Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is one of 12 regional Reserve Banks that, along with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the United States' central bank. Missouri is the only state to have two main Federal Reserve Banks (Kansas City also has a bank).^[1]

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Federal Reserve Seal
Headquarters
Headquarters	Broadway and Locust Street St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Established	May 18, 1914 (109 years ago) (1914-05-18)
President	Kathy O’Neill Paese (acting)
Central bank of	Eighth District  Arkansas Parts of:  Illinois  Indiana  Kentucky  Mississippi  Missouri  Tennessee
Website	www.stlouisfed.org
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis is one of 12 regional banks that make up the Federal Reserve System

Located in downtown St. Louis, the St. Louis Fed is the headquarters of the Eighth Federal Reserve District, which includes the state of Arkansas and portions of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, the eastern half of Missouri and West Tennessee. It has branches in Little Rock, Louisville and Memphis. Its building, at 411 Locust Street, was designed by St. Louis firm Mauran, Russell & Crowell in 1924. The Eighth District serves as a center for local, national and global economic research, and provides the following services: supervisory and regulatory services to state-member banks and bank holding companies; cash and coin-handling for the District and beyond; economic education; and community development resources.

Board of directors

 

Map of the Eighth District

The following people serve on the board of directors as of January 1, 2023^[update].^[2]

Name	Title	Term Expires
James M. McKelvey Jr. (Chair)	Founder and CEO, Invisibly Inc. St. Louis, Missouri	Dec. 31, 2023
Carolyn Chism Hardy (Deputy Chair)	President and CEO, Chism Hardy Investments LLC Bartlett, Tennessee	Dec. 31, 2025
Misty Borrowman	President and CEO, Bank of Hillsboro Hillsboro, Illinois	Dec. 31, 2024
R. Andrew Clyde	President and CEO, Murphy USA Inc. El Dorado, Arkansas	Dec. 31, 2023
Lal Karsanbhai	President and CEO, Emerson Electric Co. St. Louis, Missouri	Dec. 31, 2024
Elizabeth G. McCoy	CEO, Planters Bank Inc. Hopkinsville, Kentucky	Dec. 31, 2023
Penny Pennington	Managing Partner, Edward Jones St. Louis, Missouri	Dec. 31, 2025
Michael Ugwueke	President and CEO, Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare Memphis, Tennessee	Dec. 31, 2024
C. Mitchell Waycaster	President and CEO, Renasant Bank Tupelo, Mississippi	Dec. 31, 2025

President James B. Bullard

 

Bank presidents (left to right) Theodore Roberts (1983–1984), James Bullard (2008–present), William Poole (1998–2008), and Thomas Melzer (1985–1998)

Main article: James B. Bullard

James Bullard took office as president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in April 2008. He directs the activities of the bank's head office in St. Louis as well as its three branches in Little Rock, Louisville and Memphis. In addition, he participates in the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Federal Reserve's principal monetary policymaking body. Bullard is an accomplished economic theorist, whose fundamental contributions to monetary economics and policy analysis are highly regarded in the profession. Bullard joined the research division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in 1990 and attained positions of increasing responsibility. Prior to being appointed president, he was deputy director of research for monetary analysis.^[3]

Responsibilities

Monetary policy

Main article: Federal Open Market Committee

Congress gave the Federal Reserve responsibility for setting monetary policy under the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 so that actions taken by the central bank would be free from political concerns. Along with the other 11 regional Feds, the St. Louis Fed helps guide the nation's economy by participating on the Federal Open Market Committee. Advised by the research division staff, President James Bullard contributes informed opinions about national and district conditions, and participates in FOMC decisions concerning monetary policy, including setting the federal funds rate.

Supervisory functions

Main articles: Lender of last resort and Discount window

The St. Louis Fed supervises state-member banks and bank holding companies, and, since the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act, savings and loan holding companies. The Banking Supervision and Regulation division, led by senior vice president Carl White,^[4][5] is tasked with assessing the safety and soundness of financial institutions' assets and operations, the effectiveness of their risk management practices, and their compliance with laws and regulations governing activities and consumer protection. Examiners collect and verify data from financial institutions to ensure an accurate accounting of financial institutions' conditions, as well as data on the money and reserves in the banking system.^[6] The Federal Reserve is considered the "lender of last resort" for financial institutions, and the St. Louis Fed is tasked with ensuring adequate liquidity in financial markets by making loans to depository institutions through the "discount window" and allowing the prudent use of intraday credit. The St. Louis Fed processes bank applications for acquisitions and new activities.

Twelve senior executives of banks, thrift institutions and credit unions in the Eighth District serve on the St. Louis Fed's Community Depository Institutions Advisory Council (CDIAC),^[7] which meets twice a year to advise the St. Louis Fed president on the credit, banking and economic conditions facing the members' institutions and communities. The chairman of the St. Louis Fed's CDIAC represents the Eighth District at the Board of Governors' CDIAC^[8] meetings, held twice annually. Banking-related publications include quarterly banking performance data, tailored to bank executives in the Eighth District. The publication Central Banker was discontinued in 2014.

Community development

Main article: Community Reinvestment Act

As part of Banking Supervision and Regulation, the St. Louis Fed's Community Development department provides financial institutions and others with information on the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), community and economic development, and issues related to credit access. The department also facilitates partnerships between lenders and their communities and seeks to generate economic development and affordable housing throughout the Eighth District. Executives from organizations throughout the district serve on the St. Louis Fed's Community Development Advisory Council,^[9] which was created to keep the St. Louis Fed's president and community development staff informed about development issues and to suggest ways the bank might support local development efforts. The executives are all experts in community and economic development and represent nonprofit organizations, financial institutions, universities, local governments and foundations. Community Development holds many events throughout the year, covering such topics as the impact and possible solutions to foreclosures and vacancies, neighborhood revitalization, rebuilding household balance sheets, and reaching the unbanked and underbanked. Publications include Bridges,^[10] a quarterly publication for community organizations and leaders.

Economic research

Main article: Federal Reserve Economic Data

The St. Louis Fed's research division, led by executive vice president Carlos Garriga,^[11] produces economic research for a wide range of national and international audiences. In the 1960s, the St. Louis Fed garnered a reputation as a maverick in the Federal Reserve System because of its espousal of monetarism. Spurred by bank president Darryl Francis and research director Homer Jones, the bank's economists published research showing a direct relationship between the growth of money and inflation. Monetarist theories have since been adopted widely.

St. Louis Fed economists previously released the Burgundy Books,^[12] patterned after the Federal Reserve System's Beige Book, as an economic snapshot of the four zones in the district (Little Rock, Louisville, Memphis and St. Louis). The Burgundy Books collected data and anecdotal feedback from numerous sources to help track the district's consumer spending, commercial and residential real estate, manufacturing and industrial activities, banking data and more. Publication was discontinued after 2015.

Research publications include the Review,^[13] a journal of national and international economic developments, particularly focusing on their monetary aspects; Economic Synopses,^[14] short essays and reports on the economic issues of the day; and The Regional Economist,^[15] a magazine with articles written largely by economists but for readers who, for the most part, aren't economists.

The St. Louis Fed's research division maintains FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data), a database of hundreds of thousands time series from national, international, private and public sources.^[16][17] Data series include interest rates, gross domestic product and its components, GDP and gross national product together, employment and population, consumer price indexes, monetary aggregates and Treasury constant maturity. FRED and the other free online data services—ALFRED, CASSIDI and FRASER—are collectively, with other research sites, accessed several million times a year. Writing at Business Insider, Joe Weisenthal called FRED "The most amazing economics website in the world."^[18] The bank also maintains the Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) database, a listing of economics authors and the Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World (EDIRC) databases.^{[citation needed]}

Former Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyad once served on the staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, where he did early research on the American Divisia Monetary Aggregates.

Economic education

The St. Louis Fed's Econ Lowdown^[19] provides a variety of free online tools for K-16 educators nationwide, including online courses, audio and video podcasts, apps, personal finance chats, and PDF and interactive whiteboard versions of lesson plans. The economics topics covered include basic concepts such as opportunity cost and supply and demand to more complex topics such as comparative advantage and monetary policy. In personal finance, the topics include earning income, taxes, budgeting, saving, banks and credit cards. Economic education staff provide conferences for K-16 educators. Economic Education publishes a newsletter, Page One Economics.^[20] Another newsletter, Inside the Vault,^[21] was retired in 2015. Another publication, In Plain English,^[22] is a multimedia online course on the structure and functions of the Federal Reserve System. Many materials, including personal finance online courses and personal finance chats, are available in Spanish as well as English.

U.S. Treasury support

Main article: United States Department of the Treasury

The St. Louis Fed supports the U.S. Treasury with a number of functions. The Treasury Division includes the Treasury Relations and Support Office (TRSO), which manages the Federal Reserve System's overall relationships with the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Bureau of the Fiscal Service and Office of Fiscal Assistant Secretary. The St. Louis Fed's Treasury Division supports the following U.S. Treasury programs: Debt Management Services, Fiscal Accounting Operations, Information and Security Services, Payment Management, Revenue Collections Management, and Treasury Security Services. It also serves as the offering administrator for the Fed's Term Deposit Facility.

Payments support

Beginning in the mid-2000s, the Federal Reserve consolidated its check-handling services as the number of paper checks fell rapidly in favor of check cards, debit cards and electronic bill payments. The most recently completed payments study (released in late 2010) revealed that more than three-quarters of noncash payments in America were done electronically.^[23] On March 3, 2010, the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland became the Fed's single paper check processing and adjustments site and the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta became the Fed's single electronic check processing site. The St. Louis Fed provides currency and coin handling services for the Eighth District and beyond, which includes helping to ensure that depository institutions have enough currency and coin to meet public demand through currency ordering and depositing services. The St. Louis Fed also checks currency for fit status (money that can still be circulated), destroys notes that can no longer be circulated and reports counterfeit money to the United States Secret Service.

General outreach

The St. Louis Fed holds several events annually for educators, civic and business leaders, bankers and more throughout the district. These include the "Dialogue with the Fed"^[24] events for the public, in which St. Louis Fed experts discuss economic matters such as the federal deficit, the financial crisis and unemployment; and "Economic Briefings", where a Fed economist or other expert discusses the current local and national economy. The St. Louis Fed also features research symposiums, educator workshops and special presentations on topics such as the cost of higher education and recession demographics.

Office of Minority and Women Inclusion

As with all Federal Reserve banks, the St. Louis Fed established an Office of Minority and Women Inclusion (OMWI)^[25] in January 2011, as called for by the Dodd-Frank Act. The St. Louis OMWI is designed to increase participation of minority- and women-owned businesses in Bank procurement needs, further diversify the St. Louis Fed's workforce at all levels, and support financial literacy efforts at inner-city, girls' and majority-minority high schools.

Past Leadership

When the Federal Reserve System was established in 1914, the chief executive officers of the regional banks were known as Governors. The position was renamed to President after the Banking Act of 1935.

#	Photo	CEO	Life span	Term start	Term end	Ref
Governors
1		Rolla Wells	1856–1944	October 28, 1914	February 5, 1919	^[26]
2		David C. Biggs	1866–1931	February 5, 1919	December 31, 1928	^[27]
3		William McChesney Martin Sr.	1874–1955	January 16, 1929	—	—
Presidents
(3)		William McChesney Martin Sr.	1874–1955	—	February 28, 1941	^[28]
4		Chester C. Davis	1887–1975	April 16, 1941	February 1, 1951	^[29]
5		Delos C. Johns	1899—1981	February 1, 1951	February 28, 1962	^[30]
6		Harry A. Shuford	1913-2007	October 1, 1962	January 16, 1966	^[31]
7		Darryl R. Francis	1912–2002	January 17, 1966	February 29, 1976	^[32]
8		Lawrence K. Roos	1918–2005	March 22, 1976	January 31, 1983	^[33]
9		Theodore H. Roberts		February 1, 1983	December 31, 1984	^[34]
10		Thomas C. Melzer		June 1, 1985	January 31, 1998	^[35]
11		William Poole	1937–	March 23, 1998	March 31, 2008	^[36]
12		James B. Bullard		April 1, 2008	August 15, 2023	^[37]
–		Kathleen O’Neill Paese [Wikidata] Acting		August 15, 2023	Incumbent

See also

•  Banks portal

• Federal Reserve Act
• Federal Reserve Bank
• Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Little Rock Branch
• Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Louisville Branch
• Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Memphis Branch
• List of Federal Reserve branches
• Structure of the Federal Reserve System

References

1. Wheelock, David C. (2015). "Economics and Politics in Selecting Federal Reserve Cities: Why Missouri Has Two Reserve Banks". Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 97 (4): 269–288. from the original on 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
2. "Board of Directors | St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank". from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
3. "James Bullard biography". Stlouisfed.org. from the original on March 7, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
4. "Carl D. White II". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
5. Bruce, Lori. "2020 Brings Changes To Federal Reserve Bank Of St. Louis". Missouri Bankers Association. from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
6. St. Louis Fed 2016-04-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 11, 2022.
7. Community Depository Institutions Advisory Council 2022-03-11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 11, 2022.
8. Community Depository Institutions Advisory Council of the Board of Governors 2022-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 11, 2022.
9. "Community Development | About Us | Community Advisory Council". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
10. "Bridges". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
11. "Carlos Garriga". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
12. "Burgundy Books". St. Louis Fed. 2013-09-12. from the original on 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
13. "Review". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
14. "Economic Synopses". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
15. "The Regional Economist". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
16. "FRED All Series". Research.stlouisfed.org. from the original on October 3, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
17. "FRED Economic Data Sources". Research.stlouisfed.org. from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
18. "The Most Amazing Economics Website in the World". Business Insider. March 23, 2012. from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
19. "Personal Finance Education Resources | Economic Education Resources". Stlouisfed.org. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
20. "Page One Economics". St. Louis Fed. 2022-03-11. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
21. "Inside the Vault". St. Louis Fed. April 1996. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
22. "In Plain English". St. Louis Fed. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
23. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
24. "Dialogue with the Fed". St. Louis Fed. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
25. "Office of Minority and Women Inclusion". from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
26. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Rolla Wells | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
27. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "David C. Biggs | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
28. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "William McChesney Martin Sr. | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
29. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Chester C. Davis | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
30. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Delos C. Johns | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
31. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Harry A. Shuford | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
32. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Darryl R. Francis | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
33. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Lawrence K. Roos | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
34. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Theodore H. Roberts | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
35. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "Thomas C. Melzer | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
36. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "William Poole | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
37. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "James Bullard | Federal Reserve History". Federal Reserve History. from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2019.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

• Official website
• FRED home page
• Map of the District
• Great Depression Project
• In Plain English
• Dodd-Frank Regulatory Reform Rules roadmap
• The Financial Crisis Timeline
• FOMC Speak
• Historical resources by and about the St. Louis Fed, including annual reports back to 1915.
• Statements and Speeches of Presidents of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Centennial Web Site

38°37′42″N 90°11′17″W / 38.6284°N 90.1881°W / 38.6284; -90.1881