Jaggery
Jaggery is a traditional non-centrifugal cane sugar[1] consumed in the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Africa.[2] It is a concentrated product of cane juice and often date or palm sap without separation of the molasses and crystals, and can vary from golden brown to dark brown in colour. It contains up to 50% sucrose, up to 20% invert sugars, and up to 20% moisture, with the remainder made up of other insoluble matter, such as wood ash, proteins, and bagasse fibres.[2] Jaggery is very similar to muscovado, an important sweetener in Portuguese, British and French cuisine. The Kenyan Sukari ngutu/nguru has no fibre; it is dark and is made from sugar cane and also sometimes extracted from palm tree.[3]
A block of jaggery with a US penny for size comparison | |
| Place of origin | India |
|---|---|
| Main ingredients | Sugarcane juice, boiled and concentrated. |
| Similar dishes | Panela, palm sugar |
| |
Etymology
Jaggery comes from Portuguese terms jágara, jagra, derived from Malayalam ശർക്കര (śarkara), Kannada ಬೆಲ್ಲ (bella), Hindi शक्कर (śakkar) from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā) or also in Hindi, गुड़ (gur). It is a doublet of sugar.[4]
Origins and production
Jaggery is made of the products of sugarcane and the toddy palm tree. The sugar made from the sap of the date palm is more prized and less commonly available outside of the regions where it is made. The toddy palm is tapped for producing jaggery in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
In Sri Lanka, syrup extracts from kithul (Caryota urens) trees are widely used for jaggery production.[5]
All types of the sugar come in blocks or pastes of solidified concentrated sugar syrup heated to 200 °C (392 °F). Traditionally, the syrup is made by boiling raw sugarcane juice or palm sap in large, shallow, round-bottomed vessels.
Preparation
Historically, the sugarcane cultivators used crushers that were powered by oxen, but all modern crushers are power-driven. These crushers are placed in fields near the sugarcane plants. The cut and cleaned sugarcane is crushed and the extracted cane juice is collected in a large vessel. A quantity of the juice is transferred to a smaller vessel for heating on a furnace.
The vessel is heated for about an hour. Dried wood pulp from the crushed sugarcane is traditionally used as fuel for the furnace. While boiling the juice, lime is added to it so that all the wood particles rise to the top of the juice in a froth, which is skimmed off. Finally, the juice is thickened. The resulting thick liquid is about one-third of the original volume.
This hot liquid is golden. It is stirred continuously and lifted with a spatula to observe whether it forms a thread or drips while falling. If it forms many threads, it has completely thickened. It is poured into a shallow flat-bottomed pan to cool and solidify. The pan is extremely large to allow only a thin coat of this hot liquid to form at its bottom, so as to increase the surface area for quick evaporation and cooling. After cooling, the jaggery becomes a soft solid that is molded into the desired shape.
The quality of jaggery is judged by its colour; dark brown means it is not clarified during making, or the sugarcane juice is boiled in its wholesome state with full nutrients intact. Sadly, people misinterpret such wholesomeness as impure and clarify the juice to improve color while taking out the nutrients to make golden-yellow jaggery, which is nothing but refined sugar. Due to this grading scale, coloured adulterants are sometimes added to jaggery to simulate the golden hue; which are highly toxic for our body.
So, natural dark brown jaggery is a simply a product derived from wholesome sugarcane juice, by means of boiling at nearly 200℃ in a large cast iron pan, and food grade castor oil (smoke point 300℃+) is used in such pans in negligible quantity (say 2 teaspoon in 100kgs) such that the juice stop coming out of pan during boiling. Castor oil is present in perfect wholesome jaggery's in traces, and qualities of castor oil (laxative) matches & supports the similar qualities of wholesome jaggery.
Sadly, many manufacturer use synthetic oil, and argue that the oil is in traces so no issue on health. However, synthetic oil even in traces causes toxic reactions inside our body. So, one not only needs to verify the wholesomeness of jaggery (attained with no clarification), but also verify the type of oil used even in traces.
Furthermore, during winter wholesome jaggery along with traces of castor oil, serves as a dense nutrient food having a hot potency.
Uses
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2020) |
South Asia (Indian subcontinent)
Jaggery is used as an ingredient in sweet and savoury dishes in the cuisines of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iran. For example, a pinch of it is sometimes added to sambar, rasam and other staples in Udupi cuisine. Jaggery is added to lentil soups (dāl) to add sweetness to balance the spicy, salty, and sour components, particularly in Gujarati cuisine.
In Sri Lanka, jaggery is usually made using the syrup of the kithul palm tree, or from coconut syrup.[6] The respective names in Sinhalese are kitul hakuru (කිතුල් හකුරු) and pol hakuru (පොල් හකුරු). Jaggery from the syrup of the Palmyrah palm is more prominent in the northern part of the country; this is referred to as palmyrah jaggery or thal hakuru (තල් හකුරු). Jaggery made from sugarcane syrup is considered inferior to these types of palm syrup-based jaggery varieties, and the term jaggery (හකුරු) is generally understood in the country to refer to palm syrup based jaggery rather than sugarcane jaggery.[5]
Maharashtra in India is the largest producer and consumer of jaggery known as "gul" (गुळ) in Marathi, "gur" (گڑ) in Urdu, "bellaṁ" (బెల్లం) in Telugu, bella (ಬೆಲ್ಲ) in Kannada, “Vellam”(வெல்லம்) in Tami, "sharkara" (ശർക്കര) in Malayalam , "Gōḷa" (ગોળ) in Gujarati , "miṣṭa" (मिष्ट) in Sanskrit, "guṛa" (ଗୁଡ଼) in Odia, gur (गुड़) in Hindi and , " guṛ" (গুড়) in Bengali.
Kolhapur is one of the largest producers of jaggery in India and has a GI Tag for Jaggery.[7] Most vegetable dishes, curries, and dals, and many desserts contain it. Jaggery is especially used during Makar Sankranti for making a dessert called tilgul. In Gujarat, a similar preparation known called tal na ladu or tal sankli is made. In rural Maharashtra and Karnataka, water and a piece of jaggery are given to a person arriving home from working under a hot sun. In Indian culture during the New Year feast, jaggery-based sweets are made. In Andhra, Telangana and Karnataka on Ugadi festival day (New Year), Ugadi Pachadi is made from jaggery and five other ingredients (shad ruchulu- sweet, sour, salt, tangy, spice and bitter) and is consumed symbolizing life is a mixture of happiness, disgust, fear, surprise, anger and sadness. Also, it is consider auspicious to see jaggery in dreams in hinduism.
Molasses (काकवी), a byproduct of the production of jaggery, is used in rural Maharashtra and Karnataka as a sweetener. It contains many minerals not found in ordinary sugar and is considered beneficial to health in traditional Ayurvedic medicine.[8] It is an ingredient of many sweet delicacies, such as gur ke chawal / chol ("jaggery rice"), a traditional Rajasthani or Punjabi dish.
In Gujarat, laddus are made from wheat flour and jaggery. A well-known Maharashtrian recipe, puran poli, uses it as a sweetener apart from sugar. Jaggery is considered an easily available sweet which is shared on any good occasion. In engagement ceremonies, small particles of it are mixed with coriander seeds (ધાણા). Hence, in many Gujarati communities, engagement is commonly known by the metonym gol-dhana (ગોળ-ધાણા), literally "jaggery and coriander seeds".
Jaggery is used extensively in South India to balance the pungency of spicy foods. In Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu it is used for sweets such as chakkara pongal and milk pongal (prepared with rice, milk, jaggery). During Sankranti, Ariselu, an authentic Andhra Pradesh dish, is prepared, and in Tamil Nadu, ellurundai (sesame balls), Adhirasam and pori vilangu urundai (puffed rice balls) are prepared as offering - called prasadam - to god during puja and festivals such as Diwali, Tamil New Year and Janmashtami.
A sweet liquid called "Paanakam", made of water, jaggery and peppercorns is prepared as the favorite offering to Lord Rama during Rama Navami festival. In Kerala, it is considered auspicious and is widely used in cooking. It is a vital ingredient in many varieties of payasam, a sweet dish.
In Tamil Nadu, jaggery is used exclusively as a sweetener. It is used in a dish called chakkarai pongal. It is prepared during the festival of Pongal (Thai Pongal), which is held when the harvesting season begins. It is used to make kalhi, to sweeten fruit salads and payasam (sweet milk) that are offered to the gods. Jaggery is used in religious rituals. In rural areas, cane jaggery and palm jaggery are used to sweeten beverages, whereas refined sugar has replaced it in urban areas.
In Odia cuisine, cakes or piṭhas contain jaggery. Pithas like Arisa pitha are made out of jaggery called as guda in Odia. Kakara pitha contains coconut filings which are caramelized using jaggery. Guda is also added to rice flakes known as chuda and eaten for breakfast. Some marmalade made of mango and dillenia contain the ingredient.
In Bengali cuisine, it is commonly used in making sweet dishes, some of which mix jaggery with milk and coconut. Popular sweet dishes such as laḍḍu/laṛu or paṭishapta piṭha mix it with coconut shreds. Jaggery is molded into novel shapes as a type of candy. The same preparation of sweets have been made in its neighbouring state of Assam. Some of the popular sweet dishes of Assam such as til-pitha (made of rice powder, sesame and jaggery), other rice-based pitha, and payas are made of jaggery. In some villages of Assam, people drink salty red tea with a cube of gurd (jaggery), which is popularly called cheleka-chah (licking tea).
Traditional Karnataka sweets, such as paayasa, obbattu (holige) and unday use different kinds of jaggery. A pinch is commonly added to sambar (a.k.a. huLi saaru) and rasam (a.k.a. saaru). Karnataka produces sugar and palm-based jaggery.
Muzaffarnagar in Uttar Pradesh has the largest jaggery market in the world, followed by Anakapalle in the Visakhapatnam District in Andhra Pradesh. The Kolhapur District in western Maharashtra is famous for its jaggery, which is yellow and much sought-after in Maharashtra and Gujarat. Mandya in Karnataka is known for its jaggery production.
Southeast Asia
In Myanmar, jaggery, called htanyet (ထန်းလျက်) in Burmese, is harvested from toddy palm syrup. In central Myanmar and around Bagan (Pagan), toddy syrup is collected solely for making jaggery. The translucent white syrup is boiled until it becomes golden brown and then made into bite-size pieces. It is considered a sweet and is eaten by children and adults alike, usually in the afternoon with a pot of green tea. It has been referred to locally as Burmese chocolate. Toddy palm jaggery is sometimes mixed with coconut shreds, jujube puree or sesame, depending on the area. This type of jaggery is used in Burmese cooking, usually to add colour and enrich the food.
Other uses
Other uses include jaggery toffees and jaggery cake made with pumpkin preserve, cashew nuts, peanuts and spices. Jaggery may be used in the creation of alcoholic beverages such as palm wine.
Besides being a food, jaggery may be used (mixed in an emulsion with buttermilk and mustard oil) to season the inside of tandoor ovens.[9]
Jaggery is used in natural dying of fabric. It is also used in hookahs in rural areas of Pakistan and India.
Jaggery can be used as a tissue fixative in anatomic pathology.
Nomenclature
In the Indian Subcontinent
- From guḍa in Sanskrit (गुड, 'ball'):
- guṛ Bengali (গুড়), Bhojpuri (गुड़), Punjabi (ਗੁੜ), Haryanvi (गुड़), Hindi (गुड़)
- gur in Assamese (গুৰ) and Nagamese (গুৰ)
- ɠuṛ in Sindhi (ڳُڙ) and Urdu (گڑ)
- guṛô (ଗୁଡ଼) in Odia
- goḍ (Romanized godd) in Konkani (गोड)
- guḷ (गूळ) in Marathi
- gôḷ in Gujarati (ગોળ) and Rajasthani (गौळ)
- gwëṛa in Pashto (ګوړه)
- From Proto-Dravidian *bel-am:
- From Sanskrit śarkarā (शर्करा, 'gravel, grit, candied sugar'):
- From Sanskrit miṣṭa (मिष्ट, 'sweet, tasty'):
- Other terms:
In Southeast Asia
Cambodia
Myanmar (Burma)
- Htanyet (ထန်းလျက်) [Toddy Palm Jaggery] (pronounced [tʰəɲeʔ]) in Burmese
- Kyan Tha Kar (ကြံသကာ) [Sugarcane Jaggery] in Burmese
Malaysia
- Gula melaka or Gula merah in Malay
- Gula nisan/nise in Kelantanese Malay
- Gula apong in Sarawak, Malaysia is a variant of the jaggery, which is made from the sap of the nipah palm or Nypa fruticans.
Indonesia
- Gula jawa in Indonesian and Javanese
- Gula merah in Indonesian and Malay
- Gula aren in Indonesian and Betawi
- Gula kawung in Sundanese
Philippines
- Tagapulot or Koya-Koya (Ilocano)
- Pakombuk (Kapampangan)
- Panocha (Philippine Spanish)
- Panutsa (Tagalog)
- Sangkaka (Tagalog)
- Bagkat Bao - may be regional to Bulacan (Tagalog)
- Calamay - Leyte and Samar (Waray-waray)
Thailand
- Palm jaggery: น้ำตาลโตนด, namtan tanot, pronounced [nám.tāːn tā.nòːt]
- Coconut jaggery: น้ำตาลมะพร้าว, namtan maphrao, pronounced [nám.tāːn mā.pʰráːw]
- Cane sugar: น้ำตาลอ้อย (งบน้ำอ้อย), namtan oi (Ngob Nam Oi), pronounced [nám.tāːn ʔɔ̂j]
- Granulated brown cane sugar: น้ำตาลทรายแดง, namtan sai daeng, pronounced [nám.tāːn sāːj dɛ̄ːŋ]
- Granulated white cane sugar: น้ำตาลทราย, namtan sai, pronounced [nám.tāːn sāːj]; or น้ำตาลทรายขาว, namtan sai khao, pronounced [nám.tāːn sāːj kʰǎːw]
Elsewhere
- Raspadura in Cuba and Panama
- Rapadura in Brazil
- Panela in Central America and parts of South America
- Piloncillo in Mexico
- Tapa de dulce in Costa Rica
- Chancaca in Peru
- Papelón, panela or miel de panela in Venezuela
- Sukari nguuru in Swahili
- Kokuto (黒糖, Kokutō) in Japanese[11]
- 紅糖 (hóng táng) or 黑糖 (hēi táng) in Chinese, the latter used by the Chinese community in Southeast Asia and Oceania
- Gur in Afghanistan
Image gallery
Jaggery cubes
Jaggery (gur) making at small scale near sugarcane farm in Pakistan.
Boiling the sugarcane juice in large-scale jaggery (gur) making in India.
Transferring boiled sugarcane juice into vessel to dry.
Gud or jaggery: Sugarcane-derived raw sugar crystallised cubes or blocks.
Jaggery blocks, also known as gud
Gur mamra laddu sweets made from jaggery and puffed rice.
Indian Jaggery
Boiling, Myanmar.
Jaggery, Myanmar.
See also
- Brown sugar – Sucrose sugar product with a distinctive brown colour
- Muscovado – Type of unrefined brown sugar
- Caramelization – Process of liquifying sugar
- Palm sugar – Sugar extracted from the sap of palm trees
- Panela – Unrefined whole cane sugar, typical of Central America and Latin America
- Piloncillo
- Peen tong – Chinese brown sugar
- Sugarloaf – Refined sugar molded into a conical shape for commercial distribution
References
- ^ "New improvements in jaggery manufacturing process and new product type of jaggery". Panela Monitor. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
- ^ a b (PDF). Itdg.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-01-07. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ "Sukari nguru". KenyaTalk. Retrieved 2021-09-03.
- ^ wikt:jaggery
- ^ a b Balachander, Vidya (26 January 2017). "Sri Lanka's 'Kithul' Palm Syrup: An Ancient Sweetener In Need Of Saving". NPR.
- ^ "Stop Eating Jaggery for Weight Loss Now - Side-Effects, Benefits". Retrieved 2021-08-28.
- ^ "Kolhapur: Second Largest market of gur" (PDF). IRJET. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
- ^ "Jaggery and Confectionary". APEDA, Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority. Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ Kalra, J.I.S.; Das Gupta, P. (1986). Prashad Cooking with Indian Masters. Allied Publishers Private, Limited. p. 10. ISBN 9788170230069. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
- ^ Jacob Jacobs, Judith (2001). A Concise Cambodian-English Dictionary. Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 978-0197-1357-4-7.
- ^ . artofeating.com. Archived from the original on 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2015-09-13.