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Operetta

Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera. It includes spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. It is lighter than opera in terms of its music, orchestral size,[1] length of the work, and at face value, subject matter.[2] Apart from its shorter length, the operetta is usually of a light and amusing character.[3] It sometimes also includes satirical commentaries.[4]

The audience at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, the birthplace of Jacques Offenbach's operettas (1860)
A Columbia Records advertisement for a recording of Rita Montaner in a production of Francisco Alonso's La Calesera, an operetta from the Spanish genre of zarzuela.

"Operetta" is the Italian diminutive of "opera" and was used originally to describe a shorter, perhaps less ambitious work than an opera.[5] Operetta provides an alternative to operatic performances in an accessible form targeting a different audience. Operetta became a recognizable form in the mid-19th century in France, and its popularity led to the development of many national styles of operetta.[5] Distinctive styles emerged across countries including Austria-Hungary, Germany, England, Spain, the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, and the United States.[6] Through the transfer of operetta among different countries, cultural cosmopolitanism emerged in the previous century.[7] Operetta as a genre lost favor in the 1930s and gave way to modern musical theatre.[8] Important operetta composers include Johann Strauss, Jacques Offenbach, Franz Lehar, and Francisco Alonso.

Definitions

The term operetta arises in the mid-eighteenth century Italy and it is first acknowledged as an independent genre in Paris around 1850.[2] Castil-Blaze's Dictionnaire de la musique moderne claims that this term has a long history and that Mozart was one of the first people to use the word operetta, disparagingly,[6] describing operettas as "certain dramatic abortions, those miniature compositions full of bullshit in which one finds only cold songs and couplets from vaudeville".[9] The definition of operetta has changed over the centuries and ranges depending on each country's history with the genre.[8] It is often used to refer to pieces that resemble the one-act compositions by Offenbach in contrast with his full length compositions, ‘opéra-bouffe’.[2] Offenbach invented this art form in response to the French government's oppressive laws surrounding the stagings of works that were larger than one act or contained more than four characters.[4]

 
Cover page of Boccaccio, oder Der Prinz von Palermo (Boccaccio, or the Prince of Palermo)by Franz von Suppé in 1879. An example of early Viennese operetta.

History

Operetta became recognized as a musical genre around 1850 in Paris. In 1870, the centre for operetta shifted to Vienna when Paris fell to the Prussians.[2] The form of operetta continued to evolve through the First World War.[2]

There are some common characteristics among operettas that flourished from the mid-1850s through the early 1900s, beginning with the French opéra-bouffe.[10] They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between musical numbers, and often the principal characters, as well as the chorus, are called upon to dance, although the music is largely derived from 19th-century operatic styles, with an emphasis on singable melodies.[5] Operetta in the twentieth century is more complex and reached its prosperity in Austria and Germany.[6]

Operetta is a precursor of the modern musical theatre or the "musical".[11] In the early decades of the 20th century, operetta continued to exist alongside the newer musicals, with each influencing the other. The distinctive traits of operetta are found in the musical theatre works of Jerome Kern, Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim.[2]

Operetta in French

Origins

Operetta was first created in Paris, France in the middle of the 19th century in order to satisfy a need for short, light works in contrast to the full-length entertainment of the increasingly serious opéra comique.[5][10] By this time, the "comique" part of the genre name had become misleading: Georges Bizet's Carmen (1875) is an example of an opéra comique with a tragic plot. The definition of "comique" meant something closer to "humanistic", meant to portray "real life" in a more realistic way, representing tragedy and comedy next to each other, as Shakespeare had done centuries earlier. With this new connotation, opéra comique had dominated the French operatic stage since the decline of tragédie lyrique. The origins of French operetta began when comic actors would perform dances and songs to crowds of people at fairs on open-air stages. In the beginning of the 18th century these actors began to perform comic parodies of known operas. These performances formed operetta as a casual genre derived from opéra comique, while returning to a simpler form of music.[12] Many scholars have debated as to which composer should be credited as the inventor of operetta; Jaques Offenbach or Hervé.[13] It is concluded that Hervé completed the groundwork, and Offenbach refined and developed the art form into the concept of operetta as we know it today. Therefore, "Offenbach is considered the father of French operetta- but so is Hervé."[8]

Notable composers

 
Playbill for a revival of Orphée aux enfers

Hervé was a singer, composer, librettist, conductor, and scene painter. In 1842, he wrote the one act opérette, L'Ours et le pacha, based on the popular vaudeville by Eugène Scribe and X. B. Saintine. In 1848, Hervé made his first notable appearance on the Parisian stage, with Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança (after Cervantes), which can be considered the starting point for the new French musical theatre tradition. Hervé's most famous works are the Gounod parody Le petit Faust (1869) and Mam'zelle Nitouche (1883).[14]

Jacques Offenbach is most responsible for the development and popularization of operetta—also called opéras bouffes or opérettes—giving it its enormous vogue during the Second Empire and afterwards.[5] In 1849, Offenbach obtained permission to open the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens, a theatre company that offered programs of two or three satirical one-act sketches. The company was so successful that it led to the elongation of these sketches into an evening's duration.[5] However, Offenbach's productions were bound by the police prefecture in Paris, which specified the type of performance that would be allowed: "pantomimes with at most five performers, one-act comic musical dialogues for two to three actors, and dance routines with no more than five dancers; choruses were strictly forbidden."[9] These rules defined what came to be defined as operetta: "a small unpretentious operatic work that had no tragic implications and was designed to entertain the public".[9] Two other French composers, Robert Planquette and Charles Lecocq, followed Offenbach's model and wrote the operettas Les Cloches de Corneville (The Bells of Normandy) and La Fille de Madame Angot (The Daughter of Madame Angot).[15] The two operettas were considered a major hit.

The political limitations placed on Offenbach and Parisian theatre were gradually lifted, and operetta gained wide popularity. While Offenbach's earliest one-act pieces included Les deux aveugles, Le violoneux and Ba-ta-clan (all 1855) did well, his first full-length operetta, Orphée aux enfers (1858), was by far the most successful. It became the first repertory operetta and was staged hundreds of times across Europe and beyond.[9] Offenbach's legacy is seen in operettas throughout the late 19th century and beyond by encouraging Strauss the Younger to bring the genre to Austria-Hungary. Offenbach also traveled to the US and England educating musicians on the more than 100 operettas he wrote during his lifetime.[16] This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations.[17] By the 1870s, however, Offenbach's popularity declined. The public showed more interest in romantic operettas that showed the "grace and refinement" of the late Romantic period. This included Messager's operetta Véronique and Louis Ganne's Les saltimbanques. The 20th century found French operetta even more out of favor as the international public turned to Anglo-American and Viennese operettas, which continued to develop the art form into the late Romantic era.

Operetta in German

Offenbach was unabashed about spreading operetta around the continent. In 1861, he staged some of his recent works at the Carltheater in Vienna, which paved the way for Austrian and German composers. Soon, Vienna became the epicenter of operetta productions.[9] It is because of the Viennese operetta, not the French, that the term is used to describe a full-length work.[5] Additionally, after the Prussian defeat in 1866, operetta became the sign of a new age in Austria, marked by modernity and industrialization.[18]

Austria–Hungary

The most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II (1825–1899). Strauss was recruited from the dance hall and introduced a distinct Viennese style to the genre.[5] Strauss was highly influenced by the work of Offenbach, so much so that he collaborated with many of Offenbach’s librettists for his most popular works.[4] His operetta, Die Fledermaus (1874), became the most performed operetta in the world, and remains his most popular stage work. In all, Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera, most with great success when first premiered.[5]

Strauss’s satire was often generic, unlike Offenbach who commented on real-life matters[4]

Strauss's operettas, waltzes, polkas, and marches often have a strongly Viennese style, and his popularity causes many to think of him as the national composer of Austria. The Theater an der Wien never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed. After many of the numbers the audience would call noisily for encores.

Franz von Suppé, also known as Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo, Cavaliere Suppé-Demelli, was born in 1819 and his fame rivals that of Offenbach. Suppé was a leading composer and conductor in Vienna and most known for his operetta Leichte Kavallerie (1866), Fatinitza (1876), and Boccaccio (1879)[19] Suppé was a contemporary to Strauss and composed over 30 operettas 180 farces, ballets and other stage works. Recently, most of his works have been lost into obscurity, many of them have been reprised within films, cartoons, advertisements and so on. Both Strauss and Suppé are considered to be the most notable composers of the Golden Age of Viennese operetta.[20]

Following the death of Johann Strauss and his contemporary, Franz von Suppé, Franz Lehár was the heir apparent. Lehar is widely considered the leading operetta composer of the 20th century and his most successful operetta, Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow), is one of the classic operettas still in repertory.[21]

Lehár assisted in leading operetta into the Silver Age of Viennese Operetta. During this time, Viennese Censorship laws were changed in 1919.[22] Lehár is most responsible for giving the genre renewed vitality. Studying at the Prague Conservatory Lehár began as a theatre violinist and then took off as a composer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During this 1905, Lehár’s Die lustige Witwe (The Merry Widow) paved a pathway for composers such as Fall, Oscar Straus, and Kálmán to continue the tradition of Operetta. Lehár, was also one of the first composers who began to incorporate into film. [2]

The Viennese tradition was carried on by Oscar Straus, Carl Zeller, Karl Millöcker, Leo Fall, Richard Heuberger, Edmund Eysler, Ralph Benatzky, Robert Stolz, Leo Ascher, Emmerich Kálmán, Nico Dostal, Fred Raymond, Igo Hofstetter, Paul Abraham and Ivo Tijardović in the 20th century.

Germany

 
Paul Lincke, father of the Berlin operetta

In the same way that Vienna was the center of Austrian operetta, Berlin was the center of German operetta. Berlin operetta often had its own style, including, especially after World War I, elements of jazz and other syncopated dance rhythms, a transatlantic style, and the presence of ragged marching tunes. Berlin operettas also sometimes included aspects of burlesque, revue, farce, or cabaret.

Paul Lincke pioneered the Berlin operetta in 1899 with Frau Luna, which includes "Berliner Luft" ("Berlin Air"),[23] which became the unofficial anthem of Berlin. His Lysistrata (1902) includes the song and tune "The Glow-Worm", which remains quite popular internationally. Much later, in the 1920s and 1930s, Kurt Weill took a more extreme form of the Berlin operetta style and used it in his operas, operettas, and musicals. It is arguable that some of Kurt Weill's compositions could be considered modernist operetta.[24]

The Berlin-style operetta coexisted with more bourgeois, charming, home-loving, and nationalistic German operettas – some of which were called Volksoperetten (folk operettas). A prime example is Leon Jessel's extremely popular 1917 Schwarzwaldmädel (Black Forest Girl).[25] These bucolic, nostalgic, home-loving operettas were officially preferred over Berlin-style operettas after 1933, when the Nazis came to power and instituted the Reichsmusikkammer (State Music Institute), which deprecated and banned "decadent" music like jazz and similar "foreign" musical forms. In the beginning of twenty-first century, German revival of operetta was an unforeseen theatrical development.[26]

Notable German operetta composers include Paul Lincke, Eduard Künneke, Walter Kollo, Jean Gilbert, Leon Jessel, Rudolf Dellinger, Walter Goetze and Ludwig Schmidseder.

Operetta in English

Offenbach's influence reached England by the 1860s. Arthur Sullivan, of the Gilbert and Sullivan duo, composed Cox and Box (1866) as a direct reaction to Offenbach's Les deux aveugles (1855).[5] Gilbert and Sullivan solidified the format in England with their long-running collaboration during the Victorian era. With W. S. Gilbert writing the libretti and Sullivan composing the music, the pair produced 14 comic operas, which were later called Savoy Operas. Most were enormously popular in Britain, the U.S., and elsewhere. Gilbert, Sullivan, and their producer Richard D'Oyly Carte themselves call their joint works comic operas to distinguish this family-friendly fare from the risqué French operettas of the 1850s and 1860s.[27] Their works, such as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado, continue to enjoy regular performances throughout the English-speaking world.[28] While many of these operas seem to be very light-hearted, works such as the Mikado were making political commentaries on the British government and military with one of the main topics being capital punishment which was still widely used at the time.[29]

English operetta continued into the 1890s, with works by composers such as Edward German, Ivan Caryll and Sidney Jones. These quickly evolved into the lighter song-and-dance pieces known as Edwardian musical comedy. Beginning in 1907, with The Merry Widow, many of the Viennese operettas were adapted very successfully for the English stage. To explain this phenomenon, Derek Scott writes,

In January 1908, London’s Daily Mail claimed that The Merry Widow had been performed 450 times in Vienna, 400 times in Berlin, 350 times in St Petersburg, 300 times in Copenhagen, and was currently playing every evening in Europe in nine languages. In the USA, five companies were presenting it, and "the rush for tickets at the New Amsterdam Theatre" was likened to "the feverish crowding round the doors of a threatened bank". Stan Czech, in his Lehár biography, claims that by 1910 it had been performed "around 18,000 times in ten languages on 154 American, 142 German, and 135 British stages".[30]

The international embrace of operetta directly correlated with the development of both the West End in London and Broadway in New York.[30] American audiences were first introduced to operetta through Gilbert and Sullivan's H.M.S. Pinafore in 1878.[31] American operetta composers included Victor Herbert, whose works at the beginning of the 20th century were influenced by both Viennese operetta and Gilbert and Sullivan.[32] He was followed by Sigmund Romberg and Rudolph Friml. Nevertheless, American operetta largely gave way, by the end of World War I, to musicals, such as the Princess Theatre musicals, and revues, followed by the musicals of Rodgers and Hart, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin and others. Another notable operetta in English is Candide by Leonard Bernstein. It was advertised as a “comic operetta.”[33] Candide’s score in some ways was typical for its announced genre with some waltzes, but Bernstein added the schottische, gavotte, and other dances, and also entered the opera house with the aria “Glitter and Be Gay”

Operetta in Italian

Operetta was the first imported vocal genre in Italy.[34] Since the 1860s, French and Viennese composers such as Offenbach, Hervé, Suppé, Strauss Jr and Lehár have significantly influenced the operatic tradition of Italy. The widespread popularity of foreign operetta in Italy reached its climax at the turn of the century, in particular with the success of La vedova allegra, which premiered in Milan in 1907.[34] Italian operetta composers tended to stretch the definition of an "operetta" more than other nations in order to fit the beauty of Italian Romantic opera style. An example would be Giacomo Puccini, who developed his work in the realistic verisimo style, and would compose "operettas in three acts".[35] Other notable composers of Italian operetta include Vincenzo Valente, Ruggero Leoncavallo, Pasquale Mario Costa, Pietro Mascagni, Carlo Lombardo, Enrico Toselli, Virgilio Ranzato and Giuseppe Pietri.[35]

Reception and Controversy

The audiences of operetta during the 1860s and 1870s are described as rowdy and loud.[34] Operetta was considered one of the major controversies about Italian music and culture between the 1860s and the 1920s.[34] During that period, strong nationalistic undertones in Italy strived to unify its national identity. Recognizing operetta as a foreign genre, operetta was perceived as an art form that would contaminate Italian opera or illegitimately undermine its primacy on the stage.[34] It was not until the early twentieth century that Italian composers systematically engaged in writing operetta.

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations

  1. ^ "Opera, Operetta, or Musical Theatre? – Blog". Opera Vivrà. 19 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kennedy, Dennis, ed. (2005). "Operetta". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860174-6.
  3. ^ Grout, Donald Jay & Williams, Hermine Weigel (2013). A Short History of Opera. Columbia University Press. p. 378. ISBN 978-0231507721. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera". Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Lamb, Andrew (2001). "Operetta". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20386. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
  6. ^ a b c Baranello, Micaela (2016). Operetta. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0171.
  7. ^ Scott, Derek B. (29 December 2016). "Early Twentieth-Century Operetta from the German Stage: A Cosmopolitan Genre". The Musical Quarterly: gdw009. doi:10.1093/musqtl/gdw009.
  8. ^ a b c Traubner, Richard (1 June 2004). Operetta. doi:10.4324/9780203509029. ISBN 9780203509029.[page needed]
  9. ^ a b c d e Sorba, Carlotta (September 2006). "The origins of the entertainment industry: the operetta in late nineteenth-century Italy". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 11 (3): 282–302. doi:10.1080/13545710600806730. S2CID 144059143.
  10. ^ a b Gänzl, Kurt. "Toperettas: the history of operetta in ten works", Bachtrack.com, 22 October 2019
  11. ^ Jones, J. Bush (2003) Our Musicals, Ourselves, pp. 10–11, 2003, Brandeis University Press: Lebanon, New Hampshire ISBN 1584653116
  12. ^ Abreu, Juliana (2004). The Origin and Development of French Operetta in the Nineteenth Century (Thesis). OCLC 56597428. ProQuest 305111951.
  13. ^ Strömberg, Mikael (27 December 2017). "History Repeating Itself. The function of turning points and continuity in three historical narratives on operetta". Nordic Theatre Studies. 29 (1): 102. doi:10.7146/nts.v29i1.102970.
  14. ^ "The Merry Widow Lesson: What's Operetta, Doc?". Utah Opera. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  15. ^ Fisch, Elliot (2017). "Operetta Overview: Part 1: French and Viennese Operettas 1850-1900". American Record Guide. 80 (5): 51–57. ProQuest 1932310532.
  16. ^ "The beginner's guide to operetta". English National Opera. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  17. ^ Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2015). Operetta: A Sourcebook. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. xvii, 83. ISBN 9781443884259.
  18. ^ Crittenden, Camille. (2006). Johann Strauss and Vienna : operetta and the politics of popular culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521027578. OCLC 443368102.
  19. ^ "Franz von Suppé | Austrian composer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  20. ^ Feurzeig, Lisa (2019). "Viennese Golden-Age Operetta: Drinking, Dancing and Social Criticism in a Multi-Ethnic Empire". The Cambridge Companion to Operetta. pp. 32–46. doi:10.1017/9781316856024.004. ISBN 9781316856024. S2CID 211657809.
  21. ^ Lamb, Andrew (2001). "Franz Lehar". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.16318. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
  22. ^ Baranello, Micaela K. (2019). "The Operetta Factory: Production Systems of Silver-Age Vienna". The Cambridge Companion to Operetta. pp. 189–204. doi:10.1017/9781316856024.014. ISBN 9781316856024. S2CID 213581729.
  23. ^ "Berliner Luft" conducted by Plácido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic
  24. ^ Daly, Nicholas (2017-12-14). "2. Modernism, operetta, and Ruritania: Ivor Novello's Glamorous Night". In Ortolano, Scott (ed.). Popular Modernism and Its Legacies: From Pop Literature to Video Games. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-5013-2512-0.
  25. ^ Lamb, Andrew. 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre. Yale University Press, 2001. p. 203.
  26. ^ Garde, Ulrike; Severn, John R. (2020-10-30). "2. 1930s jazz operetta and internationalisation then and now Risks, ethics, aesthetics". Theatre and Internationalization: Perspectives from Australia, Germany, and Beyond. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-20905-1.
  27. ^ Jacobs 1984, introductory note on nomenclature
  28. ^ See Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516700-7. and Hewett, Ivan (2 August 2009) "The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
  29. ^ "The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera". Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  30. ^ a b Scott, Derek B. (27 June 2019). German Operetta on Broadway and in the West End, 1900–1940. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108614306. ISBN 9781108614306. S2CID 198515413.
  31. ^ Bordman, Gerald (1981). American Operetta. New York: Oxford University Press.
  32. ^ Ledbetter, Steven. "Victor Herbert", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy, accessed February 11, 2009 (subscription required)
  33. ^ Laird, Paul (Fall 2018). "Genre and Stylistic Expectations in the Musical Theater of Leonard Bernstein". American Music Review. 48 (1). ProQuest 2182493597.
  34. ^ a b c d e Lucca, Valeria De (2019). "Operetta in Italy". The Cambridge Companion to Operetta. pp. 220–231. doi:10.1017/9781316856024.016. ISBN 9781316856024. S2CID 217930941.
  35. ^ a b Letellier, Robert Ignatius (19 October 2015). Operetta: A Sourcebook, Volume II. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-8508-9.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Bordman, Gerald (1981) American Operetta. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Clarke, Kevin (2007) Glitter and be Gay: Die authentische Operette und ihre schwulen Verehrer. Hamburg: Männerschwarm Verlag.(German)
  • Ganzl, Kurt (2001) The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books.
  • Goulet, Charles (1981) Sur la scène et dans la coulisse. Québec, Qc.: Ministère des Affaires culturelles. ISBN 2-551-04178-3
  • Linhardt, Marion (2006) Residenzstadt und Metropole. Zu einer kulturellen Topographie des Wiener Unterhaltungstheaters (1858–1918). Berlin: Max Niemeyer Verlag. (German)
  • Traubner, Richard (1983) Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
  • Viagrande, iccardo (2009) Tu che m'hai preso il cuor. Un viaggio nel mondo dell'operetta. Monza: Casa Musicale Eco. (Italian)

External links

  • Essay on operettas of Offenbach, Johann Strauss Jr. and their contemporaries
  • (with a large archive of historical reviews)
  • Kurt Ganzl's 2019 favourite operettas
  • Schwarzkopf Sings Operetta [Streaming Audio]. (2005). Warner Music. (2005). Retrieved from Alexander Street database.
  • The Differences in an Operetta & a Musical: The Business of Singing – Youtube video posted by Expert Village Leaf Group
  • Famous Operettas – Youtube video posted by Kaleb Fair

operetta, this, article, about, form, theatre, genre, light, opera, film, genre, film, german, film, same, name, film, monster, high, character, list, monster, high, characters, form, theatre, genre, light, opera, includes, spoken, dialogue, songs, dances, lig. This article is about the form of theatre and a genre of light opera For the film genre see Operetta film For the German film of the same name see Operetta film For the Monster High character see List of Monster High characters Operetta Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera It includes spoken dialogue songs and dances It is lighter than opera in terms of its music orchestral size 1 length of the work and at face value subject matter 2 Apart from its shorter length the operetta is usually of a light and amusing character 3 It sometimes also includes satirical commentaries 4 The audience at the Theatre des Bouffes Parisiens the birthplace of Jacques Offenbach s operettas 1860 A Columbia Records advertisement for a recording of Rita Montaner in a production of Francisco Alonso s La Calesera an operetta from the Spanish genre of zarzuela Operetta is the Italian diminutive of opera and was used originally to describe a shorter perhaps less ambitious work than an opera 5 Operetta provides an alternative to operatic performances in an accessible form targeting a different audience Operetta became a recognizable form in the mid 19th century in France and its popularity led to the development of many national styles of operetta 5 Distinctive styles emerged across countries including Austria Hungary Germany England Spain the Philippines Mexico Cuba and the United States 6 Through the transfer of operetta among different countries cultural cosmopolitanism emerged in the previous century 7 Operetta as a genre lost favor in the 1930s and gave way to modern musical theatre 8 Important operetta composers include Johann Strauss Jacques Offenbach Franz Lehar and Francisco Alonso Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Operetta in French 3 1 Origins 3 2 Notable composers 4 Operetta in German 4 1 Austria Hungary 4 2 Germany 5 Operetta in English 6 Operetta in Italian 6 1 Reception and Controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksDefinitions EditThe term operetta arises in the mid eighteenth century Italy and it is first acknowledged as an independent genre in Paris around 1850 2 Castil Blaze s Dictionnaire de la musique moderne claims that this term has a long history and that Mozart was one of the first people to use the word operetta disparagingly 6 describing operettas as certain dramatic abortions those miniature compositions full of bullshit in which one finds only cold songs and couplets from vaudeville 9 The definition of operetta has changed over the centuries and ranges depending on each country s history with the genre 8 It is often used to refer to pieces that resemble the one act compositions by Offenbach in contrast with his full length compositions opera bouffe 2 Offenbach invented this art form in response to the French government s oppressive laws surrounding the stagings of works that were larger than one act or contained more than four characters 4 Cover page of Boccaccio oder Der Prinz von Palermo Boccaccio or the Prince of Palermo by Franz von Suppe in 1879 An example of early Viennese operetta History EditOperetta became recognized as a musical genre around 1850 in Paris In 1870 the centre for operetta shifted to Vienna when Paris fell to the Prussians 2 The form of operetta continued to evolve through the First World War 2 There are some common characteristics among operettas that flourished from the mid 1850s through the early 1900s beginning with the French opera bouffe 10 They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between musical numbers and often the principal characters as well as the chorus are called upon to dance although the music is largely derived from 19th century operatic styles with an emphasis on singable melodies 5 Operetta in the twentieth century is more complex and reached its prosperity in Austria and Germany 6 Operetta is a precursor of the modern musical theatre or the musical 11 In the early decades of the 20th century operetta continued to exist alongside the newer musicals with each influencing the other The distinctive traits of operetta are found in the musical theatre works of Jerome Kern Richard Rodgers and Stephen Sondheim 2 Operetta in French EditOrigins Edit Operetta was first created in Paris France in the middle of the 19th century in order to satisfy a need for short light works in contrast to the full length entertainment of the increasingly serious opera comique 5 10 By this time the comique part of the genre name had become misleading Georges Bizet s Carmen 1875 is an example of an opera comique with a tragic plot The definition of comique meant something closer to humanistic meant to portray real life in a more realistic way representing tragedy and comedy next to each other as Shakespeare had done centuries earlier With this new connotation opera comique had dominated the French operatic stage since the decline of tragedie lyrique The origins of French operetta began when comic actors would perform dances and songs to crowds of people at fairs on open air stages In the beginning of the 18th century these actors began to perform comic parodies of known operas These performances formed operetta as a casual genre derived from opera comique while returning to a simpler form of music 12 Many scholars have debated as to which composer should be credited as the inventor of operetta Jaques Offenbach or Herve 13 It is concluded that Herve completed the groundwork and Offenbach refined and developed the art form into the concept of operetta as we know it today Therefore Offenbach is considered the father of French operetta but so is Herve 8 Notable composers Edit Playbill for a revival of Orphee aux enfersHerve was a singer composer librettist conductor and scene painter In 1842 he wrote the one act operette L Ours et le pacha based on the popular vaudeville by Eugene Scribe and X B Saintine In 1848 Herve made his first notable appearance on the Parisian stage with Don Quichotte et Sancho Panca after Cervantes which can be considered the starting point for the new French musical theatre tradition Herve s most famous works are the Gounod parody Le petit Faust 1869 and Mam zelle Nitouche 1883 14 Jacques Offenbach is most responsible for the development and popularization of operetta also called operas bouffes or operettes giving it its enormous vogue during the Second Empire and afterwards 5 In 1849 Offenbach obtained permission to open the Theatre des Bouffes Parisiens a theatre company that offered programs of two or three satirical one act sketches The company was so successful that it led to the elongation of these sketches into an evening s duration 5 However Offenbach s productions were bound by the police prefecture in Paris which specified the type of performance that would be allowed pantomimes with at most five performers one act comic musical dialogues for two to three actors and dance routines with no more than five dancers choruses were strictly forbidden 9 These rules defined what came to be defined as operetta a small unpretentious operatic work that had no tragic implications and was designed to entertain the public 9 Two other French composers Robert Planquette and Charles Lecocq followed Offenbach s model and wrote the operettas Les Cloches de Corneville The Bells of Normandy and La Fille de Madame Angot The Daughter of Madame Angot 15 The two operettas were considered a major hit The political limitations placed on Offenbach and Parisian theatre were gradually lifted and operetta gained wide popularity While Offenbach s earliest one act pieces included Les deux aveugles Le violoneux and Ba ta clan all 1855 did well his first full length operetta Orphee aux enfers 1858 was by far the most successful It became the first repertory operetta and was staged hundreds of times across Europe and beyond 9 Offenbach s legacy is seen in operettas throughout the late 19th century and beyond by encouraging Strauss the Younger to bring the genre to Austria Hungary Offenbach also traveled to the US and England educating musicians on the more than 100 operettas he wrote during his lifetime 16 This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations 17 By the 1870s however Offenbach s popularity declined The public showed more interest in romantic operettas that showed the grace and refinement of the late Romantic period This included Messager s operetta Veronique and Louis Ganne s Les saltimbanques The 20th century found French operetta even more out of favor as the international public turned to Anglo American and Viennese operettas which continued to develop the art form into the late Romantic era Operetta in German Edit Johann Strauss II Offenbach was unabashed about spreading operetta around the continent In 1861 he staged some of his recent works at the Carltheater in Vienna which paved the way for Austrian and German composers Soon Vienna became the epicenter of operetta productions 9 It is because of the Viennese operetta not the French that the term is used to describe a full length work 5 Additionally after the Prussian defeat in 1866 operetta became the sign of a new age in Austria marked by modernity and industrialization 18 Austria Hungary Edit The most significant composer of operetta in the German language was the Austrian Johann Strauss II 1825 1899 Strauss was recruited from the dance hall and introduced a distinct Viennese style to the genre 5 Strauss was highly influenced by the work of Offenbach so much so that he collaborated with many of Offenbach s librettists for his most popular works 4 His operetta Die Fledermaus 1874 became the most performed operetta in the world and remains his most popular stage work In all Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera most with great success when first premiered 5 Strauss s satire was often generic unlike Offenbach who commented on real life matters 4 Strauss s operettas waltzes polkas and marches often have a strongly Viennese style and his popularity causes many to think of him as the national composer of Austria The Theater an der Wien never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed After many of the numbers the audience would call noisily for encores Franz von Suppe also known as Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo Cavaliere Suppe Demelli was born in 1819 and his fame rivals that of Offenbach Suppe was a leading composer and conductor in Vienna and most known for his operetta Leichte Kavallerie 1866 Fatinitza 1876 and Boccaccio 1879 19 Suppe was a contemporary to Strauss and composed over 30 operettas 180 farces ballets and other stage works Recently most of his works have been lost into obscurity many of them have been reprised within films cartoons advertisements and so on Both Strauss and Suppe are considered to be the most notable composers of the Golden Age of Viennese operetta 20 Following the death of Johann Strauss and his contemporary Franz von Suppe Franz Lehar was the heir apparent Lehar is widely considered the leading operetta composer of the 20th century and his most successful operetta Die lustige Witwe The Merry Widow is one of the classic operettas still in repertory 21 Die lustige Witwe The Merry Widow poster by Franz Lehar Lehar assisted in leading operetta into the Silver Age of Viennese Operetta During this time Viennese Censorship laws were changed in 1919 22 Lehar is most responsible for giving the genre renewed vitality Studying at the Prague Conservatory Lehar began as a theatre violinist and then took off as a composer in the Austro Hungarian Empire During this 1905 Lehar s Die lustige Witwe The Merry Widow paved a pathway for composers such as Fall Oscar Straus and Kalman to continue the tradition of Operetta Lehar was also one of the first composers who began to incorporate into film 2 The Viennese tradition was carried on by Oscar Straus Carl Zeller Karl Millocker Leo Fall Richard Heuberger Edmund Eysler Ralph Benatzky Robert Stolz Leo Ascher Emmerich Kalman Nico Dostal Fred Raymond Igo Hofstetter Paul Abraham and Ivo Tijardovic in the 20th century Germany Edit Paul Lincke father of the Berlin operetta In the same way that Vienna was the center of Austrian operetta Berlin was the center of German operetta Berlin operetta often had its own style including especially after World War I elements of jazz and other syncopated dance rhythms a transatlantic style and the presence of ragged marching tunes Berlin operettas also sometimes included aspects of burlesque revue farce or cabaret Paul Lincke pioneered the Berlin operetta in 1899 with Frau Luna which includes Berliner Luft Berlin Air 23 which became the unofficial anthem of Berlin His Lysistrata 1902 includes the song and tune The Glow Worm which remains quite popular internationally Much later in the 1920s and 1930s Kurt Weill took a more extreme form of the Berlin operetta style and used it in his operas operettas and musicals It is arguable that some of Kurt Weill s compositions could be considered modernist operetta 24 The Berlin style operetta coexisted with more bourgeois charming home loving and nationalistic German operettas some of which were called Volksoperetten folk operettas A prime example is Leon Jessel s extremely popular 1917 Schwarzwaldmadel Black Forest Girl 25 These bucolic nostalgic home loving operettas were officially preferred over Berlin style operettas after 1933 when the Nazis came to power and instituted the Reichsmusikkammer State Music Institute which deprecated and banned decadent music like jazz and similar foreign musical forms In the beginning of twenty first century German revival of operetta was an unforeseen theatrical development 26 Notable German operetta composers include Paul Lincke Eduard Kunneke Walter Kollo Jean Gilbert Leon Jessel Rudolf Dellinger Walter Goetze and Ludwig Schmidseder Operetta in English Edit H M S Pinafore Offenbach s influence reached England by the 1860s Arthur Sullivan of the Gilbert and Sullivan duo composed Cox and Box 1866 as a direct reaction to Offenbach s Les deux aveugles 1855 5 Gilbert and Sullivan solidified the format in England with their long running collaboration during the Victorian era With W S Gilbert writing the libretti and Sullivan composing the music the pair produced 14 comic operas which were later called Savoy Operas Most were enormously popular in Britain the U S and elsewhere Gilbert Sullivan and their producer Richard D Oyly Carte themselves call their joint works comic operas to distinguish this family friendly fare from the risque French operettas of the 1850s and 1860s 27 Their works such as H M S Pinafore The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado continue to enjoy regular performances throughout the English speaking world 28 While many of these operas seem to be very light hearted works such as the Mikado were making political commentaries on the British government and military with one of the main topics being capital punishment which was still widely used at the time 29 English operetta continued into the 1890s with works by composers such as Edward German Ivan Caryll and Sidney Jones These quickly evolved into the lighter song and dance pieces known as Edwardian musical comedy Beginning in 1907 with The Merry Widow many of the Viennese operettas were adapted very successfully for the English stage To explain this phenomenon Derek Scott writes In January 1908 London s Daily Mail claimed that The Merry Widow had been performed 450 times in Vienna 400 times in Berlin 350 times in St Petersburg 300 times in Copenhagen and was currently playing every evening in Europe in nine languages In the USA five companies were presenting it and the rush for tickets at the New Amsterdam Theatre was likened to the feverish crowding round the doors of a threatened bank Stan Czech in his Lehar biography claims that by 1910 it had been performed around 18 000 times in ten languages on 154 American 142 German and 135 British stages 30 The international embrace of operetta directly correlated with the development of both the West End in London and Broadway in New York 30 American audiences were first introduced to operetta through Gilbert and Sullivan s H M S Pinafore in 1878 31 American operetta composers included Victor Herbert whose works at the beginning of the 20th century were influenced by both Viennese operetta and Gilbert and Sullivan 32 He was followed by Sigmund Romberg and Rudolph Friml Nevertheless American operetta largely gave way by the end of World War I to musicals such as the Princess Theatre musicals and revues followed by the musicals of Rodgers and Hart Cole Porter Irving Berlin and others Another notable operetta in English is Candide by Leonard Bernstein It was advertised as a comic operetta 33 Candide s score in some ways was typical for its announced genre with some waltzes but Bernstein added the schottische gavotte and other dances and also entered the opera house with the aria Glitter and Be Gay Operetta in Italian EditOperetta was the first imported vocal genre in Italy 34 Since the 1860s French and Viennese composers such as Offenbach Herve Suppe Strauss Jr and Lehar have significantly influenced the operatic tradition of Italy The widespread popularity of foreign operetta in Italy reached its climax at the turn of the century in particular with the success of La vedova allegra which premiered in Milan in 1907 34 Italian operetta composers tended to stretch the definition of an operetta more than other nations in order to fit the beauty of Italian Romantic opera style An example would be Giacomo Puccini who developed his work in the realistic verisimo style and would compose operettas in three acts 35 Other notable composers of Italian operetta include Vincenzo Valente Ruggero Leoncavallo Pasquale Mario Costa Pietro Mascagni Carlo Lombardo Enrico Toselli Virgilio Ranzato and Giuseppe Pietri 35 Reception and Controversy Edit The audiences of operetta during the 1860s and 1870s are described as rowdy and loud 34 Operetta was considered one of the major controversies about Italian music and culture between the 1860s and the 1920s 34 During that period strong nationalistic undertones in Italy strived to unify its national identity Recognizing operetta as a foreign genre operetta was perceived as an art form that would contaminate Italian opera or illegitimately undermine its primacy on the stage 34 It was not until the early twentieth century that Italian composers systematically engaged in writing operetta See also Edit Music portal Opera portalComic opera List of operetta composers Musical theatre Operetta film ZarzuelaReferences EditInformational notes Citations Opera Operetta or Musical Theatre Blog Opera Vivra 19 October 2013 Retrieved 4 October 2020 a b c d e f Kennedy Dennis ed 2005 Operetta The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 860174 6 Grout Donald Jay amp Williams Hermine Weigel 2013 A Short History of Opera Columbia University Press p 378 ISBN 978 0231507721 Retrieved 2 May 2015 a b c d The beginner s guide to operetta English National Opera Retrieved 4 October 2020 a b c d e f g h i j Lamb Andrew 2001 Operetta Grove Music Online 8th ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 20386 ISBN 978 1 56159 263 0 a b c Baranello Micaela 2016 Operetta doi 10 1093 obo 9780199757824 0171 Scott Derek B 29 December 2016 Early Twentieth Century Operetta from the German Stage A Cosmopolitan Genre The Musical Quarterly gdw009 doi 10 1093 musqtl gdw009 a b c Traubner Richard 1 June 2004 Operetta doi 10 4324 9780203509029 ISBN 9780203509029 page needed a b c d e Sorba Carlotta September 2006 The origins of the entertainment industry the operetta in late nineteenth century Italy Journal of Modern Italian Studies 11 3 282 302 doi 10 1080 13545710600806730 S2CID 144059143 a b Ganzl Kurt Toperettas the history of operetta in ten works Bachtrack com 22 October 2019 Jones J Bush 2003 Our Musicals Ourselves pp 10 11 2003 Brandeis University Press Lebanon New Hampshire ISBN 1584653116 Abreu Juliana 2004 The Origin and Development of French Operetta in the Nineteenth Century Thesis OCLC 56597428 ProQuest 305111951 Stromberg Mikael 27 December 2017 History Repeating Itself The function of turning points and continuity in three historical narratives on operetta Nordic Theatre Studies 29 1 102 doi 10 7146 nts v29i1 102970 The Merry Widow Lesson What s Operetta Doc Utah Opera 5 January 2016 Retrieved 28 September 2019 Fisch Elliot 2017 Operetta Overview Part 1 French and Viennese Operettas 1850 1900 American Record Guide 80 5 51 57 ProQuest 1932310532 The beginner s guide to operetta English National Opera Retrieved 28 September 2019 Letellier Robert Ignatius 2015 Operetta A Sourcebook Cambridge Scholars Publishing pp xvii 83 ISBN 9781443884259 Crittenden Camille 2006 Johann Strauss and Vienna operetta and the politics of popular culture Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521027578 OCLC 443368102 Franz von Suppe Austrian composer Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 4 October 2020 Feurzeig Lisa 2019 Viennese Golden Age Operetta Drinking Dancing and Social Criticism in a Multi Ethnic Empire The Cambridge Companion to Operetta pp 32 46 doi 10 1017 9781316856024 004 ISBN 9781316856024 S2CID 211657809 Lamb Andrew 2001 Franz Lehar Grove Music Online 8th ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 16318 ISBN 978 1 56159 263 0 Baranello Micaela K 2019 The Operetta Factory Production Systems of Silver Age Vienna The Cambridge Companion to Operetta pp 189 204 doi 10 1017 9781316856024 014 ISBN 9781316856024 S2CID 213581729 Berliner Luft conducted by Placido Domingo with the Berlin Philharmonic Daly Nicholas 2017 12 14 2 Modernism operetta and Ruritania Ivor Novello s Glamorous Night In Ortolano Scott ed Popular Modernism and Its Legacies From Pop Literature to Video Games Bloomsbury Publishing USA ISBN 978 1 5013 2512 0 Lamb Andrew 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre Yale University Press 2001 p 203 Garde Ulrike Severn John R 2020 10 30 2 1930s jazz operetta and internationalisation then and now Risks ethics aesthetics Theatre and Internationalization Perspectives from Australia Germany and Beyond Routledge ISBN 978 1 000 20905 1 Jacobs 1984 introductory note on nomenclature See Bradley Ian 2005 Oh Joy Oh Rapture The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 516700 7 and Hewett Ivan 2 August 2009 The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan The Telegraph Retrieved 14 April 2010 The beginner s guide to operetta English National Opera Retrieved 5 October 2020 a b Scott Derek B 27 June 2019 German Operetta on Broadway and in the West End 1900 1940 Cambridge University Press doi 10 1017 9781108614306 ISBN 9781108614306 S2CID 198515413 Bordman Gerald 1981 American Operetta New York Oxford University Press Ledbetter Steven Victor Herbert Grove Music Online ed L Macy accessed February 11 2009 subscription required Laird Paul Fall 2018 Genre and Stylistic Expectations in the Musical Theater of Leonard Bernstein American Music Review 48 1 ProQuest 2182493597 a b c d e Lucca Valeria De 2019 Operetta in Italy The Cambridge Companion to Operetta pp 220 231 doi 10 1017 9781316856024 016 ISBN 9781316856024 S2CID 217930941 a b Letellier Robert Ignatius 19 October 2015 Operetta A Sourcebook Volume II Cambridge Scholars Publishing ISBN 978 1 4438 8508 9 Bibliography Jacobs Arthur 1984 Arthur Sullivan A Victorian Musician Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 315443 9 Further reading Bordman Gerald 1981 American Operetta New York Oxford University Press Clarke Kevin 2007 Glitter and be Gay Die authentische Operette und ihre schwulen Verehrer Hamburg Mannerschwarm Verlag German Ganzl Kurt 2001 The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre 3 Volumes New York Schirmer Books Goulet Charles 1981 Sur la scene et dans la coulisse Quebec Qc Ministere des Affaires culturelles ISBN 2 551 04178 3 Linhardt Marion 2006 Residenzstadt und Metropole Zu einer kulturellen Topographie des Wiener Unterhaltungstheaters 1858 1918 Berlin Max Niemeyer Verlag German Traubner Richard 1983 Operetta A Theatrical History Garden City New York Doubleday Viagrande iccardo 2009 Tu che m hai preso il cuor Un viaggio nel mondo dell operetta Monza Casa Musicale Eco Italian External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operetta Extensive site with information about operettas light operas and their composers Essay on operettas of Offenbach Johann Strauss Jr and their contemporaries Operetta Research Center with a large archive of historical reviews Kurt Ganzl s 2019 favourite operettas Schwarzkopf Sings Operetta Streaming Audio 2005 Warner Music 2005 Retrieved from Alexander Street database The Differences in an Operetta amp a Musical The Business of Singing Youtube video posted by Expert Village Leaf Group Famous Operettas Youtube video posted by Kaleb Fair Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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