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8th millennium BC

April 28, 2023

The 8th millennium BC spanned the years 8000 BC to 7001 BC (c. 10 ka to c. 9 ka). In chronological terms, it is the second full millennium of the current Holocene epoch and is entirely within the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) phase of the Early Neolithic. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis, or by radiometric dating.

Millennia:
Centuries:
  • 80th century BC
  • 79th century BC
  • 78th century BC
  • 77th century BC
  • 76th century BC
  • 75th century BC
  • 74th century BC
  • 73rd century BC
  • 72nd century BC
  • 71st century BC

The south area of Çatalhöyük. An archaeological dig is in progress.
Area of the Fertile Crescent, circa 7500 BC, with main sites.

Global environment

In the geologic time scale, the first stratigraphic stage of the Holocene epoch is the "Greenlandian" from about 9700 BC to the fixed date 6236 BC and so including the whole of the 8th millennium. The Greenlandian followed the Younger Dryas and essentially featured a climate shift from near-glacial to interglacial, causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise.[1][2] Towards the end of the 8th millennium, the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO) – also called the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) – began as a warm period lasting roughly 4,000 years until about 3000 BC. Insolation during summers in the northern hemisphere was unusually strong with pronounced warming in the higher latitudes such as Greenland, northern Canada and northern Europe with a resultant reduction in Arctic sea ice.[3]

During the 8th millennium, there were four known volcanic eruptions which registered magnitude 5 or 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). These were at Rotoma Caldera in New Zealand's Taupō Volcanic Zone about 7560 BC; Lvinaya Past in the Kuril Islands about 7480 BC; Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the Philippines about 7460 BC; and Fisher Caldera, on Unimak Island in the Aleutians about 7420 BC.[4] The biggest eruption was at Fisher Caldera, VEI 6, producing more than 50 km3 (12 cu mi) of tephra.[5]

The date of c. 7640 BC has been theorised for the impact of Tollmann's hypothetical bolide with Earth. The hypothesis holds that there was a resultant global cataclysm such as early Holocene extinctions or possibly the legendary Universal Deluge. Bolides are asteroids or comets.[6]

According to radiometric dates, the main occupation phases recognized at Shillourokambos took place between the end of the 9th millennium BC and the end of this millennium, long before the Khirokitia Culture.[7] The fact remains that its disappearance in the Middle Phase at Shillourokambos, in the second half of this millennium, is not an isolated incident but one of a number of expressions of a deep cultural change.[7]

Population and communities

Outside the Near East, most people around the world still lived in scattered hunter-gatherer communities which remained firmly in the Palaeolithic.[8] Within the Near East, Neolithic culture and technology had become established throughout much of the Fertile Crescent by 8000 BC and was gradually spreading westward, though it is not believed to have reached Europe till about the end of this millennium. Planting and harvesting techniques were transferred through Asia Minor and across the Aegean Sea to Greece and the Balkans. The techniques were, in the main, cultivation of wheats and barleys; and domestication of sheep, goats and cattle.[8]

The world population was probably stable and slowly increasing. It has been estimated that there were some five million people c. 10,000 BC growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC. That is an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age.[citation needed]

Fertile Crescent

By c. 7500 BC (see map above right), important sites in or near the Fertile Crescent included Jericho (Tell es-Sultan), 'Ain Ghazal, Huleh, Tell Aswad, Tell Abu Hureyra, Tell Qaramel, Tell Mureibit, Jerf el Ahmar, Göbekli Tepe, Nevalı Çori, Hacilar, Çatalhöyük, Hallan Çemi Tepesi, Çayönü Tepesi, Shanidar, Jarmo, Zrebar, Ganj Dareh and Ali Kosh. Jericho in the Jordan Valley continued to be the world's most significant site through this millennium.[9] Çatalhöyük (see image) was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia which flourished from c. 7500 BC until it was abandoned c. 5700 BC.[10]

Pottery and dating systems

There was no pottery per se in the Near East at this time as the potter's wheel had not yet been invented. Rudimentary clay vessels were hand-built, often by means of coiling, and pit fired.[11] Dame Kathleen Kenyon was the principal archaeologist at Tell es-Sultan (ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there.[12][13] The vessels she found were made from stone and she reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed.[12][13] The first chronological pottery system had been devised by Sir Arthur Evans for his Bronze Age findings at Knossos and Kenyon used this as a benchmark for the Near East Neolithic. She divided the period into phases called Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC; Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), which includes the entire 8th millennium, from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then Pottery Neolithic (PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the Bronze Age towards the end of the 4th millennium (c. 3000 BC).[11][12]

Agriculture in the Americas

It was from c. 8000 BC that agriculture developed throughout the Americas, especially in modern Mexico. There were numerous New World crops, as they are now termed, and domestication began with the potato and the cucurbita (squash) about this time.[14][15] Other crops began to be harvested over the next 7,500 years including chili peppers, maize, peanut, avocado, beans, cotton, sunflower, cocoa and tomato.[16][17]

Other cultural developments

The Mount Sandel Mesolithic site in Ireland is dated to c. 7900–7600 BC. This was long thought to be the earliest human activity on the island, until the discovery of the Alice and Gwendoline Cave pushed the date back to 10,000 BC.[18]

The date for construction of a round-house near Howick, Northumberland is calculated c. 7600 BC by radiocarbon dating. The site is believed to have been occupied for about 100 years.[19]

The Homo sapiens fossil from Combe-Capelle in southern France, discovered in 1909, is estimated to be 9,500 years old (c. 7500 BC).[20]

References

  1. ^ Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (May 2019). "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  2. ^ Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; et al. (14 June 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)" (PDF). Episodes. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS). doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022. This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS).
  3. ^ Park, Hyo-Seok; Kim, Seong-Joong; Stewart, Andrew L.; Son, Seok-Woo; Seo, Kyong-Hwan (11 December 2019). "Mid-Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic amplification". Science Advances. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 5 (12): eaax8203. Bibcode:2019SciA....5.8203P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax8203. PMC 6905875. PMID 31844667.
  4. ^ "Holocene Volcano List". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  5. ^ "Grímsvötn". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  6. ^ Kristan-Tollmann, E.; Tollmann, A. (1994). "The youngest big impact on Earth deduced from geological and historical evidence". Terra Nova. 6 (2): 209–217. Bibcode:1994TeNov...6..209K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00656.x.
  7. ^ a b Le Brun, Alain. “Like a Bull in a Chine Shop: Identity and Ideology in Neolithic Cyprus.” Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by Joanne Clarke, Council for British Research in the Levant (CBRL), 2005, pp. 113–17. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv310vqks.19. Accessed 3 Feb. 2023.
  8. ^ a b Roberts 1993, p. 37.
  9. ^ Bronowski 1973, pp. 64–69.
  10. ^ Langer, William L., ed. (1972). An Encyclopedia of World History (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 9. ISBN 978-03-95135-92-1.
  11. ^ a b Bellwood 2004, p. 384.
  12. ^ a b c Mithen 2003, p. 60.
  13. ^ a b Dever, William G. (1978). "Kathleen Kenyon (1906–1978): A Tribute". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. American Schools of Oriental Research. 232: 3–4. doi:10.1086/BASOR1356696. S2CID 167007661.
  14. ^ Spooner, D. M.; et al. (2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (41): 94–99. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214694S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507400102. PMC 1253605. PMID 16203994.
  15. ^ Smith, Bruce D. (February 2001). "Documenting plant domestication: The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (4): 1324–1326. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.1324S. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1324. PMC 33375. PMID 11171946.
  16. ^ Smith, A. F. (1994). The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery. University of South Carolina Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-15-70030-00-0.
  17. ^ Piperno, Dolores, R.; Ranere, Anthony J.; Holst, Irene; Iriarte, Jose; Dickau, Ruth (2009). "Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium BP maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico". PNAS. 106 (13): 5019–5024. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.5019P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812525106. PMC 2664021. PMID 19307570.
  18. ^ Viney, Michael (23 April 2016). "Another Life: The case of the knee-capped bear". Dublin: The Irish Times Ltd. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  19. ^ Richards, Julian (17 February 2011). "Britain's Oldest House?". BBC History. London: BBC. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  20. ^ Hoffmann, Almut; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Huels, Matthias; Terberger, Thomas (2011). "The Homo aurignaciensis hauseri from Combe-Capelle – A Mesolithic burial". Journal of Human Evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 61 (2): 211–214. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.03.001. PMID 21486678.

Bibliography

April 28, 2023
millennium, spanned, years, 8000, 7001, chronological, terms, second, full, millennium, current, holocene, epoch, entirely, within, pottery, neolithic, ppnb, phase, early, neolithic, impossible, precisely, date, events, that, happened, around, time, this, mill. The 8th millennium BC spanned the years 8000 BC to 7001 BC c 10 ka to c 9 ka In chronological terms it is the second full millennium of the current Holocene epoch and is entirely within the Pre Pottery Neolithic B PPNB phase of the Early Neolithic It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis or by radiometric dating Millennia 9th millennium BC 8th millennium BC 7th millennium BCCenturies 80th century BC 79th century BC 78th century BC 77th century BC 76th century BC 75th century BC 74th century BC 73rd century BC 72nd century BC 71st century BC The south area of Catalhoyuk An archaeological dig is in progress Area of the Fertile Crescent circa 7500 BC with main sites Contents 1 Global environment 2 Population and communities 3 Fertile Crescent 4 Pottery and dating systems 5 Agriculture in the Americas 6 Other cultural developments 7 References 8 BibliographyGlobal environment EditIn the geologic time scale the first stratigraphic stage of the Holocene epoch is the Greenlandian from about 9700 BC to the fixed date 6236 BC and so including the whole of the 8th millennium The Greenlandian followed the Younger Dryas and essentially featured a climate shift from near glacial to interglacial causing glaciers to retreat and sea levels to rise 1 2 Towards the end of the 8th millennium the Holocene Climate Optimum HCO also called the Holocene Thermal Maximum HTM began as a warm period lasting roughly 4 000 years until about 3000 BC Insolation during summers in the northern hemisphere was unusually strong with pronounced warming in the higher latitudes such as Greenland northern Canada and northern Europe with a resultant reduction in Arctic sea ice 3 During the 8th millennium there were four known volcanic eruptions which registered magnitude 5 or 6 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index VEI These were at Rotoma Caldera in New Zealand s Taupō Volcanic Zone about 7560 BC Lvinaya Past in the Kuril Islands about 7480 BC Pinatubo on the island of Luzon in the Philippines about 7460 BC and Fisher Caldera on Unimak Island in the Aleutians about 7420 BC 4 The biggest eruption was at Fisher Caldera VEI 6 producing more than 50 km3 12 cu mi of tephra 5 The date of c 7640 BC has been theorised for the impact of Tollmann s hypothetical bolide with Earth The hypothesis holds that there was a resultant global cataclysm such as early Holocene extinctions or possibly the legendary Universal Deluge Bolides are asteroids or comets 6 According to radiometric dates the main occupation phases recognized at Shillourokambos took place between the end of the 9th millennium BC and the end of this millennium long before the Khirokitia Culture 7 The fact remains that its disappearance in the Middle Phase at Shillourokambos in the second half of this millennium is not an isolated incident but one of a number of expressions of a deep cultural change 7 Population and communities EditOutside the Near East most people around the world still lived in scattered hunter gatherer communities which remained firmly in the Palaeolithic 8 Within the Near East Neolithic culture and technology had become established throughout much of the Fertile Crescent by 8000 BC and was gradually spreading westward though it is not believed to have reached Europe till about the end of this millennium Planting and harvesting techniques were transferred through Asia Minor and across the Aegean Sea to Greece and the Balkans The techniques were in the main cultivation of wheats and barleys and domestication of sheep goats and cattle 8 The world population was probably stable and slowly increasing It has been estimated that there were some five million people c 10 000 BC growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC That is an average growth rate of 0 027 p a from the beginning of the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age citation needed Fertile Crescent EditBy c 7500 BC see map above right important sites in or near the Fertile Crescent included Jericho Tell es Sultan Ain Ghazal Huleh Tell Aswad Tell Abu Hureyra Tell Qaramel Tell Mureibit Jerf el Ahmar Gobekli Tepe Nevali Cori Hacilar Catalhoyuk Hallan Cemi Tepesi Cayonu Tepesi Shanidar Jarmo Zrebar Ganj Dareh and Ali Kosh Jericho in the Jordan Valley continued to be the world s most significant site through this millennium 9 Catalhoyuk see image was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto city settlement in southern Anatolia which flourished from c 7500 BC until it was abandoned c 5700 BC 10 Pottery and dating systems EditThere was no pottery per se in the Near East at this time as the potter s wheel had not yet been invented Rudimentary clay vessels were hand built often by means of coiling and pit fired 11 Dame Kathleen Kenyon was the principal archaeologist at Tell es Sultan ancient Jericho and she discovered that there was no pottery there 12 13 The vessels she found were made from stone and she reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed 12 13 The first chronological pottery system had been devised by Sir Arthur Evans for his Bronze Age findings at Knossos and Kenyon used this as a benchmark for the Near East Neolithic She divided the period into phases called Pre Pottery Neolithic A PPNA from c 10 000 BC to c 8800 BC Pre Pottery Neolithic B PPNB which includes the entire 8th millennium from c 8800 BC to c 6500 BC and then Pottery Neolithic PN which had varied start points from c 6500 BC until the beginnings of the Bronze Age towards the end of the 4th millennium c 3000 BC 11 12 Agriculture in the Americas EditIt was from c 8000 BC that agriculture developed throughout the Americas especially in modern Mexico There were numerous New World crops as they are now termed and domestication began with the potato and the cucurbita squash about this time 14 15 Other crops began to be harvested over the next 7 500 years including chili peppers maize peanut avocado beans cotton sunflower cocoa and tomato 16 17 Other cultural developments EditThe Mount Sandel Mesolithic site in Ireland is dated to c 7900 7600 BC This was long thought to be the earliest human activity on the island until the discovery of the Alice and Gwendoline Cave pushed the date back to 10 000 BC 18 The date for construction of a round house near Howick Northumberland is calculated c 7600 BC by radiocarbon dating The site is believed to have been occupied for about 100 years 19 The Homo sapiens fossil from Combe Capelle in southern France discovered in 1909 is estimated to be 9 500 years old c 7500 BC 20 References Edit Cohen K M Finney S C Gibbard P L Fan J X May 2019 International Chronostratigraphic Chart PDF International Commission on Stratigraphy Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 13 November 2019 Walker Mike Head Martin J Berkelhammer Max et al 14 June 2018 Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series Epoch Quaternary System Period PDF Episodes Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy SQS doi 10 18814 epiiugs 2018 018016 Archived PDF from the original on 9 October 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences IUGS Park Hyo Seok Kim Seong Joong Stewart Andrew L Son Seok Woo Seo Kyong Hwan 11 December 2019 Mid Holocene Northern Hemisphere warming driven by Arctic amplification Science Advances Washington DC American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS 5 12 eaax8203 Bibcode 2019SciA 5 8203P doi 10 1126 sciadv aax8203 PMC 6905875 PMID 31844667 Holocene Volcano List Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution 2013 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Grimsvotn Global Volcanism Program Smithsonian Institution 2013 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Kristan Tollmann E Tollmann A 1994 The youngest big impact on Earth deduced from geological and historical evidence Terra Nova 6 2 209 217 Bibcode 1994TeNov 6 209K doi 10 1111 j 1365 3121 1994 tb00656 x a b Le Brun Alain Like a Bull in a Chine Shop Identity and Ideology in Neolithic Cyprus Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean edited by Joanne Clarke Council for British Research in the Levant CBRL 2005 pp 113 17 JSTOR http www jstor org stable j ctv310vqks 19 Accessed 3 Feb 2023 a b Roberts 1993 p 37 Bronowski 1973 pp 64 69 Langer William L ed 1972 An Encyclopedia of World History 5th ed Boston MA Houghton Mifflin Company p 9 ISBN 978 03 95135 92 1 a b Bellwood 2004 p 384 a b c Mithen 2003 p 60 a b Dever William G 1978 Kathleen Kenyon 1906 1978 A Tribute Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research American Schools of Oriental Research 232 3 4 doi 10 1086 BASOR1356696 S2CID 167007661 Spooner D M et al 2005 A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 41 94 99 Bibcode 2005PNAS 10214694S doi 10 1073 pnas 0507400102 PMC 1253605 PMID 16203994 Smith Bruce D February 2001 Documenting plant domestication The consilience of biological and archaeological approaches Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 4 1324 1326 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 1324S doi 10 1073 pnas 98 4 1324 PMC 33375 PMID 11171946 Smith A F 1994 The Tomato in America Early History Culture and Cookery University of South Carolina Press p 13 ISBN 978 15 70030 00 0 Piperno Dolores R Ranere Anthony J Holst Irene Iriarte Jose Dickau Ruth 2009 Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium BP maize from the Central Balsas River Valley Mexico PNAS 106 13 5019 5024 Bibcode 2009PNAS 106 5019P doi 10 1073 pnas 0812525106 PMC 2664021 PMID 19307570 Viney Michael 23 April 2016 Another Life The case of the knee capped bear Dublin The Irish Times Ltd Retrieved 8 January 2021 Richards Julian 17 February 2011 Britain s Oldest House BBC History London BBC Retrieved 8 January 2021 Hoffmann Almut Hublin Jean Jacques Huels Matthias Terberger Thomas 2011 The Homo aurignaciensis hauseri from Combe Capelle A Mesolithic burial Journal of Human Evolution Amsterdam Elsevier 61 2 211 214 doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2011 03 001 PMID 21486678 Bibliography EditBellwood Peter 30 November 2004 First Farmers The Origins of Agricultural Societies Wiley Blackwell p 384 ISBN 978 06 31205 66 1 Bronowski Jacob 1973 The Ascent of Man London BBC ISBN 978 18 49901 15 4 Mithen Steven 2003 After The Ice London Weidenfeld amp Nicolson ISBN 978 07 53813 92 8 Roberts J M 1993 Shorter Illustrated History of the World Abingdon Helicon Publishing Ltd ISBN 978 01 95115 04 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 8th millennium BC amp oldid 1137154911, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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