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Max Planck Society

February 16, 2024

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (German: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V.; abbreviated MPG) is a formally independent non-governmental and non-profit association of German research institutes. Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society,[1][3] it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president, theoretical physicist Max Planck. The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany.[2][1]

Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
Logo
AbbreviationMPG
PredecessorKaiser Wilhelm Society[1]
Formation1911; 113 years ago (1911)[1]
TypeNon-profit research organization[1]
Legal statuseingetragener Verein (e. V.)
HeadquartersMunich, Germany[1]
Coordinates48°08′28″N 11°34′55″E / 48.14115510°N 11.58207790°E / 48.14115510; 11.58207790
President
Patrick Cramer
Main organ
Senate[2]
Budget
€1.8 billion (2018)[2]
Staff
23,767 (2018)[2]
Websitewww.mpg.de/en
Max Planck, after whom the society is named

Mission edit

According to its primary goal, the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural, life and social sciences, the arts and humanities in its 86 (as of December 2018)[2] Max Planck Institutes.[1][3] The society has a total staff of approximately 17,000 permanent employees, including 5,470 scientists, plus around 4,600 non-tenured scientists and guests.[2] The society's budget for 2018 was about €1.8 billion.[2] As of 31 December 2018, the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23,767 staff, of whom 15,650 were scientists. 44.4% were female employees and 31.5% of all of the employees were foreign nationals.[4]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization, with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists, and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world. In 2020, the Nature Index placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals (after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University).[5] In terms of total research volume (unweighted by citations or impact), the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings.[6] The Thomson Reuters-Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields.[7]

The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields, including Otto Hahn, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein.

The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell, Maryland, and Max Planck Pre-Doctoral Research School, an intense week of lectures, informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world, professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers, research poster sessions, and social events.

History edit

 
The society's logo features Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom.

The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, or Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG), a non-governmental research organization named for the then German emperor. The KWG was one of the world's leading research organizations; its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, and Fritz Haber. In 1946, Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG, and in 1948, the society was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPG) after its former president (1930–37) Max Planck, who died in 1947.[8]

The Max Planck Society has a world-leading reputation as a science and technology research organization. In 2006, the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings[9] of non-university research institutions (based on international peer review by academics) placed the Max Planck Society as No.1 in the world for science research, and No.3 in technology research (behind AT&T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States).

The domain mpg.de attracted at least 1.7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com study.[10]

List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG edit

Max Planck Research Award edit

From 1990 to 2004, the "Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation" was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year.

From 2004 to 2017, the "Max Planck Research Award" was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists, one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country. Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub-areas of the natural sciences and engineering, the life sciences, and the human and social sciences. The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded.[11]

Since 2018, the award has been succeeded by the "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award", annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid-career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods, alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences, human sciences, and life sciences, as well as the "Max Planck-Humboldt Medal" awarded to other two finalists.[12][13][14][15]

Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award edit

Year Award Name Institution Field
2023 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Rotem Sorek Weizmann Institute of Science Bacterial defense mechanisms against viruses
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Amy Buck University of Edinburgh Inter-species RNA communication
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Kandice Tanner National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer
2022 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Margaret Roberts UCSD Censorship and Disinformation
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Vanessa Ogle Yale University Social Sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Wim Decock Universities of Louvain-la-Neuve and Liége Social Sciences
2021 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Pablo Jarillo-Herrero MIT Quantum Materials
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Anastassia Alexandrova UCLA Theoretical Chemistry
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sumit Gulwani Microsoft Automated Programming
2020 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Roberto Bonasio University of Pennsylvania Life sciences
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Luciano Marraffini Rockefeller University Life sciences
2019 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Ufuk Akcigit University of Chicago Macroeconomics
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Elliot Tucker-Drob University of Texas at Austin Personality and developmental psychology
2018 Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award Catherine Heymans University of Edinburgh Dark energy
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Robert Wood Harvard University Soft robotics
Max Planck-Humboldt Medal Sam Payne University of Texas at Austin Tropical geometry

Max Planck Research Award edit

Year Name Institution Field
2016 Bonnie Bassler Princeton University Sensory perception of organisms
Martin Wikelski [de] Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
2015 Bryan Stanley Turner City University of New York Religion and modernity – secularisation, social and religious pluralism
Hans Joas Humboldt University of Berlin
2014 Robert J. Schoelkopf Yale University Quantum nanoscience
Jörg Wrachtrup University of Stuttgart
2013 Chris Field Carnegie Institution for Science & Stanford University Influence of climate change on ecosystems
Markus Reichstein [de] Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
2012 Katharina Pistor [de] Columbia University Law School Regulating international financial markets
Martin Hellwig Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods
2011 Sebastian Thrun Stanford University Intelligent systems
Bernhard Schölkopf Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
2010 Timothy George Bromage [de] New York University College of Dentistry Evolution
Michael Tomasello Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
2009 Karl Galinsky University of Texas at Austin History of memory
Aleida Assmann University of Konstanz
2008 Robert S. Langer Massachusetts Institute of Technology Biomaterials
Peter Fratzl Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
2007 Raymond Joseph Dolan University College London & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Neuromodulation and behaviour
Hans-Christian Pape [de] University of Münster
2006 Alina Payne Harvard University Art history
Horst Bredekamp Humboldt University of Berlin
2005 Christopher Carilli National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro Astrophysics
Christof Wetterich Heidelberg University
2004 Eugene W. Myers University of California, Berkeley Bioinformatics
Martin Vingron Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics

Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation edit

See de:Max-Planck-Forschungspreis

Organization edit

 
Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in Munich

The Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener Verein, a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights.[16] The society has its registered seat in Berlin, while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich. Since June 2014, materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society.[17]

Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources, but also from research and license fees and donations. One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria, which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern (Duke in Bavaria). It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973, and is now used for conferences.

Max Planck Institutes and research groups edit

Main article: List of Max Planck Institutes

The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes.[18] In addition, the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups (MPRG) and International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS). The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society.

The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U.S. In 2007, the Society established its first non-European centre, with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience.[19][20]

The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from, though in close cooperation with, the universities, and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities.

Internally, Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors, a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university. Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows.[21]

In addition, there are several associated institutes:[18]

Name City Country Section
Center of Advanced European Studies and Research Bonn Germany Biology & Medicine
Ernst Strüngmann Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany Biology & Medicine

Max Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University—Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics—located in Princeton, New Jersey, in the U.S.[22] The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean.

International Max Planck Research Schools edit

Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany, the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) to promote junior scientists:

Max Planck Schools edit

  • Max Planck School of Cognition[56]
  • Max Planck School Matter to Life[57]
  • Max Planck School of Photonics[58]

Max Planck Center edit

  • The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science (MPC-AS), POSTECH Pohang
  • The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials, POSTECH Pohang

Max Planck Institutes edit

Among others:

Open access publishing edit

See also: Open access in Germany

The Max Planck Society describes itself as "a co-founder of the international Open Access movement".[59] Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was passed. The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations, but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as “encouraging the holders of cultural heritage” to provide open access to their resources.[60]

The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self-archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access journals within 12 months.[61] To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library. The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects, such as the Max Planck open access repository.[62]

Criticism edit

Pay for PhD students edit

In 2008, the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that "a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften eV, must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if, in return for those activities, he receives remuneration".[63]

In 2012, the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students being given employment contracts. Of the 5,300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2,000 had an employment contract. The remaining 3,300 received grants of between 1,000 and 1,365 Euro.[64] According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society "As you embark on a PhD, you are still anything but a proper scientist; it’s during the process itself that you become a proper scientist... a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab, and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job – and this is, by and large, the practice at all research institutions and universities".[65] The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 "Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz" (Scientific Freedom Law) in the German Parliament.[66]

Nobel Laureates edit

Max-Planck-Society (since 1948) edit

  1. Ferenc Krausz, Nobel Prize, physics, 2023
  2. Svante Pääbo, Nobel Prize, medicine 2022
  3. Benjamin List, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2021
  4. Klaus Hasselmann, Nobel Prize, physics 2021
  5. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2020
  6. Reinhard Genzel, Nobel Prize, physics 2020
  7. Stefan W. Hell, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2014
  8. Gerhard Ertl, Nobel Prize, chemistry 2007
  9. Theodor W. Hänsch, Nobel Prize, physics 2005
  10. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Nobel Prize, medicine 1995
  11. Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1995
  12. Erwin Neher, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  13. Bert Sakmann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1991
  14. Robert Huber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  15. Hartmut Michel, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  16. Johann Deisenhofer, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1988
  17. Ernst Ruska, Nobel Prize, physics 1986
  18. Klaus von Klitzing, Nobel Prize, physics 1985
  19. Georges Köhler, Nobel Prize, medicine 1984
  20. Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize, medicine 1973
  21. Manfred Eigen, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1967
  22. Feodor Lynen, Nobel Prize, medicine 1964
  23. Karl Ziegler, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1963
  24. Walter Bothe, Nobel Prize, physics 1954

Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society (1914–1948) edit

  1. Otto Hahn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1944
  2. Adolf Butenandt, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1939
  3. Richard Kuhn, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1938
  4. Peter J. W. Debye, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1936
  5. Hans Spemann, Nobel Prize, medicine 1935
  6. Werner Heisenberg, Nobel Prize, physics 1932
  7. Otto Heinrich Warburg, Nobel Prize, medicine 1931
  8. Carl Bosch, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1931
  9. James Franck, Nobel Prize, physics 1925
  10. Otto Meyerhof, Nobel Prize, medicine 1922
  11. Albert Einstein, Nobel Prize, physics 1921
  12. Max Planck, Nobel Prize, physics 1918
  13. Fritz Haber, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1918
  14. Richard Willstätter, Nobel Prize, chemistry 1915
  15. Max von Laue, Nobel Prize, physics 1914

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

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  11. ^ https://www.mpg.de/mpResearchAward 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine One Award – Two Winners, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
  12. ^ "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award". mpg.de.
  13. ^ "Max Planck-Humboldt Research Award". humboldt-foundation.de.
  14. ^ . humboldt-foundation.de. 6 November 2019. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
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  17. ^ http://www.mpg.de/president/news 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Homepage of Martin Stratmann
  18. ^ a b "Institutes | Max Planck Institutes". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 2015. from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
  19. ^ Check, Erika (20 September 2007). "Florida courts German life-sciences institute". Nature. 449 (7160): 264–265. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..264C. doi:10.1038/449264b. PMID 17882174.
  20. ^ "Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience Website". from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
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  35. ^ "General Information". www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  36. ^ "ZIBI Graduate School". www.zibi-berlin.de. 27 March 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
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  39. ^ http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen.de 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine formerly IMPRS for Neural and Behavioral Sciences . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
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  42. ^ "Welcome – IMPRS for Molecular Life Sciences: From Biological Structures to Neural Circuits". www.imprs-ls.de. from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
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  44. ^ "PHP version not supported". www.imprs-mcbb.de. from the original on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
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  48. ^ "Homepage". www.orn.mpg.de. from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
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  53. ^ "PhD School". www.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de. from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  54. ^ . Archived from the original on 6 September 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
  55. ^ http://www.imprs.ufast.de[permanent dead link]
  56. ^ "Home – Max Planck School of Cognition".
  57. ^ "Home". mattertolife.maxplanckschools.org.
  58. ^ "Home – Max Planck School of Photonics".
  59. ^ "The 13th"Berlin OA conference" was the second one focussing on the large-scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative". from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
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  62. ^ "The unstoppable rise of Open Access". from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
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Sources edit

  • Alison Abbott: German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia, in: Nature Vol 403 (2000), S.474f. (article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft under National Socialism)
  • Gretchen Vogel: Aufbau Ost: Max Planck's East German Experiment, in: Science Vol. 326, 6. November 2009 (about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany)

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Max Planck Society.
  • Official website  

February 16, 2024
planck, society, advancement, science, german, planck, gesellschaft, förderung, wissenschaften, abbreviated, formally, independent, governmental, profit, association, german, research, institutes, founded, 1911, kaiser, wilhelm, society, renamed, 1948, honor, . The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science German Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften e V abbreviated MPG is a formally independent non governmental and non profit association of German research institutes Founded in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society 1 3 it was renamed to the Max Planck Society in 1948 in honor of its former president theoretical physicist Max Planck The society is funded by the federal and state governments of Germany 2 1 Max Planck Society for the Advancement of ScienceMax Planck Gesellschaft zur Forderung der WissenschaftenLogoAbbreviationMPGPredecessorKaiser Wilhelm Society 1 Formation1911 113 years ago 1911 1 TypeNon profit research organization 1 Legal statuseingetragener Verein e V HeadquartersMunich Germany 1 Coordinates48 08 28 N 11 34 55 E 48 14115510 N 11 58207790 E 48 14115510 11 58207790PresidentPatrick CramerMain organSenate 2 Budget 1 8 billion 2018 2 Staff23 767 2018 2 Websitewww wbr mpg wbr de wbr enMax Planck after whom the society is named Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2 1 List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG 3 Max Planck Research Award 3 1 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award 3 2 Max Planck Research Award 3 3 Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation 4 Organization 4 1 Max Planck Institutes and research groups 4 2 International Max Planck Research Schools 4 3 Max Planck Schools 4 4 Max Planck Center 4 5 Max Planck Institutes 5 Open access publishing 6 Criticism 6 1 Pay for PhD students 7 Nobel Laureates 7 1 Max Planck Society since 1948 7 2 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 1914 1948 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Sources 10 External linksMission editAccording to its primary goal the Max Planck Society supports fundamental research in the natural life and social sciences the arts and humanities in its 86 as of December 2018 2 Max Planck Institutes 1 3 The society has a total staff of approximately 17 000 permanent employees including 5 470 scientists plus around 4 600 non tenured scientists and guests 2 The society s budget for 2018 was about 1 8 billion 2 As of 31 December 2018 the Max Planck Society employed a total of 23 767 staff of whom 15 650 were scientists 44 4 were female employees and 31 5 of all of the employees were foreign nationals 4 The Max Planck Society has a world leading reputation as a science and technology research organization with 39 Nobel Prizes awarded to their scientists and is widely regarded as one of the foremost basic research organizations in the world In 2020 the Nature Index placed the Max Planck Institutes third worldwide in terms of research published in Nature journals after the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harvard University 5 In terms of total research volume unweighted by citations or impact the Max Planck Society is only outranked by the Chinese Academy of Sciences the Russian Academy of Sciences and Harvard University in the Times Higher Education institutional rankings 6 The Thomson Reuters Science Watch website placed the Max Planck Society as the second leading research organization worldwide following Harvard University in terms of the impact of the produced research over science fields 7 The Max Planck Society and its predecessor Kaiser Wilhelm Society hosted several renowned scientists in their fields including Otto Hahn Werner Heisenberg and Albert Einstein The Max Planck Society also hosts the Cornell Maryland and Max Planck Pre Doctoral Research School an intense week of lectures informal conversations with guest faculty and fellow students from all over the world professional development panels with academic and industrial speakers research poster sessions and social events History edit nbsp The society s logo features Minerva the Roman goddess of wisdom The organization was established in 1911 as the Kaiser Wilhelm Society or Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft KWG a non governmental research organization named for the then German emperor The KWG was one of the world s leading research organizations its board of directors included scientists like Walther Bothe Peter Debye Albert Einstein and Fritz Haber In 1946 Otto Hahn assumed the position of president of KWG and in 1948 the society was renamed the Max Planck Society MPG after its former president 1930 37 Max Planck who died in 1947 8 The Max Planck Society has a world leading reputation as a science and technology research organization In 2006 the Times Higher Education Supplement rankings 9 of non university research institutions based on international peer review by academics placed the Max Planck Society as No 1 in the world for science research and No 3 in technology research behind AT amp T Corporation and the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States The domain mpg de attracted at least 1 7 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete com study 10 List of presidents of the KWG and the MPG edit Adolf von Harnack 1911 1930 Max Planck 1930 1937 Carl Bosch 1937 1940 Albert Vogler 1941 1945 Max Planck 16 May 1945 31 March 1946 Otto Hahn as President of the KWG 1946 and then as Founder and President of the MPG 1948 1960 Adolf Butenandt 1960 1972 Reimar Lust 1972 1984 Heinz Staab 1984 1990 Hans F Zacher 1990 1996 Hubert Markl 1996 2002 Peter Gruss 2002 2014 Martin Stratmann 2014 2023 Patrick Cramer 2023 present Max Planck Research Award editFrom 1990 to 2004 the Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation was presented to several researchers from a wide range of disciplines each year From 2004 to 2017 the Max Planck Research Award was conferred annually to two internationally renowned scientists one of whom was working in Germany and one in another country Calls for nominations for the award were invited on an annually rotating basis in specific sub areas of the natural sciences and engineering the life sciences and the human and social sciences The objective of the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in presenting this joint research award was to give added momentum to specialist fields that were either not yet established in Germany or that deserved to be expanded 11 Since 2018 the award has been succeeded by the Max Planck Humboldt Research Award annually awarded to an internationally renowned mid career researcher with outstanding future potential from outside Germany but having a strong interest in a research residency in Germany for limited time periods alternately in the fields of natural and engineering sciences human sciences and life sciences as well as the Max Planck Humboldt Medal awarded to other two finalists 12 13 14 15 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award edit Year Award Name Institution Field2023 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Rotem Sorek Weizmann Institute of Science Bacterial defense mechanisms against virusesMax Planck Humboldt Medal Amy Buck University of Edinburgh Inter species RNA communicationMax Planck Humboldt Medal Kandice Tanner National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health in Bethesda Biophysics of the metastatic spread of cancer2022 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Margaret Roberts UCSD Censorship and DisinformationMax Planck Humboldt Medal Vanessa Ogle Yale University Social SciencesMax Planck Humboldt Medal Wim Decock Universities of Louvain la Neuve and Liege Social Sciences2021 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Pablo Jarillo Herrero MIT Quantum MaterialsMax Planck Humboldt Medal Anastassia Alexandrova UCLA Theoretical ChemistryMax Planck Humboldt Medal Sumit Gulwani Microsoft Automated Programming2020 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Roberto Bonasio University of Pennsylvania Life sciencesMax Planck Humboldt Medal Luciano Marraffini Rockefeller University Life sciences2019 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Ufuk Akcigit University of Chicago MacroeconomicsMax Planck Humboldt Medal Elliot Tucker Drob University of Texas at Austin Personality and developmental psychology2018 Max Planck Humboldt Research Award Catherine Heymans University of Edinburgh Dark energyMax Planck Humboldt Medal Robert Wood Harvard University Soft roboticsMax Planck Humboldt Medal Sam Payne University of Texas at Austin Tropical geometryMax Planck Research Award edit Year Name Institution Field2016 Bonnie Bassler Princeton University Sensory perception of organismsMartin Wikelski de Max Planck Institute for Ornithology2015 Bryan Stanley Turner City University of New York Religion and modernity secularisation social and religious pluralismHans Joas Humboldt University of Berlin2014 Robert J Schoelkopf Yale University Quantum nanoscienceJorg Wrachtrup University of Stuttgart2013 Chris Field Carnegie Institution for Science amp Stanford University Influence of climate change on ecosystemsMarkus Reichstein de Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry2012 Katharina Pistor de Columbia University Law School Regulating international financial marketsMartin Hellwig Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods2011 Sebastian Thrun Stanford University Intelligent systemsBernhard Scholkopf Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems2010 Timothy George Bromage de New York University College of Dentistry EvolutionMichael Tomasello Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology2009 Karl Galinsky University of Texas at Austin History of memoryAleida Assmann University of Konstanz2008 Robert S Langer Massachusetts Institute of Technology BiomaterialsPeter Fratzl Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces2007 Raymond Joseph Dolan University College London amp Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Neuromodulation and behaviourHans Christian Pape de University of Munster2006 Alina Payne Harvard University Art historyHorst Bredekamp Humboldt University of Berlin2005 Christopher Carilli National Radio Astronomy Observatory Socorro AstrophysicsChristof Wetterich Heidelberg University2004 Eugene W Myers University of California Berkeley BioinformaticsMartin Vingron Max Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsMax Planck Research Award for International Cooperation edit See de Max Planck ForschungspreisOrganization edit nbsp Entrance of the administrative headquarters of the Max Planck Society in MunichThe Max Planck Society is formally an eingetragener Verein a registered association with the institute directors as scientific members having equal voting rights 16 The society has its registered seat in Berlin while the administrative headquarters are located in Munich Since June 2014 materials scientist Martin Stratmann has been the President of the Max Planck Society 17 Funding is provided predominantly from federal and state sources but also from research and license fees and donations One of the larger donations was the castle Schloss Ringberg near Kreuth in Bavaria which was pledged by Luitpold Emanuel in Bayern Duke in Bavaria It passed to the Society after the duke died in 1973 and is now used for conferences Max Planck Institutes and research groups edit Main article List of Max Planck Institutes The Max Planck Society consists of over 80 research institutes 18 In addition the society funds a number of Max Planck Research Groups MPRG and International Max Planck Research Schools IMPRS The purpose of establishing independent research groups at various universities is to strengthen the required networking between universities and institutes of the Max Planck Society The research units are primarily located across Europe with a few in South Korea and the U S In 2007 the Society established its first non European centre with an institute on the Jupiter campus of Florida Atlantic University focusing on neuroscience 19 20 The Max Planck Institutes operate independently from though in close cooperation with the universities and focus on innovative research that does not fit into the university structure due to its interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary nature or that require resources that cannot be met by the state universities Internally Max Planck Institutes are organized into research departments headed by directors such that each MPI has several directors a position roughly comparable to anything from full professor to department head at a university Other core members include Junior and Senior Research Fellows 21 In addition there are several associated institutes 18 Name City Country SectionCenter of Advanced European Studies and Research Bonn Germany Biology amp MedicineErnst Strungmann Institute Frankfurt am Main Germany Biology amp MedicineMax Planck Society also has a collaborative center with Princeton University Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics located in Princeton New Jersey in the U S 22 The latest Max Planck Research Center has been established at Harvard University in 2016 as the Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean International Max Planck Research Schools edit Together with the Association of Universities and other Education Institutions in Germany the Max Planck Society established numerous International Max Planck Research Schools IMPRS to promote junior scientists Cologne Graduate School of Ageing Research Cologne 23 International Max Planck Research School for Intelligent Systems at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems located in Tubingen and Stuttgart 24 International Max Planck Research School on Adapting Behavior in a Fundamentally Uncertain World Uncertainty School at the Max Planck Institutes for Economics for Human Development and or Research on Collective Goods International Max Planck Research School for Analysis Design and Optimization in Chemical and Biochemical Process Engineering Magdeburg 25 International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics Heidelberg at the MPI for Astronomy International Max Planck Research School for Astrophysics Garching at the MPI for Astrophysics International Max Planck Research School for Complex Surfaces in Material Sciences Berlin 26 International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science Saarbrucken 27 International Max Planck Research School for Earth System Modeling Hamburg 28 International Max Planck Research School for Elementary Particle Physics Munich at the MPI for Physics 29 International Max Planck Research School for Environmental Cellular and Molecular Microbiology Marburg at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology International Max Planck Research School for Evolutionary Biology Plon at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology 30 International Max Planck Research School From Molecules to Organisms Tubingen at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology 31 International Max Planck Research School for Global Biogeochemical Cycles Jena at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry 32 International Max Planck Research School on Gravitational Wave Astronomy Hannover and Potsdam MPI for Gravitational Physics 33 International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research Bad Nauheim at the Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research 34 International Max Planck Research School for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Berlin at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology 35 36 International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences Nijmegen 37 International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences Gottingen 38 International Max Planck Research School for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Tubingen 39 International Max Planck Research School for Marine Microbiology MarMic joint program of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen the University of Bremen the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven and the Jacobs University Bremen 40 International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs Hamburg 41 International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology Freiburg International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences Munich 42 International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology Gottingen 43 International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Cell Biology and Bioengineering Dresden 44 International Max Planck Research School Molecular Biomedicine program combined with the Graduate Programm Cell Dynamics And Disease at the University of Munster and the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine 45 International Max Planck Research School on Multiscale Bio Systems Potsdam 46 International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology at the University of Konstanz and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 47 48 International Max Planck Research School on Reactive Structure Analysis for Chemical Reactions IMPRS RECHARGE Mulheim an der Ruhr at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion 49 International Max Planck Research School for Science and Technology of Nano Systems Halle at Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science 50 at the University of Gottingen 51 hosted by MPI for Solar System Research 52 International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics Bonn at the MPI for Radio Astronomy formerly the International Max Planck Research School for Radio and Infrared Astronomy 53 International Max Planck Research School for the Social and Political Constitution of the Economy Cologne 54 International Max Planck Research School for Surface and Interface Engineering in Advanced Materials Dusseldorf at Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH International Max Planck Research School for Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics Hamburg 55 Max Planck Schools edit Max Planck School of Cognition 56 Max Planck School Matter to Life 57 Max Planck School of Photonics 58 Max Planck Center edit The Max Planck Centre for Attosecond Science MPC AS POSTECH Pohang The Max Planck POSTECH Center for Complex Phase Materials POSTECH PohangMax Planck Institutes edit Among others Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology of Behavior caesar Bonn Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in Katlenburg Lindau was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in 2004 Max Planck Institute for Biology in Tubingen was closed in 2005 Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology in Ladenburg b Heidelberg was closed in 2003 Max Planck Institute for Economics in Jena was renamed to the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in 2014 Max Planck Institute for Ionospheric Research in Katlenburg Lindau was renamed to Max Planck Institute for Aeronomics in 1958 Max Planck Institute for Metals Research Stuttgart Max Planck Institute of Oceanic Biology in Wilhelmshaven was renamed to Max Planck Institute of Cell Biology in 1968 and moved to Ladenburg 1977 Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research in Munich merged into the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in 2004 Max Planck Institute for Protein and Leather Research in Regensburg moved to Munich 1957 and was united with the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in 1977 Max Planck Institute for Virus Research in Tubingen was renamed as Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in 1985 Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific Technical World in Starnberg from 1970 until 1981 closed directed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker and Jurgen Habermas Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Social Law Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics Max Planck Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in MulheimOpen access publishing editSee also Open access in Germany The Max Planck Society describes itself as a co founder of the international Open Access movement 59 Together with the European Cultural Heritage Online Project the Max Planck Society organized the Berlin Open Access Conference in October 2003 to ratify the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing At the Conference the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities was passed The Berlin Declaration built on previous open access declarations but widened the research field to be covered by open access to include humanities and called for new activities to support open access such as encouraging the holders of cultural heritage to provide open access to their resources 60 The Max Planck Society continues to support open access in Germany and mandates institutional self archiving of research outputs on the eDoc server and publications by its researchers in open access journals within 12 months 61 To finance open access the Max Planck Society established the Max Planck Digital Library The library also aims to improve the conditions for open access on behalf of all Max Planck Institutes by negotiating contracts with open access publishers and developing infrastructure projects such as the Max Planck open access repository 62 Criticism editPay for PhD students edit In 2008 the European General Court ruled in a case brought by a PhD student against the Max Planck Society that a researcher preparing a doctoral thesis on the basis of a grant contract concluded with the Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften eV must be regarded as a worker within the meaning of Article 39 EC only if his activities are performed for a certain period of time under the direction of an institute forming part of that association and if in return for those activities he receives remuneration 63 In 2012 the Max Planck Society was at the centre of a controversy about some PhD students being given employment contracts Of the 5 300 students who at the time wrote their PhD thesis at the 80 Max Planck Institutes 2 000 had an employment contract The remaining 3 300 received grants of between 1 000 and 1 365 Euro 64 According to a 2011 statement by the Max Planck Society As you embark on a PhD you are still anything but a proper scientist it s during the process itself that you become a proper scientist a PhD is an apprenticeship in the lab and as such it is usually not paid like a proper job and this is by and large the practice at all research institutions and universities 65 The allegation of wage dumping for young scientists was discussed during the passing of the 2012 Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz Scientific Freedom Law in the German Parliament 66 Nobel Laureates editMax Planck Society since 1948 edit Ferenc Krausz Nobel Prize physics 2023 Svante Paabo Nobel Prize medicine 2022 Benjamin List Nobel Prize chemistry 2021 Klaus Hasselmann Nobel Prize physics 2021 Emmanuelle Charpentier Nobel Prize chemistry 2020 Reinhard Genzel Nobel Prize physics 2020 Stefan W Hell Nobel Prize chemistry 2014 Gerhard Ertl Nobel Prize chemistry 2007 Theodor W Hansch Nobel Prize physics 2005 Christiane Nusslein Volhard Nobel Prize medicine 1995 Paul Crutzen Nobel Prize chemistry 1995 Erwin Neher Nobel Prize medicine 1991 Bert Sakmann Nobel Prize medicine 1991 Robert Huber Nobel Prize chemistry 1988 Hartmut Michel Nobel Prize chemistry 1988 Johann Deisenhofer Nobel Prize chemistry 1988 Ernst Ruska Nobel Prize physics 1986 Klaus von Klitzing Nobel Prize physics 1985 Georges Kohler Nobel Prize medicine 1984 Konrad Lorenz Nobel Prize medicine 1973 Manfred Eigen Nobel Prize chemistry 1967 Feodor Lynen Nobel Prize medicine 1964 Karl Ziegler Nobel Prize chemistry 1963 Walter Bothe Nobel Prize physics 1954Kaiser Wilhelm Society 1914 1948 edit Otto Hahn Nobel Prize chemistry 1944 Adolf Butenandt Nobel Prize chemistry 1939 Richard Kuhn Nobel Prize chemistry 1938 Peter J W Debye Nobel Prize chemistry 1936 Hans Spemann Nobel Prize medicine 1935 Werner Heisenberg Nobel Prize physics 1932 Otto Heinrich Warburg Nobel Prize medicine 1931 Carl Bosch Nobel Prize chemistry 1931 James Franck Nobel Prize physics 1925 Otto Meyerhof Nobel Prize medicine 1922 Albert Einstein Nobel Prize physics 1921 Max Planck Nobel Prize physics 1918 Fritz Haber Nobel Prize chemistry 1918 Richard Willstatter Nobel Prize chemistry 1915 Max von Laue Nobel Prize physics 1914See also editFraunhofer Gesellschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community Harnack medal Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Schloss RingbergReferences editCitations edit a b c d e f g About us Organization Max Planck Gesellschaft Archived from the original on 20 March 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 a b c d e f g About us Max Planck Society Facts amp Figures Max Planck Gesellschaft Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 Retrieved 12 October 2019 a b About us Short Portrait Max Planck Gesellschaft Archived from the original on 25 March 2015 Retrieved 28 March 2015 Facts and Figures Max Planck Gesellschaft Mpg de Archived from the original on 14 January 2019 Retrieved 18 March 2019 2020 tables Institutions 2020 tables Institutions Nature Index www natureindex com Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 Retrieved 11 January 2021 The titans Institutional rankings by output and citations Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Times Higher Education 17 September 2009 The Most Cited Institutions Overall 1999 2009 Archived 26 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Science Watch Geschichte mpg de in German Retrieved 26 September 2022 Top non university institutions in science Times Higher Education Supplement Archived from the original on 24 September 2008 Retrieved 1 March 2009 Max Planck Society attracts almost 2m visitors online yearly Archived from the original on 2 July 2009 Retrieved 1 March 2009 https www mpg de mpResearchAward Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine One Award Two Winners Max Planck Gesellschaft Max Planck Humboldt Research Award mpg de Max Planck Humboldt Research Award humboldt foundation de Max Planck Humboldt Research Award For the first time two top researchers from the humanities and social sciences have been honoured humboldt foundation de 6 November 2019 Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 Retrieved 12 April 2020 Two US social scientists honoured with prestigious prize mpg de 5 November 2019 MPG Organization Archived from the original on 12 January 2011 Retrieved 1 March 2009 http www mpg de president news Archived 5 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine Homepage of Martin Stratmann a b Institutes Max Planck Institutes Max Planck Gesellschaft 2015 Archived from the original on 23 March 2015 Retrieved 26 March 2015 Check Erika 20 September 2007 Florida courts German life sciences institute Nature 449 7160 264 265 Bibcode 2007Natur 449 264C doi 10 1038 449264b PMID 17882174 Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience Website Archived from the original on 26 March 2014 Retrieved 7 March 2014 Max Planck Society postdoctoral and doctoral jobs notifications DolPages 2017 Archived from the original on 19 March 2017 Retrieved 18 March 2017 International Max Planck Center Partnerinstitute Max Planck Princeton Research Center for Plasma Physics Max Planck Gesellschaft 2015 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 26 March 2015 About us Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 24 January 2014 IMPRS for Intelligent Systems Archived from the original on 8 August 2018 Retrieved 8 August 2018 International Max Planck Research School IMPRS www pe imprs mpg de Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 Retrieved 11 June 2017 IMPRS Complex Surfaces in Material Science www imprs cs mpg de Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science www imprs cs de Archived from the original on 3 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 Grunes Hamburg Blog uber Nachhaltigkeit und erneuerbare Energien Grunes Hamburg Blog uber Nachhaltigkeit und erneuerbare Energien Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 Archived copy Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 Retrieved 6 February 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Short Portrait www evolbio mpg de Archived from the original on 13 December 2018 Retrieved 18 March 2019 Home International Max Planck Research School Imprs tuebingen mpg de 21 February 2019 Archived from the original on 17 July 2017 Retrieved 18 March 2019 IMPRS gBGC imprs gbgc de Archived from the original on 19 December 2017 Retrieved 30 November 2017 Home imprs gw aei mpg de Archived from the original on 31 May 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 IMPRS HLR IMPRS HLR imprs mpi hlr de Archived from the original on 19 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 General Information www mpiib berlin mpg de Retrieved 2 February 2021 ZIBI Graduate School www zibi berlin de 27 March 2017 Retrieved 2 February 2021 IMPRS Graduate School Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics www mpi nl Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 MSc PhD MD PhD Neuroscience Program www gpneuro uni goettingen de Archived from the original on 2 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 http www neuroschool tuebingen de Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine formerly IMPRS for Neural and Behavioral Sciences Graduate School of Neural amp Behavioural Sciences Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 Retrieved 14 December 2017 MarMic www marmic mpg de Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law Activities of the Past Years www maritimeaffairs org Archived from the original on 27 December 2012 Retrieved 11 June 2017 Welcome IMPRS for Molecular Life Sciences From Biological Structures to Neural Circuits www imprs ls de Archived from the original on 4 October 2016 Retrieved 11 June 2017 MSc PhD Molecular Biology Program www gpmolbio uni goettingen de Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 PHP version not supported www imprs mcbb de Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 IMPRS www imprs mbm cedad mpg de Archived from the original on 8 July 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 IMPRS on Multiscale Bio Systems IMPRS imprs mpikg mpg de Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 Retrieved 16 March 2017 Short Portrait www orn mpg de Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 Homepage www orn mpg de Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 IMPRS Home imprs cec mpg de Retrieved 17 September 2019 International Max Planck Research School for Solar System Science Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 Retrieved 2 September 2016 Doctoral Studies in Physics IMPRS at the University of Gottingen Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 Retrieved 2 September 2016 Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 Retrieved 2 September 2016 PhD School www mpifr bonn mpg de Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 Retrieved 11 June 2017 MPIfG Doctoral Program Archived from the original on 6 September 2006 Retrieved 23 October 2006 http www imprs ufast de permanent dead link Home Max Planck School of Cognition Home mattertolife maxplanckschools org Home Max Planck School of Photonics The 13th Berlin OA conference was the second one focussing on the large scale transition of scholarly journals to Open Access as put forward by the OA2020 initiative Archived from the original on 7 June 2017 Retrieved 6 May 2017 Regazzi John J 2015 Scholarly Communications A History from Content as King to Content as Kingmaker Rowman amp Littlefield p 192 ISBN 978 0810890886 Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 Retrieved 6 May 2017 Germany Global Open Access Portal UNESCO Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 Retrieved 8 May 2017 The unstoppable rise of Open Access Archived from the original on 25 August 2017 Retrieved 6 May 2017 Case C 94 07 Andrea Raccanelli v Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften eV 17 July 2008 Archived from the original on 25 September 2017 Retrieved 21 July 2017 Mersch Britta 28 March 2012 Wut der Doktoranden Schafft die Stipendien ab Der Spiegel Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 Retrieved 23 February 2013 Scholarships are also a sign of quality What is a doctoral thesis all about Archived from the original on 16 September 2012 Retrieved 20 April 2011 Wissenschaftsfreiheitsgesetz 29 June 2012 Sources edit Alison Abbott German science starts facing up to its historical amnesia in Nature Vol 403 2000 S 474f article about the Commission for the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft under National Socialism Gretchen Vogel Aufbau Ost Max Planck s East German Experiment in Science Vol 326 6 November 2009 about the new institutes in the eastern part of Germany External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Max Planck Society Official website nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Max Planck Society amp oldid 1207832285, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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