students have reportedly joined the movement, denouncing the planned increase of tuition fees for foreign students from non-EU countries.[240]
Christmas shopping season
Overall, by mid-December, trade losses of €2 billion ($2.24×109) had been reported as a result of the blocked roundabouts leading to commercial zones and the closures of urban chains. The chain supermarkets, in particular, reported that traffic had been down significantly, estimating the overall loss at around €600 million ($672,000,000) as of 13 December.[241]
A terror attack on 11 December 2018 at the Strasbourg Christmas market contributed to heightened public security concerns and smaller demonstrations in Act V. Conspiracy theories began to be circulated on social media forthwith, suggesting that the attack, which had been perpetrated by a 29-year-old man with multiple criminal convictions, was in fact a manufactured event.[242][243]
Vinci growth
Vinci SA, which operates roughly half of France's highway concessions, stated in its annual report to investors that traffic had dropped nine per cent in the final three months of 2018 as a result of the protests.[244] CEO Xavier Huillard said the fourth quarter loss "wiped out the increase in traffic of the first 10 months".[245]
Tourism
The riots have led to a declining number of tourists to Paris in 2019, with hotel owners reporting fewer bookings in the run-up to the summer tourist season.[246] Cancellations have risen as visitors are scared off from traveling to France for safety and security concerns, while corporate trips have also sought to avoid Paris because the protests have turned the city into a liability.[247] Overall, France reported the largest decreases in international tourist activity in Europe, compared to countries such as the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and Germany.[248]
Cultural impact
A video of comedian Anne-Sophie Bajon, known as La Bajon, in the role of Emmanuel Macron's lawyer wearing a yellow vest, has been seen several million times on social networks.[249] Dancer Nadia Vadori-Gauthier improvised choreography in the street during demonstrations with the fumes of the various gases and fires of cars.[250] On 15 December 2018, on the sidelines of the demonstration on the Champs-Élysées, Deborah De Robertis organized a demonstration in which five women appear topless in front of the French police, with a costume reminiscent of the French allegory for Liberty Marianne.[251] A video of a performance by yellow vests protesters at a roundabout of Michel Fugain's 1975 hit song Les Gentils, Les Méchants ("The Good Ones, The Evil Ones") received over 800,000 views online.[252] A restaurant in Nîmes created a yellow vests-inspired hamburger, served on a bright yellow bun, with a circular "roundabout" beef patty, onions from the vegetable plot of the Élysée Palace, "tear gas" pepper sauce, and "CRS sauce" made of cream, ricotta, and Saint Môret cheese (a reference to the French riot police, the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité).[253]
Reactions and counter-protest
In late November 2018, polls showed that the movement had widespread support in France (ranging from 73[254] to 84 per cent).[125] An opinion poll conducted after 1 December events found that 73 per cent of French people supported the gilets jaunes and that 85 per cent were opposed to the violence in Paris.[255]
Truckers were targeted by protesters, and the industry made their displeasure with the situation known to the government in an open letter.[103] Two labor unions, CGT and FO who had initially called on truckers to start striking on 9 December,[256] retracted their call on 7 December, after having consulted the government and their membership.[257]
The recently named[258] Minister of the Interior, Christophe Castaner, blamed Marine Le Pen, Macron's opponent in the 2017 presidential election, and her Rassemblement National party for the violence on 24 November 2018 after she had reportedly urged people to go to the Champs Élysées.[152] Le Pen responded that letting people assemble on the Champs Élysées was the government's responsibility and accused the Minister of the Interior of trying to increase the tension to discredit the movement.[152]
Although President Macron had been insisting that the fuel tax increases would go through as planned, on 4 December 2018 the government announced that the tax rises would be put on hold, with Prime Minister Édouard Philippe saying that "no tax deserves to endanger the unity of the nation".[37][259]
In early December 2018, the prime minister announced that the price of the Électricité de France blue tariffs would not increase before March 2019.[52]
On Sunday, 9 December, the Elysée called trade unions and employers' organizations to invite them to meet on Monday 10 December so Macron could "present the measures" he intended to announce later in the day.[260] On 10 December, Macron condemned the violence but acknowledged the protesters' anger as "deep, and in many ways legitimate".[261] He subsequently promised a minimum wage increase of €100 per month from 2019, canceled a planned tax increase for low-income pensioners, and made overtime payments as well as end-of-year bonuses tax-free.[261][262] However, Macron refused to reinstate a wealth tax he scrapped upon entering into office.[263][264] Amnesty International called on police to "end use of excessive force against protesters and high school children in France".[237][265]
Police, unlike other public sector employees, either saw their wages raised by €120–150 per month ($134-168) by an agreement signed on 20 December,[266] or received an annual €300 ($336) bonus by an amendment voted into law the previous day.[267] Nicolas Chapuis, writing for Le Monde, says this was likely due to 85% turnout in recent police union elections and the exceptional levels of activity.[266]
In May 2019, Édouard Philippe changed his view on his main political decision for saving lives, allowing a 90 km/h (56 mph) speed limit, agreeing that the speed limit of local roads become managed at local level (département) rather than decided by the Prime Minister.[268]
Comparisons
Adam Gopnik writes that gilets jaunes can be viewed as part of a series of French street protests stretching back to at least the strikes of 1995. Citing historian Herrick Chapman, he suggests General de Gaulle's centralization of power when creating the French Fifth Republic was so excessive that it made street protests the only "dynamic alternative to government policy".[269]
1 December riots in Paris were widely acknowledged to have been the most violent since May 1968.[83] Paris-based journalist John Lichfield said that the 1968 events had a joyous side to them, largely absent from the yellow vest movement, but that both movements were similar in that they lacked recognized leaders, much as the banlieues riots of 2005 had.[123]
According to French scholar Béatrice Giblin, comparisons between the gilets jaunes and the Bonnets Rouges—who opposed a new eco-tax in 2013—were inapt because the latter "had been taken in hand by real leaders, such as the mayor of Carhaix, or the great bosses of Brittany" whereas that was not the case for the yellow jackets.[270]
Some have compared the yellow vests to other modern populist movements such as the Occupy movement in the United States,[80][271] the Five Star Movement in Italy,[67][80] and Orbanism in Hungary.[269] Others have drawn parallels to popular revolts in late-medieval Europe like the Jacquerie,[272] to Poujadism, to the Brownshirts,[123][273] and to the French Revolution.[274]
Foulards rouges (red scarves)
On 27 January 2019 a counter-demonstration occurred in Paris by a group identifying themselves by the foulards rouges ("red scarves") they chose to wear. They put out a joint statement with other groups saying: "We denounce the insurrectional climate created by the yellow vests. We also reject the threats and constant verbal abuse (aimed at non-yellow vests)".[275][276][277]
Concerns about extremist elements in the movement
Concerns that the yellow vests movement was providing a new forum for extremist views were more frequently reported in the media after Alain Finkielkraut was insulted in week XIV. Vincent Duclert, an expert on anti-Semitism, said that while "the gilets jaunes are not an anti-Semitic movement, each Saturday there are anti-Semitic expressions by groups of the extreme right or extreme left." Jean-Yves Camus, an expert on French political extremism, identified an "inherent weakness of a movement that lets the people speak" as being that anyone (whether far left, far right, radical Islamist, or anti-Zionist) can say whatever they want in the street with little concern for propriety or legality.[278]
Finkielkraut, interviewed by BFM-TV, was especially concerned with the viral nature of what he called a new type of "anti-racist" anti-Semitism, which he says consists of comparing the "Israeli colonization of Palestine" with Nazism. He named Dieudonné and Alain Soral as those responsible for propagating this new form of anti-Semitism.[279]
According to a study conducted in February 2019, half of all yellow vest protesters (50%) said they believed in a "global Zionist conspiracy".[280]
The Gilets noirs movement arose partly in response to perceived racist, anti-immigrant, and pro-fascist sentiment among the Gilets jaunes.[citation needed]
Timeline Second phase (Protests adopting yellow vests as a symbol)
France (afterwards)
2020
25 July
After the government change on Saturday 25 July 2020, several dozen people protested in Toulouse.[281]
12 September
For the first time after the Coronavirus lockdown, protesters returned to the streets; more than 250 protesters were arrested by the police. Some of the protesters wore black clothes and carried the flag of an anti-fascist movement, suggesting the presence of radical demonstrators dubbed "black blocs" often blamed for violence at street marches in France.[282]
10–12 October
Yellow vests launched fireworks at a police station in Paris and struck the building with metal bars. No injuries occurred. This protest is suspected to be linked to the disapproval of French police brutality issues. Delinquent youth also appeared in the group of around 40 people, some unrelated to the cause.[283][284]
2020–2021
Anti-security protests
Demonstrations (sometimes called "marches of freedom" or "marches of freedom and justice") gathered several thousand people (including yellow vests) in several French cities on the evening of 17 November, at the initiative of a union of journalists and human rights defense associations.[285] Violence breaks out in Paris. Several employed journalists are handled by police officers, photographer Taranis News and French journalist 3 Paris Ile-de-France have been taken into police custody (receive a reminder of the law), provoking strong criticism from the audiovisual group and journalists' unions – who also see effects national law enforcement plan published two months ago.[286][287][288][289]
Other demonstrations were being held on 21 November in about 20 cities.[290][291] This is also the case on 28 November,[292] this time in more than seventy cities.[293] Between 46,000 (Interior Ministry) and 200,000 people (organizers) demonstrated that day in Paris, between 133,000 and 500,000 in France.[294][295] Syrian photojournalist Ameer Al Halbi was wounded in the face with a baton.[296][297][298] The Reporter Without Borders filed a complaint for intentional violence by a person with public authority106. According to the Ministry of the Interior, several dozen police officers and gendarmes were wounded, and one of them, in Paris, was pushed to the ground and then severely beaten.[299]
On 5 December, about 90 parades parade across France and gather, according to the Interior Ministry, about 50,000 people; clashes with police took place in Paris, Dijon, Nantes and Lyon, which, according to Gerald Darmanin, led to 95 arrests and resulted in 67 injuries among police, including 48 in Paris. In addition, the protester was severely wounded in the arm, probably by a GM2L bomb.[300][301][302][303]
The Paris demonstration on 12 December 2020, gathered 5,000 protesters against the police[304] and took place "without major incidents" against Le Monde113, but MPs, associations and unions during the demonstrations condemned "arbitrary arrests". Gerald Darmanin mentions 142 arrests and welcomes the position of the forces security that would enable the avoidance of violence.[305] Police have been in prison several times (32 times according to Mediapart[306]) to arrest potentially violent people;[307] but according to footage broadcast by Mediapart, these attacks occur "for no apparent reason".[308] Of the 142 arrested, 5 were convicted, including only two for acts of violence.
On 22 December 2020, the State Council, seized by La Quadrature du Net, ruled that the monitoring of these demonstrations by the Paris police prefecture using drones was illegal.[309]
Tens of thousands of protesters marched across France on 16 January 2021, to condemn a security law that critics say would restrict police filming and posting pictures on social media, especially to document cases of police brutality.[310] A new rally against the protection of police officers was held on 30 January, with significantly fewer demonstrators than in November and December 2020. In the afternoon and evening, there were occasional incidents between the police and the demonstrators. Police used batons, tear gas and water cannons.[311] The following Saturday, 6 February 2021, three protests took place in Bordeaux. Fabienne Buccio, the prefect, has issued a new prefecture decree banning all processions, parades and gatherings on the streets of the inner city. She is especially afraid that she will "join these declared demonstrations of individuals who are openly hostile to the police and who want to create disturbances in the public order in the city center."[312] Protests were also held in Nantes, Toulouse, Paris and Nancy, where occasional incidents took place at the end of the procession.[313]
Vaccination obligation, sanitary pass
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The announcement of president Macron on 12 July 2021 of a COVID-19 vaccination obligation for all health care workers by 15 September, as well as the obligation for people older than twelve to show a "sanitary pass" as of August for admittance to cafés, restaurants, cinemas, hospitals,[314] senior citizens' homes, trains,[315] shopping malls,[316] and other public venues led to protests across France. The 'sanitary pass' should prove that someone is either vaccinated, has recently tested negative,[314] or has recovered from COVID-19.[317] Macron's motivation was: "We are in a new race against time", "Vaccination is the only way to protect yourself and others".[314]
Marine Le Pen, challenger of Macron in the 2022 French presidential election, immediately condemned the vaccination obligation as "indecent insolence" attesting to "ingratitude" towards the health care workers.[314] On Wednesday 14 July, the French National day called 'Bastille Day', in Paris some 2,250 people protested against these new corona restrictions. Demonstrations were also held in Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nantes and 48 other places, totalling around 19,000 protesters. Slogans chanted: "Down with dictatorship", "Down with the health pass". A demonstrator equated the health pass with "segregation". Objects and fireworks were thrown at the police, who answered with tear gas and arrests.[318]
On Saturday 17 July, nationwide some 114,000 people protested against the two new measures.[319] On 24 July, some 160,000 people around France protested against the measures. Protesters chanted: "Liberty! Liberty!" Projectiles including chairs were thrown at the police in Paris, who reacted with tear gas and water cannons.[320]
On 25 July, the French Senate nevertheless agreed to the measures except the pass obligation for children under 18 years old.[321]
On 31 July, over 200,000 people nationwide protested against these plans. Thousands around Place de la Bastille in Paris chanted: "Liberté!" [Freedom!]. Signs accused Macron of being a dictator.[322] A bus driver motivated his protest as: "I'm not an anti-vaxxer [...] But this is going to fast, I want to wait and see". A hospital worker said: "These vaccines are experimental; there's no way I'm gonna take it".[319] A placard in Paris cited Macron: ' "Je ne rendrai pas la vaccination obligatoire", Emmanuel Macron, Novembre 2020 ' ["I will not make vaccination obligatory", Macron, Nov. 2020]. Another: ' De la démocratie à la dictature il n'y a qu'un <<PASS>> ' [From democracy to dictatorship is only one step [or] one pass].[323] Another: 'VACCINÉ A LA LIBERTÉ' [VACCINATED FOR FREEDOM].[324]
On Saturday 7 August, 237,000 people protested on 198 locations in France, the authorities reported. In Paris, Lyon, Toulouse, rioters pelted the police with all sorts of things, police reacted with tear gas and charges and arrests.[325] The sanitary pass obligation came into effect on 9 August, civilians risk a fine of 135 euros for disobedience, and business owners risk a 45,000 euro fine or one year in prison and the closure of their business.[317]
On 14 August 2021, between 200,000 and 250,000 people according to the police and the organizers have again demonstrated, in more than 200 locations in France, against the pass sanitaire and the obligated vaccination of health care personnel. Placards compared the sanitary pass with 'Apartheid', and people chanted slogans about the "health dictatorship". Police in Lyon used pepper spray against rioters.[326]
Thousands of people demonstrated again on the streets of France on Saturday, 21 August, against the government's policy of vaccination against Covid-19 amid concerns from human rights groups over the anti-Semitic mood in the protest movement.[327][328]
More than 141,000 people marched the following Saturday, 4 September, against the health pass this weekend, which is another drop in the number of the eighth consecutive Saturday of protests. There were 215 marches across France, five of them in Paris, attracting 18,000 people to the capital, according to the Interior Ministry. The total number of people – 141,655 – is down from last weekend, when nearly 160,000 people came out across the country/[329]
More than 120,000 people demonstrated on Saturday, 11 September, in France, according to official data, in protest against health passes.[329]
Since then, these protests grew smaller; on Saturday, 18 September 2021, the demonstrators in France against the sanitary pass and obligated vaccination counted 80,000.[330]
About 20,000 people gathered on 16 October across France for the same reasons. There were occasional clashes between police and protesters in Paris.[331]
About 800 people paraded on Saturday, 23 October in Nantes in the afternoon.[332]
Social unrest in the French West Indies
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The 2021–2022 French West Indies unrest is a social conflict that has been taking place since November 17, 2021, in the French West Indies, particularly in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Unrest has also been reported in other Overseas Territories like Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[333]
Following the French government's decision to introduce compulsory vaccination for health care workers and the health pass in several public places, acts of vandalism, a general strike, and demonstrations began, first in Guadeloupe and then in Martinique.[334]
France convoy protest
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The French convoy protest le Convoi de la Liberté ("the liberty convoy") is an ongoing protest in Paris inspired by the Canadian convoy protests. They are protesting COVID-19 restrictions as well as president Emmanuel Macron.[335][336][337][338]
Officials in Paris and Brussels banned protests relating to the Freedom Convoy, following information from organizers of a similar event opposed to France's Health Pass that five convoys from across France are due to reach Paris between February 11 and 14.[339][340]
2022 French presidential election protests
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On April 16, after Macron's victory in the first round of presidential voting, left-wing demonstrators clashed with police. French security forces fired tear gas as the anti-right-wing demonstrators marched, before allowing the protests to resume.[341]
On April 24, after Macron's victory in the second round of presidential voting, protests broke out in many departments. In the area of Chatelet, riot police charged and sprayed tear gas on demonstrators. Students protested outside of the Sorbonne, expressing their disillusionment with the lack of choice in second-round voting.[342]
Other countries or regions
The largest "yellow vest" protest outside France was held in Taipei with over 10,000 demonstrating on 19 December. Their principal concern was tax justice.[343][344] Some protests in other countries are related to the central concerns of the French movement (taxation, high-living costs, representation, and income disparity). Others are related primarily by the use of the readily-available symbol.
Belgium
Riot police in Brussels were pelted with billiard balls, cobblestones, and rocks on 30 November, and responded with water cannons; 60 arrests were made for disturbing the public order.[345] Several oil depots had been blocked in Wallonia as of 16 November 2018, though protesters' attempts to block the Russian Lukoil depot in Brussels were quickly thwarted by police.[2] Some members of the movement began working to form a party for the Belgian federal elections in 2019 under the name Mouvement citoyen belge.[2][346] On 8 December, when protesters calling for the resignation of Prime Minister Charles Michel tried to breach a riot barricade, police used tear gas and water cannons to disperse the demonstrators. The protesters involved were throwing stones, flares and other objects at police, resulting in around 100 arrests.[347]
As of 12 January, three people had died during gilets jaunes protests in Belgium: two drivers were killed in mid-December by sudden traffic queues caused by roadblocks and one protester was fatally hit by a truck when his group tried to block the E25 highway between Liège and Maastricht on 11 January.[348]
Canada
In Canada, the Yellow Vests is a far right and alt-right movement.[349][350][351][352] Starting in late 2018 after the France protests, the Canadian Yellow Vests groups began to gain popularity. The Canadian group incorporates a xenophobic message,[350] is against the federal Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, and is pro-petrochemical-pipeline, but is primarily focused on anti-immigration, anti-Islam, anti-semitic and white supremacist rhetoric.[349][353]
Beginning in late December 2018, various yellow-vest-wearing protest movements have been seen across the country. This protest movement, known as Yellow Vests Canada, does not follow the same goals as the French movement.[354] Protests have had occasional outbreaks of violence.[355] Groups of various protesters wearing yellow vests have taken place in at least a 30 cities and towns across Canada as of January 2019.
An early yellow vest protest, which included "hundreds of vehicles", was held in Medicine Hat, Alberta,[356] organized by Tamara Lich,[357] who was later arrested for mischief pertaining to the 2022 convoy protest in Ottawa.[358]
A controversial event in February 2019 known as the "United We Roll" truck convoy attracted several Yellow Vest participants to the grounds of Parliament Hill in Ottawa.[359] Prominent political officials such as federal Conservative Party leader Andrew Scheer and People's Party leader Maxime Bernier addressed the crowd.[360] Scheer and Bernier drew criticism[361][362][363][364] for appearing at the United We Roll event when it was revealed that alt-right personality Faith Goldy, formerly of controversial Internet outlet Rebel Media, was also in attendance[365] and made a presentation to the participants, several of whom carried signs and chanted slogans accusing Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of "treason"[366] and demanding that Canada withdraw from the non-binding United Nations Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM).[362] Conservative Senator David Tkachuk was also at the rally and was criticized for his remarks calling upon truck drivers to "roll over every Liberal left in the country".[367] Liberal Minister of Natural Resources Amarjeet Sohi and NDP MP Nathan Cullen were among the members of Parliament who expressed concern that the presence of mainstream political leaders at the rally was lending legitimacy to the movement.[367] Anti-racism activist Evan Balgord, director of the Canadian Anti-Hate Network, condemned Scheer for his support of an organization whose members have repeatedly promulgated conspiracy theories and made death threats against Muslims, immigrants, members of Parliament, and Prime Minister Trudeau.[362] A spokesperson for Scheer denied that the Conservative leader intended to lend support to racist and/or violent groups, telling columnist Martin Patriquin that "We can't control who shows up to these events."[363]
On 15 June 2019, a number of Yellow Vests Canada protesters joined groups protesting LGBT individuals at a Pride Festival in Hamilton, Ontario,[368][369] and several people were injured.[370]
According to the Canadian Anti-Hate Network (CAHN), there is a direct link between the Yellow vests protesters in Canada and 2022 Canada convoy protests, also known as the Freedom Convoy 2022.[371] Associates of the Yellow vest protests in Canada also organized the much smaller 2019 convoy "United We Roll" (UWR) convoy.[371] Starting in 2018, Tamara Lich, attended Yellow vests events and promoted the movement as early as 2018, before becoming one of its organizers. Lich was the Freedom Convoy's main fundraiser and organizer.[371] Pat King, who was another Freedom Convoy organizer, was also active in the Yellow vest protests, the Wexit separation movement, and United We Roll.[371] CAHN said that Yellow vest Facebook groups posts contained "calls for Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's arrest and execution" which was also a major theme of the Canada convoy protests.[371]
Rest of the world
- Australia: Australian Liberty Alliance, a minor far-right political party, rebranded itself as Yellow Vest Australia on 9 April.[372]
- Bulgaria: Anti-government protesters in Bulgaria began wearing high-visibility vests from 16 November.[3]
- Croatia: On 15 December 2018, "Yellow Vests Croatia" held demonstrations in Zagreb, Pula and Rijeka.[5]
- Egypt: In December 2018, a temporary one-month restriction on the sale of yellow reflective vests was introduced in an attempt to prevent the incidence of protests closely mimicking the then-ongoing yellow vest protests in France.[373][374][375][376]
- Finland: Anti-immigration protesters, who had begun demonstrations before the rise of the yellow vests movement, have adopted the yellow vest symbol, beginning with a demonstration on 17 December.[7]
- Germany: The yellow vests symbol was used both by the left and right-wing groups, including Pegida and Aufstehen, who demonstrated at the Brandenburg Gate, Dresden, Munich and in Stuttgart.[377][378]
- Iraq: On 5 December 2018, yellow-vest-inspired protesters demonstrated in Basra, Iraq, for more job opportunities and better services. They were reportedly fired upon with live ammunition.[9]
- Ireland: Initially, at least three rival groups claimed the "Yellow Vest" name in Ireland, and varied from general opposition to the government to far-right/alt-right and xenophobic views.[379] In December 2018, hundreds attended yellow vests protests in the centre of Dublin against 'the perceived failures of the Government',[380][381] and also the use of fluoride in the public water supply.[379] In January 2019 minor protests were held in Dublin, Belfast,[382] Galway, Limerick, Wicklow, Waterford and Donegal.[383] On 16 November and 14 December 2019, and on 12 September 2020, Yellow Vest Ireland participated in demonstrations in Dublin outside the Dáil, in opposition to proposed anti-hate speech legislation and COVID lockdowns.[384] By mid-to-late 2020, the group was protesting against COVID-19 prevention measures taken by the Irish government.
- Israel: Economic uncertainty and corruption led to a yellow vest rally at the Azrieli Centre Mall in Tel Aviv on 14 December.[10]
- Italy: The yellow vests symbol has been used by multiple protest groups in Italy. In November 2018, a pro-Italian government, anti-EU protest group launched a Facebook page with thousands of online supporters, stating it was "inspired by the French gilet jaunes".[385] On 15 December, several thousand people wearing yellow vests marched in Rome to protest against Italy's "tough new anti-migrant law".[12] In January 2019, the leaders of Italy's ruling government coalition announced their support for the gilet jaunes protests in France. AFP reported that it is "extremely rare for European leaders to back anti-government protesters in a fellow member state".[386]
- Latvia: Foundation "Tautas varas fronte " ("Front of the people power"). On 20 January leaders of this foundation started the campaign of yellow vests, protesting against oil prices.[citation needed]
- Libya: During the 2019 Western Libya Offensive, during which the capital city Tripoli was militarily attacked by the Libyan National Army under the command of Khalifa Haftar, regular Friday street demonstrations against Haftar in Tripoli and Misrata, included (on 19 April and 3 May 2019) protestors wearing yellow vests to symbolise their opposition to perceived French support for Haftar's attack on Tripoli.[387][388][389]
- Netherlands: On 1 December, a small number of yellow vest demonstrators protested in Dutch cities. Further demonstrations occurred on 8 December, where peaceful protesters marched through Rotterdam.[16][347]
- Nigeria: A yellow vest protester was seen in a protest demanding the release of Ibrahim Zakzaky.[17]
- Pakistan: Hundreds of engineers staged a day long protest at Lahore wearing yellow vests.[18][390]
- Poland: On 12 December, a group of farmers blocked the A2 motorway 30 kilometers outside of Warsaw, demanding compensation for pigs they were required to slaughter, and protesting the importation of Ukrainian agricultural products unlabeled with respect to their country of origin. The agricultural minister Jan Krzysztof Ardanowski met with the protesters to explain that their demands were met already.[391]
- Portugal: On 21 December 2018, a coletes amarelos (yellow vest) rally was held under the slogan Vamos Parar Portugal ("Let's Bring Portugal to a Halt").[19] At the time the government enjoyed 70% support among the Portuguese public,[19] and less than one hundred demonstrators showed up for the rally, for which authorities had 20 thousand uniformed police officers prepared for.[392]
- Russia: On 23 December 2018, Blue Bucket demonstrators at Sokolniki Park wore yellow vests at a rally against parking fee increases in Moscow.[20] Yellow vests are also common in protests in the Arkhangelsk region against a plan to build landfill in Shiyes, which is the smallest station and a village in the region.[393]
- Serbia: A civil rights organization Združena akcija Krov nad glavom started using yellow vests in its protests to oppose the eviction of a resident in the Mirijevo district of Belgrade and to show solidarity and common cause with French Yellow vest movement.[21] Parallel to that, on 4 December, Boško Obradović, the leader of the far-right Dveri party, called for demonstrations about high fuel prices in Serbia on 8 December.[394]
- Spain: During the taxi driver strike of January in Madrid and Barcelona, many protesters used yellow vests.[citation needed]
- Taiwan: The Tax and Legal Reform League, demonstrating for tax justice since December 2016,[395] organized a yellow vests march on 19 December.[343]
- Tunisia: A derivative group, the gilets rouges ("red vests"), emerged on Facebook, calling for protests against the economic situation in the country.[26]
- United Kingdom: Pro-Brexit groups involved in small-scale protests in London and other UK cities have appropriated[396] or "hijack[ed]"[397] the yellow vests symbol.[398]
- United States: In Vermont, a group called "No Carbon Tax Vermont" held a rally at the Vermont Statehouse on 9 January 2019.[399][400]
Notable members
See also
References
- ^ "Yellow Vest movement has launched in Australia". Courier Mail. 2 January 2019.(subscription required)
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- ^ a b "Gilets jaunes : la Belgique et la Bulgarie ont elles aussi leurs Gilets jaunes". LCI (in French). 20 November 2018. from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ a b Rémi Carlier (26 December 2018). "Liban, Tunisie, Burkina Faso… les Gilets jaunes font des émules à travers le monde". France 24 (in French). from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Hrvatski Žuti prsluci: 'Nije isključeno da dođemo na adrese članova vlade'". Index.hr. 15 December 2018. from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
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- ^ a b "In Pictures: Protesters march against Italy's tough new anti-migrant law". AFP via El Arabiya. 16 December 2018. from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
Several thousand people marched in Rome Saturday in protest at Italy's tough new anti-migrant law, which makes it easier to expel new arrivals. The protesters waved flags and donned yellow vests emblazoned with the slogan 'Get up! Stand Up! for your right' in a reference to the famous Bob Marley song. The new law would 'only increase the number of people without papers in Italy and force people underground', protester Kone Brahima, originally from Ivory Coast, told AFP.
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- ^ a b "Govt-employed engineers block The Mall". Pakistan Today. 19 December 2018. from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Portugal's 'yellow vests' turn out for anti-government protest". Euronews. 21 December 2018. from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
- ^ a b Chernykh, Alexander; Buranov, Ivan (23 December 2018). "Желтые жилеты" дошли до Сокольников ['Yellow Vests' reach Sokolniki"]. Kommersant (in Russian). from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
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translated title: A forced eviction in Mirievo stopped by the "yellow vest" activists
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- ^ Cheung, Eric. "'Yellow vest' protest movement spreads to Taiwan". CNN. from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ a b Trew, Bel (11 December 2018). "Egypt clamps down on yellow vest sales to avoid copycat protests as angry Tunisian activists launch 'red vest' campaign". The Independent. from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "'Yellow vests' reach Turkey as thousands protest cost of living". Al-Arabiya. 17 December 2018. from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Are the Yellow Vests Spreading beyond France?". BBC. 14 December 2018. from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
- ^ Matamoros, Cristina Abellan (16 November 2018). "What are the gilets jaunes so upset about?". Euronews. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
A rise in crude oil prices in 2018 is the first reason why fuel prices have been high this year. [...] this increase has been strongly felt by motorists.
- ^ a b "Furious French drivers to block roads in fuel price protest, but are they right to?". The Local. 30 October 2018. from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ a b Jean-Gabriel Bontinck; les éditions départementales (3 December 2018). "Les radars, cibles privilégiées des Gilets jaunes" [Radars, privileged targets of yellow vests]. Le Parisien (in French). from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b Spire, Alexis (December 2018). "Aux sources de la colère contre l'impôt" [The sources of the anger against the tax]. Le Monde Diplomatique (in French). from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ Lemarié, Alexandre (4 December 2018). "Les 'gilets jaunes' ciblent la suppression de l'ISF, 'péché originel' de Macron" [The 'yellow vests' target the removal of the ISF, 'original sin' of Macron]. Le Monde (in French). from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ "Same Old Elite? Macron's 'Revolution' Fails With Fed Up French". The Globe Post. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Cayla, David (2021). Populism and Neoliberalism. Routledge. pp. 10, 41–42. ISBN 978-0367427702.
- ^ Callison, William; Manfredi, Zachary, eds. (2019). Mutant Neoliberalism: Market Rule and Political Rupture. Fordham University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0823285709.
- ^ a b Gregory Viscusi; Helene Fouquet (4 December 2018). "Macron Blinks as Yellow-Vests Protest Forces Fuel-Tax Climbdown". Bloomberg. from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gilets Jaunes (29 November 2018). "Les revendication des gilets jaunes" (in French). France Bleu. from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "France 24, "'Yellow Vests' open a new front in the battle: Popular referendums", 17/12/2018". 17 December 2018. from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
- ^ "Yellow vest protesters clash with police in Paris, in pictures". The Telegraph. 1 December 2018. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ "Anarchists, butchers and finance workers: A look at the Paris rioters". The Local France. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ^ a b "The Yellow Vests: Who they are and why their tax protest is a big deal". The Mercury News. Associated Press. 20 November 2018. from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Rodriguez, Cecilia (2 December 2018). "Riots In Paris: 'Yellow Vests' Violence, Vandalism And Chaos Hitting Tourism". Forbes. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Marlowe, Lara (17 March 2019). "Gilets jaunes protests cause extensive damage on Champs-Élysées". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
The orgy of violence was carried out by a hard core of 1,500 hooligans wearing masks, black gloves and, in some cases, yellow vests. The most violent vandals are believed to be black bloc anarchists.
- ^ "Almost 100 injured during French fuel protests". Irish Times. 2 December 2018. from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Nossiter, Adam (2 December 2018). "'Yellow Vests' Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France". The New York Times. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Hundreds arrested as police clash with 'Yellow Vest' protesters in Paris". France24. AP, Reuters. 2 December 2018. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "The violence, burning and looting wasn't just in Paris on Saturday". The Local. 3 December 2018. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ CRISIS, Aude (1 July 2022). "France: Yellow Vest activists to stage two protest marches in Paris July 2". France 24. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ ""Le risque de nouveaux gilets jaunes est sérieux" alerte Christophe Bouillon".
- ^ Willsher, Kim (4 December 2018). "Gilets Jaunes protests in France to continue despite fuel tax U-turn". The Guardian. from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b Durand, Anne-Aël (5 December 2018). "Pourquoi il est compliqué de geler les tarifs réglementés de l'électricité". Le Monde. from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ "Macron Promises Minimum Wage Hike And Tax Cuts To End 'Yellow Vest' Protests". NPR. from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ a b Damien Durand (11 December 2018). "Macron: 100€ de plus pour le Smic? Pourquoi c'est faux". France Soir (in French). from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ Mazoue, Aude. "Yellow Vest protests: Macron's 'risky' plan to put army on streets". France 24. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ Nordstrom, Louise (27 January 2019). "'Red Scarves' and 'Blue Vests' launch counter-protest against Yellow Vests". from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
- ^ LutonsContreLeFn (9 January 2015). "Qui est vraiment Etienne Chouard ?". Le Club de Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Gilets jaunes. Qui est Fly Rider, dont les vidéos douteuses font un tabac sur Facebook ?". Ouest-France (in French). 6 December 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ "Qui est Jérôme Rodrigues, blessé à l'œil lors de la mobilisation de Gilets jaunes à Paris ?". Ouest-France (in French). 27 January 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Willsher, Kim (27 January 2019). "Gilets jaunes leader hit in eye during protest 'will be disabled for life'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
- ^ Houel, Jean-Charles (15 February 2019). "Christophe Chalençon, gilet jaune, aspire à une dictature militaire en France". Le Club de Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ lepoint.fr (6 January 2019). "Qui est François Boulo, l'avocat porte-parole des Gilets jaunes à Rouen" (in French). Retrieved 30 January 2020.[dead link]
- ^ "Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures". France Info (in French). Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ Coquaz, Vincent (30 January 2019). . Checknews. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ "Mobilisations, blessures, arrestations… un an de gilets jaunes en chiffres". CNews (in French). 15 November 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ a b c
- Fareed Zakaria (13 December 2018). "The new dividing line in Western politics". The Washington Post. from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
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- Bell, Melissa (14 January 2019). "Macron vowed to fight the populists. Now he's being engulfed by them". CNN. from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e
- Nossiter, Adam (24 November 2018). "Tear Gas and Water Cannons in Paris as Grass-Roots Protest Takes Aim at Macron". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- Rascouet, Angelina; Viscusi, Gregory (22 December 2018). "France's Yellow Vest Protests Abate as Fewer Take to Streets". www.bloomberg.com. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
Protests led by the grassroots Yellow Vest movement abated across France on Saturday, a signal that a call to mobilize for a sixth straight weekend failed to maintain the momentum.
- Viscusi, Gregory (10 December 2018). "Why People in Yellow Vests Are Blocking French Roads". The Washington Post. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
What started in November as a grassroots movement against plans to hike gas taxes has spiraled into widespread anger about the rising cost of living and discontent with French President Emmanuel Macron.
- ^ a b Driscoll, Daniel (18 August 2021). "Populism and Carbon Tax Justice: The Yellow Vest Movement in France". Social Problems. 70 (spab036): 143–163. doi:10.1093/socpro/spab036. ISSN 0037-7791. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
- ^ a b
- Petrequin, Samuel (16 December 2018). "Yellow vest protesters still block French traffic circles". AP News. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
Yellow vest protesters occupied dozens of traffic roundabouts across France on Sunday even as their movement for economic justice appeared to be losing momentum on the fifth straight weekend of protests.
- McKay, Hollie (16 December 2018). "France's 'yellow vest' protesters rage on for fifth weekend". Fox News. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
The movement, which is largely seen as a rallying cry for economic justice from France's working class, takes its name from the yellow safety vests French motorists are mandated to keep in their vehicles.
- Petrequin, Samuel (16 December 2018). "Yellow vest protesters still block French traffic circles". AP News. from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Priscillia Ludosky, une Martiniquaise derrière les gilets jaunes". France-Antilles (in French). 20 November 2017. from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
Ce mardi soir, cette dernière comptabilisait plus de 938 325 signataires sur internet.
- ^ Aline Leclerc. "Gilets jaunes: anatomie d'une journée de colère". Le Monde. from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ Willsher, Kim (16 November 2018). "'Gilets jaunes' protesters threaten to bring France to a standstill". the Guardian. from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
- ^ Smith, Saphora (27 November 2018). "The Champs-Élysées in Paris became a blazing battleground. Here's why". NBC News. from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Aurélie Dianara (30 November 2018). "We're With the Rebels". The Jacobin. from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ France Bleu (7 December 2018). "Demands of France's yellow vests as uploaded by France Bleu, November 29". openDemocracy. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ "Reconstruction et quête de vérité : l'autre combat des gilets jaunes mutilés". LExpress (in French). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
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- ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Vanessa (4 December 2018). "The Power of the Yellow Vest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Cigainero, Jake (3 December 2018). "Who Are France's Yellow Vest Protesters, And What Do They Want?". NPR.org. from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ a b Emmanuel Fansten; Willy Le Devin; Ismaël Halissat (2 December 2018). "Paris:émeutes inédites depuis 68". Libération (in French). from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ a b Domoney, Ross (7 March 2019). "'My hand was hanging from my wrist': gilets jaunes protesters mutilated by police weapons". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ Henley, Jon (21 December 2018). "How hi-vis yellow vest became symbol of protest beyond France". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Weill, Kelly (8 January 2019). "The Far Right Is Trying to Co-opt the Yellow Vests". The Daily Beast. from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Dormagen, Jean-Yves; Pion, Geoffrey (1 February 2021). "" Gilets jaunes ", combien de divisions ?". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
- ^ Mark Lynas (31 December 2018). "Why President Macron's U-turn is a warning for climate leaders". CNN. from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
The immediate cause of the protests? The carbon taxes on petrol and diesel that Macron had only recently touted as evidence of French leadership on mitigating climate change.
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- ^ "La démission de Nicolas Hulot : " Je ne veux plus me mentir "". Le Monde / AFP (in French). 28 August 2018. from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ^ L'Obs (2 October 2018). "Démission de Collomb : "Cirque", "grand-guignol", "mauvais vaudeville" et "débandade"". l'Obs (in French). from the original on 21 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
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- ^ "Prix des carburants : l'essence à son plus bas de 2018, le diesel poursuit aussi sa baisse". LCI. 3 December 2018. from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Prix à la pompe: la part du brut, la part des taxes". Le Point (in French). AFP. 16 November 2018. from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "'Shame' on Paris protesters, says Macron". BBC News. 25 November 2018. from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
- ^ "Macron stands by fuel taxes". Energy Reporters. 28 November 2018. from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Lettre ouverte au Premier Ministre Edouard PHILIPPE". OTRE (in French). 20 November 2018. from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Emmanuel Macron promet des aides pour le chauffage et le carburant". Le Figaro (in French). 6 November 2018. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ^ Evens Salies (13 February 2019). "Gilets Jaunes: Is the energy transition possible while still reducing inequality?". OFCE. from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ a b Eva Tapiero; Matthew Robinson; Laura Smith-Spark. "French fuel protests leave 1 dead, dozens injured". CNN. from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ "Rampant vandalism of speed cameras to cost France half a billion euros". The Local. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
- ^ . BBC News. 29 January 2019. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "France to cut speed limit on roads to 80km/h in July despite opposition". The Local. 7 March 2018. from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ Nicolas. "Plus de 6000 radars vandalisés en 2018!". radars-auto.com (in French). from the original on 31 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
Entre janvier et août 2018, 3 932 actes de vandalisme ont été enregistrés sur les radars automatiques.
- ^ Lough, Richard; Carraud, Simon (4 December 2018). "France's Macron hunts for way out of 'yellow vest' crisis". Reuters. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ Felix, Bate (2 December 2018). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
Macron introduced new carbon taxes to urge motorists to change behavior and protect the environment...His goal is for France to cut carbon emissions by 40 percent by 2030 and boost the use of cleaner energies at the same time.
- ^ Adam Nossiter (2 December 2018). "'Yellow Vests' Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France". New York Times. from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ Viscusi, Gregory (3 December 2018). "Macron Fights on Two Fronts as French, German Risks Collide". Bloomberg News. from the original on 4 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ Gamet, Laurent (22 June 2019). "Les Gilets jaunes et la question sociale". Droit Social (in French). Dalloz (6): 564–573. ISSN 0012-6438. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ Editorial Board (3 December 2018). "The Global Carbon Tax Revolt". The Wall Street Journal. from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ DeVore, Chuck (7 December 2018). "Paris Is Burning Over Climate Change Taxes – Is America Next?". Forbes. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ Atkin, Emily (10 December 2018). "France's Yellow Vest Protesters Want to Fight Climate Change". The New Republic. from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Rubin, Alissa J.; Sengupta, Somini (6 December 2018). "'Yellow Vest' Protests Shake France. Here's the Lesson for Climate Change". The New York Times. from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
There is little doubt among scientists and economists — many of whom are in Poland for the current round of climate negotiations — that putting a price on carbon is essential in the effort to reduce fossil fuel dependence. . . . [However many] analysts say the French tax was not politically deft, falling hardest on people outside French cities who were already feeling the pain of stagnating incomes and who do not have the same mass transportation options as urban residents.
- ^ Lichfield, John (9 February 2019). "Just who are the gilets jaunes?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ "Priscillia Ludosky, la force tranquille des "gilets jaunes"". L'Obs (in French). 15 January 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
- ^ a b Leonardo Bianchi (20 November 2018). "Chi sono i 'gilet gialli', la versione francese dei Forcone". Vice (in Italian). from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ a b c John Lichfield (3 December 2018). "Never before have I seen blind anger like this on the streets of Paris". The Guardian. from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ Henry Mance (6 December 2018). "Barricades in Paris make Brexit bankers think again". Financial Times. from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ a b Walt, Vivienne (30 November 2018). "'There Is an Atmosphere of Civil War.' France's Yellow Jackets Are Driving Fury at Macron". Time. from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
- ^ "France's Macron hunts for way out of 'yellow vest' crisis". Reuters. 3 December 2018. from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
- ^ "Les Français, les gilets jaunes et les mesures annoncées par Edouard Philippe" (PDF) (in French). Sondage ELABE pour BFMTV. 5 December 2018. (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ Mathilde Damgé; Anne-Aël Durand; Maxime Vaudano; Jérémie Baruch; Pierre Breteau (4 December 2018). "Sur un axe de Mélenchon à Le Pen, où se situent les revendications des 'gilets jaunes'?". Le Monde (in French). from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ Étienne Girard (10 December 2018). "Ni Macron, ni Mélenchon, ni Le Pen : les gilets jaunes votent… Coluche". Marianne (in French). from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ a b Frédéric Lordon (5 December 2018). "Fin de monde?". La pompe à phynance (in French). Le Monde Diplomatique. from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
Depuis les grèves de 1995, la conscience de ce que les médias censément contre-pouvoirs sont des auxiliaires des pouvoirs, n'a cessé d'aller croissant.
- ^ a b "Reporters attacked at "yellow vest" protests in France". Reporters Without Borders. 29 November 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ a b Davies, Pascale (13 January 2019). "Journalists becoming target for 'yellow vest' protesters". Euronews. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ a b Enguérand Renault (7 December 2018). ""Gilets jaunes" : les rédactions prennent des mesures pour assurer la sécurité des journalistes". Le Figaro (in French). from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
Chaque journaliste sur le terrain est accompagné d'un agent de sécurité, souligne Hervé Béroud, le directeur général de la chaîne. Cet agent est à même d'évaluer la dangerosité de la situation et d'intervenir en cas d'agression du journaliste.
- ^ François Chrétien (27 December 2018). "Loire-Atlantique. Ce journal que des Gilets jaunes ont empêché de paraître" (in French). Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ Alexander Hurst (7 January 2019). "The Ugly, Illiberal, Anti-Semitic Heart of the Yellow Vest Movement". New Republic. from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ "'Any silence justifies the lynching': Media watchdog condemns 'yellow vest' attacks on journalists". The Local France. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
- ^ Margaux Baralon (19 November 2018). "Comment les "gilets jaunes" ont bouleversé les codes de la contestation". Europe1 (in French). from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ Blandine Le Cain (30 November 2018). "Les 'gilets jaunes', un mouvement sans leader dans lequel les 'fake news' prospèrent". Le Figaro (in French). from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ Marie-Hélène Miauton (6 December 2018). "Des "gilets jaunes" helvétiques: impossible!". Le Temps (in French). from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "Le système politique suisse ausculté par la France et les "gilets jaunes"". Radio Télévision Suisse (in French). 18 December 2018. from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Vincent Glad (2 January 2019). "Gilets jaunes Histoire du RIC, un cri du peuple". Liberation (in French). from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
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