Richard Linklater

Richard Stuart Linklater (/ˈlɪŋkleɪtər/; born July 30, 1960)^[2] is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for films that revolve mainly around suburban culture and the effects of the passage of time. His films include the comedies Slacker (1990) and Dazed and Confused (1993); the Before trilogy of romance films, Before Sunrise (1995), Before Sunset (2004), and Before Midnight (2013); the music-themed comedy School of Rock (2003); the adult animated films Waking Life (2001), A Scanner Darkly (2006), and Apollo 10 1⁄2: A Space Age Childhood (2022); the coming-of-age drama Boyhood (2014); and the comedy film Everybody Wants Some!! (2016).

Richard Linklater
Linklater in 2015
Born	Richard Stuart Linklater (1960-07-30) July 30, 1960 (age 62) Houston, Texas, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Director, producer, writer
Years active	1985–present^[1]
Notable work	Boyhood, Dazed and Confused, Before trilogy, School of Rock, Waking Life, Slacker
Partner	Christina Harrison
Children	3, including Lorelei
Website	detourfilm.com

Linklater is known to have a distinct style and method of filmmaking. Many of his films are noted for their loosely structured narrative. The Before trilogy and Boyhood both feature the same actors filmed over an extended period of years. He has received several Academy Award nominations and won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival for his work on Before Sunrise. He also won a Golden Globe Award for directing Boyhood. In 2015, Linklater was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.^[3]

Early life

Linklater was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Diane Margaret (née Krieger), who taught at Sam Houston State University, and Charles W. Linklater, III.^[4][5] He attended Huntsville High School in Huntsville, Texas, during grades 9–11, where he played football for Joe Clements as a backup quarterback for the #1 ranked team in the state. For his senior year, he moved to Bellaire High School in Bellaire, Texas because he was better at baseball than football and Bellaire had a better baseball coach. As a teen, Linklater won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award.^[6][7]

Linklater studied at Sam Houston State University (where he also played baseball),^[8] until dropping out to work on an offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico. He frequently read novels on the rig, and upon returning to land, developed a love of film through repeated visits to a repertory cinema in Houston. At this point, Linklater realized he wanted to be a filmmaker. He used his savings to buy a Super-8 camera, a projector, and editing equipment, and moved to Austin, Texas.

Career

1985–2000: Early directing

Linklater founded the Austin Film Society in 1985 with his college professor Chale Nafus, University of Texas professor Charles Ramirez-Berg, SXSW founder Louis Black, and his frequent collaborator Lee Daniel. One of the mentors for the Film Society was former New York City critic for the SoHo Weekly News George Morris, who had relocated to Austin and taught film there.

For several years, Linklater made many short films that were exercises and experiments in film techniques. He finally completed his first feature, It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books (which is available in The Criterion Collection edition of his second feature, Slacker), a Super-8 feature that took a year to shoot and another year to edit.

Linklater created Detour Filmproduction (an homage to the 1945 low budget film noir by Edgar G. Ulmer), and subsequently made Slacker for only $23,000. It went on to gross more than $1.25 million. The film shows an aimless day in the life of the city of Austin, Texas showcasing its more eccentric characters.

While gaining a cult following in the independent film world, he made his third film, Dazed and Confused, based on his years at Huntsville High School and the people he encountered there. The film garnered critical praise and grossed $8 million in the United States while becoming a hit on VHS. This film was also responsible for the breakout of fellow Texas native Matthew McConaughey.

In 1995, Linklater won the Silver Bear for Best Director for the film Before Sunrise at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival.^[9] His next feature, subUrbia, had mixed reviews critically, and did very poorly at the box office. In 1998, he took on his first Hollywood feature, The Newton Boys, which received mixed reviews while tanking at the box office.

2001–2013: Wider recognition

With the rotoscope films Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly, and his mainstream comedies, School of Rock and the remake of Bad News Bears, he gained wider recognition.

In 2003, he wrote and directed a pilot for HBO with Rodney Rothman called $5.15/hr, about several minimum wage restaurant workers. The pilot deals with themes later examined in Fast Food Nation.

The British television network Channel 4 produced a documentary about Linklater, in which the filmmaker discussed the personal and philosophical ideas behind his films. St Richard of Austin was presented by Ben Lewis and directed by Irshad Ashraf and broadcast on Channel 4 in December 2004 in the UK.

Linklater was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his film Before Sunset.

Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly both used rotoscoping animation techniques. Working with Bob Sabiston and Sabiston's program Rotoshop to create this effect, Linklater shot and edited both movies completely as live-action features, then employed a team of artists to "trace over" individual frames. The result is a distinctive "semi-real" quality, praised by such critics as Roger Ebert (in the case of Waking Life) as being original and well-suited to the aims of the film.

Fast Food Nation (2006) is an adaptation of the best selling book that examines the local and global influence of the United States fast food industry. The film was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival^[10] before being released in North America on November 17, 2006 and in Europe on March 23, 2007. The film received mixed reviews.

Linklater fared better with the critics with A Scanner Darkly (released in the same year), Me and Orson Welles (2009), and Bernie (2011).^[11]

He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Before Midnight, the third film in the Before... trilogy.^[12]

2014–present: Boyhood and other works

In 2014 he released the film Boyhood, which had been 12 years in the making.^[13] Boyhood received overwhelming critical acclaim. Linklater won the Golden Globes, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and BAFTAs for Best Director and Best Picture. He also received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director, along with nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Picture.

For a while Linklater was attached to direct a remake of The Incredible Mr. Limpet for Warner Bros.^[14] However, he dropped the project in favor of working on a spiritual successor to Dazed and Confused, titled Everybody Wants Some!!,^[14] with backing from Annapurna Pictures and Paramount distributing the film in North America.^[15] The film was released in March 2016 and was well received by critics, but it failed to recoup its budget of 10 million dollars, grossing only 4.6 million.^[16][17]

In the second half of the 2010s, Linklater wrote and directed the drama film Last Flag Flying, starring Bryan Cranston, Laurence Fishburne, and Steve Carell. A sequel to Hal Ashby's 1973 film The Last Detail, it began filming in November 2016, and was released on November 3, 2017.^[18] Linklater then directed Where'd You Go, Bernadette, based on the novel by Maria Semple and produced by Annapurna Pictures.^[19]

Linklater was attached to direct an adaptation of Graeme Simsion's novel The Rosie Project that would have starred Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role, but he dropped out of directing when Lawrence dropped out of the project.^[20]

In 2019, it was announced that Linklater would be filming an adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical Merrily We Roll Along. Like Boyhood, it will be filmed over the course of several years, but, like the musical and the play it is based on, will be presented in reverse chronology.^[21]

Directorial style

Inspiration for Linklater's work was largely based on his experience viewing the film Raging Bull.^[22][23]

It made me see movies as a potential outlet for what I was thinking about and hoping to express. At that point I was an unformed artist. At that moment, something was simmering in me, but Raging Bull brought it to a boil.^[24]

He was also influenced by Robert Bresson, Yasujirō Ozu, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Eric Rohmer, François Truffaut, Josef Von Sternberg, and Carl Theodor Dreyer.^[25][26]

Many of Linklater's films, including Slacker, Dazed and Confused, Tape, and all three installments of the Before Trilogy, take place in a single day. They are less plot driven and more about human interactions.^[27]

Ethan Hawke and Matthew McConaughey have appeared in many of his films. Other actors who have appeared in more than one film include Jack Black, Julie Delpy, Ellar Coltrane, Adam Goldberg, Parker Posey, Glen Powell, Rory Cochrane, Greg Kinnear, Patricia Arquette, and Laurence Fishburne.

Personal life

Linklater lives in Austin, Texas and refuses to live or work in Hollywood for any extended period of time.

Linklater has been partnered with Christina Harrison since the 1990s.^[28] In 1994 they had a daughter, and twin girls in 2004. The oldest, Lorelei Linklater, co-starred in Boyhood as the sister of the main character.

Linklater has been a vegetarian since his early 20s. In 2015, he explained the dietary lifestyle in a Boyhood-style documentary for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.^[29]

Filmography

Feature films

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
1988	It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books	Yes	Yes	Yes	Also editor and cinematographer
1990	Slacker	Yes	Yes	Yes
1993	Dazed and Confused	Yes	Yes	Yes
1995	Before Sunrise	Yes	Yes	No	Co-written with Kim Krizan
1996	SubUrbia	Yes	No	No
1998	The Newton Boys	Yes	Yes	No	Co-written with Claude Stanush and Clark Lee Walker
2001	Waking Life	Yes	Yes	No	Also cinematographer
	Tape	Yes	No	No
2003	School of Rock	Yes	No	No
2004	Before Sunset	Yes	Yes	No	Co-screenplay writer with Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke Co-story writer with Kim Krizan
2005	Bad News Bears	Yes	No	Yes
2006	A Scanner Darkly	Yes	Yes	No
	Fast Food Nation	Yes	Yes	No	Co-written with Eric Schlosser
2008	Inning by Inning: A Portrait of a Coach	Yes	No	No	Documentary film
	Me and Orson Welles	Yes	No	Yes
2011	Bernie	Yes	Yes	Yes	Co-written with Skip Hollandsworth
2013	Before Midnight	Yes	Yes	Yes	Co-written with Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy
2014	Boyhood	Yes	Yes	Yes
2016	Everybody Wants Some!!	Yes	Yes	Yes
2017	Last Flag Flying	Yes	Yes	Yes	Co-written with Darryl Ponicsan
2019	Where'd You Go, Bernadette	Yes	Yes	No	Co-written with Holly Gent and Vince Palmo
2022	Apollo 10 1⁄2: A Space Age Childhood	Yes	Yes	Yes
TBA	Hitman	Yes	Yes	Yes
TBA	Merrily We Roll Along	Yes	Yes	Yes	Once principal photography begins, filming will continue for the next 20 years

Acting roles

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1988	It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books	Unnamed character
1990	Slacker	"Should Have Stayed at the Bus Station"
1995	The Underneath	Ember Doorman
1995	Before Sunrise	Foosball player
1996	Beavis and Butt-Head Do America	Tour Bus Driver	Voice role
1998	Scotch and Milk	Cab Passenger
2001	Spy Kids	Cool Spy
	Chelsea Walls	Crony #2
	Waking Life	Pinball Playing Man / Man on Back of Boat
2006	The Hottest State	John Wayne Enthusiast
2008	RSO (Registered Sex Offender)	Principal Mallard
2018	Blaze	Oilman #3
2019	Another Day at the Office	Rick

Short films

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer
1985	Woodshock	Yes	No	No
2003	Live from Shiva's Dance Floor	Yes	No	No
2019	Another Day at the Office	Yes	Yes	Yes

Television

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
2004	$5.15/Hr.	Yes	Yes	Yes	TV pilot
2012	Up to Speed	Yes	Yes	Yes
2016–2018	School of Rock^[30]	No	No	Executive
2020	That Animal Rescue Show	No	No	Executive

Other works

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
1991	Heads I Win/Tails You Lose	Yes	Yes	Yes	Experimental video project
2015	I Dream Too Much	No	No	Executive

Reception

Critical reception

Film	Rotten Tomatoes	Metacritic
Slacker	85%^[31]	69^[32]
Dazed and Confused	94%^[33]	78^[34]
Before Sunrise	100%^[35]	77^[36]
SubUrbia	64%^[37]	62^[38]
The Newton Boys	62%^[39]	57^[40]
Waking Life	80%^[41]	82^[42]
Tape	78%^[43]	71^[44]
School of Rock	92%^[45]	82^[46]
Before Sunset	95%^[47]	90^[48]
Bad News Bears	48%^[49]	65^[50]
Fast Food Nation	50%^[51]	64^[52]
A Scanner Darkly	69%^[53]	73^[54]
Me and Orson Welles	85%^[55]	73^[56]
Bernie	90%^[57]	75^[58]
Before Midnight	98%^[59]	94^[60]
Boyhood	97%^[61]	100^[62]
Everybody Wants Some!!	88%^[63]	83^[64]
Last Flag Flying	73%^[65]	65^[66]
Where'd You Go, Bernadette	48%^[67]	51^[68]
Average	83%	78

Box office

Film	Release date	Revenue			Budget	Ref.
		United States	Outside US	Worldwide
Slacker	July 27, 1990 (1990-07-27)	$1,228,208	—	$1,228,208	$23,000	^[69]
Dazed and Confused	September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24)	$7,993,039	—	$7,993,039	$6,900,000	^[70]
Before Sunrise	January 27, 1995 (1995-01-27)	$5,535,405	—	$5,535,405	$2,500,000	^[71]
SubUrbia	February 7, 1997 (1997-02-07)	$656,747	—	$656,747	—	^[72]
The Newton Boys	March 27, 1998 (1998-03-27)	$10,452,012	—	$10,452,012	$27,000,000	^[73]
Waking Life	October 19, 2001 (2001-10-19)	$2,901,447	$275,433	$3,176,880	—	^[74]
Tape	November 2, 2001 (2001-11-02)	$490,475	$25,425	$515,900	$100,000	^[75]
School of Rock	October 3, 2003 (2003-10-03)	$81,261,177	$50,021,772	$131,282,949	$35,000,000	^[76]
Before Sunset	July 2, 2004 (2004-07-02)	$5,820,649	$10,171,966	$15,992,615	$2,700,000	^[77]
Bad News Bears	July 22, 2005 (2005-07-22)	$32,868,349	$1,384,498	$34,252,847	$35,000,000	^[78]
A Scanner Darkly	July 7, 2006 (2006-07-07)	$5,501,616	$2,158,302	$7,659,918	$8,700,000	^[79]^[80]
Fast Food Nation	November 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)	$1,005,539	$1,203,783	$2,209,322	—	^[81]
Me and Orson Welles	November 25, 2009 (2009-11-25)	$1,190,003	$1,146,169	$2,336,172	$25,000,000	^[82]
Bernie	April 27, 2012 (2012-04-27)	$9,206,470	$884,171	$10,090,641	$6,000,000	^[83]
Before Midnight	May 24, 2013 (2013-05-24)	$8,114,627	$3,061,842	$23,376,973	$3,000,000	^[84]^[85]
Boyhood	July 11, 2014 (2014-07-11)	$25,352,281	$22,785,385	$48,137,666	$4,000,000	^[86]
Total		$198,132,207	$89,476,361	$287,608,568	$155,923,000

Awards and nominations

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Richard Linklater

Year	Title	Academy Awards		BAFTA Awards		Golden Globe Awards
		Nominations	Wins	Nominations	Wins	Nominations	Wins
2003	School of Rock					1
2004	Before Sunset	1
2008	Me and Orson Welles			1
2011	Bernie					1
2013	Before Midnight	1				1
2014	Boyhood	6	1	5	3	5	3
2019	Where'd You Go, Bernadette					1
Total		8	1	6	3	9	3

• Slacker (1991) was nominated for Best Director at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Before Sunrise (1995) won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival.
• Waking Life (2001) was nominated for Best Director and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Before Sunset (2004) was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• A Scanner Darkly (2006) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Me and Orson Welles (2008) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Bernie (2011) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Before Midnight (2013) was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Boyhood (2014) was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and won Best Supporting Actress for Patricia Arquette. It also won Golden Globes for Best Director and Best Motion Picture – Drama, as well as the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival.^[87] Received Best Film and Best Director honors from Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Boston Society of Film Critics, New York Film Critics Circle, Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association and New York Film Critics Online.
• Linklater was made Honorary Associate of London Film School.

References

1. Black, Louis (October 3, 2003). "'The Austin Chronicle' and Richard Linklater". www.austinchronicle.com.
2. According to the State of Texas. Texas Birth Index, 1903–1997. At Ancestry.com
3. "Richard Linklater". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
4. . Archived from the original on 2016-04-16.
5. Barlow, Helen (4 July 2014). "Why 'Boyhood' is a movie for the ages" – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
6. Scholastic Inc., Newsroom, America's Most Creative Teens Named as National 2016 Scholastic Art & Writing Awards Recipients
7. Vine, Kate (December 2005). "Richard Linklater". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
8. Sam Houston State University Facebook. "Throwing back to the 1980 #SHSU Baseball team in which writer, director and producer Richard Linklater was a member of. #TBT". 6 April 2016.
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External links

• Official website
• Richard Linklater at Curlie
• Richard Linklater at IMDb