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Tupac Shakur

December 20, 2023

"Tupac" redirects here. For other uses, see Tupac (disambiguation).
"Makaveli" redirects here. For the Italian philosopher, see Machiavelli.

Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper. He is widely considered one of the most influential and successful rappers of all time.[1][2] Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. Much of Shakur's music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities.

Tupac Shakur
Shakur in 1991
Born
Lesane Parish Crooks

(1971-06-16)June 16, 1971
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 13, 1996(1996-09-13) (aged 25)
Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
Cause of deathDrive-by homicide (gunshot wounds)
Other names
  • 2Pac
  • Pac
  • 2Pacalypse
  • Makaveli
  • MC New York
Occupations
  • Rapper
  • songwriter
  • actor
Years active1989–1996
Spouse
Keisha Morris
​
​
(m. 1995; ann. 1996)​
Parents
Relatives
AwardsFull list
Musical career
OriginMarin City, California, U.S.
Genres
DiscographyTupac Shakur discography
Labels
Formerly of
Websitewww.2pac.com
Signature

Shakur was born in New York City to parents who were both political activists and Black Panther Party members. Raised by his mother, Afeni Shakur, he relocated to Baltimore in 1984 and to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988. With the release of his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991, he became a central figure in West Coast hip hop for his conscious rap lyrics.[3][4] Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow-up albums Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... (1993) and Me Against the World (1995).[5] His Diamond certified album All Eyez on Me (1996), the first double-length album in hip-hop history, abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap.[6] In addition to his music career, Shakur also found considerable success as an actor, with his starring roles in Juice (1992), Poetic Justice (1993), Above the Rim (1994), Bullet (1996), Gridlock'd (1997), and Gang Related (1997).

During the later part of his career, Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles, including incarceration. Shakur served eleven months in prison on sexual abuse charges, but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995.[7] Following his release, he signed to Marion "Suge" Knight's label Death Row Records and became heavily involved in the growing East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry.[8] On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unidentified assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later. Following his murder, Shakur's friend-turned-rival, the Notorious B.I.G., was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud; he was also murdered in another drive-by shooting six months later in March 1997, while visiting Los Angeles.[9][10]

Shakur's double-length posthumous album Greatest Hits (1998) is one of his two releases—and one of only nine hip hop albums—to have been certified Diamond in the United States.[11] Five more albums have been released since Shakur's death, including his critically acclaimed posthumous album The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory (1996)[12] under his stage name Makaveli, all of which have been certified Platinum in the United States.[13] In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame.[14] In 2017, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility.[15] Rolling Stone ranked Shakur among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[16] In 2023, he was awarded a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[17]

Early life

 
East Harlem, the neighborhood of New York City where Shakur was born

Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in East Harlem, Upper Manhattan, New York City.[18][19][20][21] While born Lesane Parish Crooks,[22][23][24] at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur.[25] He was named after Túpac Amaru II, the descendant of the last Incan ruler, who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule.[26] Shakur's mother Afeni Shakur explained, "I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world. I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood."[25]

Shakur had an older stepbrother, Mopreme "Komani" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa Shakur, two years his junior.[27]

Panther heritage

Shakur's parents, Afeni Shakur—born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina—and his biological father, William "Billy" Garland, had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[28] A month before Shakur's birth, his mother was tried in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial. She was acquitted of over 150 charges.[29][30]

Other family members who were involved in the Black Panthers' Black Liberation Army were convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned, including Shakur's stepfather, Mutulu Shakur, who spent four years among the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck, during which police officers and a guard were killed.[31]

Shakur's godfather, Elmer "Geronimo" Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery. After spending 27 years in prison, his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution's having concealed evidence that proved his innocence.[32][33]

Shakur's godmother, Assata Shakur, is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper and is still wanted by the FBI.[34]

Education

 
Shakur's Baltimore School of the Arts yearbook photograph, 1988

In the 1980s, Shakur's mother found it difficult to find work and she struggled with drug addiction.[35] In 1984, his family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland.[36] He attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School, then ninth grade at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.[36] He transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts in the tenth grade, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet.[37][38] He performed in Shakespeare's plays—depicting timeless themes, now seen in gang warfare, he would recall[39]—and as the Mouse King role in The Nutcracker ballet.[31]

At the Baltimore School for the Arts, Shakur befriended actress Jada Pinkett, who became a subject of some of his poems.[40] With his friend Dana "Mouse" Smith as beatbox, he won competitions as reputedly the school's best rapper.[41] Also known for his humor, he could mix with all crowds.[42] He listened to a diverse range of music that included Kate Bush, Culture Club, Sinéad O'Connor, and U2.[43]

Upon connecting with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA,[44][45] Shakur dated Mary Baldridge, who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA.[46][47] Baldridge, who was white, was described as an attractive young woman who was raised to look past color.[48]

In 1988, Shakur moved to Marin City, California, an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area.[49][50] In nearby Mill Valley, he attended Tamalpais High School,[51] where he performed in several theater productions.[52] Shakur did not graduate from high school, but he later earned his GED.[53]

Music career

MC New York

Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989.[54] That year, he began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg, and she soon became his manager.[55][49] Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope. Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory, manager of the rap group Digital Underground.[49] In 1990, Gregory placed him with the Underground as a roadie and backup dancer.[49][56]

Digital Underground

See also: Stretch (rapper) and Live Squad

In January 1991 Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac on Digital Underground, under a new record label, Interscope Records, on the group's January 1991 single "Same Song". The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, starring Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Chevy Chase, and Demi Moore.[49] The song opened the group's January 1991 EP titled This Is an EP Release,[49] while Shakur appeared in the music video.

At the request of Steinberg, Digital Underground co-founder Jimi "Chopmaster J" Dright worked with Shakur, Ray Luv and Dize, a DJ, on their earliest studio recordings. Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group, and added, "this guy was on a mission. From day one. Maybe he knew he wasn't going to be around seven years later."[57]

From 1988 to 1991, Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur's earliest work with his crew at the time, Strictly Dope.[58] The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released as The Lost Tapes: Circa 1989.[59] Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased as Beginnings: The Lost Tapes 1988–1991.[59][60]

Shakur's early days with Digital Underground made him acquainted with Randy "Stretch" Walker, who along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team, Live Squad, in Queens, New York.[61] Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground's 1991 album Sons of the P. Becoming fast friends, Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often.[61]

2Pacalypse Now

Main article: 2Pacalypse Now

Shakur's debut album, 2Pacalypse Now—alluding to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now—arrived in November 1991. Some prominent rappers—like Nas, Eminem, Game, and Talib Kweli—cite it as an inspiration.[62] Aside from "If My Homie Calls", the singles "Trapped" and "Brenda's Got a Baby" poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage.[63]

US Vice President Dan Quayle said, "There's no reason for a record like this to be released. It has no place in our society." Tupac, finding himself misunderstood,[39] explained, in part

I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males. When I said that, I didn't know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males, to be the media's kicking post for young black males.[64][65]

In any case, 2Pacalypse Now was certified Gold, half a million copies sold. The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day.[49]

Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...

Main article: Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z...

Shakur's second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z..., was released in February 1993.[66] A critical and commercial success, it debuted at No. 24 on the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200.[67] An overall more hardcore album, it emphasizes Tupac's sociopolitical views, and has a metallic production quality. The song "Last Wordz" features Ice Cube, co-writer of N.W.A's "Fuck tha Police", who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantly political, and gangsta rapper Ice-T, who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his band Body Count's track "Cop Killer".[66]

In its vinyl release, side A, tracks 1 to 8, is labeled the "Black Side", while side B, tracks 9 to 16, is the "Dark Side".[citation needed] The album carries the single "I Get Around", a party anthem featuring Digital Underground's Shock G and Money-B, which became Shakur's breakthrough, reaching No. 11 on the pop singles chart, the Billboard Hot 100.[67] And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit, "Keep Ya Head Up", an anthem for women's empowerment.[68] The album was certified Platinum, with a million copies sold. As of 2004, among Shakur albums, including posthumous and compilation albums, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... was 10th in sales at about 1,366,000 copies.[69]

Thug Life

 
The test pressing single for "Dear Mama": the Platinum single is among the top-ranked songs in hip-hop history.

In late 1993, Shakur formed the group Thug Life with Tyrus "Big Syke" Himes, Diron "Macadoshis" Rivers, his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur, and Walter "Rated R" Burns.[70] Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac.[71]

Thug Life released its only album, Thug Life, Volume I, on October 11, 1994, which is certified Gold. It carries the single "Pour Out a Little Liquor", produced by Johnny "J" Jackson, who would also produce much of Shakur's album All Eyez on Me. The track also appears on the Above the Rim soundtrack.[72] Due to gangsta rap being under heavy criticism at the time, the album's original version was scrapped, and the album redone with mostly new tracks. Still, along with Stretch, Tupac would perform the first planned single, "Out on Bail", which was never released, at the 1994 Source Awards.[73]

The Notorious B.I.G. and Junior M.A.F.I.A.

See also: The Notorious B.I.G.

In 1993, while visiting Los Angeles, the Notorious B.I.G. asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends. The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B.I.G. to Los Angeles.[74] During this period, at his own live shows, Shakur would call B.I.G. onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.[74] Together, they recorded the songs "Runnin' from tha Police" and "House of Pain".

Reportedly, B.I.G. asked Shakur to manage him, whereupon Shakur advised him that Sean Combs would make him a star.[74] Yet in the meantime, Shakur's lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B.I.G. who had not yet established himself.[74] Shakur welcomed B.I.G. to join his side group Thug Life, but he would instead form his own side group, the Junior M.A.F.I.A., with his Brooklyn friends Lil' Cease and Lil' Kim. Shakur had a falling out with B.I.G. after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994.[75]

Me Against the World

Main article: Me Against the World

Shakur's third album, Me Against the World, was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995.[76] It is now hailed as his magnum opus, and commonly ranks among the greatest, most influential rap albums.[76] The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240,000 copies in its first week, setting a then record for highest first-week sales for a solo male rapper.[77][78]

The lead single, "Dear Mama", was released in February 1995 with "Old School" as the B-side.[79] It is the album's most successful single, topping the Hot Rap Singles chart, and peaking at No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] In July, it was certified Platinum.[80] It ranked No. 51 on the year-end charts. The second single, "So Many Tears", was released in June 1995,[81] reaching No. 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No. 44 on Hot 100.[6] The final single, "Temptations", was released in August 1995.[82] It reached No. 68 on the Hot 100, No. 35 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, and No. 13 on the Hot Rap Singles.[6] Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for "Temptations".[83]

Shakur won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards.[84] In 2001, it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales, with about 3 million copies sold in the US.[85]

All Eyez on Me

Main article: All Eyez on Me

While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995, his mother was about to lose her house. Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contact Death Row Records founder Suge Knight in Los Angeles.[74] Reportedly, Shakur's mother promptly received $15,000.[74] After an August visit to Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state, Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony. Meanwhile, an East Coast–West Coast hip hop rivalry was brewing between Death Row and Bad Boy Records.[86] In October 1995, Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted $1.4 million bond.[87] Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending.[87]

Shakur's fourth album, All Eyez on Me, arrived on February 13, 1996.[88] It was rap's first double album—meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur's contract with Death Row—and bore five singles.[89] The album shows Shakur rapping about the gangsta lifestyle, leaving behind his previous political messages. With standout production, the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone.[6] Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that Shakur, once released from prison, became more aggressive, and "seemed like a completely transformed person".[90]

As Shakur's second album to hit No. 1 on both the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200,[6] it sold 566,000 copies in its first week and was it was certified 5× Multi-Platinum in April.[91] The singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[92] Death Row released Shakur's diss track "Hit 'Em Up" as the non-album B-side to "How Do U Want It". In this venomous tirade, the proclaimed "Bad Boy killer" threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy — B.I.G., Sean Combs, Junior M.A.F.I.A., the company — and on any in the East Coast rap scene, like rap duo Mobb Deep and rapper Chino XL, who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute.[93]

All Eyez on Me won R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards.[94] At the 1997 American Music Awards, Shakur won Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist.[95] The album was certified 9× Multi-Platinum in June 1998,[96] and 10× in July 2014.[97]

Posthumous albums

At the time of his death, a fifth and final solo album was already finished, The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli. It had been recorded in one week in August 1996 and released that year.[98][99] The lyrics were written and recorded in three days, and mixing took another four days. In 2005, MTV.com ranked The 7 Day Theory at No. 9 among hip hop's greatest albums ever,[100] and by 2006 a classic album.[101] Its singular poignance, through hurt and rage, contemplation and vendetta, resonate with many fans.[102]

According to George "Papa G" Pryce, Death Row Records' then director of public relations, the album was meant to be "underground", and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered.[103][unreliable source?] It peaked at No. 1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and on the Billboard 200,[104] with the second-highest debut-week sales total of any album that year.[105] On June 15, 1999, it was certified 4× Multi-Platinum.[106]

Later posthumous albums are archival productions, these albums are:

Film career

Shakur's first film appearance was in the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble, a cameo by the Digital Underground. In 1992, he starred in Juice, where he plays the fictional Roland Bishop, a militant and haunting individual. Rolling Stone's Peter Travers calls him "the film's most magnetic figure".[108]

In 1993, Shakur starred alongside Janet Jackson in John Singleton's romance film, Poetic Justice.[109] Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 film Higher Learning because the studio would not finance the film following his arrest.[110][111] For the lead role in the eventual 2001 film Baby Boy, a role played by Tyrese Gibson, Singleton originally had Shakur in mind.[112] Ultimately, the set design includes a Shakur mural in the protagonist's bedroom, and the film's score includes Shakur's song "Hail Mary".[113]

Director Allen Hughes had cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 film Menace II Society, but replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script. Nonetheless, in 2013, Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors "because he was bigger than the movie".[114]

Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 film Above the Rim.[115] By some accounts, that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealer Jacques "Haitian Jack" Agnant,[116] who managed and promoted rappers.[117] Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub.[74] Reportedly, B.I.G. advised Shakur to avoid him, but Shakur disregarded the warning.[74] Through Haitian Jack, Shakur met James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond, also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager.[116]

Soon after Shakur's death, three more films starring him were released, Bullet (1996), Gridlock'd (1997), and Gang Related (1997).[118][119]

Posthumous rumored roles and Star Wars

It was rumored that Shakur was being considered by George Lucas to portray Jedi Master Mace Windu in the Star Wars prequel films (1999–2005). According to former Death Row Records chief engineer Rick Clifford, George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the "Star Wars" saga. Clifford talked about how understandably excited Tupac was for the role, "'Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green, who was on 90210, then he found out I [worked on] some movies, so we always talked about his film career and stuff. [...] He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them. They wanted him to be a Jedi. I'm serious. Samuel L. [Jackson] got Tupac's part. [Tupac] said [to me], 'Old man, keep your fingers crossed.' He said, 'I've got three movies coming up. One of them, I've got to read for George Lucas."[120]

The Phantom Menace script had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999. Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur's untimely death the role ultimately went to Samuel L. Jackson. The two had worked on the film Juice together. The character's bald appearance could have also been an homage to Shakur.[120]

Personal life

In his 1995 interview with Vibe magazine, Shakur listed Jada Pinkett, Jasmine Guy, Treach and Mickey Rourke among the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison.[110] Shakur also mentioned that Madonna was a supportive friend.[110] Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994.[121][122]

Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts.[123] Shakur helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the film Menace II Society (1993).[124] In turn, Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcom A Different World in 1993.[125][126] She appeared in his music videos "Keep Ya Head Up" and "Temptations".[127][83] She also came up with the concept for his "California Love" music video and had intended to direct it, but she removed herself from the project.[128] In 1995, Pinkett contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.[129][130] Pinkett later revealed that she turned down his marriage proposal while he was incarcerated at Rikers Island in 1995.[131][132][133] Speaking about Pinkett, Shakur stated: "Jada is my heart. She will be my friend for my whole life. We'll be old together. Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it."[134] Pinkett said Shakur was "one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime."[135]

After Shakur was shot in 1994, he recuperated at Jasmine Guy's home.[136] They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcom A Different World in 1993.[136] Guy appeared in his music video "Temptations" and later wrote his mother's 2004 biography, Afeni Shakur: Evolution of a Revolutionary.[137][83]

Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy's tour in 1990.[138] He made a cameo in Naughty by Nature's music video "Uptown Anthem" in 1992.[139] Treach collaborated with Shakur on his song "5 Deadly Venomz" and appeared in his music video "Temptations".[83] Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996.[140]

Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movie Bullet in 1994.[141] Rourke recalled that Shakur "was there for me during some very hard times."[142]

Shakur had friendships with other celebrities, including Mike Tyson[143] Chuck D,[144] Jim Carrey,[145] and Alanis Morissette. In April 1996, Shakur said that he, Morrissette, Snoop Dogg, and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together.[146][147]

On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his then girlfriend Keisha Morris, a pre-law student.[7][148] Their marriage was annulled ten months later.[148]

In a 1993 interview published in The Source, Shakur criticized record producer Quincy Jones for his interracial marriage to actress Peggy Lipton.[149] Their daughter Rashida Jones responded with an irate open letter.[150] Shakur later apologized to her sister Kidada Jones, whom he began dating in 1996.[151] Shakur and Jones attended Men's Fashion Week in Milan and walked the runway together for a Versace fashion show.[152] Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot.[153]

Legal issues

Sexual assault case, prison sentence, appeal and release

In November 1993, Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sodomizing a woman in Shakur's hotel room. The woman, Ayanna Jackson, alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub, she went to his hotel room a later day, when Shakur, record executive Jacques "Haitian Jack" Agnant, Shakur's road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non-consensual oral sex on each of them.[154][155] Shakur was also charged with illegal possession of a firearm as two guns were found in the hotel room.[156] Interviewed on The Arsenio Hall Show, Shakur said he was hurt that "a woman would accuse me of taking something from her", as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life.[157]

On December 1, 1994, Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges, but convicted of two counts of first-degree sexual abuse for "forcibly touching the woman's buttocks" in his hotel room.[154][39] Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction.[158] Shakur's lawyer characterized the sentence as "out of line" with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at $3 million as "inhumane". Shakur's accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking $10 million for punitive damages which was subsequently settled.[159][160]

After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse, Jacques Agnant's case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration.[74][161] A. J. Benza reported in New York Daily News Shakur's new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case.[74][116] Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant and James "Henchman" Rosemond, who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting.[162]

Shakur was unable to post the $3 million dollar bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at the Bellevue Hospital Prison Ward in New York City on December 23, 1994.[163] At the time, he was still recovering from injuries he received on November 30, when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios.[164] In January 1995, Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command (NIC) on Rikers Island in the Bronx.[165] On February 7, 1995, he was sentenced to 18 months to 4 1/2 years in prison by a judge who decried "an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman".[156][166]

In March 1995, Shakur was transferred to Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora.[167] While imprisoned, he began reading again, which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits. Works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu sparked Shakur's interest in philosophy, philosophy of war and military strategy.[168] On April 29, 1995, Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris; the marriage was later annulled.[148] While in prison, Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such as Jim Carrey and Tony Danza among others.[169][170] He was also visited by Al Sharpton, who helped Shakur get released from solitary confinement.[171]

By October 1995, pending judicial appeal, Shakur was incarcerated in New York.[130] On October 12, he bonded out of the maximum security Dannemora Clinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction,[39] once Suge Knight, CEO of Death Row Records, arranged for posting of his $1.4 million bond.[53]

1993 shooting in Atlanta

On October 31, 1993, Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off-duty police officers, brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell.[172] The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives.[173] As they argued with the driver, Shakur's car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen.[174][175] However, there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs.[174][173] According to some witnesses, Shakur and his entourage had fired in self-defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first.[158]

Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault.[172] Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur's car and later with making false statements to investigators. Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from a Henry County police evidence room.[174] Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties.[175] Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting.[158] Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur; Mark Whitwell's suit was settled out of court, while Scott Whitwell's $2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper's estate in 1998.[175]

1994 Quad Studios shooting

On November 30, 1994, while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G, Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper.[176] Music manager James "Jimmy Henchman" Rosemond, reportedly offered Shakur $7,000 to stop by Quad Studios, in Times Square, that night to record a verse for his client Little Shawn.[74][176] Shakur was unsure, but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs. He arrived with Stretch and one or two others. In the lobby, three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint; Shakur resisted and was shot.[177] Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set-up.[177][164]

Against doctor's advice, Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital Center a few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actress Jasmine Guy to recuperate.[136][178] The next day, Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury's verdict for his sexual abuse case.[178] Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy's home.[136] The Fruit of Islam and former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him.[136]

Setup accusations involving the Notorious B.I.G.

In a 1995 interview with Vibe, Shakur accused Sean Combs,[179] Jimmy Henchman,[177] and the Notorious B.I.G, – who were at Quad Studios at the time – among others, of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting. Vibe alerted the names of the accused.[180] The accusations were significant to the East-West Coast rivalry in hip-hop; in 1995, months after the robbery, Combs and B.I.G. released the track "Who Shot Ya?", which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible, so he released a diss song, "Hit 'Em Up", in which he targeted B.I.G., Combs, their record label, Junior M.A.F.I.A., and at the end of "Hit 'Em Up", he mentions rivals Mobb Deep and Chino XL.[181][182][183][184][185]

In March 2008, Chuck Philips, in the Los Angeles Times, reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting.[186] The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged, supplied by a man convicted of fraud.[187] In June 2011, convicted murderer Dexter Isaac, incarcerated in Brooklyn, issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman's order.[188][189][190] Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources.[191]

Other criminal or civil cases

1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit

On October 17, 1991, two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking at a downtown intersection.[192] According to Shakur, officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him, throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete.[193][194] Shakur filed a $10 million lawsuit against the officers for police brutality.[192] The case was settled for about $43,000.[53] It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur's autoimmune disease alopecia, which led him to shave his head bald.[195][131]

Misdemeanor assault convictions

On April 5, 1993, charged with felonious assault, Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn, of the group M.A.D., at a concert at Michigan State University. Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show, that he never swung it, and that there was no criminal intent.[196] Nonetheless, on September 14, 1994, Shakur pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was sentenced to 30 days in jail, twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service.[197][196]

Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993 Hughes Brothers' film Menace II Society, Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film's directors, Allen Hughes. In early 1994, Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault.[198][199] The prosecution's evidence included a Yo! MTV Raps interview where Shakur boasts that he had "beat up the director of Menace II Society".[200]

Concealed weapon case

In 1994, Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles, when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding. Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car, a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm.[201] On April 4, 1996, Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job,[202] but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal. On June 7, his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases.[203]

1995 wrongful death suit

On August 22, 1992, in Marin City, Shakur performed outdoors at a festival. For about an hour after the performance, he signed autographs and posed for photos. A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carried Colt Mustang but dropped it on the ground. Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged.[204][205]

About 100 yards (90 meters) away in a schoolyard, Qa'id Walker-Teal, a boy aged 6 on his bicycle, was fatally shot in the forehead. Police matched the bullet to a .38-caliber pistol registered to Shakur. His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun, but no charges were filed. Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution. In 1995, Qa'id's mother filed a wrongful death suit against Shakur, which was settled for about $300,000 to $500,000.[204][205]

C. Delores Tucker lawsuit

Civil rights activist and fierce rap critic C. Delores Tucker sued Shakur's estate in federal court, claiming that lyrics in "How Do U Want It" and "Wonda Why They Call U Bitch" inflicted emotional distress, were slanderous, and invaded her privacy.[206] The case was later dismissed.[207]

Death

Main article: Murder of Tupac Shakur
 
East Flamingo Road and Koval Lane, where the murder occurred

On the night of September 7, 1996, Shakur was in Las Vegas, Nevada, to celebrate his business partner Tracy Danielle Robinson's birthday[208] and attended the Bruce Seldon vs. Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand. Afterward in the lobby one of Knight's associates spotted Orlando "Baby Lane" Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year. The hotel's surveillance footage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson. Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub, Club 662, in a black BMW 750iL sedan, part of a larger convoy.[209]

At about 11 pm on Las Vegas Boulevard, bicycle-mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates. The plates were found in the trunk and the car was released without a ticket.[210] At about 11:15 pm at a stop light, a white, four-door, late-model Cadillac sedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car. Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest[211] with one bullet entering his right lung.[212] Shards hit Knight's head. Frank Alexander, Shakur's bodyguard, was not in the car at the time. He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend, Kidada Jones.[213]

Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated and put on life support.[10] In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding.[10] He was pronounced dead at 4:03 pm.[10] The official causes of death are respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds.[10] Shakur's body was cremated the next day. Members of the Outlawz, recalling a line in his song "Black Jesus", (although uncertain of the artist's attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously) smoked some of his body's ashes after mixing them with marijuana.[214][215]

In 2002, investigative journalist Chuck Philips,[216][217] after a year of work, reported in the Los Angeles Times that Anderson, a Southside Compton Crip, having been attacked by Suge and Shakur's entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match, had fired the fatal gunshots, but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once, briefly, before his death in an unrelated shooting. Philips's 2002 article also alleges the involvement of Christopher "Notorious B.I.G." Wallace and several within New York City's criminal underworld. Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement, while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi.[218][unreliable source?] Music journalist John Leland, in The New York Times, called the evidence "inconclusive".[219]

In 2011, via the Freedom of Information Act, the FBI released documents related to its investigation which described an extortion scheme by the Jewish Defense League (classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI[220]) that included making death threats against Shakur and other rappers, but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder.[221][222]

On July 18, 2023, the Las Vegas Police Department executed a search warrant in connection with Shakur's murder.[223]

On September 29, 2023, the AP reported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect, Duane "Keefe D" Davis, in Shakur's murder. Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife’s home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson.[224] Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2, 2023 in Las Vegas.[225]

Artistry

Shakur's music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American, African-American, and global influences, including the Black Panther Party, black nationalism, egalitarianism, and the concept of liberty. Moreover, Shakur's artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works of William Shakespeare. Notably, he honed his theatrical skills as a student at the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent in inter-gang warfare and inter-cultural conflicts, reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas.[1]

2Pacalypse Now (1991), showcased his socially conscious perspective. Through powerful tracks like "Brenda's Got a Baby", "Trapped", and "Part Time Mutha", Shakur addressed social injustice, poverty, and police brutality. In doing so, he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such as Boogie Down Productions, Public Enemy, X-Clan, and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast.[4]

Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African-American people, Shakur's second album featured songs like "The Streetz R Deathrow" and "Last Wordz". Simultaneously, he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem "Keep Ya Head Up", and his legendary intensity with the title track from the album Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z... Additionally, he paid homage to his former group Digital Underground by including them on the playful track "I Get Around". Throughout his career, Shakur's subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach.[8]

Shakur's body of work encompassed contrasting themes, including social inequality, injustice, compassion, playfulness, and hope. These elements continued to shape his artistry, exemplified by his explosive 1995 album Me Against the World.[11] The release of All Eyez on Me in 1996 further solidified his reputation, with tracks like "Ambitionz Az a Ridah", "I Ain't Mad at Cha", "California Love", "Life Goes On", and "Picture Me Rollin'" being hailed as classics by critics. Shakur described All Eyez on Me as a celebration of life, and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success.[9]

Legacy and remembrance

 
A statue of Shakur at the MARTa museum in Herford, Germany

Shakur is considered one of the most influential rappers of all time.[226][227] with Rolling Stone listing him as one of greatest artists of all time.[228] He is widely credited as an important figure in hip hop culture, and his prominence in pop culture in general has been noted.[229] Dotdash, formerly About.com, while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers, nonetheless notes, "Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip-hop artist of all time. Even in death, 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure."[230] Yet to some, he was a "father figure" who, said rapper YG, "makes you want to be better—at every level."[231] In 2023, Billboard ranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time.

AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Shakur as "the unlikely martyr of gangsta rap", with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle. Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s, along with Snoop Dogg.[232] The online rap magazine AllHipHop held a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappers Cormega, citing tour experience with New York rap duo Mobb Deep, commented that B.I.G. ran New York, but Shakur ran America.[233] Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist, earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft.[234]

According to British writer Rob Marriott, he deemed the act of tying a bandana into rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world of hip-hop. Regarded as a sex symbol, his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day.[235][236]

In 2010, writing Rolling Stone magazine's entry on Shakur at No. 86 among the "100 greatest artists", New York rapper 50 Cent appraised

Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac. He didn't sound like anyone who came before him.[237]

External videos
  Booknotes interview with Michael Eric Dyson on Holler If You Hear Me: Searching for Tupac Shakur, November 4, 2001, C-SPAN

According to music journalist Chuck Philips, Shakur "had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form, setting the stage for the current global hip-hop phenomenon."[238] Philips writes, "The slaying silenced one of modern music's most eloquent voices—a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds."[238] Via numerous fans perceiving him, despite his questionable conduct, as a martyr, "the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use", Michael Eric Dyson concedes.[239] But Dyson adds, "Some, or even most, of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac's martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs."[239]

In 2014, BET explained that "his confounding mixture of ladies' man, thug, revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like, sound like and act like. In 50 Cent, Ja Rule, Lil Wayne, newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend-turned-rival B.I.G., it's easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time. There are murals bearing his likeness in New York, Brazil, Sierra Leone, Bulgaria and countless other places; he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany. Quite simply, no other rapper has captured the world's attention the way Tupac did and still does."[240] More simply, his writings, published after his death, inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED.[231] In 2020, former California Senator and current Vice-president Kamala Harris called Shakur the "best rapper alive", which she explained because "West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on".[241][242]

Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation

In 1997, Shakur's mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation. Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation, or TASF, it launched with a stated mission to "provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents." The TASF sponsors essay contests, charity events, a performing arts day camp for teenagers, and undergraduate scholarships. In June 2005, the TASF opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts, or TASCA, in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It closed in 2015.

Academic appraisal

In 1997, the University of California, Berkeley, offered a course led by a student titled "History 98: Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur".[243] In April 2003, Harvard University cosponsored the symposium "All Eyez on Me: Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero".[244] The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology.[244] Calling him a "Thug Nigga Intellectual", an "organic intellectual",[245] English scholar Mark Anthony Neal assessed his death as leaving a "leadership void amongst hip-hop artists",[246] as this "walking contradiction" helps, Neal explained, "make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people."[247]

Tracing Shakur's mythical status, Murray Forman discussed him as "O.G.", or "Ostensibly Gone", with fans, using digital mediums, "resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force."[248] Music scholar Emmett Price, calling him a "Black folk hero", traced his persona to Black American folklore's tricksters, which, after abolition, evolved into the urban "bad-man". Yet in Shakur's "terrible sense of urgency", Price identified instead a quest to "unify mind, body, and spirit."[248]

Graffiti of Tupac Shakur
 
East Harlem, New York City, US
 
Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Multimedia releases

In 2005, Death Row released on DVD, Tupac: Live at the House of Blues, his final recorded live performance, an event on July 4, 1996. In August 2006, Tupac Shakur Legacy, an "interactive biography" by Jamal Joseph, arrived with previously unpublished family photographs, intimate stories, and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics, contracts, scripts, poetry, and other papers. In 2006, the Shakur album Pac's Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.[249] In 2008, his estate made about $15 million.[250]

On April 15, 2012, at the Coachella Music Festival, rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre joined a Shakur "hologram" (Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram, technically it was a projection created with the Musion Eyeliner),[251][252][253] and, as a partly virtual trio, performed the Shakur songs "Hail Mary" and "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted".[254][255] There were talks of a tour,[256] but Dre refused.[257] Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached No. 129, while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains.[258]

Film and stage

The documentary film Tupac: Resurrection was released in November 2003. It was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2005 Academy Awards.[259]

In 2014, the play Holler If Ya Hear Me, based on Shakur's lyrics, played on Broadway, but, among Broadway's worst-selling musicals in recent years, ran only six weeks.[260] In development since 2013, a Shakur biopic, All Eyez on Me, began filming in Atlanta in December 2015.[261] It was released on June 16, 2017, on Shakur's 46th birthday,[262] albeit to generally negative reviews.

In August 2019, a docuseries directed by Allen Hughes, Outlaw: The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur, was announced.[263]

Unpublished works

On March 30, 2022, one of Shakur's earliest pieces of writing, an unpublished booklet of haiku poetry, was auctioned by Sotheby's estimated at $200,000 to $300,000 and hammered down at $302,400 plus buyer premium.[264] Shakur was 11 years old when he wrote and illustrated the booklet for Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther Party members while they were incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison. Even at his young age, Shakur's writing dealt with themes such as black liberation, mass incarceration, race, and masculinity. The booklet features a self-portrait of Shakur sleeping, pen in hand, dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison, and signed with a heart and the phrase "Tupac Shakur, Future Freedom Fighter".[265]

A dream is lovely.
You drift to another land.
I dream in the night.[266]

Awards and honors

In 2002, Shakur was inducted into the Hip-Hop Hall of Fame. In 2004, Shakur was among the honorees at the first Hip Hop Honors.[267]

In 2006, Shakur's close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated $1 million to their high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and named the new theater in his honor.[268][269] In 2021, Pinkett Smith honored Shakur's 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him.[123]

In 2009, drawing praise, the Vatican added "Changes", a 1998 posthumous track, to its online playlist.[270] On June 23, 2010, the Library of Congress added "Dear Mama" to the National Recording Registry, the third rap song.[271][272]

In 2015, the Grammy Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur.[273]

In his first year of eligibility, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.[15][274][275]

In January 2022, the exhibition Tupac Shakur: Wake Me When I'm Free opened at The Canvas at L.A. Live in Los Angeles.[276]

On May 16, 2023, Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue "Tupac Shakur Way".[277]

On June 7, 2023, Shakur received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[278][279][280] His half-sister, Sekyiwa "Set" Shakur, accepted the award in his honor.[281]

Rankings

  • 2002: Forbes magazine ranked Shakur at 10th among top-earning dead celebrities.[282]
  • 2003: MTV's viewers voted Shakur the greatest MC.[283]
  • 2005: Shakur was voted No.1 on Vibe's online poll of "Top 10 Best of All Time".[284]
  • 2006: MTV staff placed him second on its list of "The Greatest MCs Of All Time".[101]
  • 2012: The Source magazine ranked him No. 5 among "The Top 50 Lyricists".[285]
  • 2007: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed All Eyez on Me at No. 90 and Me Against the World at No. 170.[286]
  • 2010: Rolling Stone magazine placed Shakur at No. 86 among the "100 Greatest Artists".[237]
  • 2020: All Eyez on Me was ranked No. 436 on Rolling Stone's list of the "500 Greatest Albums Of All Time".[287]
  • 2023: Billboard ranked Shakur at number 4 of the top 50 rappers.[288]

Discography

Main articles: Tupac Shakur discography and songs
Studio albums
Posthumous studio albums
Collaboration albums
Posthumous collaboration album

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1991 Nothing but Trouble Himself (in a fictional context) Brief appearance as part of the group Digital Underground
1992 Juice Roland Bishop First starring role
1993 Poetic Justice Lucky Co-starred with Janet Jackson
1993 A Different World Piccolo Episode: Homie Don't Ya Know Me?
1993 In Living Color Himself Season 5, Episode: 3
1994 Above the Rim Birdie Co-starred with Duane Martin. Final film release during his lifetime
1995 Murder Was the Case: The Movie Sniper Uncredited; segment: "Natural Born Killaz"
1996 Saturday Night Special Himself (guest host) 1 episode
1996 Saturday Night Live Himself (musical guest) Episode: "Tom Arnold/Tupac Shakur"
1996 Bullet Tank Released one month after Shakur's death
1997 Gridlock'd Ezekiel "Spoon" Whitmore Released four months after Shakur's death
1997 Gang Related Detective Jake Rodriguez Shakur's last performance in a film
2001 Baby Boy Himself Archive footage
2003 Tupac: Resurrection Himself Archive footage
2009 Notorious Himself Archive footage
2015 Straight Outta Compton Himself Archive footage
2017 All Eyez on Me Himself Archive footage
2023 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts Himself Archive footage

Portrayals in film

Year Title Portrayed by Notes
2001 Too Legit: The MC Hammer Story Lamont Bentley Biographical film about MC Hammer
2009 Notorious Anthony Mackie Biographical film about the Notorious B.I.G.
2015 Straight Outta Compton Marcc Rose[289] Biographical film about N.W.A
2016 Surviving Compton: Dre, Suge & Michel'le Adrian Arthur Biographical film about Michel'le
2017 All Eyez on Me Demetrius Shipp, Jr.[290] Biographical film about Tupac Shakur[291]

Documentaries

Shakur's life has been explored in several documentaries, most notably the Academy Award-nominated Tupac: Resurrection (2003).

  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Thug Immortal
  • 1997: Tupac Shakur: Words Never Die (TV)
  • 2001: Tupac Shakur: Before I Wake...
  • 2001: Welcome to Deathrow
  • 2002: Tupac Shakur: Thug Angel
  • 2002: Biggie & Tupac
  • 2002: Tha Westside
  • 2003: 2Pac 4 Ever
  • 2003: Tupac: Resurrection
  • 2004: Tupac vs.
  • 2004: Tupac: The Hip Hop Genius (TV)
  • 2006: So Many Years, So Many Tears
  • 2015: Murder Rap: Inside the Biggie and Tupac Murders
  • 2017: Who killed Tupac?
  • 2017: Who Shot Biggie & Tupac?
  • 2018: Unsolved: Murders of Biggie and Tupac?
  • 2021: The Life & Death of Tupac Shakur[292]
  • 2023: Dear Mama

See also

References

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  2. ^ "8 Ways Tupac Shakur Changed the World". Rolling Stone. September 13, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  3. ^ Tupac Shakur – Thug Angel (The Life of an Outlaw). 2002.
  4. ^ a b Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C., eds. (February 28, 2010). Encyclopedia of African American History. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 254–257. ISBN 9781851097692.
  5. ^ Edwards, Paul (2009). How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC. Chicago Review Press. p. 330.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Huey, Steve (n.d.). "2Pac – All Eyez on Me". AllMusic. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  7. ^ a b Golus, Carrie (August 1, 2010). Tupac Shakur: Hip-Hop Idol. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 62, 92. ISBN 978-0-7613-5473-4.
  8. ^ a b Jay-Z (2011). Bailey, Julius (ed.). Essays on Hip Hop's Philosopher King. McFarland & Company. p. 55. ISBN 978-0786463299.
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  10. ^ a b c d e Koch, Ed (October 24, 1997). "Tupac Shakur's Death Certificate Details". numberonestars. Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
  11. ^ a b "2Pac's 'Greatest Hits' album certified Diamond". HYPEBEAST. July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  12. ^ "No Blasphemy: Why 2Pac's "The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory" Is Rap's Greatest Album". HipHopDX. November 5, 2018. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  13. ^ "The Best Selling Tupac Albums of All Time". 2PacLegacy.net. August 4, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  14. ^ . BET. December 30, 2006. Archived from the original on December 30, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  15. ^ a b "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame taps Tupac, Journey, Pearl Jam". USA TODAY. from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  16. ^ "100 Greatest Artists". Rolling Stone. December 3, 2010. from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
  17. ^ "Tupac Shakur posthumously receives star on Hollywood Walk of Fame". www.cbsnews.com. June 7, 2023. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
  18. ^ Abjorensen, Norman (2017). Historical Dictionary of Popular Music. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 455. ISBN 978-1-5381-0214-5.
  19. ^ Prestholdt, Jeremy (2019). Icons of Dissent: The Global Resonance of Che, Marley, Tupac and Bin Laden. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-1906-3214-4.
  20. ^ Cullen, Jim (2017). Democratic Empire: The United States Since 1945. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-119-02735-5.
  21. ^ Hoye, Jacob; Ali, Karolyn, eds. (2003). Tupac: Resurrection 1971–1996. New York: Atria Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-7434-7434-1.
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  23. ^ . Cathy Scott. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
  24. ^ Bass, Debra D. (September 4, 1997). "Book chronicling Shakur murder set to hit stores". Las Vegas Sun. from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  25. ^ a b Walker, Charles F. (February 26, 2014). "Tupac Shakur and Tupac Amaru". from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  26. ^ Cline, Sarah. "Colonial and Neocolonial Latin America (1750–1900)" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 5, 2010. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
  27. ^ . AllHipHop. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  28. ^ "Rare Interview With Tupac's Biological Father". Power 107.5. December 30, 2013. from the original on August 7, 2016.
  29. ^ Scott, Cathy (2002). The Killing of Tupac Shakur. Las Vegas, Nevada: Huntington Press. ISBN 978-0929712208.
  30. ^ (PDF). 2Pac Legacy. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
  31. ^ a b Sullivan, Randall (January 3, 2003). LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implication of Death Row Records' Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal. New York City: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3971-X.
  32. ^ "Geronimo Pratt: Black Panther leader who spent 27 years in jail for a crime he did not commit". The Independent. October 23, 2011.
  33. ^ Martin, Douglas (June 3, 2011). "Elmer G. Pratt, Jailed Panther Leader, Dies at 63". The New York Times. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  34. ^ Shakur, Assata (1987). An Autobiography of Assata Shakur. Lennox S. Hinds (foreword). Lawrence Hill Books. ISBN 0-88208-221-3.
  35. ^ Dazed (May 4, 2016). "The colourful life of Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur". Dazed. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  36. ^ a b Lewis, John (September 6, 2016). "Tupac Was Here". Baltimore Magazine. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
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  40. ^ Tupac's poem "Jada" appears in his book The Rose That Grew from Concrete, which also includes a poem dedicated to her, "The Tears in Cupid's Eyes".
  41. ^ Bastfield, Darrin Keith (2002). Back in the Day: My Life and Times with Tupac Shakur. Da Capo Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-345-44775-3.
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Further reading

  • Holley, Santi Elijah (2023). An Amerikan Family: The Shakurs and the Nation They Created. New York: Mariner Books. ISBN 9780358588764. OCLC 1345214629.

External links

  • Official website  
  • at the Wayback Machine (archived September 4, 2023)
  • "Expressing Myself, Silencing the Demons" ( September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine), interview with Chuck Philips
  • Tupac Shakur at IMDb
  • FBI Records: The Vault – Tupac Shakur at FBI.gov

December 20, 2023
tupac, shakur, tupac, redirects, here, other, uses, tupac, disambiguation, makaveli, redirects, here, italian, philosopher, machiavelli, tupac, amaru, shakur, ɑː, ʊər, pahk, shə, koor, born, lesane, parish, crooks, june, 1971, september, 1996, also, known, sta. Tupac redirects here For other uses see Tupac disambiguation Makaveli redirects here For the Italian philosopher see Machiavelli Tupac Amaru Shakur ˈ t uː p ɑː k ʃ e ˈ k ʊer TOO pahk she KOOR born Lesane Parish Crooks June 16 1971 September 13 1996 also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli was an American rapper He is widely considered one of the most influential and successful rappers of all time 1 2 Shakur is among the best selling music artists having sold more than 75 million records worldwide Much of Shakur s music has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities Tupac ShakurShakur in 1991BornLesane Parish Crooks 1971 06 16 June 16 1971New York City New York U S DiedSeptember 13 1996 1996 09 13 aged 25 Las Vegas Nevada U S Cause of deathDrive by homicide gunshot wounds Other names2PacPac2PacalypseMakaveliMC New YorkOccupationsRappersongwriteractorYears active1989 1996SpouseKeisha Morris m 1995 ann 1996 wbr ParentsAfeni ShakurBilly GarlandRelativesMutulu Shakur step father Assata Shakur step aunt Mopreme Shakur step brother Kastro cousin AwardsFull listMusical careerOriginMarin City California U S GenresHip hoppolitical hip hopWest Coast hip hopgangsta rapDiscographyTupac Shakur discographyLabelsInterscopeJiveAmaruDeath RowFormerly ofDigital UndergroundThug LifeOutlawzWebsitewww wbr 2pac wbr comSignatureShakur was born in New York City to parents who were both political activists and Black Panther Party members Raised by his mother Afeni Shakur he relocated to Baltimore in 1984 and to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988 With the release of his debut album 2Pacalypse Now in 1991 he became a central figure in West Coast hip hop for his conscious rap lyrics 3 4 Shakur achieved further critical and commercial success with his follow up albums Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z 1993 and Me Against the World 1995 5 His Diamond certified album All Eyez on Me 1996 the first double length album in hip hop history abandoned his introspective lyrics for volatile gangsta rap 6 In addition to his music career Shakur also found considerable success as an actor with his starring roles in Juice 1992 Poetic Justice 1993 Above the Rim 1994 Bullet 1996 Gridlock d 1997 and Gang Related 1997 During the later part of his career Shakur was shot five times in the lobby of a New York recording studio and experienced legal troubles including incarceration Shakur served eleven months in prison on sexual abuse charges but was released pending an appeal of his conviction in 1995 7 Following his release he signed to Marion Suge Knight s label Death Row Records and became heavily involved in the growing East Coast West Coast hip hop rivalry 8 On September 7 1996 Shakur was shot four times by an unidentified assailant in a drive by shooting in Las Vegas he died six days later Following his murder Shakur s friend turned rival the Notorious B I G was at first considered a suspect due to their public feud he was also murdered in another drive by shooting six months later in March 1997 while visiting Los Angeles 9 10 Shakur s double length posthumous album Greatest Hits 1998 is one of his two releases and one of only nine hip hop albums to have been certified Diamond in the United States 11 Five more albums have been released since Shakur s death including his critically acclaimed posthumous album The Don Killuminati The 7 Day Theory 1996 12 under his stage name Makaveli all of which have been certified Platinum in the United States 13 In 2002 Shakur was inducted into the Hip Hop Hall of Fame 14 In 2017 he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility 15 Rolling Stone ranked Shakur among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time 16 In 2023 he was awarded a posthumous star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 17 Contents 1 Early life 1 1 Panther heritage 1 2 Education 2 Music career 2 1 MC New York 2 2 Digital Underground 2 3 2Pacalypse Now 2 4 Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z 2 5 Thug Life 2 6 The Notorious B I G and Junior M A F I A 2 7 Me Against the World 2 8 All Eyez on Me 2 9 Posthumous albums 3 Film career 3 1 Posthumous rumored roles and Star Wars 4 Personal life 5 Legal issues 5 1 Sexual assault case prison sentence appeal and release 5 2 1993 shooting in Atlanta 5 3 1994 Quad Studios shooting 5 4 Setup accusations involving the Notorious B I G 5 5 Other criminal or civil cases 5 5 1 1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit 5 5 2 Misdemeanor assault convictions 5 5 3 Concealed weapon case 5 5 4 1995 wrongful death suit 5 5 5 C Delores Tucker lawsuit 6 Death 7 Artistry 8 Legacy and remembrance 8 1 Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation 8 2 Academic appraisal 8 3 Multimedia releases 8 4 Film and stage 8 5 Unpublished works 8 6 Awards and honors 8 6 1 Rankings 9 Discography 10 Filmography 10 1 Portrayals in film 10 2 Documentaries 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External linksEarly life nbsp East Harlem the neighborhood of New York City where Shakur was bornShakur was born on June 16 1971 in East Harlem Upper Manhattan New York City 18 19 20 21 While born Lesane Parish Crooks 22 23 24 at age one he was renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur 25 He was named after Tupac Amaru II the descendant of the last Incan ruler who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule 26 Shakur s mother Afeni Shakur explained I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary indigenous people in the world I wanted him to know he was part of a world culture and not just from a neighborhood 25 Shakur had an older stepbrother Mopreme Komani Shakur and a half sister Sekyiwa Shakur two years his junior 27 Panther heritage Shakur s parents Afeni Shakur born Alice Faye Williams in North Carolina and his biological father William Billy Garland had been active Black Panther Party members in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s 28 A month before Shakur s birth his mother was tried in New York City as part of the Panther 21 criminal trial She was acquitted of over 150 charges 29 30 Other family members who were involved in the Black Panthers Black Liberation Army were convicted of serious crimes and imprisoned including Shakur s stepfather Mutulu Shakur who spent four years among the FBI s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Mutulu Shakur was apprehended in 1986 and subsequently convicted for a 1981 robbery of a Brinks armored truck during which police officers and a guard were killed 31 Shakur s godfather Elmer Geronimo Pratt a high ranking Black Panther was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery After spending 27 years in prison his conviction was overturned due to the prosecution s having concealed evidence that proved his innocence 32 33 Shakur s godmother Assata Shakur is a former member of the Black Liberation Army who was convicted of the first degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper and is still wanted by the FBI 34 Education nbsp Shakur s Baltimore School of the Arts yearbook photograph 1988In the 1980s Shakur s mother found it difficult to find work and she struggled with drug addiction 35 In 1984 his family moved from New York City to Baltimore Maryland 36 He attended eighth grade at Roland Park Middle School then ninth grade at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School 36 He transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts in the tenth grade where he studied acting poetry jazz and ballet 37 38 He performed in Shakespeare s plays depicting timeless themes now seen in gang warfare he would recall 39 and as the Mouse King role in The Nutcracker ballet 31 At the Baltimore School for the Arts Shakur befriended actress Jada Pinkett who became a subject of some of his poems 40 With his friend Dana Mouse Smith as beatbox he won competitions as reputedly the school s best rapper 41 Also known for his humor he could mix with all crowds 42 He listened to a diverse range of music that included Kate Bush Culture Club Sinead O Connor and U2 43 Upon connecting with the Baltimore Young Communist League USA 44 45 Shakur dated Mary Baldridge who was the daughter of the director of the local chapter of the Communist Party USA 46 47 Baldridge who was white was described as an attractive young woman who was raised to look past color 48 In 1988 Shakur moved to Marin City California an impoverished community in the San Francisco Bay Area 49 50 In nearby Mill Valley he attended Tamalpais High School 51 where he performed in several theater productions 52 Shakur did not graduate from high school but he later earned his GED 53 Music careerMC New York Shakur began recording under the stage name MC New York in 1989 54 That year he began attending the poetry classes of Leila Steinberg and she soon became his manager 55 49 Steinberg organized a concert for Shakur and his rap group Strictly Dope Steinberg managed to get Shakur signed by Atron Gregory manager of the rap group Digital Underground 49 In 1990 Gregory placed him with the Underground as a roadie and backup dancer 49 56 Digital Underground See also Stretch rapper and Live Squad In January 1991 Shakur debuted under the stage name 2Pac on Digital Underground under a new record label Interscope Records on the group s January 1991 single Same Song The song was featured on the soundtrack of the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble starring Dan Aykroyd John Candy Chevy Chase and Demi Moore 49 The song opened the group s January 1991 EP titled This Is an EP Release 49 while Shakur appeared in the music video At the request of Steinberg Digital Underground co founder Jimi Chopmaster J Dright worked with Shakur Ray Luv and Dize a DJ on their earliest studio recordings Dright recalls that Shakur did not work well as part of a group and added this guy was on a mission From day one Maybe he knew he wasn t going to be around seven years later 57 From 1988 to 1991 Dright and Digital Underground produced Shakur s earliest work with his crew at the time Strictly Dope 58 The recordings were rediscovered in 2000 and released as The Lost Tapes Circa 1989 59 Afeni Shakur sued to stop the sale of the recordings but the suit was settled in June 2001 and rereleased as Beginnings The Lost Tapes 1988 1991 59 60 Shakur s early days with Digital Underground made him acquainted with Randy Stretch Walker who along with his brother dubbed Majesty and a friend debuted with an EP as a rap group and production team Live Squad in Queens New York 61 Stretch was featured on a track of the Digital Underground s 1991 album Sons of the P Becoming fast friends Shakur and Stretch recorded and performed together often 61 2Pacalypse Now Main article 2Pacalypse Now Shakur s debut album 2Pacalypse Now alluding to the 1979 film Apocalypse Now arrived in November 1991 Some prominent rappers like Nas Eminem Game and Talib Kweli cite it as an inspiration 62 Aside from If My Homie Calls the singles Trapped and Brenda s Got a Baby poetically depict individual struggles under socioeconomic disadvantage 63 US Vice President Dan Quayle said There s no reason for a record like this to be released It has no place in our society Tupac finding himself misunderstood 39 explained in part I just wanted to rap about things that affected young black males When I said that I didn t know that I was gonna tie myself down to just take all the blunts and hits for all the young black males to be the media s kicking post for young black males 64 65 In any case 2Pacalypse Now was certified Gold half a million copies sold The album addresses urban Black concerns said to remain relevant to the present day 49 Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z Main article Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z Shakur s second album Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z was released in February 1993 66 A critical and commercial success it debuted at No 24 on the pop albums chart the Billboard 200 67 An overall more hardcore album it emphasizes Tupac s sociopolitical views and has a metallic production quality The song Last Wordz features Ice Cube co writer of N W A s Fuck tha Police who in his own solo albums had newly gone militantly political and gangsta rapper Ice T who in June 1992 had sparked controversy with his band Body Count s track Cop Killer 66 In its vinyl release side A tracks 1 to 8 is labeled the Black Side while side B tracks 9 to 16 is the Dark Side citation needed The album carries the single I Get Around a party anthem featuring Digital Underground s Shock G and Money B which became Shakur s breakthrough reaching No 11 on the pop singles chart the Billboard Hot 100 67 And it carries the optimistic compassion of another hit Keep Ya Head Up an anthem for women s empowerment 68 The album was certified Platinum with a million copies sold As of 2004 among Shakur albums including posthumous and compilation albums Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z was 10th in sales at about 1 366 000 copies 69 Thug Life nbsp The test pressing single for Dear Mama the Platinum single is among the top ranked songs in hip hop history In late 1993 Shakur formed the group Thug Life with Tyrus Big Syke Himes Diron Macadoshis Rivers his stepbrother Mopreme Shakur and Walter Rated R Burns 70 Usually Thug Life performed live without Tupac 71 Thug Life released its only album Thug Life Volume I on October 11 1994 which is certified Gold It carries the single Pour Out a Little Liquor produced by Johnny J Jackson who would also produce much of Shakur s album All Eyez on Me The track also appears on the Above the Rim soundtrack 72 Due to gangsta rap being under heavy criticism at the time the album s original version was scrapped and the album redone with mostly new tracks Still along with Stretch Tupac would perform the first planned single Out on Bail which was never released at the 1994 Source Awards 73 The Notorious B I G and Junior M A F I A See also The Notorious B I G In 1993 while visiting Los Angeles the Notorious B I G asked a local drug dealer to introduce him to Shakur and they quickly became friends The pair would socialize when Shakur went to New York or B I G to Los Angeles 74 During this period at his own live shows Shakur would call B I G onto stage to rap with him and Stretch 74 Together they recorded the songs Runnin from tha Police and House of Pain Reportedly B I G asked Shakur to manage him whereupon Shakur advised him that Sean Combs would make him a star 74 Yet in the meantime Shakur s lifestyle was comparatively lavish to B I G who had not yet established himself 74 Shakur welcomed B I G to join his side group Thug Life but he would instead form his own side group the Junior M A F I A with his Brooklyn friends Lil Cease and Lil Kim Shakur had a falling out with B I G after he was shot at Quad Studios in 1994 75 Me Against the World Main article Me Against the World Shakur s third album Me Against the World was released while he was incarcerated in March 1995 76 It is now hailed as his magnum opus and commonly ranks among the greatest most influential rap albums 76 The album debuted at No 1 on the Billboard 200 and sold 240 000 copies in its first week setting a then record for highest first week sales for a solo male rapper 77 78 The lead single Dear Mama was released in February 1995 with Old School as the B side 79 It is the album s most successful single topping the Hot Rap Singles chart and peaking at No 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 6 In July it was certified Platinum 80 It ranked No 51 on the year end charts The second single So Many Tears was released in June 1995 81 reaching No 6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and No 44 on Hot 100 6 The final single Temptations was released in August 1995 82 It reached No 68 on the Hot 100 No 35 on the Hot R amp B Hip Hop Singles amp Tracks and No 13 on the Hot Rap Singles 6 Several celebrities showed their support for Shakur by appearing in the music video for Temptations 83 Shakur won best rap album at the 1996 Soul Train Music Awards 84 In 2001 it ranked 4th among his total albums in sales with about 3 million copies sold in the US 85 All Eyez on Me Main article All Eyez on Me While Shakur was imprisoned in 1995 his mother was about to lose her house Shakur had his wife Keisha Morris contact Death Row Records founder Suge Knight in Los Angeles 74 Reportedly Shakur s mother promptly received 15 000 74 After an August visit to Clinton Correctional Facility in northern New York state Knight traveled southward to New York City to attend the 2nd Annual Source Awards ceremony Meanwhile an East Coast West Coast hip hop rivalry was brewing between Death Row and Bad Boy Records 86 In October 1995 Knight visited Shakur in prison again and posted 1 4 million bond 87 Shakur returned to Los Angeles and joined Death Row with the appeal of his December 1994 conviction pending 87 Shakur s fourth album All Eyez on Me arrived on February 13 1996 88 It was rap s first double album meeting two of the three albums due in Shakur s contract with Death Row and bore five singles 89 The album shows Shakur rapping about the gangsta lifestyle leaving behind his previous political messages With standout production the album has more party tracks and often a triumphant tone 6 Music journalist Kevin Powell noted that Shakur once released from prison became more aggressive and seemed like a completely transformed person 90 As Shakur s second album to hit No 1 on both the Top R amp B Hip Hop Albums chart and the pop albums chart the Billboard 200 6 it sold 566 000 copies in its first week and was it was certified 5 Multi Platinum in April 91 The singles How Do U Want It and California Love reached No 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 92 Death Row released Shakur s diss track Hit Em Up as the non album B side to How Do U Want It In this venomous tirade the proclaimed Bad Boy killer threatens violent payback on all things Bad Boy B I G Sean Combs Junior M A F I A the company and on any in the East Coast rap scene like rap duo Mobb Deep and rapper Chino XL who allegedly had commented against Shakur about the dispute 93 All Eyez on Me won R amp B Soul or Rap Album of the Year at the 1997 Soul Train Music Awards 94 At the 1997 American Music Awards Shakur won Favorite Rap Hip Hop Artist 95 The album was certified 9 Multi Platinum in June 1998 96 and 10 in July 2014 97 Posthumous albums At the time of his death a fifth and final solo album was already finished The Don Killuminati The 7 Day Theory under the stage name Makaveli It had been recorded in one week in August 1996 and released that year 98 99 The lyrics were written and recorded in three days and mixing took another four days In 2005 MTV com ranked The 7 Day Theory at No 9 among hip hop s greatest albums ever 100 and by 2006 a classic album 101 Its singular poignance through hurt and rage contemplation and vendetta resonate with many fans 102 According to George Papa G Pryce Death Row Records then director of public relations the album was meant to be underground and was not intended for release before the artist was murdered 103 unreliable source It peaked at No 1 on Billboard s Top R amp B Hip Hop Albums chart and on the Billboard 200 104 with the second highest debut week sales total of any album that year 105 On June 15 1999 it was certified 4 Multi Platinum 106 Later posthumous albums are archival productions these albums are R U Still Down 1997 Greatest Hits 1998 Still I Rise 1999 Until the End of Time 2001 Better Dayz 2002 Loyal to the Game 2004 Pac s Life 2006 107 Film careerShakur s first film appearance was in the 1991 film Nothing but Trouble a cameo by the Digital Underground In 1992 he starred in Juice where he plays the fictional Roland Bishop a militant and haunting individual Rolling Stone s Peter Travers calls him the film s most magnetic figure 108 In 1993 Shakur starred alongside Janet Jackson in John Singleton s romance film Poetic Justice 109 Singleton later fired Shakur from the 1995 film Higher Learning because the studio would not finance the film following his arrest 110 111 For the lead role in the eventual 2001 film Baby Boy a role played by Tyrese Gibson Singleton originally had Shakur in mind 112 Ultimately the set design includes a Shakur mural in the protagonist s bedroom and the film s score includes Shakur s song Hail Mary 113 Director Allen Hughes had cast Shakur as Sharif in the 1993 film Menace II Society but replaced him once Shakur assaulted him on set due to a discrepancy with the script Nonetheless in 2013 Hughes appraises that Shakur would have outshone the other actors because he was bigger than the movie 114 Shakur played a gangster called Birdie in the 1994 film Above the Rim 115 By some accounts that character had been modeled after former New York drug dealer Jacques Haitian Jack Agnant 116 who managed and promoted rappers 117 Shakur was introduced to him at a Queens nightclub 74 Reportedly B I G advised Shakur to avoid him but Shakur disregarded the warning 74 Through Haitian Jack Shakur met James Jimmy Henchman Rosemond also a drug dealer who doubled as music manager 116 Soon after Shakur s death three more films starring him were released Bullet 1996 Gridlock d 1997 and Gang Related 1997 118 119 Posthumous rumored roles and Star Wars It was rumored that Shakur was being considered by George Lucas to portray Jedi Master Mace Windu in the Star Wars prequel films 1999 2005 According to former Death Row Records chief engineer Rick Clifford George Lucas was eyeing Tupac to star in his return to the Star Wars saga Clifford talked about how understandably excited Tupac was for the role Pac found out that I worked for Brian Austin Green who was on 90210 then he found out I worked on some movies so we always talked about his film career and stuff He was telling me that he was supposed to read for George Lucas and them They wanted him to be a Jedi I m serious Samuel L Jackson got Tupac s part Tupac said to me Old man keep your fingers crossed He said I ve got three movies coming up One of them I ve got to read for George Lucas 120 The Phantom Menace script had begun being written in 1996 and the eventual film seeing release in 1999 Lucas had asked Jackson to ask Shakur to audition but due to Shakur s untimely death the role ultimately went to Samuel L Jackson The two had worked on the film Juice together The character s bald appearance could have also been an homage to Shakur 120 Personal lifeIn his 1995 interview with Vibe magazine Shakur listed Jada Pinkett Jasmine Guy Treach and Mickey Rourke among the people who were looking out for him while he was in prison 110 Shakur also mentioned that Madonna was a supportive friend 110 Madonna later revealed that they had dated in 1994 121 122 Shakur became close friends with Jada Pinkett while attending the Baltimore School for the Arts 123 Shakur helped Pinkett land her first movie role in the film Menace II Society 1993 124 In turn Pinkett secured Shakur a guest starring role on the sitcom A Different World in 1993 125 126 She appeared in his music videos Keep Ya Head Up and Temptations 127 83 She also came up with the concept for his California Love music video and had intended to direct it but she removed herself from the project 128 In 1995 Pinkett contributed 100 000 towards Shakur s bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction 129 130 Pinkett later revealed that she turned down his marriage proposal while he was incarcerated at Rikers Island in 1995 131 132 133 Speaking about Pinkett Shakur stated Jada is my heart She will be my friend for my whole life We ll be old together Jada can ask me to do anything and she can have it 134 Pinkett said Shakur was one of my best friends He was like a brother It was beyond friendship for us The type of relationship we had you only get that once in a lifetime 135 After Shakur was shot in 1994 he recuperated at Jasmine Guy s home 136 They had met during his guest appearance on the sitcom A Different World in 1993 136 Guy appeared in his music video Temptations and later wrote his mother s 2004 biography Afeni Shakur Evolution of a Revolutionary 137 83 Shakur befriended Treach when they were both roadies on Public Enemy s tour in 1990 138 He made a cameo in Naughty by Nature s music video Uptown Anthem in 1992 139 Treach collaborated with Shakur on his song 5 Deadly Venomz and appeared in his music video Temptations 83 Treach was also a speaker at a public memorial service for Shakur in 1996 140 Shakur and Mickey Rourke formed a bond while filming the movie Bullet in 1994 141 Rourke recalled that Shakur was there for me during some very hard times 142 Shakur had friendships with other celebrities including Mike Tyson 143 Chuck D 144 Jim Carrey 145 and Alanis Morissette In April 1996 Shakur said that he Morrissette Snoop Dogg and Suge Knight were planning to open a restaurant together 146 147 On April 29 1995 Shakur married his then girlfriend Keisha Morris a pre law student 7 148 Their marriage was annulled ten months later 148 In a 1993 interview published in The Source Shakur criticized record producer Quincy Jones for his interracial marriage to actress Peggy Lipton 149 Their daughter Rashida Jones responded with an irate open letter 150 Shakur later apologized to her sister Kidada Jones whom he began dating in 1996 151 Shakur and Jones attended Men s Fashion Week in Milan and walked the runway together for a Versace fashion show 152 Jones was at their hotel in Las Vegas when Shakur was shot 153 Legal issuesSexual assault case prison sentence appeal and release In November 1993 Shakur and two other men were charged in New York with sodomizing a woman in Shakur s hotel room The woman Ayanna Jackson alleged that after she performed oral sex on Shakur at the public dance floor of a Manhattan nightclub she went to his hotel room a later day when Shakur record executive Jacques Haitian Jack Agnant Shakur s road manager Charles Fuller and an unidentified fourth man apprehended and forced her to perform non consensual oral sex on each of them 154 155 Shakur was also charged with illegal possession of a firearm as two guns were found in the hotel room 156 Interviewed on The Arsenio Hall Show Shakur said he was hurt that a woman would accuse me of taking something from her as he had been raised in a female household and surrounded by women his whole life 157 On December 1 1994 Shakur was acquitted of three counts of sodomy and the associated gun charges but convicted of two counts of first degree sexual abuse for forcibly touching the woman s buttocks in his hotel room 154 39 Jurors have said the lack of evidence stymied a sodomy conviction 158 Shakur s lawyer characterized the sentence as out of line with the groping conviction and the setting of bail at 3 million as inhumane Shakur s accuser later filed a civil suit against Shakur seeking 10 million for punitive damages which was subsequently settled 159 160 After Shakur had been convicted of sexual abuse Jacques Agnant s case was separated and closed via misdemeanor plea without incarceration 74 161 A J Benza reported in New York Daily News Shakur s new disdain for Agnant who Shakur theorized had set him up with the case 74 116 Shakur reportedly believed his accuser was connected to and had sexual relations with Agnant and James Henchman Rosemond who he considered to be behind the 1994 Quad Studios shooting 162 Shakur was unable to post the 3 million dollar bond to keep himself free until sentencing so he surrendered himself to authorities at the Bellevue Hospital Prison Ward in New York City on December 23 1994 163 At the time he was still recovering from injuries he received on November 30 when he was shot five times and robbed at Quad Studios 164 In January 1995 Shakur was moved to the North Infirmary Command NIC on Rikers Island in the Bronx 165 On February 7 1995 he was sentenced to 18 months to 4 1 2 years in prison by a judge who decried an act of brutal violence against a helpless woman 156 166 In March 1995 Shakur was transferred to Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora 167 While imprisoned he began reading again which he had been unable to do as his career progressed due to his marijuana and alcohol habits Works such as The Prince by Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli and The Art of War by Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu sparked Shakur s interest in philosophy philosophy of war and military strategy 168 On April 29 1995 Shakur married his girlfriend Keisha Morris the marriage was later annulled 148 While in prison Shakur exchanged letters with celebrities such as Jim Carrey and Tony Danza among others 169 170 He was also visited by Al Sharpton who helped Shakur get released from solitary confinement 171 By October 1995 pending judicial appeal Shakur was incarcerated in New York 130 On October 12 he bonded out of the maximum security Dannemora Clinton Correctional Facility in the process of appealing his conviction 39 once Suge Knight CEO of Death Row Records arranged for posting of his 1 4 million bond 53 1993 shooting in Atlanta On October 31 1993 Shakur was arrested in Atlanta for shooting two off duty police officers brothers Mark Whitwell and Scott Whitwell 172 The Atlanta police claimed the shooting occurred after the brothers were almost struck by a car carrying Shakur while they were crossing the street with their wives 173 As they argued with the driver Shakur s car pulled up and he shot the Whitwells in the buttocks and the abdomen 174 175 However there are conflicting accounts that the Whitwells were harassing a black motorist and uttered racial slurs 174 173 According to some witnesses Shakur and his entourage had fired in self defense as Mark Whitwell shot at them first 158 Shakur was charged with two counts of aggravated assault 172 Mark Whitwell was charged with firing at Shakur s car and later with making false statements to investigators Scott Whitwell admitted to possessing a gun he had taken from a Henry County police evidence room 174 Prosecutors ultimately dropped all charges against both parties 175 Mark Whitwell resigned from the force seven months after the shooting 158 Both brothers filed civil suits against Shakur Mark Whitwell s suit was settled out of court while Scott Whitwell s 2 million lawsuit resulted in a default judgment entered against the rapper s estate in 1998 175 1994 Quad Studios shooting On November 30 1994 while in New York recording verses for a mixtape of Ron G Shakur was repeatedly distracted by his beeper 176 Music manager James Jimmy Henchman Rosemond reportedly offered Shakur 7 000 to stop by Quad Studios in Times Square that night to record a verse for his client Little Shawn 74 176 Shakur was unsure but agreed to the session as he needed the cash to offset legal costs He arrived with Stretch and one or two others In the lobby three men robbed and beat him at gunpoint Shakur resisted and was shot 177 Shakur speculated that the shooting had been a set up 177 164 Against doctor s advice Shakur checked out of Metropolitan Hospital Center a few hours after surgery and secretly went to the house of the actress Jasmine Guy to recuperate 136 178 The next day Shakur arrived at a Manhattan courthouse bandaged in a wheelchair to receive the jury s verdict for his sexual abuse case 178 Shakur spent the next few weeks being cared for by his mother and a private doctor at Guy s home 136 The Fruit of Islam and former members of the Black Panther Party stood guard to protect him 136 Setup accusations involving the Notorious B I G In a 1995 interview with Vibe Shakur accused Sean Combs 179 Jimmy Henchman 177 and the Notorious B I G who were at Quad Studios at the time among others of setting up or being privy to the November 1994 robbery and shooting Vibe alerted the names of the accused 180 The accusations were significant to the East West Coast rivalry in hip hop in 1995 months after the robbery Combs and B I G released the track Who Shot Ya which Shakur took as a mockery of his shooting and thought they could be responsible so he released a diss song Hit Em Up in which he targeted B I G Combs their record label Junior M A F I A and at the end of Hit Em Up he mentions rivals Mobb Deep and Chino XL 181 182 183 184 185 In March 2008 Chuck Philips in the Los Angeles Times reported on the 1994 ambush and shooting 186 The newspaper later retracted the article since it relied partially on FBI documents later discovered forged supplied by a man convicted of fraud 187 In June 2011 convicted murderer Dexter Isaac incarcerated in Brooklyn issued a confession that he had been one of the gunmen who had robbed and shot Shakur at Henchman s order 188 189 190 Philips then named Isaac as one of his own retracted article s unnamed sources 191 Other criminal or civil cases 1991 Oakland Police Department lawsuit On October 17 1991 two Oakland Police Department officers stopped Shakur for jaywalking at a downtown intersection 192 According to Shakur officers Alex Boyovic and Kevin Rogers asked him for his ID and pressed him about his name before choking him throwing him to the ground and slamming his head on the concrete 193 194 Shakur filed a 10 million lawsuit against the officers for police brutality 192 The case was settled for about 43 000 53 It was later revealed that this incident was the onset of Shakur s autoimmune disease alopecia which led him to shave his head bald 195 131 Misdemeanor assault convictions On April 5 1993 charged with felonious assault Shakur allegedly threw a microphone and swung a baseball bat at rapper Chauncey Wynn of the group M A D at a concert at Michigan State University Shakur claimed the bat was a part of his show that he never swung it and that there was no criminal intent 196 Nonetheless on September 14 1994 Shakur pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was sentenced to 30 days in jail twenty of them suspended on condition that he complete 35 hours of community service 197 196 Slated to star as Sharif in the 1993 Hughes Brothers film Menace II Society Shakur was replaced by actor Vonte Sweet after allegedly assaulting one of the film s directors Allen Hughes In early 1994 Shakur served 15 days in jail after being found guilty of the assault 198 199 The prosecution s evidence included a Yo MTV Raps interview where Shakur boasts that he had beat up the director of Menace II Society 200 Concealed weapon case In 1994 Shakur was arrested in Los Angeles when he was stopped by police on suspicion of speeding Police found a semiautomatic pistol in the car a felony offense because a prior conviction in 1993 in Los Angeles for carrying a concealed firearm 201 On April 4 1996 Shakur was sentenced to 120 days in jail for violating his release terms and failing to appear for a road cleanup job 202 but was allowed to remain free awaiting appeal On June 7 his sentence was deferred via appeals pending in other cases 203 1995 wrongful death suit On August 22 1992 in Marin City Shakur performed outdoors at a festival For about an hour after the performance he signed autographs and posed for photos A conflict broke out and Shakur allegedly drew a legally carried Colt Mustang but dropped it on the ground Shakur claimed that someone with him then picked it up when it accidentally discharged 204 205 About 100 yards 90 meters away in a schoolyard Qa id Walker Teal a boy aged 6 on his bicycle was fatally shot in the forehead Police matched the bullet to a 38 caliber pistol registered to Shakur His stepbrother Maurice Harding was arrested in suspicion of having fired the gun but no charges were filed Lack of witnesses stymied prosecution In 1995 Qa id s mother filed a wrongful death suit against Shakur which was settled for about 300 000 to 500 000 204 205 C Delores Tucker lawsuit Civil rights activist and fierce rap critic C Delores Tucker sued Shakur s estate in federal court claiming that lyrics in How Do U Want It and Wonda Why They Call U Bitch inflicted emotional distress were slanderous and invaded her privacy 206 The case was later dismissed 207 DeathMain article Murder of Tupac Shakur nbsp East Flamingo Road and Koval Lane where the murder occurredOn the night of September 7 1996 Shakur was in Las Vegas Nevada to celebrate his business partner Tracy Danielle Robinson s birthday 208 and attended the Bruce Seldon vs Mike Tyson boxing match with Suge Knight at the MGM Grand Afterward in the lobby one of Knight s associates spotted Orlando Baby Lane Anderson a Southside Compton Crip and told Shakur he had tried to rob them earlier that year The hotel s surveillance footage shows the ensuing assault on Anderson Shakur soon stopped by his hotel room and then headed with Knight to his Death Row nightclub Club 662 in a black BMW 750iL sedan part of a larger convoy 209 At about 11 pm on Las Vegas Boulevard bicycle mounted police stopped the car for its loud music and lack of license plates The plates were found in the trunk and the car was released without a ticket 210 At about 11 15 pm at a stop light a white four door late model Cadillac sedan pulled up to the passenger side and an occupant rapidly fired into the car Shakur was struck four times once in the arm once in the thigh and twice in the chest 211 with one bullet entering his right lung 212 Shards hit Knight s head Frank Alexander Shakur s bodyguard was not in the car at the time He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur s girlfriend Kidada Jones 213 Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated and put on life support 10 In the intensive care unit on the afternoon of September 13 1996 Shakur died from internal bleeding 10 He was pronounced dead at 4 03 pm 10 The official causes of death are respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest associated with multiple gunshot wounds 10 Shakur s body was cremated the next day Members of the Outlawz recalling a line in his song Black Jesus although uncertain of the artist s attempt at a literal meaning chose to interpret the request seriously smoked some of his body s ashes after mixing them with marijuana 214 215 In 2002 investigative journalist Chuck Philips 216 217 after a year of work reported in the Los Angeles Times that Anderson a Southside Compton Crip having been attacked by Suge and Shakur s entourage at the MGM Hotel after the boxing match had fired the fatal gunshots but that Las Vegas police had interviewed him only once briefly before his death in an unrelated shooting Philips s 2002 article also alleges the involvement of Christopher Notorious B I G Wallace and several within New York City s criminal underworld Both Anderson and Wallace denied involvement while Wallace offered a confirmed alibi 218 unreliable source Music journalist John Leland in The New York Times called the evidence inconclusive 219 In 2011 via the Freedom of Information Act the FBI released documents related to its investigation which described an extortion scheme by the Jewish Defense League classified as a right wing terrorist group by the FBI 220 that included making death threats against Shakur and other rappers but did not indicate a direct connection to his murder 221 222 On July 18 2023 the Las Vegas Police Department executed a search warrant in connection with Shakur s murder 223 On September 29 2023 the AP reported that Las Vegas police had arrested a suspect Duane Keefe D Davis in Shakur s murder Police had two months previously served a search warrant at his wife s home in the Las Vegas suburb of Henderson 224 Davis pleaded not guilty on November 2 2023 in Las Vegas 225 ArtistryShakur s music and philosophical outlook were deeply influenced by a wide range of American African American and global influences including the Black Panther Party black nationalism egalitarianism and the concept of liberty Moreover Shakur s artistic sensibilities were enriched by his passion for theater and admiration for the works of William Shakespeare Notably he honed his theatrical skills as a student at the Baltimore School for the Arts where he delved into the psychological complexities inherent in inter gang warfare and inter cultural conflicts reflecting themes explored in Shakespearean dramas 1 2Pacalypse Now 1991 showcased his socially conscious perspective Through powerful tracks like Brenda s Got a Baby Trapped and Part Time Mutha Shakur addressed social injustice poverty and police brutality In doing so he contributed to the ongoing success of rap groups such as Boogie Down Productions Public Enemy X Clan and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five while establishing himself as one of the pioneering socially conscious rappers from the West Coast 4 Continuing his focus on the social challenges faced by African American people Shakur s second album featured songs like The Streetz R Deathrow and Last Wordz Simultaneously he showcased his compassionate side with the empowering anthem Keep Ya Head Up and his legendary intensity with the title track from the album Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z Additionally he paid homage to his former group Digital Underground by including them on the playful track I Get Around Throughout his career Shakur s subsequent albums reflected a growing assertiveness in his approach 8 Shakur s body of work encompassed contrasting themes including social inequality injustice compassion playfulness and hope These elements continued to shape his artistry exemplified by his explosive 1995 album Me Against the World 11 The release of All Eyez on Me in 1996 further solidified his reputation with tracks like Ambitionz Az a Ridah I Ain t Mad at Cha California Love Life Goes On and Picture Me Rollin being hailed as classics by critics Shakur described All Eyez on Me as a celebration of life and the album achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success 9 Legacy and remembrance nbsp A statue of Shakur at the MARTa museum in Herford GermanyShakur is considered one of the most influential rappers of all time 226 227 with Rolling Stone listing him as one of greatest artists of all time 228 He is widely credited as an important figure in hip hop culture and his prominence in pop culture in general has been noted 229 Dotdash formerly About com while ranking him fifth among the greatest rappers nonetheless notes Tupac Shakur is the most influential hip hop artist of all time Even in death 2Pac remains a transcendental rap figure 230 Yet to some he was a father figure who said rapper YG makes you want to be better at every level 231 In 2023 Billboard ranked Tupac at number 4 among the top 50 rappers of all time AllMusic s Stephen Thomas Erlewine described Shakur as the unlikely martyr of gangsta rap with Shakur paying the ultimate price of a criminal lifestyle Shakur was described as one of the top two American rappers in the 1990s along with Snoop Dogg 232 The online rap magazine AllHipHop held a 2007 roundtable at which New York rappers Cormega citing tour experience with New York rap duo Mobb Deep commented that B I G ran New York but Shakur ran America 233 Shakur emerged as a celebrated artist earning recognition for his astonishingly prolific output and unwavering commitment to his craft 234 According to British writer Rob Marriott he deemed the act of tying a bandana into rabbit ears as one of the most distinctive and instantly recognizable style choices in the world of hip hop Regarded as a sex symbol his unique style helped shape the fashion landscape of the 1990s and continues to influence artists and fashion enthusiasts to this day 235 236 In 2010 writing Rolling Stone magazine s entry on Shakur at No 86 among the 100 greatest artists New York rapper 50 Cent appraised Every rapper who grew up in the Nineties owes something to Tupac He didn t sound like anyone who came before him 237 External videos nbsp Booknotes interview with Michael Eric Dyson on Holler If You Hear Me Searching for Tupac Shakur November 4 2001 C SPANAccording to music journalist Chuck Philips Shakur had helped elevate rap from a crude street fad to a complex art form setting the stage for the current global hip hop phenomenon 238 Philips writes The slaying silenced one of modern music s most eloquent voices a ghetto poet whose tales of urban alienation captivated young people of all races and backgrounds 238 Via numerous fans perceiving him despite his questionable conduct as a martyr the downsizing of martyrdom cheapens its use Michael Eric Dyson concedes 239 But Dyson adds Some or even most of that criticism can be conceded without doing damage to Tupac s martyrdom in the eyes of those disappointed by more traditional martyrs 239 In 2014 BET explained that his confounding mixture of ladies man thug revolutionary and poet has forever altered our perception of what a rapper should look like sound like and act like In 50 Cent Ja Rule Lil Wayne newcomers like Freddie Gibbs and even his friend turned rival B I G it s easy to see that Pac is the most copied MC of all time There are murals bearing his likeness in New York Brazil Sierra Leone Bulgaria and countless other places he even has statues in Atlanta and Germany Quite simply no other rapper has captured the world s attention the way Tupac did and still does 240 More simply his writings published after his death inspired rapper YG to return to school and get his GED 231 In 2020 former California Senator and current Vice president Kamala Harris called Shakur the best rapper alive which she explained because West Coast girls think 2Pac lives on 241 242 Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation In 1997 Shakur s mother founded the Shakur Family Foundation Later renamed the Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation or TASF it launched with a stated mission to provide training and support for students who aspire to enhance their creative talents The TASF sponsors essay contests charity events a performing arts day camp for teenagers and undergraduate scholarships In June 2005 the TASF opened the Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts or TASCA in Stone Mountain Georgia It closed in 2015 Academic appraisal In 1997 the University of California Berkeley offered a course led by a student titled History 98 Poetry and History of Tupac Shakur 243 In April 2003 Harvard University cosponsored the symposium All Eyez on Me Tupac Shakur and the Search for the Modern Folk Hero 244 The papers presented cover his ranging influence from entertainment to sociology 244 Calling him a Thug Nigga Intellectual an organic intellectual 245 English scholar Mark Anthony Neal assessed his death as leaving a leadership void amongst hip hop artists 246 as this walking contradiction helps Neal explained make being an intellectual accessible to ordinary people 247 Tracing Shakur s mythical status Murray Forman discussed him as O G or Ostensibly Gone with fans using digital mediums resurrecting Tupac as an ethereal life force 248 Music scholar Emmett Price calling him a Black folk hero traced his persona to Black American folklore s tricksters which after abolition evolved into the urban bad man Yet in Shakur s terrible sense of urgency Price identified instead a quest to unify mind body and spirit 248 Graffiti of Tupac Shakur nbsp East Harlem New York City US nbsp Ipanema Rio de Janeiro Brazil Multimedia releases In 2005 Death Row released on DVD Tupac Live at the House of Blues his final recorded live performance an event on July 4 1996 In August 2006 Tupac Shakur Legacy an interactive biography by Jamal Joseph arrived with previously unpublished family photographs intimate stories and over 20 detachable copies of his handwritten song lyrics contracts scripts poetry and other papers In 2006 the Shakur album Pac s Life was released and like the previous was among the recording industry s most popular releases 249 In 2008 his estate made about 15 million 250 On April 15 2012 at the Coachella Music Festival rappers Snoop Dogg and Dr Dre joined a Shakur hologram Although the media referred to the technology as a hologram technically it was a projection created with the Musion Eyeliner 251 252 253 and as a partly virtual trio performed the Shakur songs Hail Mary and 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted 254 255 There were talks of a tour 256 but Dre refused 257 Meanwhile the Greatest Hits album released in 1998 and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart the Billboard 200 returned to the chart and reached No 129 while also other Shakur albums and singles drew sales gains 258 Film and stage The documentary film Tupac Resurrection was released in November 2003 It was nominated for Best Documentary at the 2005 Academy Awards 259 In 2014 the play Holler If Ya Hear Me based on Shakur s lyrics played on Broadway but among Broadway s worst selling musicals in recent years ran only six weeks 260 In development since 2013 a Shakur biopic All Eyez on Me began filming in Atlanta in December 2015 261 It was released on June 16 2017 on Shakur s 46th birthday 262 albeit to generally negative reviews In August 2019 a docuseries directed by Allen Hughes Outlaw The Saga of Afeni and Tupac Shakur was announced 263 Unpublished works On March 30 2022 one of Shakur s earliest pieces of writing an unpublished booklet of haiku poetry was auctioned by Sotheby s estimated at 200 000 to 300 000 and hammered down at 302 400 plus buyer premium 264 Shakur was 11 years old when he wrote and illustrated the booklet for Jamal Joseph and three other Black Panther Party members while they were incarcerated at Leavenworth Prison Even at his young age Shakur s writing dealt with themes such as black liberation mass incarceration race and masculinity The booklet features a self portrait of Shakur sleeping pen in hand dreaming of the Black Panthers being freed from prison and signed with a heart and the phrase Tupac Shakur Future Freedom Fighter 265 A dream is lovely You drift to another land I dream in the night 266 Awards and honors In 2002 Shakur was inducted into the Hip Hop Hall of Fame In 2004 Shakur was among the honorees at the first Hip Hop Honors 267 In 2006 Shakur s close friend and classmate Jada Pinkett Smith donated 1 million to their high school alma mater the Baltimore School for the Arts and named the new theater in his honor 268 269 In 2021 Pinkett Smith honored Shakur s 50th birthday by releasing a never before seen poem she had received from him 123 In 2009 drawing praise the Vatican added Changes a 1998 posthumous track to its online playlist 270 On June 23 2010 the Library of Congress added Dear Mama to the National Recording Registry the third rap song 271 272 In 2015 the Grammy Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Shakur 273 In his first year of eligibility Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7 2017 15 274 275 In January 2022 the exhibition Tupac Shakur Wake Me When I m Free opened at The Canvas at L A Live in Los Angeles 276 On May 16 2023 Oakland City Council voted to name the section of MacArthur Boulevard between Grand Avenue and Van Buren Avenue Tupac Shakur Way 277 On June 7 2023 Shakur received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 278 279 280 His half sister Sekyiwa Set Shakur accepted the award in his honor 281 Rankings 2002 Forbes magazine ranked Shakur at 10th among top earning dead celebrities 282 2003 MTV s viewers voted Shakur the greatest MC 283 2005 Shakur was voted No 1 on Vibe s online poll of Top 10 Best of All Time 284 2006 MTV staff placed him second on its list of The Greatest MCs Of All Time 101 2012 The Source magazine ranked him No 5 among The Top 50 Lyricists 285 2007 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame placed All Eyez on Me at No 90 and Me Against the World at No 170 286 2010 Rolling Stone magazine placed Shakur at No 86 among the 100 Greatest Artists 237 2020 All Eyez on Me was ranked No 436 on Rolling Stone s list of the 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time 287 2023 Billboard ranked Shakur at number 4 of the top 50 rappers 288 DiscographyMain articles Tupac Shakur discography and songs Studio albums2Pacalypse Now 1991 Strictly 4 My N I G G A Z 1993 Me Against the World 1995 All Eyez on Me 1996 The Don Killuminati The 7 Day Theory 1996 as Makaveli Posthumous studio albumsR U Still Down Remember Me 1997 Until the End of Time 2001 Better Dayz 2002 Loyal to the Game 2004 Pac s Life 2006 Collaboration albumsThug Life Volume I with Thug Life 1994 Posthumous collaboration albumStill I Rise with Outlawz 1999 FilmographyYear Title Role Notes1991 Nothing but Trouble Himself in a fictional context Brief appearance as part of the group Digital Underground1992 Juice Roland Bishop First starring role1993 Poetic Justice Lucky Co starred with Janet Jackson1993 A Different World Piccolo Episode Homie Don t Ya Know Me 1993 In Living Color Himself Season 5 Episode 31994 Above the Rim Birdie Co starred with Duane Martin Final film release during his lifetime1995 Murder Was the Case The Movie Sniper Uncredited segment Natural Born Killaz 1996 Saturday Night Special Himself guest host 1 episode1996 Saturday Night Live Himself musical guest Episode Tom Arnold Tupac Shakur 1996 Bullet Tank Released one month after Shakur s death1997 Gridlock d Ezekiel Spoon Whitmore Released four months after Shakur s death1997 Gang Related Detective Jake Rodriguez Shakur s last performance in a film2001 Baby Boy Himself Archive footage2003 Tupac Resurrection Himself Archive footage2009 Notorious Himself Archive footage2015 Straight Outta Compton Himself Archive footage2017 All Eyez on Me Himself Archive footage2023 Transformers Rise of the Beasts Himself Archive footagePortrayals in film Year Title Portrayed by Notes2001 Too Legit The MC Hammer Story Lamont Bentley Biographical film about MC Hammer2009 Notorious Anthony Mackie Biographical film about the Notorious B I G 2015 Straight Outta Compton Marcc Rose 289 Biographical film about N W A2016 Surviving Compton Dre Suge amp Michel le Adrian Arthur Biographical film about Michel le2017 All Eyez on Me Demetrius Shipp Jr 290 Biographical film about Tupac Shakur 291 Documentaries Shakur s life has been explored in several documentaries most notably the Academy Award nominated Tupac Resurrection 2003 1997 Tupac Shakur Thug Immortal 1997 Tupac Shakur Words Never Die TV 2001 Tupac Shakur Before I Wake 2001 Welcome to Deathrow 2002 Tupac Shakur Thug Angel 2002 Biggie amp Tupac 2002 Tha Westside 2003 2Pac 4 Ever 2003 Tupac Resurrection 2004 Tupac vs 2004 Tupac The Hip Hop Genius TV 2006 So Many Years So Many Tears 2015 Murder Rap Inside the Biggie and Tupac Murders 2017 Who killed Tupac 2017 Who Shot Biggie amp Tupac 2018 Unsolved Murders of Biggie and Tupac 2021 The Life amp Death of Tupac Shakur 292 2023 Dear MamaSee also nbsp Poetry portal nbsp Biography portal nbsp Music portal nbsp New York City portal nbsp United States portalList of best selling music artists List of best selling music artists in the United States List of murdered hip hop musicians List of number one albums United States List of number one hits United States List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of unsolved murdersReferences a b Okwerekwu Ike May 5 2019 Tupac The Greatest Inspirational Hip Hop Artist Music For Inspiration Retrieved March 9 2022 8 Ways Tupac Shakur Changed the World Rolling Stone September 13 2016 Retrieved March 9 2022 Tupac Shakur Thug Angel The Life of an Outlaw 2002 a b Alexander Leslie M Rucker Walter C eds February 28 2010 Encyclopedia of African American History Vol 1 ABC CLIO pp 254 257 ISBN 9781851097692 Edwards Paul 2009 How to Rap The Art amp Science of the Hip Hop MC Chicago Review Press p 330 a b c d e f Huey Steve n d 2Pac All Eyez on Me AllMusic Retrieved July 28 2010 a b Golus Carrie August 1 2010 Tupac Shakur Hip Hop Idol Twenty First Century Books pp 62 92 ISBN 978 0 7613 5473 4 a b Jay Z 2011 Bailey Julius ed Essays on Hip Hop s Philosopher King McFarland amp Company p 55 ISBN 978 0786463299 a b Planas Antonio April 7 2011 FBI outlines parallels in Notorious B I G Tupac slayings Las Vegas Review Journal Archived from 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Vegas on murder charge AP News September 29 2023 Tsioulcas Anastasia November 2 2023 Suspect in Tupac Shakur s murder has pleaded not guilty NPR Retrieved November 3 2023 Okwerekwu Ike May 5 2019 Tupac The Greatest Inspirational Hip Hop Artist Music For Inspiration Retrieved March 9 2022 8 Ways Tupac Shakur Changed the World Rolling Stone September 13 2016 Retrieved March 9 2022 100 Greatest Artists Rolling Stone December 3 2010 Retrieved June 10 2023 Reeves Mosi September 13 2016 8 Ways Tupac Shakur Changed the World Rolling Stone Retrieved May 2 2022 Adaso Henry The 50 greatest rappers of all time They ve shown originality longevity cultural impact vocal presence Archived May 31 2020 at the Wayback Machine LiveAbout com Dotdash updated December 13 2018 formerly Henry Adaso 50 greatest MCs of our time 1987 2007 Rap About com March 11 2011 archived March 9 2012 when Tupac Shakur placed 7th a b Crates Jake February 3 2015 YG Says Tupac Has Inspired His Return To School Calls Pac A Father Figure For Many AUDIO AllHipHop com Archived from the original on February 6 2015 Erlewine Stephen Thomas n d 2Pac biography AllMusic Retrieved July 13 2021 Thomas Chris Milan editor with Erik Gilroy reporter and AllHipHop interviewers Tupak Shakur A roundtable discussion featuring Pudgee that Phat Bastard Buckshot Chino XL Adisa Bankjoko Cormega and DJ Fatal AllHipHop com March 5 2007 Cormega A lot of people think that it was about Biggie on the East Coast and Pac on the West Coast It wasn t like that Big ran New York Pac ran America I was in a club with Mobb Deep in North Carolina and n as in the crowd were shouting Makaveli This is on the East Coast That shows you how powerful his influence was archived January 7 2012 II C Vernon Coleman 2Pac s Work Ethic Was Incredible During the Final Months of His Life Complex Retrieved June 5 2023 From workwear and 90s sweater vests to THAT bandana here s Tupac s most iconic outfits i d vice com Retrieved June 5 2023 We Need to Talk About 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Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University The NPD Group February 6 2007 The NPD Group Consumer Survey Top Musical Artists for 2006 Press release Business Wire Archived from the original on June 5 2012 Retrieved January 7 2012 Hip Hop s Cash Kings 2008 Forbes August 15 2008 Archived from the original on July 24 2010 Retrieved July 24 2010 Musion Eyeliner projects Tupac s ghost at Coachella Installation April 18 2012 Retrieved February 15 2022 The optical illusion was accomplished with technology called Pepper s ghost Cyrus Farivar Tupac hologram merely pretty cool optical illusion Arstechnica com April 16 2012 Archived May 6 2012 at the Wayback Machine employed by the company Digital Domain specializing in visual effects Kara Warner Tupac hologram may be coming to an arena near you Archived May 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine MTV News MTV com April 16 2012 archived elsewhere Gil Kaufman March 9 2017 Tupac Michael Jackson Gorillaz amp More A History of the Musical Hologram billboard com 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California Love featuring Dr Dre and Roger Troutman shifting 11 000 downloads 119 increase His third best seller was the second Shakur song that was performed at Coachella 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted with Snoop Dogg It sold 9 000 up 881 See Tupac s virtual Coachella appearance spurs huge sales bump Billboard com archived elsewhere January 21 2015 Tupac doc up for Oscar Chicago Tribune January 28 2005 Retrieved January 30 2022 Broadway Musical Based On Tupac s Life Closing This Week Due To Slow Sales MTV MTV News Archived from the original on December 9 2014 Retrieved March 9 2015 The Production For Tupac s Biopic All Eyez On Me Has Finally Begun Archived from the original on December 31 2016 Tupac s Highly Anticipated Biopic Receives Official Release Date November 22 2016 Archived from the original on March 29 2019 Retrieved May 24 2017 White Peter August 6 2019 FX Ramps Up Non Fiction Slate With Docuseries On Tupac Shakur LGBTQ Rights amp Zodiac Killer TCA deadline com Archived from the original on August 6 2019 Retrieved August 7 2019 Tupac Shakur Haiku autograph manuscript signed Tupac Shakur Future Freedom Fighter ca spring 1983 Sotheby s Retrieved June 7 2022 Carlie Porterfield March 23 2022 Tupac Shakur s Unseen Childhood Poetry Written For An Incarcerated Black Panther Is Up For Sale Forbes Ashley King March 25 2022 A Book of Poems Written By 11 Year Old Tupac Shakur Goes Up for Auction Digital Music News HipHop Honors About the show Tuesday October 12 2004 VH1 com Viacom International Inc Archived from the original on August 13 2020 Retrieved May 19 2020 VH1 s first ever Hip Hop Honors was hosted by Vivica A Fox and MC Lyte at the Hammerstein Ballroom in NYC 2Pac Run DMC DJ Hollywood Kool Herc KRS One Public Enemy Rock Steady Crew Sugarhill Gang and The Graffiti Movement were honored Tributes were performed by Beastie Boys Common Fat Joe and Terror Squad Nas MC Hammer Kid Rock and more Tracy Morgan Ice T Taye Diggs P Diddy Wyclef Jean Foxy Brown Debbie Harry and Roselyn Sanchez presented Pinkett Smith gives 1M to Baltimore school TODAY com December 12 2006 Retrieved December 11 2021 Actress gives 1 million to arts school KUSA com December 16 2006 Retrieved March 6 2021 Beck Edward December 7 2009 Vatican gets good rap Tupac Shakur makes the Vatican s MySpace music playlist ABC News Archived from the original on June 27 2020 Retrieved May 20 2020 Tupac Shakur Honored By Library of Congress CBS News June 23 2010 Archived from the original on June 26 2010 Retrieved June 23 2010 Donahue Ann June 23 2010 Tupac Willie Nelson R E M among inductees to National Recording Registry Billboard com Archived from the original on June 29 2013 Tupac Exhibit Opens Next Month Boom 92 January 22 2015 Archived from the original on January 27 2015 Peter Helman April 8 2017 Watch Snoop Dogg Induct Tupac Into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Spin Magazine Archived from the original on April 15 2017 Gotrich Lars October 18 2016 Pearl Jam Bad Brains Joan Baez Depeche 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Top Earning Dead Celebrities Forbes Archived from the original on August 24 2010 Retrieved July 24 2010 MTV2 Presents 22 Greatest MC s July 2003 Stone Shelby July 22 2005 V community Greatest rapper of all time Vibe com Archived from the original on July 25 2005 The Source Top 50 Lyricists Magazine Scans Genius Archived from the original on September 12 2015 National association of recording merchandisers 2007 Definitive 200 RockHall com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Inc Archived from the original on April 10 2007 2pac Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time Retrieved January 30 2022 50 Greatest Rappers of All Time Billboard Bansky June 19 2015 This Is The Guy Who s Playing Tupac In The N W A Movie Uproxx com Archived from the original on June 19 2015 Retrieved June 20 2015 Tupac Biopic Taps Newcomer Demetrius Shipp Jr For Lead Role Billboard December 24 2015 Archived from the original on December 27 2015 Tupac Shakur Biopic All Eyez on Me Casts a Lead The New York Times December 25 2015 Archived from the original on December 28 2015 Stein Frankie October 27 2021 Remembering a legend The Life and Death of Tupac Shakur Film Daily Retrieved January 30 2022 Further readingHolley Santi Elijah 2023 An Amerikan Family The Shakurs and the Nation They Created New York Mariner Books ISBN 9780358588764 OCLC 1345214629 External linksTupac Shakur at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Data from Wikidata Official website nbsp Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts at the Wayback Machine archived September 4 2023 Expressing Myself Silencing the Demons Archived September 21 2013 at the Wayback Machine interview with Chuck Philips Tupac Shakur at IMDb FBI Records The Vault Tupac Shakur at FBI gov Portals nbsp Biography nbsp Music nbsp United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tupac Shakur amp oldid 1188853562, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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