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Wikipedia

Compulsory education

January 01, 1970

"Mass education" redirects here. Not to be confused with Masseduction.

Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government. This education may take place at a registered school or at other places.

Years of compulsory education or compulsory schooling around the world in 2021
  >12
  10–12
  7–9
  <7
  No data

Compulsory school attendance or compulsory schooling means that parents are obliged to send their children to a state-approved school.[1]

All countries except Bhutan, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vatican City have compulsory education laws.

Purpose edit

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most schools in the United States did not mandate regular attendance. In many areas, students attended school for no more than three to four months out of the year.[2]

At the start of the 20th century, the purpose of compulsory education was to master physical skills which are necessary and can be contributed to the nation.[citation needed] It also instilled values of ethics and social communications abilities in teenagers, and it would allow immigrants to fit in the unacquainted society of a new country.[3] It is mostly used to advance the education of all citizens, minimize the number of students who stop going to school because of family economic reasons, and balance the education differences between rural and urban areas.[citation needed]

The overall correlation between the level of access to education in a country and the skills of its student population is weak. This disconnect between education access and education quality may be the consequence of weak capacity to implement education policies or lack of information on the part of policymakers on how to promote student learning. In other situations, governments might be intentionally motivated to provide education for reasons that have nothing to do with improving the knowledge and skills of citizens.[4] On the other hand, in countries with a republican system of government, being educated is necessary and important for every citizen.[5]

Throughout history, compulsory education laws have typically been the latest form of education intervention enacted by states. In general, governments in Europe and Latin America began to intervene in primary education an average of 107 years before democratization as measured by Polity. Compulsory education laws, despite being one of the last measures introduced by central governments seeking to regulate primary education, nevertheless were implemented an average of 52 years before democratization as measured by Polity and 36 years before universal male suffrage.[4]

Historically, there is a trend of mass education being introduced in the aftermath of civil wars.[6] According to a 2022 study, nondemocracies frequently introduced mass education to teach obedience and respect for authority.[6]

History edit

Antiquity to medieval times edit

Compulsory education was not unheard of in ancient times. However, instances are generally tied to royal, religious or military organizations—substantially different from modern notions of compulsory education.

Plato's The Republic (c. 424 – c. 348 BCE) is credited with having popularized the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought. Plato's rationale was straightforward. The ideal city would require ideal individuals, and ideal individuals would require an ideal education. The popularization of Plato's ideas began with the wider Renaissance and the translation of Plato's works by Marsilio Ficino (1434–1499), culminating in the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, known for his own work on education (including Emile, or On Education), said, 'To get a good idea of public education, read Plato's Republic. It is not a political treatise, as those who merely judge books by their title think, but it is the finest, most beautiful work on education ever written.'[7]

In Sparta boys between the age 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school. School courses were harsh and have been described as a "brutal training period". Between the age of 18 and 20, Spartan males had to pass a test that consisted of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. A student's failure meant a forfeiture of citizenship (perioidos) and political rights. Passing was a rite of passage to manhood and citizenry, in which he would continue to serve in the military and train as a soldier until the age of 60 when the soldier could retire to live with his family.[8]

Every parent in Judea since ancient times was required to teach their children at least informally. Over the centuries, as cities, towns and villages developed, a class of teachers called Rabbis evolved. According to the Talmud (tractate Bava Bathra 21a), which praises the sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD, Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made formal education compulsory from age 6 to 8.[9]

The Aztec Triple Alliance, which ruled from 1428 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico, is considered to be the first state to implement a system of universal compulsory education, although earlier Nahua states may have had it as well.[10][11]

Early Modern Era edit

The Protestant Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls, first in regions that are now part of Germany, and later in Europe and in the United States.

Martin Luther's seminal text An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes (To the Councillors of all Towns in German Countries, 1524) called for establishing compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible by themselves.[12] The Protestant South-West of the Holy Roman Empire soon followed suit. In 1559, the German Duchy Württemberg established a compulsory education system for boys.[13] In 1592, the German Duchy Palatine Zweibrücken became the first territory in the world with compulsory education for girls and boys,[14] followed in 1598 by Strasbourg, then a free city of the Holy Roman Empire and now part of France.

In Scotland, the School Establishment Act 1616 commanded every parish to establish a school for everyone paid for by parishioners. The Parliament of Scotland confirmed this with the Education Act 1633 and created a local land-based tax to provide the required funding. The required majority support of parishioners, however, provided a tax evasion loophole which heralded the Education Act 1646. The turmoil of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position. However, a new Education Act 1696 re-established the compulsory provision of a school in every parish with a system of fines, sequestration, and direct government implementation as a means of enforcement where required, making Scotland the first country with national compulsory education.

In the United States, following Luther and other Reformers, the Separatist Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, obliged parents to teach their children how to read and write.[15] The Massachusetts School Laws, three legislative acts enacted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642, 1647, and 1648, are commonly regarded as the first steps toward compulsory education in the United States. The 1647 law, in particular, required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher, and every town of more than 100 families to establish a school.[16] The Puritan zeal for learning was reflected in the early and rapid rise of educational institutions; e.g., Harvard College was founded as early as 1636.[17]

Prussia implemented a modern compulsory education system in 1763.[18] It was introduced by the Generallandschulreglement (General School Regulation), a decree of Frederick the Great in 1763–5.[19] The Generallandschulreglement, authored by Johann Julius Hecker, asked for all young citizens, girls and boys, to be educated from age 5 to age 13–14 and to be provided with a basic outlook on (Christian) religion, singing, reading and writing based on a regulated, state-provided curriculum of text books. The teachers, often former soldiers, were asked to cultivate silk worms to make a living besides contributions from the local citizens and municipalities.[20][21]

In Austria, Hungary and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown (Czech lands), mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress Maria Theresa in 1774.[19]

Late Modern Era edit

Compulsory school attendance based on the Prussian model gradually spread to other countries. It was quickly adopted by the governments in Denmark-Norway and Sweden, and also in Finland, Estonia and Latvia within the Russian Empire, and later England and Wales and France.[22]

Due to population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education, UNESCO calculated in 2006 that over the subsequent 30 years, more people would receive formal education than in all prior human history.[23]

France edit

France was slow to introduce compulsory education, this time due to conflicts between the secular state and the Catholic Church,[20] and as a result between anti-clerical and Catholic political parties. During the July Monarchy, government officials proposed a variety of public primary education provisions, culminating in the Guizot Law of 28 June 1833. The Guizot law mandated that all communes provide education for boys and required that schools implement a curriculum focused on religious and moral instruction. The first set of Jules Ferry Laws, passed in 1881, extended the central government's role in education well beyond the provisions of the Guizot Law, and made primary education free for girls and boys. In 1882, the second set of Jules Ferry Laws made education compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 13.[24] In 1936, the upper age limit was raised to 14. In 1959, it was further extended to 16.[25]

United States edit

In 1852, Massachusetts was the first U.S. state to pass a compulsory universal public education law. In particular, the Massachusetts General Court required every town to create and operate a grammar school. Fines were imposed on parents who did not send their children to school, and the government took the power to take children away from their parents and apprentice them to others if government officials decided that the parents were "unfit to have the children educated properly."[26] In 1918, Mississippi became the last state to enact a compulsory attendance law.[27]

In 1922 an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the Oregon Compulsory Education Act, which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend public schools, only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children, exceeding a certain living distance from a state school, or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction.[28] The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters, determining that "a child is not a mere creature of the state." This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States.

Russia/USSR edit

In the Soviet Union, a compulsory education provision law was implemented in 1930.[29] State-provided education during this era was primarily focused on eradicating illiteracy. In line with the overall goals of the regime's Five Year Plans, the motivation behind education provision and literacy instruction was to ”train a new generation of technically skilled and scientifically literate citizens.”[30] Industrial development needed more skilled workers of all kinds. No possible source of talent could be left untapped, and the only way of meeting these needs was by the rapid development of a planned system of mass education.”[31] Soviet schools “responded to the economic requirements of society” by emphasizing “basic formation in math, and polytechnic knowledge related to economic production.”[32] The Soviet regime's deliberate expansion of mass education supremacy was what most impressed the U.S. education missions to the USSR in the 1950s.[4]

China edit

China's nine-year compulsory education was formally established in 1986 as part of its economic modernization program.[33] It was designed to promote "universalization", the closure of the education gap by economic development and between rural and urban areas by provision of safe and high-quality schools.[34] The program initially faced shortages due to a huge population and weak economic foundation, but by 1999 primary and junior middle schools respectively served 90% and 85% of the national population.[33]

Timeline of introduction edit

1700s edit

1800s edit

1900s edit

2000s edit

Countries without compulsory education edit

By country edit

See also: Public schooling

The following table indicates at what ages compulsory education starts and ends in different countries. The most common age for starting compulsory education is 6, but that varies between 3 and 8.[109][110]

Country/Region Lower
age range		 Upper
age range		 Notes
  Argentina 4 18 [111]
  Australia 5 15/17 Upper age limit varies among states. Waived if pursuing full-time employment or full-time education.
  Austria 6 15 Compulsory education requires nine years spent in school. After completing all mandatory schooldays, it is obligatory to attend a secondary school or do an apprenticeship until the age of 18.[112]
  Belgium 5 18 In Belgium, only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory.
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 15
  Bulgaria 4 16 Since 2020, compulsory education includes three years of preschool education before children start primary school.[113][114]
  Brazil 4 17 Last changed in 2009.[115]
  Canada 5–7 16/18 Children who turn five by 31 December are required to begin schooling in British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Yukon. In Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, a child is required to attend school at the age of six. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are the only provinces where the minimum compulsory attendance age is seven. Attendance in school is compulsory until the student reaches the age of 16 in all provinces except Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick, where attendance is compulsory until the student is 18 years old.
  China 6 15
  Croatia 6 15
  Costa Rica 4 17
  Cyprus 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.[116]
  Czech Republic 5 15 Compulsory education requires one year spent in pre-school and nine years spent in school. Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year.
  Denmark 6 16
  Egypt 6 14
  England and   Wales 4[117] 16[118] Requirement is for a full-time education, but attendance at a school is not compulsory (section 7 of The Education Act 1996).
  Estonia 6/7 15/16 6 year olds can enter if they turn 7 by 1 October in the same year.[119]
  Finland 7 18 Beginning age is negotiable ± 1 year. The law changed at the end of 2020 from the age of 15 to now 18.
  France 3 16 Compulsory education only
  Germany 6 16 Varies slightly between states.[120][121]
  Greece 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre-primary (preschool) education.
  Haiti 6 11 The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge. However, even public schools charge substantial fees. 80% of children go to private schools.
  Hong Kong 6 15 Hong Kong laws state that education is mandatory for 12 years (primary and secondary) and free for 15 years (kindergarten, primary and secondary) except for private schools or subsidized schools.
  Hungary 3 16 Since 2015, kindergarten is compulsory from age 3, although exceptions are made for developmental reasons.[122][123]
  India 3 18 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14. This was further updated by National Education Policy 2020 which made education free and compulsory for children aged between 3 and 18.
  Indonesia 6 18
  Israel 3 16 Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 10th grade.
  Iran 6 12[124]
  Italy 6 16
  Jamaica 5 16 Parents could face charges of child neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons. Not enforced.
  Japan 6 15
  Latvia 5 16[109][125]
  Luxembourg 4 16[109]
  Malaysia 6 12[126]
  Maldives 6 15
  Mexico 6 18 Schooling is required through upper secondary school (Preparatoria).[127]
  Morocco 6 15
  Netherlands 5 18 Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their 'start qualification' (MBO level 2, HAVO or VWO degree).
  New Zealand 6 16 Children typically commence school at five years. There is no direct cost until the age of 19.[128]
  Norway 6 15 A total of ten years (of study, and not schooling, as suggested here), where Primary school is year 1–7 (without grades), and Lower Secondary school (with grades) is year 8–10.[129]
  Philippines 4–6 18 This was modified from 6–16 due to the addition of compulsory kindergarten and senior high school.
  Poland 6 18 Compulsory education starts with one year of pre-school (kindergarten) education, after which children start primary education.[130] Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school (obowiązek szkolny) and compulsory education (obowiązek nauki).
  Portugal 6 18 It is the law that children living in Portugal (if they're 6 years old or more) must go to school. Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only.
  Romania 5–6 18–19 Since 2020, the last year of kindergarten, as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education, bringing compulsory education to a total of 14 years. (see Education in Romania)
  Russia 6 17 Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority.[131]
  Scotland 5 16 A person is of school age if he has attained the age of five years and has not attained the age of sixteen years.[132]
  Slovenia 6 15
  Singapore 7 15[133] Compulsory Education Act 2000. Children who are homeschooled may be exempted from the Act. From 2019, children with moderate-to-severe special education needs are no longer exempt from the Act (children with mild special education needs were already covered by the Act).[134]
  Spain 6 16
  Syria 6 15 Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9.
  Sweden 6 16[135] All children registered in Sweden have to follow the law of 'skolplikt' (compulsory school attendance). Head teachers can only grant leave of absence if they determine that there are exceptional and very compelling reason for the child to take leave of absence from the school. To go on vacation with the family is usually not an exceptional reason to be granted leave of absence. A fine can be issued for those who do not follow the rules.
   Switzerland 4–6 15 Varies by canton.[109]
  Qatar 5 18 Education shall be compulsory and free for all children from the beginning of the primary stage until the end of the preparatory stage or the age of eighteen, whichever is earlier.
  Taiwan 7 15 Typical ages for 9 years (6–15) of compulsory education (starting from 1968) and optional extend(a.k.a volunteer basic education) to age 18 (non compulsory, starting from 2014).
  Thailand 4 15 Only compulsory education applies. School is not compulsory in Thailand.
  Turkey 6 18 From the 1st to the 12th grade, education is compulsory. Starting in the educational year of 2012–2013, an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school. The system is commonly referred to as 4+4+4.
  United States 5–8 16–19 Ages vary between states. Beginning age varies from 5 to 8, ending age varies from 16 to 19.[136] In Wisconsin v. Yoder, the Supreme Court determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade.
  Uruguay 6 14
  Zimbabwe 6 16 Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education.

Criticism edit

Main article: Criticism of schooling

While compulsory education is mostly seen as important and useful, compulsory schooling is seen by some as obsolete and counterproductive in today's world and has repeatedly been the subject of sharp criticism.[137] Critics of compulsory schooling argue that such education violates the freedom of children; is a method of political control;[138] is ineffective at teaching children how to deal with the "real world" outside of school;[139] and may have negative effects on children, leading to higher rates of apathy, bullying, stress, and depression.[140]

See also edit

References edit

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Further reading edit

  • Coleman, J. S., et al. (1966). Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Gardner, Richard (1871). An address on compulsory education: given before the Church of England School Teachers' Association for West Kent, February 11, 1871 . Tonbridge: Richard Gardner.
  • Ives, Richard "Compulsory Education and the St. Louis Public School System 1905-1907" Missouri Historical Review 71 (April 1977): 315-329. online
  • Paglayan, A. (2020). "The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years." American Political Science Review.
  • Van Horn Melton, J. (1988). Absolutism and the Eighteenth-Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • White, John (1876). "The Laws on Compulsory Education," The Fortnightly Review, Vol. XXV, pp. 897–918.

External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Compulsory education.
 
Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Compulsory education.

    January 01, 1970
    compulsory, education, mass, education, redirects, here, confused, with, masseduction, refers, period, education, that, required, people, imposed, government, this, education, take, place, registered, school, other, places, years, compulsory, education, compul. Mass education redirects here Not to be confused with Masseduction Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government This education may take place at a registered school or at other places Years of compulsory education or compulsory schooling around the world in 2021 gt 12 10 12 7 9 lt 7 No data Compulsory school attendance or compulsory schooling means that parents are obliged to send their children to a state approved school 1 All countries except Bhutan Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands and Vatican City have compulsory education laws Contents 1 Purpose 2 History 2 1 Antiquity to medieval times 2 2 Early Modern Era 2 3 Late Modern Era 2 3 1 France 2 3 2 United States 2 3 3 Russia USSR 2 3 4 China 3 Timeline of introduction 3 1 1700s 3 2 1800s 3 3 1900s 3 4 2000s 3 5 Countries without compulsory education 4 By country 5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksPurpose editDuring the late 18th and early 19th centuries most schools in the United States did not mandate regular attendance In many areas students attended school for no more than three to four months out of the year 2 At the start of the 20th century the purpose of compulsory education was to master physical skills which are necessary and can be contributed to the nation citation needed It also instilled values of ethics and social communications abilities in teenagers and it would allow immigrants to fit in the unacquainted society of a new country 3 It is mostly used to advance the education of all citizens minimize the number of students who stop going to school because of family economic reasons and balance the education differences between rural and urban areas citation needed The overall correlation between the level of access to education in a country and the skills of its student population is weak This disconnect between education access and education quality may be the consequence of weak capacity to implement education policies or lack of information on the part of policymakers on how to promote student learning In other situations governments might be intentionally motivated to provide education for reasons that have nothing to do with improving the knowledge and skills of citizens 4 On the other hand in countries with a republican system of government being educated is necessary and important for every citizen 5 Throughout history compulsory education laws have typically been the latest form of education intervention enacted by states In general governments in Europe and Latin America began to intervene in primary education an average of 107 years before democratization as measured by Polity Compulsory education laws despite being one of the last measures introduced by central governments seeking to regulate primary education nevertheless were implemented an average of 52 years before democratization as measured by Polity and 36 years before universal male suffrage 4 Historically there is a trend of mass education being introduced in the aftermath of civil wars 6 According to a 2022 study nondemocracies frequently introduced mass education to teach obedience and respect for authority 6 History editAntiquity to medieval times edit Compulsory education was not unheard of in ancient times However instances are generally tied to royal religious or military organizations substantially different from modern notions of compulsory education Plato s The Republic c 424 c 348 BCE is credited with having popularized the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought Plato s rationale was straightforward The ideal city would require ideal individuals and ideal individuals would require an ideal education The popularization of Plato s ideas began with the wider Renaissance and the translation of Plato s works by Marsilio Ficino 1434 1499 culminating in the Enlightenment The Enlightenment philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau known for his own work on education including Emile or On Education said To get a good idea of public education read Plato s Republic It is not a political treatise as those who merely judge books by their title think but it is the finest most beautiful work on education ever written 7 In Sparta boys between the age 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school School courses were harsh and have been described as a brutal training period Between the age of 18 and 20 Spartan males had to pass a test that consisted of fitness military ability and leadership skills A student s failure meant a forfeiture of citizenship perioidos and political rights Passing was a rite of passage to manhood and citizenry in which he would continue to serve in the military and train as a soldier until the age of 60 when the soldier could retire to live with his family 8 Every parent in Judea since ancient times was required to teach their children at least informally Over the centuries as cities towns and villages developed a class of teachers called Rabbis evolved According to the Talmud tractate Bava Bathra 21a which praises the sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made formal education compulsory from age 6 to 8 9 The Aztec Triple Alliance which ruled from 1428 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico is considered to be the first state to implement a system of universal compulsory education although earlier Nahua states may have had it as well 10 11 Early Modern Era edit The Protestant Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls first in regions that are now part of Germany and later in Europe and in the United States Martin Luther s seminal text An die Ratsherren aller Stadte deutschen Landes To the Councillors of all Towns in German Countries 1524 called for establishing compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible by themselves 12 The Protestant South West of the Holy Roman Empire soon followed suit In 1559 the German Duchy Wurttemberg established a compulsory education system for boys 13 In 1592 the German Duchy Palatine Zweibrucken became the first territory in the world with compulsory education for girls and boys 14 followed in 1598 by Strasbourg then a free city of the Holy Roman Empire and now part of France In Scotland the School Establishment Act 1616 commanded every parish to establish a school for everyone paid for by parishioners The Parliament of Scotland confirmed this with the Education Act 1633 and created a local land based tax to provide the required funding The required majority support of parishioners however provided a tax evasion loophole which heralded the Education Act 1646 The turmoil of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position However a new Education Act 1696 re established the compulsory provision of a school in every parish with a system of fines sequestration and direct government implementation as a means of enforcement where required making Scotland the first country with national compulsory education In the United States following Luther and other Reformers the Separatist Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620 obliged parents to teach their children how to read and write 15 The Massachusetts School Laws three legislative acts enacted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1642 1647 and 1648 are commonly regarded as the first steps toward compulsory education in the United States The 1647 law in particular required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher and every town of more than 100 families to establish a school 16 The Puritan zeal for learning was reflected in the early and rapid rise of educational institutions e g Harvard College was founded as early as 1636 17 Prussia implemented a modern compulsory education system in 1763 18 It was introduced by the Generallandschulreglement General School Regulation a decree of Frederick the Great in 1763 5 19 The Generallandschulreglement authored by Johann Julius Hecker asked for all young citizens girls and boys to be educated from age 5 to age 13 14 and to be provided with a basic outlook on Christian religion singing reading and writing based on a regulated state provided curriculum of text books The teachers often former soldiers were asked to cultivate silk worms to make a living besides contributions from the local citizens and municipalities 20 21 In Austria Hungary and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown Czech lands mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress Maria Theresa in 1774 19 Late Modern Era edit Compulsory school attendance based on the Prussian model gradually spread to other countries It was quickly adopted by the governments in Denmark Norway and Sweden and also in Finland Estonia and Latvia within the Russian Empire and later England and Wales and France 22 Due to population growth and the proliferation of compulsory education UNESCO calculated in 2006 that over the subsequent 30 years more people would receive formal education than in all prior human history 23 France edit France was slow to introduce compulsory education this time due to conflicts between the secular state and the Catholic Church 20 and as a result between anti clerical and Catholic political parties During the July Monarchy government officials proposed a variety of public primary education provisions culminating in the Guizot Law of 28 June 1833 The Guizot law mandated that all communes provide education for boys and required that schools implement a curriculum focused on religious and moral instruction The first set of Jules Ferry Laws passed in 1881 extended the central government s role in education well beyond the provisions of the Guizot Law and made primary education free for girls and boys In 1882 the second set of Jules Ferry Laws made education compulsory for girls and boys until the age of 13 24 In 1936 the upper age limit was raised to 14 In 1959 it was further extended to 16 25 United States edit In 1852 Massachusetts was the first U S state to pass a compulsory universal public education law In particular the Massachusetts General Court required every town to create and operate a grammar school Fines were imposed on parents who did not send their children to school and the government took the power to take children away from their parents and apprentice them to others if government officials decided that the parents were unfit to have the children educated properly 26 In 1918 Mississippi became the last state to enact a compulsory attendance law 27 In 1922 an attempt was made by the voters of Oregon to enact the Oregon Compulsory Education Act which would require all children between the ages of 8 and 16 to attend public schools only leaving exceptions for mentally or physically unfit children exceeding a certain living distance from a state school or having written consent from a county superintendent to receive private instruction 28 The law was passed by popular vote but was later ruled unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in Pierce v Society of Sisters determining that a child is not a mere creature of the state This case settled the dispute about whether or not private schools had the right to do business and educate within the United States Russia USSR edit In the Soviet Union a compulsory education provision law was implemented in 1930 29 State provided education during this era was primarily focused on eradicating illiteracy In line with the overall goals of the regime s Five Year Plans the motivation behind education provision and literacy instruction was to train a new generation of technically skilled and scientifically literate citizens 30 Industrial development needed more skilled workers of all kinds No possible source of talent could be left untapped and the only way of meeting these needs was by the rapid development of a planned system of mass education 31 Soviet schools responded to the economic requirements of society by emphasizing basic formation in math and polytechnic knowledge related to economic production 32 The Soviet regime s deliberate expansion of mass education supremacy was what most impressed the U S education missions to the USSR in the 1950s 4 China edit China s nine year compulsory education was formally established in 1986 as part of its economic modernization program 33 It was designed to promote universalization the closure of the education gap by economic development and between rural and urban areas by provision of safe and high quality schools 34 The program initially faced shortages due to a huge population and weak economic foundation but by 1999 primary and junior middle schools respectively served 90 and 85 of the national population 33 Timeline of introduction edit1700s edit 1739 nbsp Denmark 35 1763 nbsp Prussia 36 1774 nbsp Austria 1800s edit 1805 nbsp Liechtenstein 37 1814 nbsp Denmark 36 1817 nbsp Travancore 38 1824 nbsp Ottoman Empire 39 1834 nbsp Greece 36 1841 nbsp Hawaii 40 1842 nbsp Sweden 36 1844 nbsp Portugal 36 1852 nbsp Massachusetts 40 1857 nbsp Spain 41 1864 nbsp Washington D C 40 nbsp Romania 1867 nbsp Vermont 40 1868 nbsp Montenegro 1869 nbsp Italy 42 nbsp Costa Rica 43 1870 nbsp Colombia 44 1871 nbsp Michigan nbsp New Hampshire nbsp Washington 40 nbsp Ontario 45 nbsp Western Australia 46 1872 nbsp Japan nbsp Scotland 47 nbsp Connecticut de facto unenforceable 40 nbsp Victoria 46 1873 nbsp Nevada 40 nbsp British Columbia 45 1874 nbsp Switzerland 36 nbsp Kansas nbsp New York nbsp California 40 1875 nbsp New Jersey nbsp Maine 40 nbsp South Australia 46 1876 nbsp Wyoming 40 nbsp Guyana nbsp Suriname 48 1877 nbsp New Zealand nbsp Uruguay 44 nbsp Ohio 40 nbsp Prince Edward Island 45 1878 nbsp Bulgaria 1879 nbsp Wisconsin 49 1880 nbsp England 36 nbsp Wales 36 nbsp New South Wales 46 nbsp Venezuela 50 1882 nbsp France 36 nbsp Serbia 51 1883 nbsp Montana nbsp Illinois nbsp North Dakota nbsp South Dakota nbsp Rhode Island 40 nbsp Nova Scotia 45 1884 nbsp Argentina 44 1885 nbsp Minnesota 40 1886 nbsp Colombia abolished 44 1887 nbsp Idaho nbsp Nebraska 40 1889 nbsp Norway 52 nbsp Oregon nbsp Colorado 40 1890 nbsp Barbados 53 nbsp Utah 40 1891 nbsp New Mexico 40 1892 nbsp Ireland 36 1895 nbsp Pennsylvania 40 1896 nbsp Kentucky nbsp Hawaii 40 1897 nbsp Ecuador 44 nbsp Indiana nbsp West Virginia 40 1899 nbsp Arizona 40 nbsp Puerto Rico 1900s edit 1900 nbsp Netherlands 36 nbsp Queensland 46 1902 nbsp Iowa nbsp Maryland 40 1904 nbsp Guam 54 1905 nbsp Peru nbsp Tennessee nbsp Missouri 40 nbsp New Brunswick 45 1906 nbsp Namibia only for white children with less than 4 km to the nearest school 55 1907 nbsp Iceland 56 nbsp Delaware nbsp North Carolina nbsp Oklahoma 40 1908 nbsp Virginia 40 1909 nbsp Paraguay 44 nbsp Arkansas 40 nbsp Saskatchewan 45 1910 nbsp Louisiana 40 nbsp Alberta 45 1912 nbsp Luxembourg 36 1913 nbsp Albania 57 1915 nbsp Alabama nbsp South Carolina nbsp Florida nbsp Texas 40 1916 nbsp Georgia U S state 40 nbsp Manitoba 45 nbsp Tasmania 46 1917 nbsp Mexico 58 nbsp Gibraltar 59 1918 nbsp Mississippi 40 1919 nbsp Belgium 36 nbsp Poland only for children with less than 3 km to the nearest school 60 nbsp Latvia all of nbsp Germany Weimar Constitution 61 1920 nbsp Chile 44 nbsp Estonia 62 nbsp Eswatini white children only 1921 nbsp Finland 63 nbsp Thailand 64 1923 nbsp Nauru 65 1924 nbsp Ukrainian SSR 66 1925 nbsp Mongolia 67 1926 nbsp Byelorussian SSR 66 1927 nbsp Colombia reintroduced 44 1929 nbsp Alaska 40 1930 nbsp India nbsp Soviet Union 66 1935 nbsp Afghanistan 68 1942 nbsp Newfoundland 45 1943 nbsp Quebec 45 nbsp Iran 69 1946 nbsp Malta 70 1949 nbsp Israel 42 1951 nbsp Libya 71 1952 nbsp Jordan 72 1953 nbsp Egypt 73 nbsp South Korea 74 1956 nbsp Poland all children 60 1960 nbsp Chad 1961 nbsp Ghana 75 1962 nbsp Cyprus 76 nbsp Mali 1963 nbsp Algeria 77 nbsp Morocco 78 1964 nbsp Mozambique children with less than three miles to the nearest school 1965 nbsp Kuwait 79 1968 nbsp Republic of China 80 81 82 1971 nbsp United Arab Emirates 83 1973 nbsp Indonesia 1975 nbsp Somalia 84 1976 nbsp Iraq 1981 nbsp Seychelles 85 nbsp Syria 86 1986 nbsp People s Republic of China 87 1988 nbsp Brazil 88 nbsp Philippines 89 1990 nbsp Bangladesh 90 nbsp Yemen nbsp Namibia all children 1991 nbsp Tunisia 91 1994 nbsp Samoa 1996 nbsp Laos 92 nbsp Afghanistan abolished for women 68 1998 nbsp Lebanon 93 nbsp Sudan 94 2000s edit 2000 nbsp Singapore 95 2001 nbsp Afghanistan reintroduced for women 68 nbsp Mauritania 96 2003 nbsp Liberia 97 nbsp Malaysia 98 nbsp Sierra Leone 99 2005 nbsp Bahrain 100 2007 nbsp Brunei 101 2008 nbsp Uganda 102 nbsp Oman 103 2009 nbsp Connecticut enforceable misdemeanor unenforceable prior to 2009 2010 nbsp Lesotho 104 2021 nbsp Afghanistan secondary school abolished for women 105 Countries without compulsory education edit nbsp Bhutan 106 nbsp Papua New Guinea 107 nbsp Solomon Islands 108 nbsp Vatican City note Since the Disappearance of Emanuela Orlandi citizenship requirements have been tightened for non religious lay residents of Vatican City and a minimum age of 25 was imposed By country editSee also Public schooling The following table indicates at what ages compulsory education starts and ends in different countries The most common age for starting compulsory education is 6 but that varies between 3 and 8 109 110 Country Region Lower age range Upper age range Notes nbsp Argentina 4 18 111 nbsp Australia 5 15 17 Upper age limit varies among states Waived if pursuing full time employment or full time education nbsp Austria 6 15 Compulsory education requires nine years spent in school After completing all mandatory schooldays it is obligatory to attend a secondary school or do an apprenticeship until the age of 18 112 nbsp Belgium 5 18 In Belgium only compulsory education applies School is not compulsory nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 15 nbsp Bulgaria 4 16 Since 2020 compulsory education includes three years of preschool education before children start primary school 113 114 nbsp Brazil 4 17 Last changed in 2009 115 nbsp Canada 5 7 16 18 Children who turn five by 31 December are required to begin schooling in British Columbia New Brunswick Nova Scotia and Yukon In Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador the Northwest Territories Ontario Prince Edward Island and Quebec a child is required to attend school at the age of six Manitoba and Saskatchewan are the only provinces where the minimum compulsory attendance age is seven Attendance in school is compulsory until the student reaches the age of 16 in all provinces except Manitoba Ontario and New Brunswick where attendance is compulsory until the student is 18 years old nbsp China 6 15 nbsp Croatia 6 15 nbsp Costa Rica 4 17 nbsp Cyprus 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre primary preschool education 116 nbsp Czech Republic 5 15 Compulsory education requires one year spent in pre school and nine years spent in school Beginning age is negotiable 1 year nbsp Denmark 6 16 nbsp Egypt 6 14 nbsp England and nbsp Wales 4 117 16 118 Requirement is for a full time education but attendance at a school is not compulsory section 7 of The Education Act 1996 nbsp Estonia 6 7 15 16 6 year olds can enter if they turn 7 by 1 October in the same year 119 nbsp Finland 7 18 Beginning age is negotiable 1 year The law changed at the end of 2020 from the age of 15 to now 18 nbsp France 3 16 Compulsory education only nbsp Germany 6 16 Varies slightly between states 120 121 nbsp Greece 5 15 Compulsory education starts with one mandatory year of pre primary preschool education nbsp Haiti 6 11 The Haitian Constitution mandates that education be free of charge However even public schools charge substantial fees 80 of children go to private schools nbsp Hong Kong 6 15 Hong Kong laws state that education is mandatory for 12 years primary and secondary and free for 15 years kindergarten primary and secondary except for private schools or subsidized schools nbsp Hungary 3 16 Since 2015 kindergarten is compulsory from age 3 although exceptions are made for developmental reasons 122 123 nbsp India 3 18 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act in August 2009 made education free and compulsory for children aged between 6 and 14 This was further updated by National Education Policy 2020 which made education free and compulsory for children aged between 3 and 18 nbsp Indonesia 6 18 nbsp Israel 3 16 Compulsory education takes place from kindergarten through to 10th grade nbsp Iran 6 12 124 nbsp Italy 6 16 nbsp Jamaica 5 16 Parents could face charges of child neglect if they prevent their children from going to school without valid reasons Not enforced nbsp Japan 6 15 nbsp Latvia 5 16 109 125 nbsp Luxembourg 4 16 109 nbsp Malaysia 6 12 126 nbsp Maldives 6 15 nbsp Mexico 6 18 Schooling is required through upper secondary school Preparatoria 127 nbsp Morocco 6 15 nbsp Netherlands 5 18 Students are allowed to leave early after obtaining their start qualification MBO level 2 HAVO or VWO degree nbsp New Zealand 6 16 Children typically commence school at five years There is no direct cost until the age of 19 128 nbsp Norway 6 15 A total of ten years of study and not schooling as suggested here where Primary school is year 1 7 without grades and Lower Secondary school with grades is year 8 10 129 nbsp Philippines 4 6 18 This was modified from 6 16 due to the addition of compulsory kindergarten and senior high school nbsp Poland 6 18 Compulsory education starts with one year of pre school kindergarten education after which children start primary education 130 Polish law distinguishes between compulsory school obowiazek szkolny and compulsory education obowiazek nauki nbsp Portugal 6 18 It is the law that children living in Portugal if they re 6 years old or more must go to school Home schooling is available with registration at a school and quarterly examinations in the Portuguese curriculum only nbsp Romania 5 6 18 19 Since 2020 the last year of kindergarten as well as the last two years of high school were added to compulsory education bringing compulsory education to a total of 14 years see Education in Romania nbsp Russia 6 17 Student may leave after age 15 with the approval of parents and the local authority 131 nbsp Scotland 5 16 A person is of school age if he has attained the age of five years and has not attained the age of sixteen years 132 nbsp Slovenia 6 15 nbsp Singapore 7 15 133 Compulsory Education Act 2000 Children who are homeschooled may be exempted from the Act From 2019 children with moderate to severe special education needs are no longer exempt from the Act children with mild special education needs were already covered by the Act 134 nbsp Spain 6 16 nbsp Syria 6 15 Typical ages for 9 years of compulsory education from grade 1 to grade 9 nbsp Sweden 6 16 135 All children registered in Sweden have to follow the law of skolplikt compulsory school attendance Head teachers can only grant leave of absence if they determine that there are exceptional and very compelling reason for the child to take leave of absence from the school To go on vacation with the family is usually not an exceptional reason to be granted leave of absence A fine can be issued for those who do not follow the rules nbsp Switzerland 4 6 15 Varies by canton 109 nbsp Qatar 5 18 Education shall be compulsory and free for all children from the beginning of the primary stage until the end of the preparatory stage or the age of eighteen whichever is earlier nbsp Taiwan 7 15 Typical ages for 9 years 6 15 of compulsory education starting from 1968 and optional extend a k a volunteer basic education to age 18 non compulsory starting from 2014 nbsp Thailand 4 15 Only compulsory education applies School is not compulsory in Thailand nbsp Turkey 6 18 From the 1st to the 12th grade education is compulsory Starting in the educational year of 2012 2013 an education reform took effect to bring the compulsory education up to the end of high school The system is commonly referred to as 4 4 4 nbsp United States 5 8 16 19 Ages vary between states Beginning age varies from 5 to 8 ending age varies from 16 to 19 136 In Wisconsin v Yoder the Supreme Court determined in 1972 that Amish children could not be placed under compulsory education laws past the 8th grade nbsp Uruguay 6 14 nbsp Zimbabwe 6 16 Typical ages for 11 years of compulsory education Criticism editMain article Criticism of schooling While compulsory education is mostly seen as important and useful compulsory schooling is seen by some as obsolete and counterproductive in today s world and has repeatedly been the subject of sharp criticism 137 Critics of compulsory schooling argue that such education violates the freedom of children is a method of political control 138 is ineffective at teaching children how to deal with the real world outside of school 139 and may have negative effects on children leading to higher rates of apathy bullying stress and depression 140 See also editUniversal access to education Child labour Democratic education History of education Raising of school leaving age State school UnschoolingReferences edit Compulsory Education New England Journal of Education 1 5 52 1875 JSTOR 44763565 Shammas Carole May 2023 The Extent and Duration of Primary Schooling in Eighteenth Century America History of Education Quarterly 63 2 1 23 doi 10 1017 heq 2023 12 Niece Richard 1983 Compulsory Education Milestone or Millstone The High School Journal 67 1 p 33 JSTOR 40365328 a b c Paglayan Agustina S February 2021 The Non Democratic Roots of Mass Education Evidence from 200 Years American Political Science Review 115 1 179 198 doi 10 1017 S0003055420000647 ISSN 0003 0554 Camp David N 1871 Compulsory Education The Connecticut School Journal 1 5 181 184 JSTOR 44649076 a b Paglayan Agustina S 2022 Education or Indoctrination The Violent Origins of Public School Systems in an Era of State Building American Political Science Review 116 4 1242 1257 doi 10 1017 S0003055422000247 ISSN 0003 0554 S2CID 247848976 The Internet Classics Archive the Republic by Plato Wikipedia Agoge Wikipedia Jewish education Primary schooling Jacques Soustelle 11 November 2002 Daily life of the Aztecs on the eve of the Spanish Conquest Courier Dover Publications p 173 ISBN 978 0 486 42485 9 Retrieved 27 November 2012 Wikipedia Aztec Education Luther deutsch p 70 at Google Books Grosse Kirchenordnung 1559 Oliver Geister Die Ordnung der Schule Zur Grundlegung einer Kritik am verwalteten Unterricht Munster 2006 p 145 Emil Sehling ed Die evangelischen Kirchenordnungen des 16 Jahrhunderts Vol 18 Rheinland Pfalz I Tubingen 2006 p 406 John Demos 1970 A Little Commonwealth Family Life in Plymouth Colony Oxford University Press New York N Y pp 104 142 144 See references in articles 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Disorders Retrieved 20 November 2016 Further reading editColeman J S et al 1966 Equality of Educational Opportunity Washington U S Government Printing Office Gardner Richard 1871 An address on compulsory education given before the Church of England School Teachers Association for West Kent February 11 1871 Tonbridge Richard Gardner Ives Richard Compulsory Education and the St Louis Public School System 1905 1907 Missouri Historical Review 71 April 1977 315 329 online Paglayan A 2020 The Non Democratic Roots of Mass Education Evidence from 200 Years American Political Science Review Van Horn Melton J 1988 Absolutism and the Eighteenth Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria Cambridge Cambridge University Press White John 1876 The Laws on Compulsory Education The Fortnightly Review Vol XXV pp 897 918 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Compulsory education nbsp Wikisource has the text of a 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article about Compulsory education A discussion of compulsory education as a human right Right to education Project Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Compulsory education amp oldid 1220975454, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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