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Muscovado

January 15, 2023

Not to be confused with brown sugar.

Muscovado is a type of partially refined to unrefined sugar with a strong molasses content and flavour, and dark brown in colour. It is technically considered either a non-centrifugal cane sugar or a centrifuged, partially refined sugar according to the process used by the manufacturer.[1][2] Muscovado contains higher levels of various minerals than processed white sugar, and is considered by some to be healthier.[3][4][5] Its main uses are in food and confectionery, and the manufacture of rum and other forms of alcohol. The largest producer and consumer of muscovado is India.[6][7]

Brown sugar types: muscovado (top), dark brown (left), light brown (right)

Terminology

The English name "muscovado" is derived from a corruption of Portuguese açúcar mascavado (unrefined sugar).[8][9] The Indian English names for this type of sugar are khandsari and khand (sometimes spelled khaand).

There is no legal definition of muscovado, and no international standards for it such as Codex Alimentarius or Protected Designation of Origin. This has led to manufacturers calling various sugar products "muscovado", and has led to confusion between muscovado and brown sugar, and even with jaggery.

History

See also: History of sugar and Triangular trade

The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India, after the introduction of sugarcane by Austronesian traders from Island Southeast Asia at around 1000 BCE. However, the exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear.[10] The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts.[11] Around the 8th century, Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, and Andalusia. By the 10th century, sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane.[12]

The early modern era, which saw the European colonization of the Americas and Asia, also led to a rapid increase in sugar production. Sugar plantations were established in numerous places colonized by European nations, such as islands in the Indian Ocean, the West Indies and South and North America.[13] Labor for these plantations were typically provided by indentured servants, slaves or kidnapped Pacific Islanders, which saw the rise of the transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades to supply enslaved laborers to cash crop plantations (including those producing sugar). Sugarcane was typically refined into raw sugar or distilled into rum on colonial plantations or sent elsewhere to be processed.[14][15]

Raw sugar was brought to port in a variety of purities that could be sold either as raw sugar directly to market for producing alcohol, or as muscovado exported sugar refineries in Europe and the Americas.[16] In 19th-century Europe, raw sugars that had been refined enough to lose most of their molasses content were termed raw and deemed higher quality, while poor quality sugars with a high molasses content were referred to as muscovado, though the term brown sugar was sometimes used interchangeably.[16]

Production

Traditional non-centrifugal sugar production
 
Boiling sugarcane juice to make molasses
 
Pouring molasses for granulation by shearing

Production methods

Muscovado is made from the juice of sugar cane that is evaporated until crystallisation occurs. The viscous suspension of crystals and mother liquor (molasses) is called massecuite. In the 19th century several techniques were used for sugar production.[17][18][19][2][1][20] Muscovado is today produced by three main methods:[21][22]

  • The manual production method is to crystallise (granulate) massecuite by cooling it in pans and continuously shearing it by stirring with a large spatula (typically used in India) or by pressing it with the feet (typically used in Africa).
  • The industrial centrifuge method invented in late 18th to early 19th century, in which massecuite is crystallised using a centrifuge to separate a crystal-rich mush that is drained of its molasses in a vessel under gravity.
  • Modern industrial methods using a spray drier.

Massecuite is also used in the production of jaggery, in which it is set into moulds directly.[21]

Producer nations

Total global production is 10 to 11 million tons annually by 20 nations. The largest producer is India (58%), followed by Colombia (14%), Myanmar (9%), Pakistan (6%), Brazil (4%), Bangladesh (3%) and China (3%).[6][7]

In India, most khand (muscovado) is produced by 150 small to medium scale private manufacturers overseen by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission. These producers use traditional chemical-free organic manual shearing methods, each operating between 100 and 120 days per year with a typical capacity of between 200 and 350 tons of sugar cane per day.[6] The largest producing states in India are Maharashtra (58%), Bihar (6%), Karnataka (5%), Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh (6%).[6]

In Mauritius muscovado is produced by centrifuging massecuite, from which the molasses is left to drain naturally.[2]

In the Philippines muscovado may be generated by any of the three methods.[1][20][21][22] In the past, muscovado was one of the prominent export commodities of the Philippines, especially from the Negros region from the 19th century until the late 1970s.[23]

The production of muscovado in the Philippines, Barbados, and elsewhere had experienced a long period of decline when large mills took over sugar production from small farmers with small mills. In recent years an increased consumer interest in healthy and organic foods has revived interest in muscovado, creating a new market for small mills.[24]

Nutrition

When produced under regulated conditions muscovado is nutritionally richer than sugars,[25][better source needed] and retains more of the natural minerals in sugar cane juice, as shown in the following nutritional analysis (per 100 g):[26]

  • Total mineral salts 740 mg max.
  • Phosphorus (P) 3.9 mg max.
  • Calcium (Ca) 85 mg max.
  • Magnesium (Mg) 23 mg max.
  • Potassium (K) 100 mg max.
  • Iron (Fe) 1.3 mg max.
  • Calories 383 kCal[5]

Uses

 
Gulab Jamun, Indian sweets prepared with khand
 
Masala tea and Indian filter coffee are sweetened with gur khaand (muscovado).

Food and confectionery

Muscovado is used as an ingredient in food and confectionery,[27][28] and as a sweetener in hot beverages. It is very dark brown and is slightly coarser and stickier than most brown sugars. Muscovado takes its flavor and color from its source, sugarcane juice. It offers good resistance to high temperatures and has a reasonably long shelf life.

Muscovado sugar can be substituted for brown sugar in most recipes by slightly reducing the liquid content of the recipe.

The use of khand in India in making sweets has been traced to at least 500 BC, when both raw and refined sugar were used.[27]

Along with gur, khandsari unrefined sugar is India's traditional sweetener,[28] commonly used in traditional recipes for masala chai (spiced Indian tea), eating with roti by mixing with melted ghee, traditional Indian sweets that require sugar such as kheer (Indian rice pudding), gur or khand chawal (sweetened rice) or laddu.

Muscovado is often used to sweeten coffee.

 
An ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. Khandsari is used in Indian ayurveda medicine.

Alcohol

A significant proportion of India's production of Khandsari (muscovado) is used for the illicit production of desi daru, a distilled alcoholic drink.[6]

Ayurveda medicine

Khandsari (muscovado) is used in traditional Ayurveda medicine to aid blood purification, digestion, bone health and the lungs.[29]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 17 April 2015.[self-published source]
  2. ^ a b c Prince, Rose (9 November 2011). "The sweetest flames: Brown sugar from Mauritius". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  3. ^ Education World: The Human Development Magazine. 2004. Volume 6, Issues 7-12, p.78
  4. ^ Souvenir, Silver Jubilee Celebrations and 22nd Annual Convention, Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers, 29-31 Oct. 1985 Held at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, pp.116
  5. ^ a b Jaggery Nutritional Value, Nutrition Facts & Analysis, Ayur Times, Dr. Jagdev Singh, 27 Nov 2014
  6. ^ a b c d e Bhardwaj, Amit (25 March 2013). "The Gur and Khaandsri Industry & its practical impact on Indian Sugar Consumption level" (PDF). Indian Sugar Mills Association. New Delhi: World Association of Cane and Beet Growers Conference. (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2015.
  7. ^ a b Dhawan, B. D. (April 15, 1967). "The Traditional versus the Modern: Case of Indian Sugar Industry". Economic and Political Weekly. 2 (15): 723, 725–7. JSTOR 4357817.
  8. ^ "muscovado". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  9. ^ "muscovado". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  10. ^ Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. ISBN 9780521419994.
  11. ^ See:
    • George Watt (1893), The Economic Products of India, W. H. Allen & Co., Vol 6, Part II, pages 29–30;
    • J.A. Hill (1902), The Anglo-American Encyclopedia', Volume 7, page 725;
    • Thomas E. Furia (1973), CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition, Volume 1, ISBN 978-0849305429, page 7 (Chapter 1, by Thomas D. Luckey);
    • Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2004), Encyclopedia of Kitchen History, ISBN 978-1579583804, Routledge, pages 145–146
  12. ^ Watson, Andrew. Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. Cambridge University Press. p. 26–7.
  13. ^ . National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2011.
  14. ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2009) [2008]. Sugar: A Bittersweet History. London and New York: Duckworth Overlook. ISBN 978-0-7156-3878-1.
  15. ^ "Slavery in Rhode Island". Slavery in the North.
  16. ^ a b Accum, Fredrick Christian, Culinary Chemistry Exhibiting the Scientific Principles of Cookery (1821), London, p. 289.
  17. ^ Orr, W. (1844), The Magazine of Domestic Economy, Vol. 5, p. 107.
  18. ^ Reed, W. (1866), The History of Sugar and Sugar Producing Plants, pp. 82–89.
  19. ^ Martineau, G. (1918), "Sugar from several points of view", in The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science, 117.
  20. ^ a b "Muscovado Sugar" (PDF). Datupagles.com. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  21. ^ a b c Larkin, W. (1993). "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society". pp. 55–58.
  22. ^ a b Roger Knight, G. (2013), Commodities and Colonialism: The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia, 1880–1942, p. 4.
  23. ^ Larkin, John A. "Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society". Escholarship.org. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
  24. ^ . Agriculture Business Week. 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2009-05-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  25. ^ Zhu, Agnes (24 October 2014). "Refined sugar vs. unrefined sugar". The Daily Californian. Berkeley, CA, USA.
  26. ^ . Sugarindia.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016.
  27. ^ a b Michael Krondl, Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert, Chicago Review Press, ISBN 978-1556529542, pp. 34–35
  28. ^ a b "Jaggery – A Traditional Indian Sweetener", P. V. K. Rao, M. Das S. K. Das, Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 2004, vol. 2007 6(1), January 2007, p. 95
  29. ^ "Policy Brief – Technological and Policy Options for Modernization of Jaggery Industry in India", Indian Council of Agricultural Research, L. S. Gangwar, S. Solomon & S. I. Anwar, p .2

External links

  • Video: Centrifugal method of Khand production in India
  • Video: Gur (Jaggary) and Khand (Muscovado) making in India using traditional method.

January 15, 2023
muscovado, confused, with, brown, sugar, type, partially, refined, unrefined, sugar, with, strong, molasses, content, flavour, dark, brown, colour, technically, considered, either, centrifugal, cane, sugar, centrifuged, partially, refined, sugar, according, pr. Not to be confused with brown sugar Muscovado is a type of partially refined to unrefined sugar with a strong molasses content and flavour and dark brown in colour It is technically considered either a non centrifugal cane sugar or a centrifuged partially refined sugar according to the process used by the manufacturer 1 2 Muscovado contains higher levels of various minerals than processed white sugar and is considered by some to be healthier 3 4 5 Its main uses are in food and confectionery and the manufacture of rum and other forms of alcohol The largest producer and consumer of muscovado is India 6 7 Brown sugar types muscovado top dark brown left light brown right Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Production 3 1 Production methods 3 2 Producer nations 4 Nutrition 5 Uses 5 1 Food and confectionery 5 2 Alcohol 5 3 Ayurveda medicine 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTerminology EditThe English name muscovado is derived from a corruption of Portuguese acucar mascavado unrefined sugar 8 9 The Indian English names for this type of sugar are khandsari and khand sometimes spelled khaand There is no legal definition of muscovado and no international standards for it such as Codex Alimentarius or Protected Designation of Origin This has led to manufacturers calling various sugar products muscovado and has led to confusion between muscovado and brown sugar and even with jaggery History EditSee also History of sugar and Triangular trade The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India after the introduction of sugarcane by Austronesian traders from Island Southeast Asia at around 1000 BCE However the exact date of the first cane sugar production is unclear 10 The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts 11 Around the 8th century Muslim and Arab traders introduced sugar from medieval India to the other parts of the Abbasid Caliphate in the Mediterranean Mesopotamia Egypt North Africa and Andalusia By the 10th century sources state that every village in Mesopotamia grew sugarcane 12 The early modern era which saw the European colonization of the Americas and Asia also led to a rapid increase in sugar production Sugar plantations were established in numerous places colonized by European nations such as islands in the Indian Ocean the West Indies and South and North America 13 Labor for these plantations were typically provided by indentured servants slaves or kidnapped Pacific Islanders which saw the rise of the transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades to supply enslaved laborers to cash crop plantations including those producing sugar Sugarcane was typically refined into raw sugar or distilled into rum on colonial plantations or sent elsewhere to be processed 14 15 Raw sugar was brought to port in a variety of purities that could be sold either as raw sugar directly to market for producing alcohol or as muscovado exported sugar refineries in Europe and the Americas 16 In 19th century Europe raw sugars that had been refined enough to lose most of their molasses content were termed raw and deemed higher quality while poor quality sugars with a high molasses content were referred to as muscovado though the term brown sugar was sometimes used interchangeably 16 Production EditTraditional non centrifugal sugar production Boiling sugarcane juice to make molasses Pouring molasses for granulation by shearing Production methods Edit Muscovado is made from the juice of sugar cane that is evaporated until crystallisation occurs The viscous suspension of crystals and mother liquor molasses is called massecuite In the 19th century several techniques were used for sugar production 17 18 19 2 1 20 Muscovado is today produced by three main methods 21 22 The manual production method is to crystallise granulate massecuite by cooling it in pans and continuously shearing it by stirring with a large spatula typically used in India or by pressing it with the feet typically used in Africa The industrial centrifuge method invented in late 18th to early 19th century in which massecuite is crystallised using a centrifuge to separate a crystal rich mush that is drained of its molasses in a vessel under gravity Modern industrial methods using a spray drier Massecuite is also used in the production of jaggery in which it is set into moulds directly 21 Producer nations Edit Total global production is 10 to 11 million tons annually by 20 nations The largest producer is India 58 followed by Colombia 14 Myanmar 9 Pakistan 6 Brazil 4 Bangladesh 3 and China 3 6 7 In India most khand muscovado is produced by 150 small to medium scale private manufacturers overseen by the Khadi and Village Industries Commission These producers use traditional chemical free organic manual shearing methods each operating between 100 and 120 days per year with a typical capacity of between 200 and 350 tons of sugar cane per day 6 The largest producing states in India are Maharashtra 58 Bihar 6 Karnataka 5 Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh 6 6 In Mauritius muscovado is produced by centrifuging massecuite from which the molasses is left to drain naturally 2 In the Philippines muscovado may be generated by any of the three methods 1 20 21 22 In the past muscovado was one of the prominent export commodities of the Philippines especially from the Negros region from the 19th century until the late 1970s 23 The production of muscovado in the Philippines Barbados and elsewhere had experienced a long period of decline when large mills took over sugar production from small farmers with small mills In recent years an increased consumer interest in healthy and organic foods has revived interest in muscovado creating a new market for small mills 24 Nutrition EditWhen produced under regulated conditions muscovado is nutritionally richer than sugars 25 better source needed and retains more of the natural minerals in sugar cane juice as shown in the following nutritional analysis per 100 g 26 Total mineral salts 740 mg max Phosphorus P 3 9 mg max Calcium Ca 85 mg max Magnesium Mg 23 mg max Potassium K 100 mg max Iron Fe 1 3 mg max Calories 383 kCal 5 Uses Edit Gulab Jamun Indian sweets prepared with khand Masala tea and Indian filter coffee are sweetened with gur khaand muscovado Food and confectionery Edit Muscovado is used as an ingredient in food and confectionery 27 28 and as a sweetener in hot beverages It is very dark brown and is slightly coarser and stickier than most brown sugars Muscovado takes its flavor and color from its source sugarcane juice It offers good resistance to high temperatures and has a reasonably long shelf life Muscovado sugar can be substituted for brown sugar in most recipes by slightly reducing the liquid content of the recipe The use of khand in India in making sweets has been traced to at least 500 BC when both raw and refined sugar were used 27 Along with gur khandsari unrefined sugar is India s traditional sweetener 28 commonly used in traditional recipes for masala chai spiced Indian tea eating with roti by mixing with melted ghee traditional Indian sweets that require sugar such as kheer Indian rice pudding gur or khand chawal sweetened rice or laddu Muscovado is often used to sweeten coffee An ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh Uttarakhand Khandsari is used in Indian ayurveda medicine Alcohol Edit A significant proportion of India s production of Khandsari muscovado is used for the illicit production of desi daru a distilled alcoholic drink 6 Ayurveda medicine Edit Khandsari muscovado is used in traditional Ayurveda medicine to aid blood purification digestion bone health and the lungs 29 See also EditSugar Brown sugar Jaggery Rock candy Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Indian Sugar Mills AssociationReferences Edit a b c Muscovado Sugar Archived from the original on 17 April 2015 self published source a b c Prince Rose 9 November 2011 The sweetest flames Brown sugar from Mauritius The Daily Telegraph London Retrieved 19 June 2017 Education World The Human Development Magazine 2004 Volume 6 Issues 7 12 p 78 Souvenir Silver Jubilee Celebrations and 22nd Annual Convention Indian Society of Agricultural Engineers 29 31 Oct 1985 Held at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering pp 116 a b Jaggery Nutritional Value Nutrition Facts amp Analysis Ayur Times Dr Jagdev Singh 27 Nov 2014 a b c d e Bhardwaj Amit 25 March 2013 The Gur and Khaandsri Industry amp its practical impact on Indian Sugar Consumption level PDF Indian Sugar Mills Association New Delhi World Association of Cane and Beet Growers Conference Archived PDF from the original on 20 June 2015 a b Dhawan B D April 15 1967 The Traditional versus the Modern Case of Indian Sugar Industry Economic and Political Weekly 2 15 723 725 7 JSTOR 4357817 muscovado Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required muscovado Merriam Webster Retrieved 20 April 2019 Daniels Christian Menzies Nicholas K 1996 Needham Joseph ed Science and Civilisation in China Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology Part 3 Agro Industries and Forestry Cambridge University Press pp 177 185 ISBN 9780521419994 See George Watt 1893 The Economic Products of India W H Allen amp Co Vol 6 Part II pages 29 30 J A Hill 1902 The Anglo American Encyclopedia Volume 7 page 725 Thomas E Furia 1973 CRC Handbook of Food Additives Second Edition Volume 1 ISBN 978 0849305429 page 7 Chapter 1 by Thomas D Luckey Mary Ellen Snodgrass 2004 Encyclopedia of Kitchen History ISBN 978 1579583804 Routledge pages 145 146 Watson Andrew Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world Cambridge University Press p 26 7 Triangular Trade National Maritime Museum Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 Abbott Elizabeth 2009 2008 Sugar A Bittersweet History London and New York Duckworth Overlook ISBN 978 0 7156 3878 1 Slavery in Rhode Island Slavery in the North a b Accum Fredrick Christian Culinary Chemistry Exhibiting the Scientific Principles of Cookery 1821 London p 289 Orr W 1844 The Magazine of Domestic Economy Vol 5 p 107 Reed W 1866 The History of Sugar and Sugar Producing Plants pp 82 89 Martineau G 1918 Sugar from several points of view in The Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science 117 a b Muscovado Sugar PDF Datupagles com Retrieved 2016 07 30 a b c Larkin W 1993 Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society pp 55 58 a b Roger Knight G 2013 Commodities and Colonialism The Story of Big Sugar in Indonesia 1880 1942 p 4 Larkin John A Sugar and the Origins of Modern Philippine Society Escholarship org Retrieved 2008 12 01 Muscovado Sugar A New Sunshine Industry Agriculture Business Week 2008 07 24 Archived from the original on 2008 10 13 Retrieved 2009 05 27 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Zhu Agnes 24 October 2014 Refined sugar vs unrefined sugar The Daily Californian Berkeley CA USA Muscovado Sugar Sugarindia com Archived from the original on 9 April 2016 a b Michael Krondl Sweet Invention A History of Dessert Chicago Review Press ISBN 978 1556529542 pp 34 35 a b Jaggery A Traditional Indian Sweetener P V K Rao M Das S K Das Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2004 vol 2007 6 1 January 2007 p 95 Policy Brief Technological and Policy Options for Modernization of Jaggery Industry in India Indian Council of Agricultural Research L S Gangwar S Solomon amp S I Anwar p 2External links EditVideo Centrifugal method of Khand production in India Video Gur Jaggary and Khand Muscovado making in India using traditional method Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muscovado amp oldid 1127869617, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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