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AUKUS

December 13, 2023

AUKUS (/ˈɔːkəs/ AW-kəs), also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security partnership for the Indo-Pacific region between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Announced on 15 September 2021,[1][2] the partnership involves the US and the UK assisting Australia in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.[3] The partnership also includes cooperation on advanced cyber mechanisms, artificial intelligence and autonomy, quantum technologies, undersea capabilities, hypersonic and counter-hypersonic, electronic warfare, innovation and information sharing.[3][4] The partnership will focus on military capability, distinguishing it from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada.[5]

AUKUS
Trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Member states shown in dark green
AbbreviationAUKUS
Formation15 September 2021; 2 years ago (2021-09-15)
TypeMilitary technology partnership
PurposeCollective security
Region
Indo-Pacific
Membership

The International Centre for Defence and Security called the partnership "a powerful statement about the priority of the Indo-Pacific" and as a statement "that the larger institutional groupings aren't acting with the common purpose and speed that the current strategic and technological environment demands".[6] The US Ambassador to Australia Caroline Kennedy called the partnership a "greater and deeper partnership" between the countries and said that it would provide a "lot of deterrence" in the Indo-Pacific.[7] The government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was vocal in its contempt of the partnership, accusing the three western countries of having a "cold-war mentality",[8] as the partnership was widely seen as being, at least in part, a response to China's status as an increasingly assertive emerging superpower.[9]

The creation of the partnership spelled the end of a French–Australian submarine deal. On 17 September 2021, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US; French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian called the partnership a "stab in the back"[10] following Australia's cancellation of the deal worth €56 billion (A$90 billion) without notice,[11][12][13] ending recent efforts to develop a deeper strategic partnership between France and Australia.[14][15][16] Following the ousting of Scott Morrison's government after the 2022 Australian federal election, the new Labor government led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese agreed to a €555 million (US$584 million) settlement with French defence contractor Naval Group. In response, French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia. In addition, Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries.[17][18]

Background edit

Naval Group–Australia strategic partnership agreement edit

Further information: Attack-class submarine

In 2009, two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy's conventionally-powered Collins-class submarines, the Australian Defence White Paper stated: "The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines".[19]

In 2016, Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull signed a A$50 billion (€31 billion) deal with the majority French government-owned company Naval Group (known as DCNS until 2017) to design a new generation of submarines, known as the Attack class, under the "Future Submarine Program", scheduled to replace the Collins class.[20][21][note 1] The design was based on the latest French nuclear-powered attack submarine, the Barracuda class, which required converting the nuclear propulsion to conventional propulsion. Another difference was that Australia chose to equip it with a United States Navy combat system and torpedo with Lockheed Martin Australia selected to integrate them into the design.[25][26][27] Australia typically requires that part of their vessels be built there, which increases the cost. In this case it corresponded to 60 per cent of the contract value, with France handling the technology transfer.[28]

In 2019, Australia signed a strategic partnership agreement with Naval Group to design and construct twelve submarines to be built in Australia.[29][30] However, the project was beset by delays and cost overruns, leading to uncertainty and tension behind the scenes.[13][31] The revised cost, including inflation during the length of the program, was A$90 billion (€56 billion).[32]

In February 2021, an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive, and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal.[33] At a Senate inquiry in early June 2021, with delays ongoing, Defence Secretary Greg Moriarty revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if the French project was to fail, admitting that there had been ongoing problems[vague] for over a year.[34] Two weeks later, Australian prime minister Scott Morrison met French president Emmanuel Macron in Paris and expressed concern about the project going off track, to which Macron replied that France was giving "full and complete" commitment and would proceed "further and faster if possible".[33]

On 30 August 2021, the French and Australian defence and foreign affairs ministers released a joint statement reaffirming the project, stating that the "Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program."[14][35][36]

Less than three weeks later, Australia decided to publicly cancel the contract with Naval Group for the Attack-class submarines[20] despite having already spent about A$2.4 billion on the French project.[37] It was expected that Australia would have to pay hundreds of millions of euros in penalties for cancelling the contract.[38] The contract contained "control gates" with "off-ramps" at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract.[39][40]

The Australian Department of Defence wrote to Naval Group on the same day the security pact was announced.[35][41] The French Ministry of Defence claim the department told them that "they were satisfied with the submarine's achievable performance and with the progress of the program."[35] Naval Group said that Australia "terminated the contract for convenience".[42]

Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear-powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed, remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine, based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo-Pacific.[10][3][43]

Australia–UK–US negotiations edit

The Sunday Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines.[44] The Daily Telegraph reported that British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab "helped broker the deal".[45] The New York Times too reported that Australia first approached the UK for assistance.[46] The Wall Street Journal reported Australia approached the US in April 2021.[47] A trilateral discussion was held between Johnson, Biden and Morrison at the June 2021 G7 summit held in Cornwall, England.[43][48] The talks took place without the knowledge of the French government or Naval Group.[45] This approach was possible as a result of the UK not entering into a formal foreign policy and security treaty in the post-Brexit deal with the EU. As a result, the UK was free to pursue enhanced cooperation with other allies.[49] Axios reported that the Biden administration sought assurances from Australia that cancelling the contract was not dependent on the US providing them with assistance and that cancelling was a fait accompli.[50] Morrison said Australia had been considering an alternative to the Attack-class submarine deal for the past 18 months.[43][48]

Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison, British prime minister Boris Johnson and US president Joe Biden did not mention any other country by name, except France, anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of Chinese forces in the Indo-Pacific region.[51][1] However, Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be adversarial toward China.[52]

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that Australia did not have any "reciprocal requirements" as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear submarine propulsion technology such as Australia hosting intermediate-range missiles.[53][54]

Features edit

Tier 1 - Nuclear-powered submarines edit

Main article: SSN-AUKUS
 
US President Joe Biden, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the AUKUS meeting in San Diego, California, on 13 March 2023

Under the partnership, the US and UK will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia, as they have done with each other since 1958 under the US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement.[40][55][3] The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) will acquire at least eight nuclear-powered submarines armed with conventional weapons.[3] The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear-Powered Submarine Task Force an 18-month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead, begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK.[3][56]

Australia will extend the life of its Collins-class submarines that the Attack class was due to replace and may consider leasing or buying nuclear-powered submarines from the US or the UK in the interim until the delivery of its future nuclear powered submarines.[3][57][58] Also in the interim, Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton said that Australia will have regular visits by US and UK nuclear-powered submarines.[59][note 2] The annual Australia-US Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) between the Australian Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defence and the US Secretaries of State and Defense held in September 2021 endorsed "increasing logistics and sustainment capabilities of US surface and subsurface vessels in Australia."[61][62]

Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by low-enriched uranium at less than 6%.[63][64] However, French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years,[63][65] and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with nuclear energy prohibited.[66] In contrast, American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines[63][67][68] using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium (HEU) at 93% enrichment.[69][70]

Currently, only six countries have nuclear submarines, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and India.[10] The New York Times reported that Australia will probably buy HEU from the US for the nuclear reactor that powers the submarine.[71][note 3] The United States' naval reactors are all pressurized water reactors (PWR).[73] The latest UK propulsion system is the Rolls-Royce PWR3 that will power the Royal Navy's (RN) new Dreadnought-class submarines currently being built and is "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology".[74][75]

US officials have said that sharing nuclear propulsion technology with Australia is a "one-off" and that they have no "intention of extending this to other countries".[76][77] South Korea, also a US treaty ally, has had ambitions to acquire nuclear-powered submarines since 2017 and was reportedly refused US assistance in September 2020 because of nuclear non-proliferation.[78][79][80]

On 22 November 2021, Australia, the US and the UK signed the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information Agreement (ENNPIA) treaty.[81][82] The treaty permits the disclosure of information by the US and the UK to Australia and its use.[82] The US is restricted by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 from sharing information without an agreement and the UK is also restricted by the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement unless authorised.[83][84] The treaty was considered in Australia by the Parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, in the UK by the Parliament and in the US by Congress.[85][86][87] The ENNPIA treaty entered into force on 8 February 2022.[4]

 
One of the first three Royal Australian Navy officers to graduate from the US Navy's Nuclear Power School posing with Australian and American dignitaries in July 2023

On 31 August 2022, the UK announced that Australian submariners would receive training aboard Astute-class submarines.[88]

On 13 March 2023, AUKUS announced that a new nuclear powered submarine class would be built in the UK and Australia to be called the SSN-AUKUS, also known as the SSN-A.[89][90][91] The US intends to sell Australia three nuclear-powered Virginia class submarines, subject to congressional approval, to ensure there is no capability gap as the Collins class submarines are retired, with the potential to sell up to two more if needed.[92][93] RAN personnel will be embedded in the RN and USN to receive nuclear training and at UK and US submarine industrial bases.[91] The Submarine Rotational Force-West initiative which will from as early as 2027 base USN Virginia class and RN Astute class submarines on a rotational basis at the RAN's HMAS Stirling submarine base in order to accelerate Australia's ability to operate nuclear-powered submarines and to contribute to security in the Indo-Pacific region.[94]

The SSN-AUKUS class will based on the UK SSNR design already under development.[95][96] The RN is planned to receive their first SSN-AUKUS class submarine as early as the late 2030s.[97] The RAN is planned to receive their first submarine in the early 2040s.[97] Australia will reportedly build five SSN-AUKUS submarines.[98] The RAN is planned to receive their first Virginia class submarine from the US in the early 2030s.[99]

The Australian Submarine Agency was established on 1 July 2023. It has the role of managing the Australian nuclear submarine program, and includes personnel posted to the UK and US.[100]

In November 2023, Capt. Lincoln Reifsteck USN, the USN's AUKUS integration and acquisition program manager, talked at the Naval Submarine League's annual symposium. He said that, in 2032 and 2035, the USA will sell to Australia in-service Block IV Virginia-class submarines, the first of which was commissioned in 2020, and the final will likely commission around 2026. Thus, Australia would receive submarines with between six and 15 years' worth of use, out of their designed service life of 33 years. He also said that the USA would sell a new Block VII boat to Australia in 2038, the Block VIIs being the original Virginia-class length without the Virginia Payload Module, set to begin construction in FY2029.[101]

Tier 2 - Technology edit

Computer and cybertechnology edit

The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving "joint capabilities and interoperability. These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and additional undersea capabilities."[102] Tom Tugendhat, chair of the British Commons' Foreign Affairs Committee, later commented on Twitter that "Bringing together the military-industrial complex of these three allies together is a step-change in the relationship. We've always been interoperable, but this aims at much more. From artificial intelligence to advanced technology the US, UK and Australia will now be able to cost save by increasing platform sharing and innovation costs. Particularly for the smaller two, that's game-changing."[103] Engineering & Technology pointed to the increasing expansion of Chinese technology firms such as Huawei, which has been excluded from tendering for participation in telecommunications networks by the US and Australia on national security grounds, and government vetoes over the attempted Chinese acquisition of American company Lattice Semiconductor and ongoing British consideration of proposed takeovers of local semiconductor firms.[103] Engineering & Technology also pointed to the March 2021 statement of the US National Security Commission on AI, of the imperative to intensify local efforts but also "rally our closest allies and partners to defend and compete in the coming era of AI-accelerated competition and conflict".[103]

Hypersonic and counter-hypersonic edit

Under the partnership, the three countries will cooperate to accelerate development of hypersonic missiles and defence against such missiles. Hypersonic and counter-hypersonic cooperation was one of four additional areas of cooperation announced on 5 April 2022.[4][104] Australia and the US have been cooperating on the development of hypersonic missiles since 2020 after signing an agreement to "flight test full-size prototype hypersonic cruise missiles" under the Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment (SCIFiRE).[105][106][107]

Radar capability edit

The three countries announced the Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) programme, which will enable them to constantly track, detect, and identify objects in deep space from up to 22,000 miles away from Earth.[108] Three ground-based radars will be built, with one in each country. The first of which will be in built in Western Australia and is expected to be operational by 2026, with the radars based in the UK and the US aimed to be completed by 2030.[109] Britain's radar is planned for construction at Cawdor Barracks in Pembrokeshire, Wales.[110]

Partnership expansion edit

The following non-participating nations have expressed interest in joining the partnership or were subject to media attention of potentially joining:

Nuclear proliferation concerns edit

The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty allows non-nuclear-weapon states to produce the highly enriched uranium for naval reactor fuel.[64] Nevertheless, the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly highly enriched uranium has been described as an act of nuclear proliferation,[117][118] and has been criticised by scholars and politicians.[118][119][120] In the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, scholar Sébastien Philippe criticised AUKUS and wrote "we can now expect the proliferation of very sensitive military nuclear technology in the coming years, with literally tons of new nuclear materials under loose or no international safeguards."[118] James M. Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace wrote that "the nonproliferation implications of the AUKUS submarine deal are both negative and serious. For Australia to operate nuclear-powered submarines, it will have to become the first non-nuclear-weapon state to exercise a loophole that allows it to remove nuclear material from the inspection system of the International Atomic Energy Agency. I have no real concerns that Australia will misuse this material itself, but I am concerned that this removal will set a damaging precedent. In the future, would-be proliferators could use naval reactor programs as cover for the development of nuclear weapons."[121]

Australia and Brazil[122][123][note 4] would be the first countries without nuclear weapons to have nuclear-powered submarines. Concerns were raised that this may lead to increased risk of arms proliferation if other countries follow the same approach because it would involve other countries enriching uranium for naval reactors, potentially creating more avenues to develop material needed for nuclear weapons without the safeguards provided by regular inspections.[72] This would not apply in the case of Brazil because the reactor will use low enriched uranium at 7% concentration.[124] 20% is the minimum level required to make a nuclear weapon.[64]

Comments and responses from participating countries edit

 
Territories and territorial waters of Australia (yellow), the United Kingdom (blue), and the United States (green), including the respective Antarctic claims of Australia and the UK.

Australia edit

 
A speaker during a December 2021 protest against the AUKUS agreement in Melbourne

The federal opposition leader at the time, Anthony Albanese, of the Australian Labor Party, said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry, no possession of nuclear weapons and that the deal is consistent with Australia's responsibilities under the nuclear non-proliferation treaty.[125] Former Labor prime minister Paul Keating condemned the deal, saying "This arrangement would witness a further dramatic loss of Australian sovereignty, as material dependency on the United States robbed Australia of any freedom or choice in any engagement Australia may deem appropriate".[125] Former Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd warned against overly obtrusive criticism of China and recommended that Australia focus on quietly improving military capability.[126]

Former Liberal prime minister Malcolm Turnbull, who had signed the original deal for the Attack class submarines called the decision to scrap the deal "an appalling episode in Australia's international affairs and the consequences of it will endure to our disadvantage for a very long time". He called the actions of his successor as deceitful and that it would damage Australia as foreign nations would not longer be able to trust Australia.[127]

Former Liberal prime minister Tony Abbott called the move "the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades" as "it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time, which obviously, is China".[126] Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result, and cited China's increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal.[126]

The Australian defence minister at the time, Peter Dutton, responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and "an opportunity for Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea to continue to develop". Dutton further dismissed "outbursts from China" and said that Australia was a "proud democracy" committed to "enduring peace and this collaboration makes it a safer region ... no amount of propaganda can dismiss the facts".[54]

Australian Greens leader Adam Bandt criticised the deal, saying that it escalates tensions in the region and "makes Australia less safe".[128]

In December 2022, the online publication East Asia Forum (based at the Australian National University) published an article stating that AUKUS highlights the need for Australia to have an advanced industrial base to sustain its planned acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines, as well as to support hypersonic and artificial intelligence (AI) military systems.[129]

United Kingdom edit

Prime Minister at the time, Boris Johnson said that the deal would create "hundreds of high-skilled jobs" and "preserve security and stability around the world" but said that the relationship with France was "rock solid".[10] Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat said: "After years of bullying and trade hostility, and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters, Australia didn't have a choice, and nor did the US or UK [to make the deal]".[130] Former prime minister Theresa May questioned whether the UK would be forced into a war with China should Taiwan be invaded.[131]

Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying "I just think it's time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez-moi un break";[132] the latter being broken French for "get a grip and give me a break".[133] He made further reference to the deal in his speech at the Conservative Party Conference the next month, touting it as "a supreme example of global Britain in action, of something daring and brilliant that would simply would not have happened if we'd remained in the EU", whilst acknowledging "a certain raucous squawkus from the anti-AUKUS caucus."[134][135]

Foreign Secretary at the time, Liz Truss viewed AUKUS as the beginning of a "Network of Liberty", and also stated "On security we are striking new pacts to protect our sea routes, trade routes and freedoms", adding that "We are in talks with Japan about better military access and operational support between our two countries [and] we want closer security ties with key allies like India and Canada in everything from fighting cyber to traditional defence capability".[136]

Former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn called the partnership "crazy beyond belief", with Labour members voting to condemn the partnership as dangerous to world peace.[137][138]

The British High Commissioner to Australia Victoria Treadell told ABC Radio "This is not an issue of this Anglosphere and I really do think we have to move away from defining countries like Australia, US and the UK as Anglosphere".

United States edit

President Joe Biden stated that the deal was a way to "address both the current strategic environment in the (Indo-Pacific) region and how it may evolve".[139] After a call between the French and US presidents, the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies. It was agreed the process would continue in such manner.[140][141]

International responses edit

Japan edit

On 12 April 2022, Sankei Shimbun reported that the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia were inquiring about Japan's participation in the security framework of AUKUS. The newspaper added that the aim of said negotiations was related to the incorporation of Japanese hypersonic weapon development and the strengthening of electronic warfare capabilities.[142] Prior to this, in November 2021, former prime minister Shinzo Abe in a virtual address to the Sydney Dialogue, welcomed the creation of AUKUS in the midst of an increasingly severe security environment, and called for greater Japan-AUKUS cooperation and integration concerning artificial intelligence and cyberwarfare capabilities.[143][144][145] The US denied inviting Japan into the security alliance, with Jen Psaki stating that Sankei Shimbun's report was "inaccurate".[146] This was followed up by a refutation from Hirokazu Matsuno, the Japanese chief cabinet secretary.[147][148] On 10 December 2022, Australia's Minister for Defence announced their desire for Japan to join the partnership.[149]

On 14 March 2023, Japanese Prime Minister Kishida Fumio expressed his support for Australia's planned acquisition of US-made nuclear-powered submarines under the AUKUS partnership.[150]

France edit

The French government received official notification from Australia that the Attack-class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced.[151][20] Le Monde reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was €35 billion of which €8 billion (A$12 billion) was to go to French companies.[152][153] The project was reportedly going to employ 4,000 people in France over six years at Naval Group and its 200 subcontractors.[153] The French government was angered by both the cancellation of the Attack-class submarine project and not being made aware of the negotiations that led to the AUKUS agreement.[154] In a joint statement, French foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian and armed forces minister Florence Parly expressed disappointment at Australia's decision to abandon their joint submarine program with France.[155][10]

Le Drian further stated in a radio interview that the contract termination was a "stab in the back".[10] On 17 September, France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US, Jean-Pierre Thébault and Philippe Étienne respectively.[13] Despite tension in the past, France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States.[156] In a statement, Le Drian said that the "exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the [AUKUS] announcements" and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract "constitute[d] unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners".[13] French president Emmanuel Macron has not commented but is reported to have been "furious" about the turn of events. In response to questions about the Australia-EU trade deal currently being negotiated, French Secretary of State for European Affairs Clément Beaune stated that he doesn't see how France can trust Australia.[157] Arnaud Danjean, a French MEP, said that "Australians can expect more than a delay in concluding the Free Trade Agreement with the EU".[157] French Lowy Institute policy analyst Hervé Lemahieu said the diplomatic damage from the cancellation will take years to repair and leave a lasting legacy of mistrust".[13] After a call between the French and US presidents, the French ambassador returned to the US on 30 September.[140][158]

Beaune described the United Kingdom as a junior partner and vassal of the United States due to the partnership, saying in an interview: "Our British friends explained to us they were leaving the EU to create Global Britain. We can see that this is a return into the American lap and a form of accepted vassalisation."[159] Le Drian stated that "We have recalled our ambassadors to [Canberra and Washington] to re-evaluate the situation. With Britain, there is no need. We know their constant opportunism. So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain."[160] A Franco-British defence summit was cancelled.[161]

Some opposition politicians in France, such as Xavier Bertrand, Jordan Bardella, and Fabien Roussel, criticised the French government and demanded that France leave NATO, with Christian Jacob as well as demanding a parliamentary inquiry.[162][163]

A foreign ministers meeting between France, Germany, the UK, and the US had been postponed, and a ministerial meeting between Australia, France, and India was cancelled.[164][165] France however, contacted India to talk about strengthening their cooperation in the Indo-Pacific.[166] France's foreign commerce minister declined a meeting with his Australian counterpart.[167]

French president Macron said that Europe needs to stop being naïve when it comes to defending its interests and build its own military capacity.[168]

Following the ousting of Scott Morrison's government after the 2022 Australian federal election, the new Labor government led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese agreed to a €555 million (US$584 million) settlement with French defence contractor Naval Group. In response, French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia. In addition, Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries.[17][18]

China edit

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s foreign affairs department spokesperson Zhao Lijian said, "The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US, the UK, and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability, intensified the arms race and undermined international non-proliferation efforts".[169] Zhao also said "The three countries should discard the Cold War zero-sum mentality and narrow geopolitical perspective".[170] Spokesperson Hua Chunying said "China is firmly opposed to the US, the UK and Australia's malicious exploitation of loopholes in the Nuclear non-proliferation treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards mechanism".[171]

The Chinese Communist Party-owned tabloid Global Times, which is known for being more aggressive than official government statements, denounced Australia and said it had "turned itself into an adversary of China" and warned that Australia could be targeted by China as a warning to other countries if it acted "with bravado" in alliance with the US, or by being "militarily assertive".[130] It further told Australia to avoid "provocation" or else China would "certainly punish it with no mercy",[54] and concluded "Thus, Australian troops are also most likely to be the first batch of western soldiers to waste their lives in the South China Sea".[130]

A Chinese Communist Party official, Victor Gao — former interpreter for Deng Xiaoping and vice president of a Beijing think tank, the Center for China and Globalization — considered the move to be a violation of international law and warned that Australia's moves towards nuclear-powered submarines would lead to the country "being targeted with nuclear weapons", in a future nuclear war.[172]

The PRC ambassador to France Lu Shaye urged the new alliance to fulfill their nuclear non proliferation obligations and said Asia-Pacific needs jobs, not submarines, and urged France to boost cooperation.[173][174]

Other countries edit

  •   Canada – The deal was announced in the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election. Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Canada's exclusion from the partnership, to which Trudeau responded by stating that "This is a deal for nuclear submarines, which Canada is not currently or any time soon in the market for. Australia is." Leader of the Official Opposition Erin O'Toole stated that he would seek to join the alliance if elected.[175]
  •   Denmark – Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said that Joe Biden is "very loyal" to Europe and that "we should not turn... challenges, which will always exist between allies, into something they should not be." The Prime Minister also said she did not understand the criticism coming from Paris and Brussels.[176]
  •   Germany – German Minister of State for Europe Michael Roth described the row as a "wake up call" and stated that the EU must speak with one voice and that rebuilding lost trust will not be easy.[177][178]
  •   Indonesia – The Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed concerns about the implications of the Australian acquisition of nuclear-powered submarines for "the continuing arms race and power projection in the region." It called on Canberra to maintain its commitment to regional peace and stability.[179][180][181] Indonesia later cancelled a planned visit by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison amid the fallout of the AUKUS deal.[182] On 22 September 2021, the Commission I of the People's Representative Council urged President Joko Widodo to take a strong stand over the AUKUS deal through the auspices of ASEAN. Commission I member Rizki Aulia Rahman described the formation of AUKUS as a threat to Indonesian national defence and sovereignty. The Foreign Ministry responded that they were working on a response to the issues posed by AUKUS.[183]
  •   Kiribati – President Taneti Maamuu said that the deal puts the region at risk and that he was not consulted in relation to it. In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati, so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed. Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China mainland. Beijing told Kiribati it is listening, whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them. Mr Maamau said he is looking to Australia to show leadership as it debates a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050.[184] Mr Maamuu also stated he was surprised at the absence of "courtesy" Australia displayed in not discussing the proposed agreement with its Pacific "neighbours".[185]
  •   Malaysia – Malaysian Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he had raised concerns about the project with Mr. Morrison, and warned that the nuclear submarine project might heighten military tensions in Asia. He urged all parties to avoid any provocation, as well as an arms race in the region.[186] "At the same time, it will provoke other powers to take more aggressive action in this region, especially in the South China Sea," Mr Yaakob said.[186] Ismail Sabri also stressed the importance of respecting and adhering to Malaysia's existing stance and approach to nuclear-powered submarines operating in Malaysian waters, including under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty.[187] Australia has since dispatched officials to Kuala Lumpur to clarify about the deal. Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah agreed to the suggestion of Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Marise Payne for an in-depth briefing over the matter.[188] In response to the announcement of the agreement Malaysia's defence Minister proposed an immediate working trip to China to discuss AUKUS, as they wanted to get views of AUKUS from China's Leadership.[189][190]
  •   New Zealand – On 16 September 2021, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern issued a statement reiterating New Zealand's stance that no nuclear submarines were permitted in its waters, while also stating that they were not approached about the partnership and that she would not have expected them to have been approached.[191][192] Ardern said the leaders of the three member states were "very well versed" in New Zealand's nuclear-free policy and would have "understood our likely position on the establishment of nuclear-powered submarines".[193] Notably, Ardern was the first foreign politician that Morrison informed prior to the public announcement.[194] Judith Collins, the leader of the National Party, expressed disappointment that New Zealand was not approached to join the partnership for the non-submarine co-operation areas.[195] In March 2023, New Zealand's defence minister Andrew Little said New Zealand had been offered the opportunity to discuss joining AUKUS for the non-submarine co-operation areas. New Zealand has indicated it was "willing to explore" the proposal.[196][197]
  •   Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) – The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea issued a statement condemning the deal as "extremely undesirable and dangerous" which would "upset the strategic balance in the Asia-Pacific region", potentially destroying the nuclear non-proliferation system,[198][199] and criticising the "double-dealing" of the US which "seriously threatens the world peace and stability" stating that North Korea will take counteraction if the alliance threatens the country.[200][201]
  •   Papua New Guinea — Papua New Guinea's Prime Minister stated that he wanted to protect the "peace and serenity" of the region and that "as far as securing peace is concerned, we've got no problem, but if such activities bring disharmony in the region then we have an issue".[202]
  •   Philippines – Through a statement released by the Department of Foreign Affairs, the Philippines welcomed the signing of the trilateral security partnership.[203] Foreign Secretary, Teodoro Locsin Jr. highlighted that "the enhancement of a near-abroad ally's ability to project power should restore and keep the balance rather than destabilise it", Secretary Locsin further added that without an actual presence of nuclear weapons within the region, the Philippines therefore finds that the AUKUS move would not constitute a violation of the 1995 Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone treaty.[204][205]
  •   Portugal – Portuguese Minister Augusto Santos Silva said "In general, we ourselves express our solidarity with France, which has not been treated with due respect in this process", adding that "clearly, the form was not one that should have been followed".[206][207]
  •   Russia – Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov expressed concern, stating "This is a great challenge to the international nuclear non-proliferation regime." and that "We are also concerned about the … partnership that will allow Australia, after 18 months of consultations and several years of attempts, to obtain nuclear-powered submarines in sufficient numbers to become one of the top five countries for this type of armaments."[208]
  •   Singapore – Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong welcomed Australia's assurance that its new defence partnership with the US and the UK aims to promote a "stable and secure" Asia Pacific amid China's concerns.[209]
  •   Solomon Islands— Solomon Islands' Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare said that he wanted to keep the region "nuclear free" and that he opposed "any form of militarisation in our region that could threaten regional and international peace and stability".[210][211]
  •   Taiwan – Vice President Lai Ching-te, immediately welcomed the partnership, referring to it "as a positive development for democracy, peace, and prosperity in the region."[212][non-primary source needed] The foreign affairs spokesperson said, "Taiwan, on the groundwork of the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Guarantees, will continue to deepen the close partnership with the United States, maintain the rules-based international order, and the peace, stability, and prosperity in the Taiwan Strait and in the Indo-Pacific region together."[213] Taiwan's Foreign Minister Joseph Wu also welcomed the partnership, stating "We are pleased to see that the like-minded partners of Taiwan — the United States and the UK and Australia — are working closer with each other to acquire more advanced defence articles so that we can defend Indo-Pacific".[214]
  • Others – Morrison said he contacted prime ministers Yoshihide Suga of Japan, Narendra Modi of India, and Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore.[215] South Korea has also remained silent.[215]

European Union edit

President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, who told CNN that "one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable. ... We want to know what happened and why."[216][217] The EU also demanded an apology from Australia.[218] President of the European Council Charles Michel denounced a "lack of transparency and loyalty" by the US.[219] The EU said the crisis affects the whole union.[220]

Preparations for a new EU-US trade and technology council between the US and EU were postponed.[177] France eventually dropped their opposition to these talks which took place in Pittsburgh on 29 September 2021. France also attempted to delay the free trade talks between the EU and Australia.[221] Apparently "most of Europe felt that transatlantic ties were too important to sacrifice to French pique"; such as the pro-free trade Northern Europe countries, as well as Eastern European nations that prioritize security ties with Washington, who "resented the French attempt to impose its indignation on the rest of the bloc".[222] Key advocates for the TTC talks included EU's digital chief Margrethe Vestager, who favors open markets, and EU trade chief Valdis Dombrovskis from Latvia, who views the US alliance and NATO as a vital counterweight to Russia and China.[223][222][224] Lithuanian deputy European Affairs Minister Arnoldas Prankevicius proclaimed "What is important is to keep trans-Atlantic unity, because we believe this is our biggest strength and biggest value, especially vis-à-vis such countries as Russia and China".[221]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The exact build price and sustainment costs submitted by Naval Group to the Australian government are confidential. The government has refused to release the details under FOI.[22] A decision by the OAIC to overturn the refusal and release the details is being appealed by the Department of Defence and Naval Group at the AAT).[23][24]
  2. ^ The 2012 Australian Defence Force Posture Review recommended that Australia's submarine base at HMAS Stirling in Perth be expanded and be able to support US Navy (USN) submarines.[60]
  3. ^ Even though Australia is a leading producer of uranium, it has never operated nuclear power plants.[72]
  4. ^ See Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto.

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AUKUS.
  • Text of the Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS
  • AUKUS Hansard (UK) debate
  • Address by the Prime Minister of Australia 18 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine

December 13, 2023
aukus, ɔː, kəs, also, styled, aukus, trilateral, security, partnership, indo, pacific, region, between, australia, united, kingdom, united, states, announced, september, 2021, partnership, involves, assisting, australia, acquiring, nuclear, powered, submarines. AUKUS ˈ ɔː k e s AW kes also styled as Aukus is a trilateral security partnership for the Indo Pacific region between Australia the United Kingdom and the United States Announced on 15 September 2021 1 2 the partnership involves the US and the UK assisting Australia in acquiring nuclear powered submarines 3 The partnership also includes cooperation on advanced cyber mechanisms artificial intelligence and autonomy quantum technologies undersea capabilities hypersonic and counter hypersonic electronic warfare innovation and information sharing 3 4 The partnership will focus on military capability distinguishing it from the Five Eyes intelligence sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada 5 AUKUSTrilateral security partnership between Australia the United Kingdom and the United StatesMember states shown in dark greenAbbreviationAUKUSFormation15 September 2021 2 years ago 2021 09 15 TypeMilitary technology partnershipPurposeCollective securityRegionIndo PacificMembership Australia United Kingdom United StatesThe International Centre for Defence and Security called the partnership a powerful statement about the priority of the Indo Pacific and as a statement that the larger institutional groupings aren t acting with the common purpose and speed that the current strategic and technological environment demands 6 The US Ambassador to Australia Caroline Kennedy called the partnership a greater and deeper partnership between the countries and said that it would provide a lot of deterrence in the Indo Pacific 7 The government of the People s Republic of China PRC was vocal in its contempt of the partnership accusing the three western countries of having a cold war mentality 8 as the partnership was widely seen as being at least in part a response to China s status as an increasingly assertive emerging superpower 9 The creation of the partnership spelled the end of a French Australian submarine deal On 17 September 2021 France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US French foreign minister Jean Yves Le Drian called the partnership a stab in the back 10 following Australia s cancellation of the deal worth 56 billion A 90 billion without notice 11 12 13 ending recent efforts to develop a deeper strategic partnership between France and Australia 14 15 16 Following the ousting of Scott Morrison s government after the 2022 Australian federal election the new Labor government led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese agreed to a 555 million US 584 million settlement with French defence contractor Naval Group In response French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia In addition Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries 17 18 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Naval Group Australia strategic partnership agreement 1 2 Australia UK US negotiations 2 Features 2 1 Tier 1 Nuclear powered submarines 2 2 Tier 2 Technology 2 2 1 Computer and cybertechnology 2 2 2 Hypersonic and counter hypersonic 2 2 3 Radar capability 3 Partnership expansion 4 Nuclear proliferation concerns 5 Comments and responses from participating countries 5 1 Australia 5 2 United Kingdom 5 3 United States 6 International responses 6 1 Japan 6 2 France 6 3 China 6 4 Other countries 6 5 European Union 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksBackground editNaval Group Australia strategic partnership agreement edit Further information Attack class submarine In 2009 two years after the start of the project to replace the Royal Australian Navy s conventionally powered Collins class submarines the Australian Defence White Paper stated The Government has ruled out nuclear propulsion for these submarines 19 In 2016 Australian prime minister Malcolm Turnbull signed a A 50 billion 31 billion deal with the majority French government owned company Naval Group known as DCNS until 2017 to design a new generation of submarines known as the Attack class under the Future Submarine Program scheduled to replace the Collins class 20 21 note 1 The design was based on the latest French nuclear powered attack submarine the Barracuda class which required converting the nuclear propulsion to conventional propulsion Another difference was that Australia chose to equip it with a United States Navy combat system and torpedo with Lockheed Martin Australia selected to integrate them into the design 25 26 27 Australia typically requires that part of their vessels be built there which increases the cost In this case it corresponded to 60 per cent of the contract value with France handling the technology transfer 28 In 2019 Australia signed a strategic partnership agreement with Naval Group to design and construct twelve submarines to be built in Australia 29 30 However the project was beset by delays and cost overruns leading to uncertainty and tension behind the scenes 13 31 The revised cost including inflation during the length of the program was A 90 billion 56 billion 32 In February 2021 an initial design plan was rejected as being too expensive and Naval Group were given until September to improve their proposal 33 At a Senate inquiry in early June 2021 with delays ongoing Defence Secretary Greg Moriarty revealed under questioning that he had considered making contingency plans if the French project was to fail admitting that there had been ongoing problems vague for over a year 34 Two weeks later Australian prime minister Scott Morrison met French president Emmanuel Macron in Paris and expressed concern about the project going off track to which Macron replied that France was giving full and complete commitment and would proceed further and faster if possible 33 On 30 August 2021 the French and Australian defence and foreign affairs ministers released a joint statement reaffirming the project stating that the Ministers underlined the importance of the Future Submarine program 14 35 36 Less than three weeks later Australia decided to publicly cancel the contract with Naval Group for the Attack class submarines 20 despite having already spent about A 2 4 billion on the French project 37 It was expected that Australia would have to pay hundreds of millions of euros in penalties for cancelling the contract 38 The contract contained control gates with off ramps at which point Australia could withdraw from the contract 39 40 The Australian Department of Defence wrote to Naval Group on the same day the security pact was announced 35 41 The French Ministry of Defence claim the department told them that they were satisfied with the submarine s achievable performance and with the progress of the program 35 Naval Group said that Australia terminated the contract for convenience 42 Morrison said that Australia now required a nuclear powered submarine which has the advantages of greater speed remaining underwater for longer and carrying heavier loads than a conventionally powered submarine based on a change in the strategic situation in the Indo Pacific 10 3 43 Australia UK US negotiations edit The Sunday Telegraph reported that in March 2021 the Australian navy chief Vice Admiral Michael Noonan met in London with his British counterpart Admiral Tony Radakin and requested assistance from the UK and the US in acquiring nuclear powered submarines 44 The Daily Telegraph reported that British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab helped broker the deal 45 The New York Times too reported that Australia first approached the UK for assistance 46 The Wall Street Journal reported Australia approached the US in April 2021 47 A trilateral discussion was held between Johnson Biden and Morrison at the June 2021 G7 summit held in Cornwall England 43 48 The talks took place without the knowledge of the French government or Naval Group 45 This approach was possible as a result of the UK not entering into a formal foreign policy and security treaty in the post Brexit deal with the EU As a result the UK was free to pursue enhanced cooperation with other allies 49 Axios reported that the Biden administration sought assurances from Australia that cancelling the contract was not dependent on the US providing them with assistance and that cancelling was a fait accompli 50 Morrison said Australia had been considering an alternative to the Attack class submarine deal for the past 18 months 43 48 Although the joint announcement by Australian prime minister Scott Morrison British prime minister Boris Johnson and US president Joe Biden did not mention any other country by name except France anonymous White House sources have alleged it is designed to counter the influence of Chinese forces in the Indo Pacific region 51 1 However Johnson later told parliament that the move was not intended to be adversarial toward China 52 US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and US Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin said that Australia did not have any reciprocal requirements as a consequence of the US sharing nuclear submarine propulsion technology such as Australia hosting intermediate range missiles 53 54 Features editTier 1 Nuclear powered submarines edit Main article SSN AUKUS nbsp US President Joe Biden UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the AUKUS meeting in San Diego California on 13 March 2023Under the partnership the US and UK will share nuclear propulsion technology with Australia as they have done with each other since 1958 under the US UK Mutual Defence Agreement 40 55 3 The Royal Australian Navy RAN will acquire at least eight nuclear powered submarines armed with conventional weapons 3 The basic design and key technologies will be decided by the Nuclear Powered Submarine Task Force an 18 month Department of Defence research project headed by Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead begun in September 2021 with assistance from the US and UK 3 56 Australia will extend the life of its Collins class submarines that the Attack class was due to replace and may consider leasing or buying nuclear powered submarines from the US or the UK in the interim until the delivery of its future nuclear powered submarines 3 57 58 Also in the interim Australian Defence Minister Peter Dutton said that Australia will have regular visits by US and UK nuclear powered submarines 59 note 2 The annual Australia US Ministerial Consultations AUSMIN between the Australian Ministers for Foreign Affairs and Defence and the US Secretaries of State and Defense held in September 2021 endorsed increasing logistics and sustainment capabilities of US surface and subsurface vessels in Australia 61 62 Australia considered purchasing French nuclear submarines which use nuclear reactors fuelled by low enriched uranium at less than 6 63 64 However French reactor designs have to be refuelled every ten years 63 65 and Australia does not have a civil nuclear capability with nuclear energy prohibited 66 In contrast American and British designs power the submarines for the expected life of the submarines 63 67 68 using nuclear reactors fuelled by highly enriched uranium HEU at 93 enrichment 69 70 Currently only six countries have nuclear submarines the five permanent members of the UN Security Council China France Russia the United Kingdom and the United States and India 10 The New York Times reported that Australia will probably buy HEU from the US for the nuclear reactor that powers the submarine 71 note 3 The United States naval reactors are all pressurized water reactors PWR 73 The latest UK propulsion system is the Rolls Royce PWR3 that will power the Royal Navy s RN new Dreadnought class submarines currently being built and is based on a US design but using UK reactor technology 74 75 US officials have said that sharing nuclear propulsion technology with Australia is a one off and that they have no intention of extending this to other countries 76 77 South Korea also a US treaty ally has had ambitions to acquire nuclear powered submarines since 2017 and was reportedly refused US assistance in September 2020 because of nuclear non proliferation 78 79 80 On 22 November 2021 Australia the US and the UK signed the Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information Agreement ENNPIA treaty 81 82 The treaty permits the disclosure of information by the US and the UK to Australia and its use 82 The US is restricted by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 from sharing information without an agreement and the UK is also restricted by the 1958 US UK Mutual Defence Agreement unless authorised 83 84 The treaty was considered in Australia by the Parliament s Joint Standing Committee on Treaties in the UK by the Parliament and in the US by Congress 85 86 87 The ENNPIA treaty entered into force on 8 February 2022 4 nbsp One of the first three Royal Australian Navy officers to graduate from the US Navy s Nuclear Power School posing with Australian and American dignitaries in July 2023On 31 August 2022 the UK announced that Australian submariners would receive training aboard Astute class submarines 88 On 13 March 2023 AUKUS announced that a new nuclear powered submarine class would be built in the UK and Australia to be called the SSN AUKUS also known as the SSN A 89 90 91 The US intends to sell Australia three nuclear powered Virginia class submarines subject to congressional approval to ensure there is no capability gap as the Collins class submarines are retired with the potential to sell up to two more if needed 92 93 RAN personnel will be embedded in the RN and USN to receive nuclear training and at UK and US submarine industrial bases 91 The Submarine Rotational Force West initiative which will from as early as 2027 base USN Virginia class and RN Astute class submarines on a rotational basis at the RAN s HMAS Stirling submarine base in order to accelerate Australia s ability to operate nuclear powered submarines and to contribute to security in the Indo Pacific region 94 The SSN AUKUS class will based on the UK SSNR design already under development 95 96 The RN is planned to receive their first SSN AUKUS class submarine as early as the late 2030s 97 The RAN is planned to receive their first submarine in the early 2040s 97 Australia will reportedly build five SSN AUKUS submarines 98 The RAN is planned to receive their first Virginia class submarine from the US in the early 2030s 99 The Australian Submarine Agency was established on 1 July 2023 It has the role of managing the Australian nuclear submarine program and includes personnel posted to the UK and US 100 In November 2023 Capt Lincoln Reifsteck USN the USN s AUKUS integration and acquisition program manager talked at the Naval Submarine League s annual symposium He said that in 2032 and 2035 the USA will sell to Australia in service Block IV Virginia class submarines the first of which was commissioned in 2020 and the final will likely commission around 2026 Thus Australia would receive submarines with between six and 15 years worth of use out of their designed service life of 33 years He also said that the USA would sell a new Block VII boat to Australia in 2038 the Block VIIs being the original Virginia class length without the Virginia Payload Module set to begin construction in FY2029 101 Tier 2 Technology edit Computer and cybertechnology edit The announcement of AUKUS included the stated aim of improving joint capabilities and interoperability These initial efforts will focus on cyber capabilities artificial intelligence quantum technologies and additional undersea capabilities 102 Tom Tugendhat chair of the British Commons Foreign Affairs Committee later commented on Twitter that Bringing together the military industrial complex of these three allies together is a step change in the relationship We ve always been interoperable but this aims at much more From artificial intelligence to advanced technology the US UK and Australia will now be able to cost save by increasing platform sharing and innovation costs Particularly for the smaller two that s game changing 103 Engineering amp Technology pointed to the increasing expansion of Chinese technology firms such as Huawei which has been excluded from tendering for participation in telecommunications networks by the US and Australia on national security grounds and government vetoes over the attempted Chinese acquisition of American company Lattice Semiconductor and ongoing British consideration of proposed takeovers of local semiconductor firms 103 Engineering amp Technology also pointed to the March 2021 statement of the US National Security Commission on AI of the imperative to intensify local efforts but also rally our closest allies and partners to defend and compete in the coming era of AI accelerated competition and conflict 103 Hypersonic and counter hypersonic edit Under the partnership the three countries will cooperate to accelerate development of hypersonic missiles and defence against such missiles Hypersonic and counter hypersonic cooperation was one of four additional areas of cooperation announced on 5 April 2022 4 104 Australia and the US have been cooperating on the development of hypersonic missiles since 2020 after signing an agreement to flight test full size prototype hypersonic cruise missiles under the Southern Cross Integrated Flight Research Experiment SCIFiRE 105 106 107 Radar capability edit The three countries announced the Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability DARC programme which will enable them to constantly track detect and identify objects in deep space from up to 22 000 miles away from Earth 108 Three ground based radars will be built with one in each country The first of which will be in built in Western Australia and is expected to be operational by 2026 with the radars based in the UK and the US aimed to be completed by 2030 109 Britain s radar is planned for construction at Cawdor Barracks in Pembrokeshire Wales 110 Partnership expansion editThe following non participating nations have expressed interest in joining the partnership or were subject to media attention of potentially joining nbsp Canada 111 112 nbsp India 111 nbsp Japan 113 114 nbsp New Zealand 115 116 nbsp South Korea 114 Nuclear proliferation concerns editThe Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty allows non nuclear weapon states to produce the highly enriched uranium for naval reactor fuel 64 Nevertheless the agreement to transfer US or UK nuclear submarine technology including possibly highly enriched uranium has been described as an act of nuclear proliferation 117 118 and has been criticised by scholars and politicians 118 119 120 In the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists scholar Sebastien Philippe criticised AUKUS and wrote we can now expect the proliferation of very sensitive military nuclear technology in the coming years with literally tons of new nuclear materials under loose or no international safeguards 118 James M Acton of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace wrote that the nonproliferation implications of the AUKUS submarine deal are both negative and serious For Australia to operate nuclear powered submarines it will have to become the first non nuclear weapon state to exercise a loophole that allows it to remove nuclear material from the inspection system of the International Atomic Energy Agency I have no real concerns that Australia will misuse this material itself but I am concerned that this removal will set a damaging precedent In the future would be proliferators could use naval reactor programs as cover for the development of nuclear weapons 121 Australia and Brazil 122 123 note 4 would be the first countries without nuclear weapons to have nuclear powered submarines Concerns were raised that this may lead to increased risk of arms proliferation if other countries follow the same approach because it would involve other countries enriching uranium for naval reactors potentially creating more avenues to develop material needed for nuclear weapons without the safeguards provided by regular inspections 72 This would not apply in the case of Brazil because the reactor will use low enriched uranium at 7 concentration 124 20 is the minimum level required to make a nuclear weapon 64 Comments and responses from participating countries edit nbsp Territories and territorial waters of Australia yellow the United Kingdom blue and the United States green including the respective Antarctic claims of Australia and the UK Australia edit nbsp A speaker during a December 2021 protest against the AUKUS agreement in MelbourneThe federal opposition leader at the time Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party said that his party would support nuclear submarines as long as there was no requirement to have a domestic civil nuclear industry no possession of nuclear weapons and that the deal is consistent with Australia s responsibilities under the nuclear non proliferation treaty 125 Former Labor prime minister Paul Keating condemned the deal saying This arrangement would witness a further dramatic loss of Australian sovereignty as material dependency on the United States robbed Australia of any freedom or choice in any engagement Australia may deem appropriate 125 Former Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd warned against overly obtrusive criticism of China and recommended that Australia focus on quietly improving military capability 126 Former Liberal prime minister Malcolm Turnbull who had signed the original deal for the Attack class submarines called the decision to scrap the deal an appalling episode in Australia s international affairs and the consequences of it will endure to our disadvantage for a very long time He called the actions of his successor as deceitful and that it would damage Australia as foreign nations would not longer be able to trust Australia 127 Former Liberal prime minister Tony Abbott called the move the biggest decision that any Australian government has made in decades as it indicates that we are going to stand shoulder to shoulder with the United States and the United Kingdom in meeting the great strategic challenge of our time which obviously is China 126 Abbott said that Australia would be safer as a result and cited China s increasing naval firepower as a justification for the deal 126 The Australian defence minister at the time Peter Dutton responded by saying that Australia wanted peace and stability and an opportunity for Indonesia Vietnam and Sri Lanka and Korea to continue to develop Dutton further dismissed outbursts from China and said that Australia was a proud democracy committed to enduring peace and this collaboration makes it a safer region no amount of propaganda can dismiss the facts 54 Australian Greens leader Adam Bandt criticised the deal saying that it escalates tensions in the region and makes Australia less safe 128 In December 2022 the online publication East Asia Forum based at the Australian National University published an article stating that AUKUS highlights the need for Australia to have an advanced industrial base to sustain its planned acquisition of nuclear powered submarines as well as to support hypersonic and artificial intelligence AI military systems 129 United Kingdom edit Prime Minister at the time Boris Johnson said that the deal would create hundreds of high skilled jobs and preserve security and stability around the world but said that the relationship with France was rock solid 10 Conservative MP Tom Tugendhat said After years of bullying and trade hostility and watching regional neighbours like the Philippines see encroachment into their waters Australia didn t have a choice and nor did the US or UK to make the deal 130 Former prime minister Theresa May questioned whether the UK would be forced into a war with China should Taiwan be invaded 131 Johnson responded to French anger on 21 September by saying I just think it s time for some of our dearest friends around the world to prenez un grip about this and donnez moi un break 132 the latter being broken French for get a grip and give me a break 133 He made further reference to the deal in his speech at the Conservative Party Conference the next month touting it as a supreme example of global Britain in action of something daring and brilliant that would simply would not have happened if we d remained in the EU whilst acknowledging a certain raucous squawkus from the anti AUKUS caucus 134 135 Foreign Secretary at the time Liz Truss viewed AUKUS as the beginning of a Network of Liberty and also stated On security we are striking new pacts to protect our sea routes trade routes and freedoms adding that We are in talks with Japan about better military access and operational support between our two countries and we want closer security ties with key allies like India and Canada in everything from fighting cyber to traditional defence capability 136 Former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn called the partnership crazy beyond belief with Labour members voting to condemn the partnership as dangerous to world peace 137 138 The British High Commissioner to Australia Victoria Treadell told ABC Radio This is not an issue of this Anglosphere and I really do think we have to move away from defining countries like Australia US and the UK as Anglosphere United States edit President Joe Biden stated that the deal was a way to address both the current strategic environment in the Indo Pacific region and how it may evolve 139 After a call between the French and US presidents the White House acknowledged the crisis could have been averted if there had been open consultations between allies It was agreed the process would continue in such manner 140 141 International responses editJapan edit On 12 April 2022 Sankei Shimbun reported that the United States United Kingdom and Australia were inquiring about Japan s participation in the security framework of AUKUS The newspaper added that the aim of said negotiations was related to the incorporation of Japanese hypersonic weapon development and the strengthening of electronic warfare capabilities 142 Prior to this in November 2021 former prime minister Shinzo Abe in a virtual address to the Sydney Dialogue welcomed the creation of AUKUS in the midst of an increasingly severe security environment and called for greater Japan AUKUS cooperation and integration concerning artificial intelligence and cyberwarfare capabilities 143 144 145 The US denied inviting Japan into the security alliance with Jen Psaki stating that Sankei Shimbun s report was inaccurate 146 This was followed up by a refutation from Hirokazu Matsuno the Japanese chief cabinet secretary 147 148 On 10 December 2022 Australia s Minister for Defence announced their desire for Japan to join the partnership 149 On 14 March 2023 Japanese Prime Minister Kishida Fumio expressed his support for Australia s planned acquisition of US made nuclear powered submarines under the AUKUS partnership 150 France edit The French government received official notification from Australia that the Attack class submarine project was to be cancelled only a few hours before it was publicly announced 151 20 Le Monde reported that the original cost of the project in 2016 was 35 billion of which 8 billion A 12 billion was to go to French companies 152 153 The project was reportedly going to employ 4 000 people in France over six years at Naval Group and its 200 subcontractors 153 The French government was angered by both the cancellation of the Attack class submarine project and not being made aware of the negotiations that led to the AUKUS agreement 154 In a joint statement French foreign minister Jean Yves Le Drian and armed forces minister Florence Parly expressed disappointment at Australia s decision to abandon their joint submarine program with France 155 10 Le Drian further stated in a radio interview that the contract termination was a stab in the back 10 On 17 September France recalled its ambassadors from Australia and the US Jean Pierre Thebault and Philippe Etienne respectively 13 Despite tension in the past France had never before withdrawn its ambassador to the United States 156 In a statement Le Drian said that the exceptional decision is justified by the exceptional gravity of the AUKUS announcements and that the snap cancellation of the submarine contract constitute d unacceptable behaviour between allies and partners 13 French president Emmanuel Macron has not commented but is reported to have been furious about the turn of events In response to questions about the Australia EU trade deal currently being negotiated French Secretary of State for European Affairs Clement Beaune stated that he doesn t see how France can trust Australia 157 Arnaud Danjean a French MEP said that Australians can expect more than a delay in concluding the Free Trade Agreement with the EU 157 French Lowy Institute policy analyst Herve Lemahieu said the diplomatic damage from the cancellation will take years to repair and leave a lasting legacy of mistrust 13 After a call between the French and US presidents the French ambassador returned to the US on 30 September 140 158 Beaune described the United Kingdom as a junior partner and vassal of the United States due to the partnership saying in an interview Our British friends explained to us they were leaving the EU to create Global Britain We can see that this is a return into the American lap and a form of accepted vassalisation 159 Le Drian stated that We have recalled our ambassadors to Canberra and Washington to re evaluate the situation With Britain there is no need We know their constant opportunism So there is no need to bring our ambassador back to explain 160 A Franco British defence summit was cancelled 161 Some opposition politicians in France such as Xavier Bertrand Jordan Bardella and Fabien Roussel criticised the French government and demanded that France leave NATO with Christian Jacob as well as demanding a parliamentary inquiry 162 163 A foreign ministers meeting between France Germany the UK and the US had been postponed and a ministerial meeting between Australia France and India was cancelled 164 165 France however contacted India to talk about strengthening their cooperation in the Indo Pacific 166 France s foreign commerce minister declined a meeting with his Australian counterpart 167 French president Macron said that Europe needs to stop being naive when it comes to defending its interests and build its own military capacity 168 Following the ousting of Scott Morrison s government after the 2022 Australian federal election the new Labor government led by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese agreed to a 555 million US 584 million settlement with French defence contractor Naval Group In response French defence minister Lecornu said that France aims to rebuild its relationship with Australia In addition Albanese announced plans to travel to France to reset bilateral relations between the two countries 17 18 China edit The People s Republic of China PRC s foreign affairs department spokesperson Zhao Lijian said The nuclear submarine cooperation between the US the UK and Australia has seriously undermined regional peace and stability intensified the arms race and undermined international non proliferation efforts 169 Zhao also said The three countries should discard the Cold War zero sum mentality and narrow geopolitical perspective 170 Spokesperson Hua Chunying said China is firmly opposed to the US the UK and Australia s malicious exploitation of loopholes in the Nuclear non proliferation treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards mechanism 171 The Chinese Communist Party owned tabloid Global Times which is known for being more aggressive than official government statements denounced Australia and said it had turned itself into an adversary of China and warned that Australia could be targeted by China as a warning to other countries if it acted with bravado in alliance with the US or by being militarily assertive 130 It further told Australia to avoid provocation or else China would certainly punish it with no mercy 54 and concluded Thus Australian troops are also most likely to be the first batch of western soldiers to waste their lives in the South China Sea 130 A Chinese Communist Party official Victor Gao former interpreter for Deng Xiaoping and vice president of a Beijing think tank the Center for China and Globalization considered the move to be a violation of international law and warned that Australia s moves towards nuclear powered submarines would lead to the country being targeted with nuclear weapons in a future nuclear war 172 The PRC ambassador to France Lu Shaye urged the new alliance to fulfill their nuclear non proliferation obligations and said Asia Pacific needs jobs not submarines and urged France to boost cooperation 173 174 Other countries edit nbsp Canada The deal was announced in the midst of the 2021 Canadian federal election Opposition politicians quickly attacked Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Canada s exclusion from the partnership to which Trudeau responded by stating that This is a deal for nuclear submarines which Canada is not currently or any time soon in the market for Australia is Leader of the Official Opposition Erin O Toole stated that he would seek to join the alliance if elected 175 nbsp Denmark Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen said that Joe Biden is very loyal to Europe and that we should not turn challenges which will always exist between allies into something they should not be The Prime Minister also said she did not understand the criticism coming from Paris and Brussels 176 nbsp Germany German Minister of State for Europe Michael Roth described the row as a wake up call and stated that the EU must speak with one voice and that rebuilding lost trust will not be easy 177 178 nbsp Indonesia The Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has expressed concerns about the implications of the Australian acquisition of nuclear powered submarines for the continuing arms race and power projection in the region It called on Canberra to maintain its commitment to regional peace and stability 179 180 181 Indonesia later cancelled a planned visit by Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison amid the fallout of the AUKUS deal 182 On 22 September 2021 the Commission I of the People s Representative Council urged President Joko Widodo to take a strong stand over the AUKUS deal through the auspices of ASEAN Commission I member Rizki Aulia Rahman described the formation of AUKUS as a threat to Indonesian national defence and sovereignty The Foreign Ministry responded that they were working on a response to the issues posed by AUKUS 183 nbsp Kiribati President Taneti Maamuu said that the deal puts the region at risk and that he was not consulted in relation to it In the past the UK and US tested nuclear weapons in Kiribati so they are concerned about nuclear submarines being developed Kiribati recently switched diplomatic recognition from Taiwan to the China mainland Beijing told Kiribati it is listening whereas they felt that Australia is not listening to them Mr Maamau said he is looking to Australia to show leadership as it debates a commitment to net zero emissions by 2050 184 Mr Maamuu also stated he was surprised at the absence of courtesy Australia displayed in not discussing the proposed agreement with its Pacific neighbours 185 nbsp Malaysia Malaysian Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he had raised concerns about the project with Mr Morrison and warned that the nuclear submarine project might heighten military tensions in Asia He urged all parties to avoid any provocation as well as an arms race in the region 186 At the same time it will provoke other powers to take more aggressive action in this region especially in the South China Sea Mr Yaakob said 186 Ismail Sabri also stressed the importance of respecting and adhering to Malaysia s existing stance and approach to nuclear powered submarines operating in Malaysian waters including under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty 187 Australia has since dispatched officials to Kuala Lumpur to clarify about the deal Malaysian Minister of Foreign Affairs Saifuddin Abdullah agreed to the suggestion of Australian Minister of Foreign Affairs Marise Payne for an in depth briefing over the matter 188 In response to the announcement of the agreement Malaysia s defence Minister proposed an immediate working trip to China to discuss AUKUS as they wanted to get views of AUKUS from China s Leadership 189 190 nbsp New Zealand On 16 September 2021 New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern issued a statement reiterating New Zealand s stance that no nuclear submarines were permitted in its waters while also stating that they were not approached about the partnership and that she would not have expected them to have been approached 191 192 Ardern said the leaders of the three member states were very well versed in New Zealand s nuclear free policy and would have understood our likely position on the establishment of nuclear powered submarines 193 Notably Ardern was the first foreign politician that Morrison informed prior to the public announcement 194 Judith Collins the leader of the National Party expressed disappointment that New Zealand was not approached to join the partnership for the non submarine co operation areas 195 In March 2023 New Zealand s defence minister Andrew Little said New Zealand had been offered the opportunity to discuss joining AUKUS for the non submarine co operation areas New Zealand has indicated it was willing to explore the proposal 196 197 nbsp Democratic People s Republic of Korea North Korea The Foreign Ministry of the Democratic People s Republic of Korea issued a statement condemning the deal as extremely undesirable and dangerous which would upset the strategic balance in the Asia Pacific region potentially destroying the nuclear non proliferation system 198 199 and criticising the double dealing of the US which seriously threatens the world peace and stability stating that North Korea will take counteraction if the alliance threatens the country 200 201 nbsp Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea s Prime Minister stated that he wanted to protect the peace and serenity of the region and that as far as securing peace is concerned we ve got no problem but if such activities bring disharmony in the region then we have an issue 202 nbsp Philippines Through a statement released by the Department of Foreign Affairs the Philippines welcomed the signing of the trilateral security partnership 203 Foreign Secretary Teodoro Locsin Jr highlighted that the enhancement of a near abroad ally s ability to project power should restore and keep the balance rather than destabilise it Secretary Locsin further added that without an actual presence of nuclear weapons within the region the Philippines therefore finds that the AUKUS move would not constitute a violation of the 1995 Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone treaty 204 205 nbsp Portugal Portuguese Minister Augusto Santos Silva said In general we ourselves express our solidarity with France which has not been treated with due respect in this process adding that clearly the form was not one that should have been followed 206 207 nbsp Russia Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov expressed concern stating This is a great challenge to the international nuclear non proliferation regime and that We are also concerned about the partnership that will allow Australia after 18 months of consultations and several years of attempts to obtain nuclear powered submarines in sufficient numbers to become one of the top five countries for this type of armaments 208 nbsp Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong welcomed Australia s assurance that its new defence partnership with the US and the UK aims to promote a stable and secure Asia Pacific amid China s concerns 209 nbsp Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare said that he wanted to keep the region nuclear free and that he opposed any form of militarisation in our region that could threaten regional and international peace and stability 210 211 nbsp Taiwan Vice President Lai Ching te immediately welcomed the partnership referring to it as a positive development for democracy peace and prosperity in the region 212 non primary source needed The foreign affairs spokesperson said Taiwan on the groundwork of the Taiwan Relations Act and the Six Guarantees will continue to deepen the close partnership with the United States maintain the rules based international order and the peace stability and prosperity in the Taiwan Strait and in the Indo Pacific region together 213 Taiwan s Foreign Minister Joseph Wu also welcomed the partnership stating We are pleased to see that the like minded partners of Taiwan the United States and the UK and Australia are working closer with each other to acquire more advanced defence articles so that we can defend Indo Pacific 214 Others Morrison said he contacted prime ministers Yoshihide Suga of Japan Narendra Modi of India and Lee Hsien Loong of Singapore 215 South Korea has also remained silent 215 European Union edit President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen who told CNN that one of our member states has been treated in a way that is not acceptable We want to know what happened and why 216 217 The EU also demanded an apology from Australia 218 President of the European Council Charles Michel denounced a lack of transparency and loyalty by the US 219 The EU said the crisis affects the whole union 220 Preparations for a new EU US trade and technology council between the US and EU were postponed 177 France eventually dropped their opposition to these talks which took place in Pittsburgh on 29 September 2021 France also attempted to delay the free trade talks between the EU and Australia 221 Apparently most of Europe felt that transatlantic ties were too important to sacrifice to French pique such as the pro free trade Northern Europe countries as well as Eastern European nations that prioritize security ties with Washington who resented the French attempt to impose its indignation on the rest of the bloc 222 Key advocates for the TTC talks included EU s digital chief Margrethe Vestager who favors open markets and EU trade chief Valdis Dombrovskis from Latvia who views the US alliance and NATO as a vital counterweight to Russia and China 223 222 224 Lithuanian deputy European Affairs Minister Arnoldas Prankevicius proclaimed What is important is to keep trans Atlantic unity because we believe this is our biggest strength and biggest value especially vis a vis such countries as Russia and China 221 See also editAllied technological cooperation during World War II Anglosphere ANZUS 1951 Australia New Zealand the United States Security Treaty AUSCANNZUKUS ABCANZ Armies Five Eyes Five Power Defence Arrangements FPDA Defence cooperation among Australia Malaysia New Zealand Singapore and UK Free and Open Indo Pacific FOIP Foreign policy of Xi Jinping List of military alliances Military alliance Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Quad Strategic dialogue among Australia India Japan and the US Reciprocal Access Agreement Bilateral defense and security pacts with Japan Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SEATO Tizard Mission UKUSA Agreement Multilateral signals intelligence treaty signed in 1946 US UK Mutual Defence Agreement United States foreign policy toward the People s Republic of ChinaNotes edit The exact build price and sustainment costs submitted by Naval Group to the Australian government are confidential The government has refused to release the details under FOI 22 A decision by the OAIC to overturn the refusal and release the details is being appealed by the Department of Defence and Naval Group at the AAT 23 24 The 2012 Australian Defence Force Posture Review recommended that Australia s submarine base at HMAS Stirling in Perth be expanded and be able to support US Navy USN submarines 60 Even though Australia is a leading producer of uranium it has never operated nuclear power plants 72 See Brazilian submarine Alvaro Alberto References edit a b Prime Minister of Australia Scott Morrison Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Boris Johnson President of the United States of America Joseph R Biden 16 September 2021 Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS Prime Minister of Australia Press release Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Ward Alexander McLeary Paul Biden announces joint deal with U K and Australia to counter China Politico Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 a b c d e f g Prime Minister Minister for Defence Minister for Foreign Affairs Minister for Women 16 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Exchange of Naval Nuclear Propulsion Information MS No 8 2021 GOV UK Retrieved 13 January 2022 President Joseph Biden 1 December 2021 A Message to the Congress on the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America the Government of Australia and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The White House Press release Retrieved 13 January 2022 Australian submariners to join Royal Navy crews as UK and Australia deepen defence ties through AUKUS pact GOV UK 31 August 2022 Retrieved 31 August 2022 nbsp This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3 0 Ministry of Defence Defence Nuclear Organisation 14 March 2023 The AUKUS Nuclear Powered Submarine Pathway A Partnership for the Future PDF pp 4 7 Retrieved 17 March 2023 Secretary of State for Defence Ben Wallace 28 June 2023 Astute Replacement Programme Contingent Liability UK Parliament Hansard House of Commons Retrieved 15 October 2023 a b nbsp This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3 0 British led design chosen for AUKUS submarine project GOV UK Press release Ministry of Defence 13 March 2023 Retrieved 15 October 2023 Prime Minister of Australia Anthony Albanese Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Rishi Sunak President of the United States of America Joseph R Biden 14 March 2023 Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS Prime Minister of Australia Press release Retrieved 14 March 2023 nbsp This article contains quotations from this source which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4 0 International Licence Ministry of Defence 2023 p 10 Ministry of Defence 2023 pp 8 27 29 The White House 13 March 2023 Fact Sheet Trilateral Australia UK US Partnership on Nuclear Powered Submarines The White House Press release Retrieved 13 March 2023 Sevastopulo Demetri Pfeifer Sylvia Rathbone John Paul 10 March 2023 Australia to buy US submarines to bridge gap before UK design boats Financial Times 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their own interests The Guardian Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 18 September 2021 Theresa May suggests Aukus submarine pact could drag UK into war with China inews co uk 16 September 2021 Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Donaldson Kitty 22 September 2021 Boris Johnson Mocks French Outrage Over Submarine Spat Bloomberg com Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 22 September 2021 McGee Luke Analysis UK and France reheat one of the world s oldest rivalries at a risky time for both CNN Archived from the original on 25 September 2021 Retrieved 25 September 2021 Boris Johnson hails AUKUS during party conference speech full of jokes but short on policy ABC News amp abc net au Retrieved 11 May 2022 Boris lampoons critics of AUKUS www theaustralian com au 7 October 2021 Retrieved 11 May 2022 Bourke Latika 3 October 2021 Britain wants more AUKUS deals to fight China Russia The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 4 October 2021 Scott Geraldine 26 September 2021 AUKUS pact crazy beyond belief Corbyn The Canberra Times Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Labour members declare Aukus military pact dangerous threat to world peace The Independent 27 September 2021 Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2021 Why is AUKUS formed What impact it will have on China Firstpost 16 September 2021 Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 a b Macron Biden agree to soothe tensions after submarine row France 24 22 September 2021 Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 22 September 2021 Joint Statement on the Phone Call between President Biden and President Macron The White House Press release 22 September 2021 Retrieved 7 October 2021 INC SANKEI DIGITAL 12 April 2022 独自 AUKUS参加 米英豪が日本に打診 極超音速兵器など技術力期待 Sankei Shimbun in Japanese Retrieved 12 April 2022 Takenaka Kiyoshi 19 November 2022 Ex Japan PM Abe calls for Tokyo s cooperation with AUKUS in AI cyber Reuters Retrieved 12 April 2022 Japan should work with Aukus on cybersecurity and AI says Shinzo Abe The Guardian 19 November 2021 Retrieved 5 December 2022 The Sydney Dialogue keynote address Former Prime Minister of Japan Shinzō Abe YouTube ASPI 19 November 2021 Retrieved 5 December 2022 No Jaukus plan US denies inviting Japan to join security alliance South China Morning Post 14 April 2022 Retrieved 14 April 2022 Japan denies report of invite to join AUKUS to develop hypersonic weapons The Week 13 April 2022 There is no fact that the United States Britain and Australia have asked Japan to participate in AUKUS Chief Cabinet Secretary Reuters JP 12 April 2022 Australia seeks to include Japan in AUKUS defence pact with US and UK ABC News 9 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Japan welcomes Australia s planned nuclear submarine acquisition under AUKUS NHK 14 March 2023 Retrieved 14 March 2023 Probyn Andrew 17 September 2021 French Ambassador says Australia s decision to scrap submarine deal was a breach of trust ABC News Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2021 Bezat Jean Michel 16 September 2021 Sous marins la fin du contrat du siecle avec l Australie porte un coup a l image de Naval Group Submarines the end of the contract of the century with Australia strikes a blow to the image of Naval Group Le Monde in French Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 18 September 2021 a b Cowan Christopher 3 May 2016 The Contract of the Century France reacts to the Australian submarine deal The Strategist The Australian Strategic Policy Institute Retrieved 13 October 2021 Tharoor Ishaan 17 September 2021 A landmark submarine deal may be aimed at China but it has upset France The Washington Post Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2021 Communique conjoint de Jean Yves Le Drian et de Florence Parly France Diplomatie in French Ministere de l Europe et des Affaires etrangeres 16 September 2021 Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 Wadhams Nick Adghirni Samy Nussbaum Ania 17 September 2021 France Recalls Its Ambassador to U S for First Time Over Subs Bloomberg L P Retrieved 18 September 2021 a b Geoffrey Miller New Zealand could be the big winner of Aukus fallout RNZ 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 Choi Joseph 30 September 2021 French ambassador back in the US France calls UK a junior partner in submarine deal as Germany warns it threatens Western unity The Daily Telegraph Archived from the original on 18 September 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2021 PM Morrison rejects France s accusation that Australia lied over cancelled submarine deal France 24 19 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2021 UK France defence summit cancelled in Aukus row The Guardian The Hill 19 September 2021 Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2021 Crise des sous marins Macron appele par ses opposants a revoir la position de la France vis a vis de l Otan Submarine crisis Macron called by his opponents to review France s position vis a vis NATO Le HuffPost in French 19 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 19 September 2021 Crise des sous marins Christian Jacob demande la convocation d une commission d enquete parlementaire 26 September 2021 Archived from the original on 26 September 2021 Retrieved 26 September 2021 AUKUS deal sinks meeting on UN sidelines The Canberra Times 22 September 2021 Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 australia Fuming France cancels meet with Australia India India News Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Macron dials Modi as France s US Australia ties plunge into crisis India News Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Le ministre du Commerce exterieur Franck Riester refuse de rencontrer son homologue australien Foreign Trade Minister Franck Riester refuses to meet his Australian counterpart Ouest France in French 24 September 2021 macron Macron tells Europe to stop being naive after France signs defence deal with Greece Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 28 September 2021 Retrieved 28 September 2021 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian s Regular Press Conference on September 16 2021 Embassy of the People s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia 16 September 2021 Archived from the original on 7 October 2021 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian s Regular Press Conference on September 22 2021 Embassy of the People s Republic of China in the Commonwealth of Australia 22 September 2021 Archived from the original on 7 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August 2021 Aol com Retrieved 28 August 2021 Solomon Islands Prime Minister Addresses General Debate 76th Session UN Web TV UN Web TV Television production United Nations 25 September 2021 Retrieved 20 April 2023 Talei Luscia Mangioni January 2022 Pacific perspectives on proposed AUKUS nuclear propelled submarines PDF Troubled Waters Nuclear Submarines AUKUS and the NPT International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Australia 7 Retrieved 26 April 2023 Lai Ching te Taiwan welcomes AUKUS as a positive development for democracy peace and prosperity in the region Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2021 via Twitter 澳英美 核潛艇 協議AUKUS的更深層涵義 BBC News 17 September 2021 Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 Retrieved 17 September 2021 Bagshaw Eryk 4 October 2021 Taiwan backs AUKUS warns of threat of war with China The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 4 October 2021 a b Barrett Chris 16 September 2021 Australia s nuclear sub deal gravely undermines regional peace says China The Age Nine Newspapers Archived from the original on 16 September 2021 Retrieved 16 September 2021 Crisis of trust France bristles at US submarine deal AP NEWS 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 20 September 2021 Retrieved 20 September 2021 EU chief Treatment of France not acceptable CNN Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 Aukus row EU officials demand apology from Australia over France s treatment before trade talks TheGuardian com 21 September 2021 Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 EU chief Michel denounces lack of loyalty by US France24 20 September 2021 Archived from the original on 22 September 2021 Retrieved 22 September 2021 Consejo de ministros de la UE la crisis de submarinos afecta a toda la Union Council of ministers of the EU the submarine crisis affects the whole Union efe com in Spanish Archived from the original on 21 September 2021 Retrieved 21 September 2021 a b Cagnassola Mary Ellen 21 September 2021 France pushes EU to consider halting trade agreement with Australia after submarine deal Newsweek a b Moens Barbara Barigazzi Jacopo 24 September 2021 EU s free traders defeat French push to punish US Politico Retrieved 5 December 2023 Stickings Tim 6 October 2021 Europe divided on plans for its own army after Aukus submarine row The National Retrieved 5 December 2023 Heath Ryan 17 September 2021 So France is furious Now what Politico Retrieved 5 December 2023 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to AUKUS Text of the Joint Leaders Statement on AUKUS AUKUS Hansard UK debate Address by the Prime Minister of Australia Archived 18 September 2021 at the Wayback MachinePortals nbsp United Kingdom nbsp Australia nbsp China nbsp Technology nbsp Nuclear technology nbsp Military history of Australia nbsp Energy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AUKUS amp oldid 1188895377, wikipedia, wiki, 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