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International Organization for Migration

January 01, 1970

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration. The organization implements operational assistance programmes for migrants, including internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrant workers.

International Organization for Migration
Formation6 December 1951; 72 years ago (1951-12-06)
TypeUN Related Organization
HeadquartersGeneva, Switzerland
Membership (2023)
175 member states and 8 observer states
Official languages
English, French and Spanish
Director General
Amy Pope
Revenue (2021)
US$2.5 billion
Staff (2021)
17,761
Websitewww.iom.int

The International Organization for Migration is based in Geneva. Its Director General is Amy Pope.

History edit

Historical context and predecessor organizations (1951 to 1989) edit

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) was founded in 1951 in response to the large number of internally displaced persons and war refugees in Europe after the Second World War. The IOM was initially a logistics agency that organized the transport of nearly one million migrants in the 1950s and has undergone several name changes since its inception. The transition from the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe (PICMME) in 1951 to the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) in 1952, to the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) in 1980, and finally to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in 1989 reflects the evolution of the IOM's mandate over its existence, becoming the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration.[1]

Integration into the United Nations and the present (1990 to date) edit

In 1992, it was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly (GA resolution A/RES/47/4).[1] In September 2016, the United Nations (UN) Member States, through the General Assembly, unanimously adopted a resolution approving the agreement to transform IOM into an affiliated organization of the UN. This agreement has strengthened the relationship between IOM and the UN and improved its ability to fulfill its respective mandates in the interests of migrants and Member States.[2]

The IOM supported the creation of the Global Compact for Migration, the first-ever intergovernmental agreement on international migration which was adopted in Marrakech, Morocco, in December 2018.[3] To support the implementation, follow-up and review of the Global Compact on Migration, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres established the UN Network on Migration in 2019. IOM coordinates the United Nations Network on Migration which includes UNHCR, WFP and UNDP, among others.[4] While the IOM's history tracks the man-made and natural disasters of the past half century, including Kosovo and Timor 1999, and the Asian tsunami, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Pakistan earthquake of 2004/2005, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the European migrant crisis—its credo that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society has steadily gained more international acceptance.[2]

Structure edit

Organization edit

The organization is headquartered in Geneva, with liaison offices in New York City and Addis Ababa. The Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) is based in Berlin.[5] In 2020, the organization reported that it had over 15,311 employees, with 168 nationalities represented.[5] The highest decision-making body of the IOM is the council, in which all member states are represented. It has rules of procedure and meets at regular intervals to adopt the annual budget and determine the organization's programmatic objectives. The official languages are English, French and Spanish. According to its own figures, the organization's budget in 2020 was around two billion US dollars. This is made up of voluntary contributions from the member states and donations.[5]

Director General edit

The Director General of the organization is elected by the delegates of the IOM member states for a five-year term. The following table lists the previous directors of the IOM and its predecessor organization, the ICEM.[6] The current Director General is Amy Pope from the United States of America, with Ugochi Daniels from Nigeria serving as Deputy Directors General.[6]

Mandate edit

The organization's global mandate includes assistance to migrants, including migrant workers, refugees and internally displaced persons. This broad mandate of the organization has earned it praise for flexibility in crisis situations,[2] but also criticism for legal accountability in protection issues.[7] Due to complementary mandates, IOM often cooperates with the UNHCR.[8]

For example IOM coordinates work in response to the situation in Venezuela through the Office of International Organization for Migration Director General's Special Envoy for the Regional Response to the Venezuela Situation working with UNHCR and 17 countries in South and Central America and the Caribbean.

According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), IOM is one of the central actors in humanitarian aid within the UN system, especially in the context of displacement.[9] IOM's main aid measures include shelter, protection, the provision of basic medical and sanitary care, life safety, coordination, telecommunications and logistics. On the instructions of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator, IOM, together with UNHCR, is primarily responsible for camp coordination and management in humanitarian emergencies.[10] The organization is also active in stabilization, peacebuilding and development[11] in the context of migration.

  •  
    Internally displaced people receive humanitarian aid after an earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
  •  
    US Secretary of State Blinken during an IOM mission in Obock, Djibouti.
  •  
    Evacuation after a tsunami in Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia.
  •  
    Trees uprooted by Typhoon Haiyan are used for reconstruction aid in the Philippines.
  •  
    In Zaatari, Jordan, IOM supports the medical care and education of refugees.

Member states edit

 
Member states of the IOM:
 member
 observer
 non-members

As of 2023, the International Organization for Migration has 175 member states and 8 observer states.[12] Member states:

Observer States:

Non-Member States:

Criticism edit

2003 Amnesty and Human Rights Watch edit

In 2003, both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were critical of the IOM's role in the Australian government's "Pacific Solution" of transferring asylum seekers to offshore detention centres.[13][14] Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for operating Manus Regional Processing Centre and the processing centre on Nauru despite not having a refugee protection mandate.[13] Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for being part of "arbitrary detention" and for denying asylum seekers access to legal advice.[13] Human Rights Watch urged the IOM to cease operation the process centres, which it stated were "detention centres" and to hand management of the centres to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.[13]

Amnesty International expressed concern that the IOM undertook actions on behalf of governments that negatively impacted the human rights of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants.[14] Amnesty International cited an example of fourteen Kurds in Indonesia who were expelled from Australian waters by Australian authorities and relocated to Indonesia.[14] Amnesty International requested an assurance that the IOM will abide by the principle of non-refoulement.[15]

2022 Refugee Council of Australia edit

Main article: Refugees in Indonesia

In 2022, the role that the IOM played in housing refugees in Indonesia was described by the Refugee Council of Australia as presenting a "humanitarian veneer while carrying out rights-violating activities on behalf of Western nations” by researchers Asher Hirsch and Cameron Doig in The Globe and Mail.[16]

The community housing that the IOM operated, using Australian government funding, was described by the Refugee Council of Australia "inhumane conditions, solitary confinement, lack of basic essentials and medical care, physical and sexual abuse, and severe overcrowding".[16] Rohingya John Joniad described the housing as an "open prison".[16]

See also edit

Bibliography edit

  • Andrijasevic, Rutvica; Walters, William (2010): The International Organization for Migration and the international government of borders. In Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 28 (6), pp. 977–999.
  • Georgi, Fabian; Schatral, Susanne (2017): Towards a Critical Theory of Migration Control. The Case of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In Martin Geiger, Antoine Pécoud (Eds.): International organisations and the politics of migration: Routledge, pp. 193–221.
  • Koch, Anne (2014): The Politics and Discourse of Migrant Return: The Role of UNHCR and IOM in the Governance of Return. In Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 (6), pp. 905–923. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.855073.

References edit

  1. ^ a b Megan Bradley (2017). "The International Organization for Migration (IOM): Gaining Power in the Forced Migration Regime". Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees. 33 (1): 97. doi:10.25071/1920-7336.40452.
  2. ^ a b c Bradley, Megan (7 February 2020). The International Organization for Migration: Challenges, Commitments, Complexities. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315744896. ISBN 978-1-315-74489-6. S2CID 203200189.
  3. ^ "GCM Development Process". www.iom.int. International Organization for Migration. 9 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
  4. ^ "Amy Pope Makes History as First Woman Director General of IOM". iom.int. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "IOM Organizational Structure". International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  6. ^ a b "Directors General and Deputy Directors General". International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  7. ^ Bast, Jürgen (2019). "Der Global Compact for Migration und das internationale Migrationsregime". Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik (3): 96–99.
  8. ^ Moretti, Sebastien (2021). "Between refugee protection and migration management: the quest for coordination between UNHCR and IOM in the Asia-Pacific region". Third World Quarterly. 42 (1): 34–51. doi:10.1080/01436597.2020.1780910.
  9. ^ "OCHA - United Nations". asiadisasterguide.unocha.org. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  10. ^ "What is the Cluster Approach? | HumanitarianResponse". www.humanitarianresponse.info. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  11. ^ "IOM and UNDP team up to tackle migration and development issues facing West and Central Africa". UNDP. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Members and Observers" (PDF). International Organization for Migration. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d "The International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Human Rights Protection in the Field: Current Concerns (Submitted by Human Rights Watch, IOM Governing Council Meeting, 86th Session, November 18–21, 2003, Geneva)". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "Amnesty International statement to the 86th Session of the Council of the International Organization for Migration (IOM)". Amnesty International. 20 November 2003. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  15. ^ Amnesty International (20 November 2003). "Statement to the 86th Session of the Council of the International Organization for Migration (IOM)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  16. ^ a b c Griffiths, James (19 January 2022). "Trapped in Indonesia, Rohingya struggle to get by as laws block their path to asylum elsewhere". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 19 January 2022.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Organization for Migration.
  • Official website  

January 01, 1970
international, organization, migration, united, nations, related, organization, working, field, migration, organization, implements, operational, assistance, programmes, migrants, including, internally, displaced, persons, refugees, migrant, workers, formation. The International Organization for Migration IOM is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration The organization implements operational assistance programmes for migrants including internally displaced persons refugees and migrant workers International Organization for MigrationFormation6 December 1951 72 years ago 1951 12 06 TypeUN Related OrganizationHeadquartersGeneva SwitzerlandMembership 2023 175 member states and 8 observer statesOfficial languagesEnglish French and SpanishDirector GeneralAmy PopeRevenue 2021 US 2 5 billionStaff 2021 17 761Websitewww wbr iom wbr intThe International Organization for Migration is based in Geneva Its Director General is Amy Pope Contents 1 History 1 1 Historical context and predecessor organizations 1951 to 1989 1 2 Integration into the United Nations and the present 1990 to date 2 Structure 2 1 Organization 2 2 Director General 3 Mandate 4 Member states 5 Criticism 5 1 2003 Amnesty and Human Rights Watch 5 2 2022 Refugee Council of Australia 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External linksHistory editHistorical context and predecessor organizations 1951 to 1989 edit The International Organization for Migration IOM was founded in 1951 in response to the large number of internally displaced persons and war refugees in Europe after the Second World War The IOM was initially a logistics agency that organized the transport of nearly one million migrants in the 1950s and has undergone several name changes since its inception The transition from the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe PICMME in 1951 to the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration ICEM in 1952 to the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration ICM in 1980 and finally to the International Organization for Migration IOM in 1989 reflects the evolution of the IOM s mandate over its existence becoming the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration 1 Integration into the United Nations and the present 1990 to date edit In 1992 it was granted observer status at the United Nations General Assembly GA resolution A RES 47 4 1 In September 2016 the United Nations UN Member States through the General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution approving the agreement to transform IOM into an affiliated organization of the UN This agreement has strengthened the relationship between IOM and the UN and improved its ability to fulfill its respective mandates in the interests of migrants and Member States 2 The IOM supported the creation of the Global Compact for Migration the first ever intergovernmental agreement on international migration which was adopted in Marrakech Morocco in December 2018 3 To support the implementation follow up and review of the Global Compact on Migration the UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres established the UN Network on Migration in 2019 IOM coordinates the United Nations Network on Migration which includes UNHCR WFP and UNDP among others 4 While the IOM s history tracks the man made and natural disasters of the past half century including Kosovo and Timor 1999 and the Asian tsunami the 2003 invasion of Iraq the Pakistan earthquake of 2004 2005 the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the European migrant crisis its credo that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society has steadily gained more international acceptance 2 Structure editOrganization edit The organization is headquartered in Geneva with liaison offices in New York City and Addis Ababa The Global Migration Data Analysis Centre GMDAC is based in Berlin 5 In 2020 the organization reported that it had over 15 311 employees with 168 nationalities represented 5 The highest decision making body of the IOM is the council in which all member states are represented It has rules of procedure and meets at regular intervals to adopt the annual budget and determine the organization s programmatic objectives The official languages are English French and Spanish According to its own figures the organization s budget in 2020 was around two billion US dollars This is made up of voluntary contributions from the member states and donations 5 Director General edit The Director General of the organization is elected by the delegates of the IOM member states for a five year term The following table lists the previous directors of the IOM and its predecessor organization the ICEM 6 The current Director General is Amy Pope from the United States of America with Ugochi Daniels from Nigeria serving as Deputy Directors General 6 Mandate editThe organization s global mandate includes assistance to migrants including migrant workers refugees and internally displaced persons This broad mandate of the organization has earned it praise for flexibility in crisis situations 2 but also criticism for legal accountability in protection issues 7 Due to complementary mandates IOM often cooperates with the UNHCR 8 For example IOM coordinates work in response to the situation in Venezuela through the Office of International Organization for Migration Director General s Special Envoy for the Regional Response to the Venezuela Situation working with UNHCR and 17 countries in South and Central America and the Caribbean According to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA IOM is one of the central actors in humanitarian aid within the UN system especially in the context of displacement 9 IOM s main aid measures include shelter protection the provision of basic medical and sanitary care life safety coordination telecommunications and logistics On the instructions of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator IOM together with UNHCR is primarily responsible for camp coordination and management in humanitarian emergencies 10 The organization is also active in stabilization peacebuilding and development 11 in the context of migration nbsp Internally displaced people receive humanitarian aid after an earthquake in Port au Prince Haiti nbsp US Secretary of State Blinken during an IOM mission in Obock Djibouti nbsp Evacuation after a tsunami in Banda Aceh Sumatra Indonesia nbsp Trees uprooted by Typhoon Haiyan are used for reconstruction aid in the Philippines nbsp In Zaatari Jordan IOM supports the medical care and education of refugees Member states edit nbsp Member states of the IOM member observer non membersAs of 2023 the International Organization for Migration has 175 member states and 8 observer states 12 Member states nbsp Afghanistan nbsp Albania nbsp Algeria nbsp Angola nbsp Antigua and Barbuda nbsp Argentina nbsp Armenia nbsp Australia nbsp Austria nbsp Azerbaijan nbsp Bahamas nbsp Bangladesh nbsp Barbados nbsp Belarus nbsp Belgium nbsp Belize nbsp Benin nbsp Bolivia nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina nbsp Botswana nbsp Brazil nbsp Bulgaria nbsp Burkina Faso nbsp Burundi nbsp Cabo Verde nbsp Cambodia nbsp Cameroon nbsp Canada nbsp Central African Republic nbsp Chad nbsp Chile nbsp China nbsp Colombia nbsp Comoros nbsp Congo nbsp Cook Islands nbsp Costa Rica nbsp Cote d Ivoire nbsp Croatia nbsp Cuba nbsp Cyprus nbsp Czech Republic nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo nbsp Denmark nbsp Djibouti nbsp Dominica nbsp Dominican Republic nbsp Ecuador nbsp Egypt nbsp El Salvador nbsp Eritrea nbsp Estonia nbsp Eswatini nbsp Ethiopia nbsp Fiji nbsp Finland nbsp France nbsp Gabon nbsp Gambia nbsp Georgia nbsp Germany nbsp Ghana nbsp Greece nbsp Grenada nbsp Guatemala nbsp Guinea nbsp Guinea Bissau nbsp Guyana nbsp Haiti nbsp Holy See nbsp Honduras nbsp Hungary nbsp Iceland nbsp India nbsp Iran nbsp Ireland nbsp Israel nbsp Italy nbsp Jamaica nbsp Japan nbsp Jordan nbsp Kazakhstan nbsp Kenya nbsp Kiribati nbsp Kyrgyzstan nbsp Lao People s Democratic Republic nbsp Latvia nbsp Lesotho nbsp Liberia nbsp Libya nbsp Lithuania nbsp Luxembourg nbsp Madagascar nbsp Malawi nbsp Maldives nbsp Mali nbsp Malta nbsp Marshall Islands nbsp Mauritania nbsp Mauritius nbsp Mexico nbsp Micronesia nbsp Mongolia nbsp Montenegro nbsp Morocco nbsp Mozambique nbsp Myanmar nbsp Namibia nbsp Nauru nbsp Nepal nbsp Netherlands nbsp New Zealand nbsp Nicaragua nbsp Niger nbsp Nigeria nbsp North Macedonia nbsp Norway nbsp Pakistan nbsp Palau nbsp Panama nbsp Papua New Guinea nbsp Paraguay nbsp Peru nbsp Philippines nbsp Poland nbsp Portugal nbsp South Korea nbsp Republic of Moldova nbsp Romania nbsp Russian Federation nbsp Rwanda nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis nbsp Saint Lucia nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines nbsp Samoa nbsp Sao Tome and Principe nbsp Senegal nbsp Serbia nbsp Seychelles nbsp Sierra Leone nbsp Slovakia nbsp Slovenia nbsp Solomon Islands nbsp Somalia nbsp South Africa nbsp South Sudan nbsp Spain nbsp Sri Lanka nbsp Sudan nbsp Suriname nbsp Sweden nbsp Switzerland nbsp Tajikistan nbsp Thailand nbsp Timor Leste nbsp Togo nbsp Tonga nbsp Trinidad and Tobago nbsp Tunisia nbsp Turkey nbsp Turkmenistan nbsp Tuvalu nbsp Uganda nbsp Ukraine nbsp United Kingdom nbsp United Republic of Tanzania nbsp United States nbsp Uruguay nbsp Uzbekistan nbsp Vanuatu nbsp Venezuela nbsp Viet Nam nbsp Yemen nbsp Zambia nbsp Zimbabwe Observer States nbsp Bahrain nbsp Bhutan nbsp Indonesia nbsp Kuwait nbsp Malaysia nbsp Qatar nbsp San Marino nbsp Saudi Arabia Non Member States nbsp Brunei nbsp Equatorial Guinea nbsp Hong Kong nbsp Iraq nbsp Lebanon nbsp Macau nbsp Oman nbsp Singapore nbsp Syria nbsp Taiwan nbsp United Arab EmiratesCriticism edit2003 Amnesty and Human Rights Watch edit In 2003 both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were critical of the IOM s role in the Australian government s Pacific Solution of transferring asylum seekers to offshore detention centres 13 14 Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for operating Manus Regional Processing Centre and the processing centre on Nauru despite not having a refugee protection mandate 13 Human Rights Watch criticized the IOM for being part of arbitrary detention and for denying asylum seekers access to legal advice 13 Human Rights Watch urged the IOM to cease operation the process centres which it stated were detention centres and to hand management of the centres to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 13 Amnesty International expressed concern that the IOM undertook actions on behalf of governments that negatively impacted the human rights of asylum seekers refugees and migrants 14 Amnesty International cited an example of fourteen Kurds in Indonesia who were expelled from Australian waters by Australian authorities and relocated to Indonesia 14 Amnesty International requested an assurance that the IOM will abide by the principle of non refoulement 15 2022 Refugee Council of Australia edit Main article Refugees in Indonesia In 2022 the role that the IOM played in housing refugees in Indonesia was described by the Refugee Council of Australia as presenting a humanitarian veneer while carrying out rights violating activities on behalf of Western nations by researchers Asher Hirsch and Cameron Doig in The Globe and Mail 16 The community housing that the IOM operated using Australian government funding was described by the Refugee Council of Australia inhumane conditions solitary confinement lack of basic essentials and medical care physical and sexual abuse and severe overcrowding 16 Rohingya John Joniad described the housing as an open prison 16 See also editGlobal Compact for Migration Mohamed Muktar Jama Farah a British Somali long distance runner and multiple Olympic gold medalist IOM Goodwill Ambassador United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR Bibliography editAndrijasevic Rutvica Walters William 2010 The International Organization for Migration and the international government of borders In Environment and Planning D Society and Space 28 6 pp 977 999 Georgi Fabian Schatral Susanne 2017 Towards a Critical Theory of Migration Control The Case of the International Organization for Migration IOM In Martin Geiger Antoine Pecoud Eds International organisations and the politics of migration Routledge pp 193 221 Koch Anne 2014 The Politics and Discourse of Migrant Return The Role of UNHCR and IOM in the Governance of Return In Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 40 6 pp 905 923 doi 10 1080 1369183X 2013 855073 References edit a b Megan Bradley 2017 The International Organization for Migration IOM Gaining Power in the Forced Migration Regime Refuge Canada s Journal on Refugees 33 1 97 doi 10 25071 1920 7336 40452 a b c Bradley Megan 7 February 2020 The International Organization for Migration Challenges Commitments Complexities London Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315744896 ISBN 978 1 315 74489 6 S2CID 203200189 GCM Development Process www iom int International Organization for Migration 9 April 2018 Retrieved 13 May 2019 Amy Pope Makes History as First Woman Director General of IOM iom int Retrieved 2 October 2023 a b c IOM Organizational Structure International Organization for Migration Retrieved 1 December 2023 a b Directors General and Deputy Directors General International Organization for Migration Retrieved 1 December 2023 Bast Jurgen 2019 Der Global Compact for Migration und das internationale Migrationsregime Zeitschrift fur Auslanderrecht und Auslanderpolitik 3 96 99 Moretti Sebastien 2021 Between refugee protection and migration management the quest for coordination between UNHCR and IOM in the Asia Pacific region Third World Quarterly 42 1 34 51 doi 10 1080 01436597 2020 1780910 OCHA United Nations asiadisasterguide unocha org Retrieved 1 December 2023 What is the Cluster Approach HumanitarianResponse www humanitarianresponse info Retrieved 1 December 2023 IOM and UNDP team up to tackle migration and development issues facing West and Central Africa UNDP Retrieved 1 December 2023 Members and Observers PDF International Organization for Migration Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 3 January 2019 a b c d The International Organization for Migration IOM and Human Rights Protection in the Field Current Concerns Submitted by Human Rights Watch IOM Governing Council Meeting 86th Session November 18 21 2003 Geneva www hrw org Retrieved 25 October 2019 a b c Amnesty International statement to the 86th Session of the Council of the International Organization for Migration IOM Amnesty International 20 November 2003 Retrieved 7 January 2022 Amnesty International 20 November 2003 Statement to the 86th Session of the Council of the International Organization for Migration IOM PDF Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 25 October 2019 a b c Griffiths James 19 January 2022 Trapped in Indonesia Rohingya struggle to get by as laws block their path to asylum elsewhere The Globe and Mail Retrieved 19 January 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Organization for Migration Official website nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Organization for Migration amp oldid 1217028767, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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