Internally displaced person

An internally displaced person (IDP) is someone who is forced to leave their home but who remains within their country's borders.^[2] They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the legal definitions of a refugee.^[3]

Internally displaced people

Total population
37.494 million (in 2016^[1])
Regions with significant populations
Middle East and North Africa	13.933 million
Europe and North Asia	10.804 million
Sub-Saharan Africa	10.762 million
Americas	7.113 million
Asia and the Pacific	2.879 million

Villagers fleeing gunfire in a camp for internally displaced persons during the 2008 Nord-Kivu war

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy with internally displaced people during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Okie mother and children, internally displaced by the Dust Bowl in the United States in the 1930s

At the end of 2014, it was estimated there were 38.2 million IDPs worldwide, the highest level since 1989, the first year for which global statistics on IDPs are available. As of 3 May 2022 the countries with the largest IDP populations were Ukraine (8 million),^[4][5][6][7] Syria (7.6 million), Ethiopia (5.5 million),^[8] the Democratic Republic of the Congo (5.2 million), Colombia (4.9 million),^[9] Yemen (4.3 million),^[10] Afghanistan (3.8 million),^[11] Iraq (3.6 million), Sudan (2.2 million), South Sudan (1.9 million), Pakistan (1.4 million), Nigeria (1.2 million) and Somalia (1.1 million).^[12]

The United Nations and the UNHCR support monitoring and analysis of worldwide IDPs through the Geneva-based Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.^[2][13]

Definition

Whereas 'refugee' has an authoritative definition under the 1951 Refugee Convention, there is no universal legal definition of internally displaced persons (IDP); only a regional treaty for African countries (see Kampala Convention). However, a United Nations report, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement uses the definition of:

persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border.^[14]

While the above stresses two important elements of internal displacement (coercion and the domestic/internal movement), it is important to note that, rather than a strict definition, the Guiding Principles offer "a descriptive identification of the category of persons whose needs are the concern of the Guiding Principles".^[15] In this way, the document "intentionally steers toward flexibility rather than legal precision"^[16] as the words "in particular" indicate that the list of reasons for displacement is not exhaustive. However, as Erin Mooney has pointed out, "global statistics on internal displacement generally count only IDPs uprooted by conflict and human rights violations. Moreover, a recent study has recommended that the IDP concept should be defined even more narrowly, to be limited to persons displaced by violence."^[17] Thus, despite the non-exhaustive reasons for internal displacement, many consider IDPs as those who would be defined as refugees if they were to cross an international border, hence, the term refugees in all but the name is often applied to IDPs.

IDP populations

It is very difficult to get accurate figures for internally displaced persons because populations are not constant. IDPs may be returning home while others are fleeing, and others may periodically return to IDP camps to take advantage of humanitarian aid. While the case of IDPs in large camps such as those in Darfur, western Sudan, are relatively well-reported, it is very difficult to assess those IDPs who flee to larger towns and cities. It is necessary for many instances to supplement official figures with additional information obtained from operational humanitarian organizations on the ground. Thus, the 24.5 million figure must be treated as an estimate.^[18] Additionally, most official figures only include those displaced by conflict or natural disasters. Development-induced IDPs often are not included in assessments. It has been estimated that between 70 and 80% of all IDPs are women and children.^[19]

50% of internally displaced people and refugees were thought to be in urban areas in 2010, many of them in protracted displacement with little likelihood of ever returning home. A 2013 study found that these protracted urban displacements had not been given due weight by international aid and governance as historically they had focused on rural cam displacement responses.^[20] The study argues that this protracted urban displacement needs a fundamental change in the approach to those who are displaced and their host societies. They note that re-framing responses to urban displacement will also involve human rights and development actors and local and national governments. They call for a change in the narrative around the issue is needed to reflect ingenuity and fortitude displayed by displaced populations, the opportunities for self-sufficiency and safety represented by urban areas, and that the displaced can make a contribution to their host societies.^[20] An updated country by country breakdown can be found online.^[21]

UNHCR registered IDPs and people in IDP-like situations by country/territory between 2007 and 2014^[22]

Country/territory	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
Afghanistan	129,300	153,700	230,700	297,100	351,900	447,500	486,300	631,300
Azerbaijan	686,600	686,600	603,300	586,000	592,900	599,200	600,300	609,000
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135,500	131,000	124,500	113,600	113,400	113,000	103,400	84,500
Burundi	13,900	100,000	100,000	100,000	157,200	78,800	78,900	78,900
CAR	147,000	197,000	197,000	197,000	192,500	106,200	51,700	894,400
Chad	112,700	178,900	166,700	170,500	231,000	124,000	90,000	19,800
Colombia	3,000,000	3,000,000	3,000,000	3,304,000	3,672,100	3,888,300	3,943,500	5,368,100
Congo	3,500
Côte d'Ivoire	709,200	709,000	686,000	519,100	517,100	126,700	45,000	24,000
Croatia	4,000	2,900	2,500	2,300	2,100
DRC	1,075,300	1,317,900	1,460,100	2,050,700	1,721,400	1,709,300	2,669,100	2,963,800
Georgia	246,000	271,300	329,800	352,600	360,000	274,000	279,800	257,600
Iraq	1,834,400	2,481,000	2,647,300	1,552,000	1,343,600	1,332,400	1,131,800	954,100
Kenya		250,000	404,000	399,000	300,000	300,000
Kyrgyzstan					80,000	163,900
Lebanon	200,000	70,000
Libya						93,600	59,400	53,600
Mali							227,900	254,800
Montenegro	16,200	16,200
Myanmar	58,500	67,300	67,300	62,000	239,200	339,200	430,400	372,000
Nepal	100,000	50,000
Nigeria								360,000
Pakistan		155,800	155,800	1,894,600	952,000	452,900	758,000	747,500
Philippines					139,500	159,500	1,200	117,400
Russia	158,900	263,700	91,500	79,900	75,400
Serbia	227,600	226,400	225,900	224,900	228,400	228,200	227,800	227,500
Somalia	400,000	1,000,000	1,277,200	1,392,300	1,463,800	1,356,800	1,133,000	1,133,000
South Sudan					223,700	209,700	345,700	331,100
Sri Lanka	469,000	459,600	504,800	434,900	273,800	138,400	93,500	42,200
Sudan	1,325,200	1,225,000	1,201,000	1,079,100	1,602,200	2,033,100	1,873,300	1,873,300
Syria							2,016,500	6,520,800
East Timor	155,200	62,600	15,900
Uganda	1,814,900	1,236,000	853,000	428,600	125,600
Yemen		77,000	100,000	250,000	193,700	347,300	385,300	306,600
Zimbabwe						54,300	57,900	60,100
Country/territory	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014

 

Official opening of MONUSCO’s photo exhibition organized in the framework of the 70th anniversary of the United Nations. In the photo are the Head of MONUSCO, Martin Kobler (1st left), Lambert Mende (middle), and the Director of MONUSCO Public Information Division, Charles Antoine Bambara, commenting on a picture showing an internally displaced person.

 

Serbian and other non-Albanian refugees during Kosovo War. Serbia is home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe.^[23][24][25]

Notable IDP camps

• There are many IDP camps in Nigeria and especially many IDP camps in Borno State.
• Until recently there were many IDP camps in Sri Lanka.

Protection and assistance

The problem of protecting and assisting IDPs is not a new issue. In international law it is the responsibility of the government concerned to provide assistance and protection for the IDPs in their country. However, as many of the displaced are a result of civil conflict and violence or where the authority of the central state is in doubt, there is no local authority willing to provide assistance and protection.^[26] It has been estimated that some 5 million IDPs in 11 countries are "without any significant humanitarian assistance from their governments."^[19] Under these circumstances rehabilitation policies on humanitarian grounds should be aimed at reducing inequality of opportunity among these vulnerable groups by integrating them into local social services and allowing them access to jobs, education, and healthcare opportunities; otherwise new conflicts might break out.^[27]

Unlike the case of refugees, there is no international humanitarian institution which has the overall responsibility of protecting and assisting the refugees as well as the internally displaced. A number of organizations have stepped into the breach in specific circumstances.

UNHCR

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was mandated by General Assembly Resolution 428 (V) of 14 December 1950 to "lead and coordinate international action for the worldwide protection of refugees and the resolution of refugee problems.... guided by the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol."^[28] The UNHCR has traditionally argued that it does not have an exclusive mandate for IDPs^[29] even though at least since 1972 it had relief and rehabilitation programs for those displaced within a country. Until the mid-2000s, it conditioned involvement to cases where there is a specific request by the UN Secretary-General and with the consent of the State concerned it has been willing to respond by assisting IDPs in a given instance.^[30] In 2005 it was helping some 5.6 million IDPs (out of over 25 million), but only about 1.1 million in Africa.^[31][32]

In 2005, the UNHCR signed an agreement with other humanitarian agencies. "Under this agreement, UNHCR will assume the lead responsibility for protection, emergency shelter and camp management for internally displaced people."^[33] In 2019, UNHCR issued an updated IDP policy that reaffirms its commitment to engaging decisively and predictably in situations of internal displacement.^[34]

ICRC

The International Committee of the Red Cross has a mandate of ensuring the application of international humanitarian law as it affects civilians in the midst of armed conflict. They have traditionally not distinguished between civilians who are internally displaced and those who remain in their homes. In a 2006 policy statement, the ICRC stated:

The ICRC's overall objective is to alleviate the suffering of people who are caught up in armed conflict and other situations of violence. To that end, the organization strives to provide effective and efficient assistance and protection for such persons, be they displaced or not, while taking into consideration the action of other humanitarian organizations. On the basis of its long experience in different parts of the world, the ICRC has defined an operational approach towards the civilian population as a whole that is designed to meet the most urgent humanitarian needs of both displaced persons and local and host communities.^[35]

However, its Director of Operations has earlier recognized that IDPs "deprived of shelter and their habitual sources of food, water, medicine and money, they have different, and often more urgent, material needs."^[36]

Collaborative approach

The previous system set up internationally to address the needs of IDPs was referred to as the collaborative approach as the responsibility for protecting and assisting IDPs was shared among the UN agencies, i.e. UNHCR, Unicef, WFP, UNDP, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the ICRC and international NGOs. Coordination is the responsibility of the UN Emergency Relief Coordinator and the Humanitarian Coordinator in the country concerned.^[37] They are assisted by the Inter-Agency Displacement Division, which was created in 2004 and is housed in the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).^[38]

The original collaborative approach has come under increasing criticism. Roberta Cohen reports:

Nearly every UN and independent evaluation has found the collaborative approach deficient when it comes to IDPs. To begin with, there is no real focus of responsibility in the field for assisting and protecting... There is also no predictability of action, as the different agencies are free to pick and choose the situations in which they wish to become involved on the basis of their respective mandates, resources, and interests. In every new emergency, no one knows for sure which agency or combination thereof will become involved.^[39]

In 2005 there was an attempt to fix the problem by giving sectoral responsibilities to different humanitarian agencies, most notably with the UNHCR taking on the responsibility for the protection and the management of camps and emergency shelters.^[39] The Forced Migration Review stated that the "abnegation of responsibility is possible because there is no formal responsibility apportioned to agencies under the Collaborative Response, and thus no accountability when agencies renege on their promises."^[40]

Similarly, research on refugees has suggested a cross-sector collaboration as a key means to assist displaced people.^[41]

Cluster approach

The cluster approach designates individual agencies as ‘sector leaders’ to coordinate operations in specific areas to try to plug those newly identified gaps. The cluster approach was conceived amid concerns about coordination and capacity that arose from the weak operational response to the crisis in Darfur in 2004 and 2005, and the critical findings of the Humanitarian Response Review (HRR) commissioned by the then ERC, Jan Egeland. Egeland called for strengthening the leadership of the sectors, and introduced the concept of "clusters" at different levels (headquarters, regional, country and operational)’.

The cluster approach operates on the global and local levels. At the global level, the approach is meant to build up capacity in eleven key ‘gap’ areas by developing better surge capacity, ensuring consistent access to appropriately trained technical expertise and enhanced material stockpiles, and securing the increased engagement of all relevant humanitarian partners. At the field level, the cluster approach strengthens the coordination and response capacity by mobilizing clusters of humanitarian agencies (UN/Red Cross-Red Crescent/IOs/NGOs) to respond in particular sectors or areas of activity, each cluster having a clearly designated and accountable lead, as agreed by the HC and the Country Team. Designated lead agencies at the global level both participate directly in operations, but also coordinate with and oversee other organizations within their specific spheres, reporting the results up through a designated chain of command to the ERC at the summit. However, lead agencies are responsible as "providers of last resort", which represents the commitment of cluster leads to do their utmost to ensure an adequate and appropriate response in their respective areas of responsibility. The cluster approach was part of a package of reforms accepted by the IASC in December 2005 and subsequently applied in eight chronic humanitarian crises and six sudden-onset emergencies. However, the reform was originally rolled out and evaluated in four countries: DRC, Liberia, Somalia and Uganda.

The clusters were originally concentrated in nine areas:

1. Logistics (WFP)
2. Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (WFP)
3. Camp Coordination and Camp Management (UNHCR for conflict-generated IDPs and IOM for natural disaster-generated IDPs)
4. Shelter (IFRC for natural disasters; UNHCR for conflict situations)
5. Health (WHO)
6. Nutrition (UNICEF)
7. Water, sanitation, and hygiene promotion (UNICEF)
8. Early recovery (UNDP); and
9. Protection (UNHCR for conflict-generated IDPs, UNHCR, UNICEF, and OHCHR for natural disaster-generated IDPs).

IASC Principles deemed it unnecessary to apply the cluster approach to four sectors where no significant gaps were detected: a) food, led by WFP; b) refugees, led by UNHCR; c) education, led by UNICEF; and d) agriculture, led by FAO.

The original nine clusters were later expanded to include agriculture and education.

International law

Unlike the case of refugees, there is no international universal treaty which applies specifically to IDPs. Only a regional treaty for African countries has been established (see Kampala Convention). Some other countries have advocated re-thinking the definitions and protections for refugees to apply to IDPs, but so far no solid actions have come to fruition.^[42][43] Recognizing the gap, the UN Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali appointed Francis Deng in 1992 as his representative for internally displaced persons. Besides acting as an advocate for IDPs, Deng set out in 1994, at the request of the UN General Assembly to examine and bring together existing international laws which relate to the protection of IDPs.^[44] The result of this work was the document, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement.^[14]

The Guiding Principles lay out the responsibilities of states before displacement – that is, to prevent displacement – during and after displacement. They have been endorsed by the UN General Assembly, the African Commission on Human and People's Rights (ACHPR) and by the signatories to the 2006 Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region, which include Sudan, DRC and Uganda.

The Guiding Principles, however, are non-binding. As Bahame Tom Nyanduga, Special Rapporteur on Refugees, IDPs and Asylum Seekers in Africa for the ACHPR has stated, "the absence of a binding international legal regime on internal displacement is a grave lacuna in international law."^[45]

In September 2004 the Secretary-General of the UN showed the continuing concern of his office by appointing Walter Kälin as his Representative on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons. Part of his mandate includes the promoting of the Guiding Principles.^[46]

Right of return

In so-called "post-conflict" situations, there has traditionally been an emphasis in the international community to seek to return to the pre-war status quo.^[47] However, opinions are gradually changing, because violent conflict destroys political, economic and social structures and new structures develop as a result, quite often irreversibly.^[47] Furthermore, returning to the pre-war status-quo may actually be undesirable if pre-war structures led to the conflict in the first place, or prevented its early resolution. IDPs' and refugees' right of return can represent one of the most complex aspects of this issue.^[47]

Normally, pressure is applied by the international community and humanitarian organization to ensure displaced people are able to return to their areas of origin and the same property.^[47] The UN Principles for Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and IDPs, otherwise known as the Pinheiro Principles, provides guidance on the management of the technical and legal aspects of housing, land and property (HLP) restitution.^[47] Restitution rights are of key importance to IDPs and refugees around the world, and important to try preventing aggressors benefiting from conflict.^[47] However, without a clear understanding of each local context, full restitution rights can be unworkable and fail to protect the people it is designed to protect for the following reasons, refugees and IDPs:^[47]

• may never have had property (e.g. in Afghanistan);
• cannot access what property they have (Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa and Sudan);
• ownership is unclear as families have expanded or split and division of the land becomes an issue;
• death of the owner may leave dependents without a clear claim to the land;
• people settled on the land know it is not theirs but have nowhere else to go (as in Colombia, Rwanda and Timor-Leste); and
• have competing claims with others, including the state and its foreign or local business partners (as in Aceh, Angola, Colombia, Liberia and Sudan)

Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute stress the need for humanitarian organization to develop greater expertise in these issues, using experts who have knowledge in both humanitarian and land and property issues and so provide better advice to state actors seeking to resolve these issues.^[47] The ODI calls on humanitarian agencies to develop an awareness of sustainable reintegration as part of their emphasis on returning IDPs and refugees home.^[47] Legal advice needs to be provided to all parties involved even if a framework is created in which to resolve these issues.^[47]

See also

• Asylum seekers
• Internal colonialism
• Internally displaced persons in Iraq
• Internal migration
• Internal passport
• Kampala Convention
• Refugees
• Refugee employment

Notes

1. UNHCR (19 May 2016). . UNHCR. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
2. "Internally Displaced Persons". UNHCR. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
3. IJR Center (10 October 2012). "Who is a Refugee".
4. "Мировые новости".
5. "UNHCR: Ukraine, other conflicts push forcibly displaced total over 100 million for first time".
6. "Needs Growing for over 8 Million Internally Displaced in Ukraine".
7. "Ukraine". IDMC. Retrieved 2022-05-24.
8. "Response to Internal Displacement in Ethiopia Fact Sheet - January to March 2022". ReliefWeb. 19 May 2022.
9. "Global displacement figures 2021". Norwegian Refugee Council.
10. "Needs mount as conflict in Yemen rages". UNHCR. 1 April 2022.
11. "Afghanistan situation". UNHCR. 2022.
12. "UNHCR – Global Trends –Forced Displacement in 2014". UNHCR. 18 June 2015.
13. IDMC at the UNHCR website: "At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based IDMC runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries."
14. Deng, Francis. "The guiding principles on internal displacement". E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.l, February 11. New York, NY: United Nations. New York: United Nations.
15. KALIN, G. "Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. Annotations." The American Society of International Law & The Brookings Institution Project on Internal Displacement. Studies in Transnational Legal Policy, No. 32, 2000.
16. VINCENT, M, "IDPs: rights and status", Forced Migration Review, August 2000, p. 30.
17. MOONEY, E. "The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for Internally Displaced Persons as a Category of Concern." Refugee Survey Quarterly. (24) 3, 2005, p. 12.
18. IDMC (April 2006). (PDF). Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-05-06.p. 13
19. IDMC (April 2006). (PDF). Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Norwegian Refugee Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-06. Retrieved 2014-05-06.p. 6
20. Haysom, Simone. . odi.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
21. Council, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) - Norwegian Refugee. "IDMC » Global Figures".
22. "UNHCR Statistical Yearbook Data - Humanitarian Data Exchange". data.humdata.org. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
23. "Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe". B92. 20 June 2010.
24. "Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation". OSCE. 2008.
25. S. Cross, S. Kentera, R. Vukadinovic, R. Nation (7 May 2013). Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration. Springer. p. 169. ISBN 9781137010209. Retrieved 31 January 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
26. Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (1996). The refugee in international law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826019-9.p. 264
27. Das, Tuhin K.; Haldar, Sushil K.; Das Gupta, Ivy; Kundu, Sangeeta (August 2016). Deprivation of Internally Displaced Persons: Case Studies in India (First ed.). India: Power Publishers. p. 130. ISBN 978-93-85892-71-4.
28. "Mission Statement" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
29. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refugees Magazine Issue 103 (IDPs) - Interview: Dr. Francis M. Deng, advocate for the uprooted". UNHCR. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
30. Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. (1996). The refugee in international law. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826019-9.p. 266
31. Roberta Cohen in Marsella, Anthony J. (2007). Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1566-4.p. 15
32. Cohen, Roberta (Winter–Spring 2006). "Strengthening Protection of IDPs: The UN's Role" (PDF). Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2007-10-23. p. 106
33. "Internally Displaced People Q&A" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
34. Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "UNHCR and internally displaced persons: UNHCR's role in support of an enhanced humanitarian response to IDP situations". UNHCR. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
35. "ICRC Position on Internally Displaced Persons" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-10-23.
36. Tauxe, Jean-Daniel (2000-03-01). . International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
37. IASC (September 2004). (PDF). New York: United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-29.
38. . Archived from the original on 2003-04-15. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
39. Cohen, Roberta (Winter–Spring 2006). "Strengthening Protection of IDPs: The UN's Role" (PDF). Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2007-10-24.p. 105
40. DAVIES, A. and MURRAY, M.W., "Implementation of the Collaborative Response in Liberia", Forced Migration Review. IDP Supplement. October 2005, p. 17.
41. Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14). "Refugee employment support: The HRM–CSR nexus and stakeholder co‐dependency". Human Resource Management Journal. 31 (4): 1748–8583.12352. doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12352. ISSN 0954-5395. S2CID 234855263.
42. Celik, Ayse Betul (August 2005). "Transnationalization of Human Rights Norms and Its Impact on Internally Displaced Kurds". Human Rights Quarterly. 27 (3): 969–997. doi:10.1353/hrq.2005.0032. JSTOR 20069817. S2CID 144402185.
43. Schoenholtz, Andrew I. (11 June 2015). The New Refugees and the Old Treaty: Persecutors and Persecuted in the Twenty-First Century. SSRN 2617336.
44. Roberta Cohen in Marsella, Anthony J. (2007). Fear of Persecution: Global Human Rights, International Law, and Human Well-Being. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1566-4.p. 20
45. Nyanduga, Bahame Tom (September 2004). (PDF). Forced Migration Review. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-29. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
46. . UNHCHR. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
47. "Uncharted territory: land, conflict and humanitarian action". ODI: Think change. Retrieved 2022-10-27.

References

• The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Refugees by Numbers.
• Ilaria Bottigliero, "Displaced Persons Caught between War and Peace in Asia", 2 ISIL Yearbook of International Humanitarian and Refugee Law (2002), pp. 117–133.
• Brav, Laura; Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise (2002). The practical guide to humanitarian law. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 180–184. ISBN 0-7425-1062-X.

External links

 

The Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook has a page on the topic of: Desplazados

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internally displaced people.

• Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council
• The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UNHCR
• Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement
• provides access to information resources, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents
• Urban IDPs Online documentation platform on IDPs living in urban areas
• magazine with regular IDP news
• World 'forgets' internal refugees, BBC News Online, 5 November 2005
• Photojournalist's Account - Images of displacement in Sudan
• Refugee Law Project, Ugandan organisation working with IDPs
• Winter 2007 article in Ms. magazine about how the conflict in Colombia is affecting the health and rights of IDP women
•  : Malcolm Trevena's account of visiting the IDP camps in Kitgum, Northern Uganda
• IDP camps and latest IDP updates from Pakistan
• Natural Disaster - IDP situation and updates from Haiti