fbpx
Wikipedia

AMD

February 15, 2023

For other uses, see AMD (disambiguation).

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (commonly shortened as AMD) is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara, California, that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
Headquarters at Santa Clara in 2020
AMD
TypePublic
Industry
FoundedMay 1, 1969; 53 years ago (1969-05-01)
FounderJerry Sanders
Headquarters
Santa Clara, California
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
Revenue US$23.60 billion (2022)[1]
US$1.26 billion (2022)[1]
US$1.32 billion (2022)[1]
Total assets US$67.58 billion (2022)[1]
Total equity US$54.75 billion (2022)[1]
Number of employees
15,500 (2021) 
Websitewww.amd.com

The company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Sanders and a group of other technology professionals. AMD's early products were primarily memory chips and other components for computers. The company later expanded into the microprocessor market, competing with Intel, its main rival in the industry. In the early 2000s, AMD experienced significant growth and success, thanks in part to its strong position in the PC market and the success of its Athlon and Opteron processors. However, the company faced challenges in the late 2000s and early 2010s, as it struggled to keep up with Intel in the race to produce faster and more powerful processors. In the late 2010s, AMD regained some of its market share thanks to the success of its Ryzen processors which were well-received by consumers and reviewers. AMD's processors are used in a wide range of computing devices, including personal computers, servers, laptops, and gaming consoles. While it initially manufactured its own processors, the company later outsourced its manufacturing, a practice known as going fabless, after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009.

AMD's main products include microprocessors, motherboard chipsets, embedded processors, graphics processors, and FPGAs for servers, workstations, personal computers, and embedded system applications. The company has also expanded into new markets, such as the data center and gaming markets, and has announced plans to enter the high-performance computing market.[citation needed]

History

 
AMD's former headquarters in Sunnyvale, California (demolished in 2019)
 
AMD's campus in Markham, Ontario, Canada, formerly ATI headquarters
 
AMD's LEED-certified Lone Star campus in Austin, Texas

First twelve years

Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by Jerry Sanders, along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor, on May 1, 1969.[2][3] Sanders, an electrical engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild, had, like many Fairchild executives, grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support, opportunity, and flexibility within the company. He later decided to leave to start his own semiconductor company,[4] following the footsteps of Robert Noyce (developer of the first silicon integrated circuit at Fairchild in 1959)[5] and Gordon Moore, who together founded the semiconductor company Intel in July 1968.[6]

In September 1969, AMD moved from its temporary location in Santa Clara to Sunnyvale, California.[7] To immediately secure a customer base, AMD initially became a second source supplier of microchips designed by Fairchild and National Semiconductor.[8][9] AMD first focused on producing logic chips.[10] The company guaranteed quality control to United States Military Standard, an advantage in the early computer industry since unreliability in microchips was a distinct problem that customers – including computer manufacturers, the telecommunications industry, and instrument manufacturers – wanted to avoid.[8][11][12][13]

In November 1969, the company manufactured its first product: the Am9300, a 4-bit MSI shift register, which began selling in 1970.[13][14] Also in 1970, AMD produced its first proprietary product, the Am2501 logic counter, which was highly successful.[15][16] Its bestselling product in 1971 was the Am2505, the fastest multiplier available.[15][17]

In 1971, AMD entered the RAM chip market, beginning with the Am3101, a 64-bit bipolar RAM.[17][18] That year AMD also greatly increased the sales volume of its linear integrated circuits, and by year-end the company's total annual sales reached US$4.6 million.[15][19]

AMD went public in September 1972.[8][20][21] The company was a second source for Intel MOS/LSI circuits by 1973, with products such as Am14/1506 and Am14/1507, dual 100-bit dynamic shift registers.[22][23] By 1975, AMD was producing 212 products – of which 49 were proprietary, including the Am9102 (a static N-channel 1024-bit RAM)[24] and three low-power Schottky MSI circuits: Am25LS07, Am25LS08, and Am25LS09.[25]

Intel had created the first microprocessor, its 4-bit 4004, in 1971.[26][27] By 1975, AMD entered the microprocessor market with the Am9080, a reverse-engineered clone of the Intel 8080,[28][29][30] and the Am2900 bit-slice microprocessor family.[29] When Intel began installing microcode in its microprocessors in 1976, it entered into a cross-licensing agreement with AMD, which was granted a copyright license to the microcode in its microprocessors and peripherals, effective October 1976.[25][31][32][33][34]

In 1977, AMD entered into a joint venture with Siemens, a German engineering conglomerate wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market.[35] Siemens purchased 20% of AMD's stock, giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines.[35][36][37] The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers (AMC), located in Silicon Valley and in Germany, allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field,[35][38][39][40] in particular based on AMD's second-source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors.[41][42] When the two companies' vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged, AMD bought out Siemens' stake in the American division in 1979.[43][44] AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second-source Intel x86 microprocessors.[41][45][46]

Total sales in fiscal year 1978 topped $100 million,[38] and in 1979, AMD debuted on the New York Stock Exchange.[16] In 1979, production also began on AMD's new semiconductor fabrication plant in Austin, Texas;[16] the company already had overseas assembly facilities in Penang and Manila,[47] and began construction on a fabrication plant in San Antonio in 1981.[48] In 1980, AMD began supplying semiconductor products for telecommunications, an industry undergoing rapid expansion and innovation.[49]

Technology exchange agreement with Intel

Intel had introduced the first x86 microprocessors in 1978.[50] In 1981, IBM created its PC, and wanted Intel's x86 processors, but only under the condition that Intel also provide a second-source manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors.[11] Intel and AMD entered into a 10-year technology exchange agreement, first signed in October 1981[45][51] and formally executed in February 1982.[34] The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to become a second-source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other; that is, each party could "earn" the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other, if agreed to, by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity. The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company.[33] The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD–Intel cross-licensing agreement through 1995.[33][34] The agreement included the right to invoke arbitration of disagreements, and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement with one year's notice.[33] The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second-source manufacturer of Intel's x86 microprocessors and related chips, and Intel provided AMD with database tapes for its 8086, 80186, and 80286 chips.[34] However, in the event of a bankruptcy or takeover of AMD, the cross-licensing agreement would be effectively canceled.[52]

Beginning in 1982, AMD began volume-producing second-source Intel-licensed 8086, 8088, 80186, and 80188 processors, and by 1984, its own Am286 clone of Intel's 80286 processor, for the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and IBM clones.[11][53] It also continued its successful concentration on proprietary bipolar chips.[54] In 1983, it introduced INT.STD.1000, the highest manufacturing quality standard in the industry.[13][48]

The company continued to spend greatly on research and development,[55] and created the world's first 512K EPROM in 1984.[56] That year, AMD was listed in the book The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America,[48][57] and later made the Fortune 500 list for the first time in 1985.[58][59]

By mid-1985, the microchip market experienced a severe downturn, mainly due to long-term aggressive trade practices (dumping) from Japan, but also due to a crowded and non-innovative chip market in the United States.[60] AMD rode out the mid-1980s crisis by aggressively innovating and modernizing,[61] devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in fiscal year 1986,[48][62] and by heavily lobbying the U.S. government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent predatory Japanese pricing.[63] During this time, AMD withdrew from the DRAM market,[64] and made some headway into the CMOS market, which it had lagged in entering, having focused instead on bipolar chips.[65]

AMD had some success in the mid-1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 "World Chip" FSK modem, one of the first multi-standard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300/300 full duplex.[66] Beginning in 1986, AMD embraced the perceived shift toward RISC with their own AMD Am29000 (29k) processor;[67] the 29k survived as an embedded processor.[68][69] The company also increased its EPROM memory market share in the late 1980s.[70] Throughout the 1980s, AMD was a second-source supplier of Intel x86 processors. In 1991, it introduced its own 386-compatible Am386, an AMD-designed chip. Creating its own chips, AMD began to compete directly with Intel.[71]

AMD had a large, successful flash memory business, even during the dotcom bust.[72] In 2003, to divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow, which was under duress from aggressive microprocessor competition from Intel, AMD spun off its flash memory business and manufacturing into Spansion, a joint venture with Fujitsu, which had been co-manufacturing flash memory with AMD since 1993.[73][74] In December 2005, AMD divested itself of Spansion to focus on the microprocessor market, and Spansion went public in an IPO.[75]

Acquisition of ATI, spin-off of GlobalFoundries, and acquisition of Xilinx

On July 24, 2006, AMD announced its acquisition of the Canadian 3D graphics card company ATI Technologies. AMD paid $4.3 billion and 58 million shares of its capital stock, for a total of approximately $5.4 billion. The transaction was completed on October 25, 2006.[76] On August 30, 2010, AMD announced that it would retire the ATI brand name for its graphics chipsets in favor of the AMD brand name.[77][78]

In October 2008, AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of GlobalFoundries Inc., a multibillion-dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co., an investment company formed by the government of Abu Dhabi. The partnership and spin-off gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed it to focus solely on chip design.[79] To assure the Abu Dhabi investors of the new venture's success, AMD's CEO Hector Ruiz stepped down in July 2008, while remaining executive chairman, in preparation for becoming chairman of GlobalFoundries in March 2009.[80][81] President and COO Dirk Meyer became AMD's CEO.[82] Recessionary losses necessitated AMD cutting 1,100 jobs in 2009.[83]

In August 2011, AMD announced that former Lenovo executive Rory Read would be joining the company as CEO, replacing Meyer.[84] In November 2011, AMD announced plans to lay off more than 10% (1,400) of its employees from across all divisions worldwide.[85] In October 2012, it announced plans to lay off an additional 15% of its workforce to reduce costs in the face of declining sales revenue.[86]

AMD acquired the low-power server manufacturer SeaMicro in early 2012, with an eye to bringing out an Arm64 server chip.[87]

On October 8, 2014, AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as president and chief executive officer.[88] He was succeeded by Lisa Su, a key lieutenant who had been serving as chief operating officer since June.[89]

On October 16, 2014, AMD announced a new restructuring plan along with its Q3 results. Effective July 1, 2014, AMD reorganized into two business groups: Computing and Graphics, which primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets, discrete GPUs, and professional graphics; and Enterprise, Embedded, and Semi-Custom, which primarily includes server and embedded processors, dense servers, semi-custom SoC products (including solutions for gaming consoles), engineering services, and royalties. As part of this restructuring, AMD announced that 7% of its global workforce would be laid off by the end of 2014.[90]

After the GlobalFoundries spin-off and subsequent layoffs, AMD was left with significant vacant space at 1 AMD Place, its aging Sunnyvale headquarters office complex. In August 2016, AMD's 47 years in Sunnyvale came to a close when it signed a lease with the Irvine Company for a new 220,000 sq. ft. headquarters building in Santa Clara.[91] AMD's new location at Santa Clara Square faces the headquarters of archrival Intel across the Bayshore Freeway and San Tomas Aquino Creek. Around the same time, AMD also agreed to sell 1 AMD Place to the Irvine Company.[92] In April 2019, the Irvine Company secured approval from the Sunnyvale City Council of its plans to demolish 1 AMD Place and redevelop the entire 32-acre site into townhomes and apartments.[92]

In October 2020, AMD announced that it was acquiring Xilinx in an all-stock transaction. The acquisition was completed in February 2022, with an estimated acquisition price of $50 billion.[93][94]

List of CEOs

Name Years Position, education
Jerry Sanders 1969–2002 Founder, electrical engineer
Hector Ruiz 2002–2008 Electrical engineer
Dirk Meyer 2008–2011 Computer engineer
Rory Read 2011–2014 Information Systems
Lisa Su 2014–present Electrical engineer

Products

CPUs and APUs

See also: List of AMD processors
AMD microprocessors

IBM PC and the x86 architecture

Main articles: Am286, Am386, Am486, and Am5x86

In February 1982, AMD signed a contract with Intel, becoming a licensed second-source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors. IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC, but its policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips. AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement. In 1984, Intel internally decided to no longer cooperate with AMD in supplying product information to shore up its advantage in the marketplace, and delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the Intel 80386.[95] In 1987, AMD invoked arbitration over the issue, and Intel reacted by canceling the 1982 technological-exchange agreement altogether.[96][97] After three years of testimony, AMD eventually won in arbitration in 1992, but Intel disputed this decision. Another long legal dispute followed, ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with the arbitrator and AMD.[98][99]

In 1990, Intel countersued AMD, renegotiating AMD's right to use derivatives of Intel's microcode for its cloned processors.[100] In the face of uncertainty during the legal dispute, AMD was forced to develop clean room designed versions of Intel code for its x386 and x486 processors, the former long after Intel had released its own x386 in 1985.[101] In March 1991, AMD released the Am386, its clone of the Intel 386 processor.[48] By October of the same year it had sold one million units.[48]

In 1993, AMD introduced the first of the Am486 family of processors,[16] which proved popular with a large number of original equipment manufacturers, including Compaq, which signed an exclusive agreement using the Am486.[8][102][103] The Am5x86, another Am486-based processor, was released in November 1995, and continued AMD's success as a fast, cost-effective processor.[104][105]

Finally, in an agreement effective 1996, AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel's x386 and x486 processor families, but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of processors.[106][107]

K5, K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

Main articles: AMD K5, AMD K6, Athlon, Duron, and Sempron

AMD's first in-house x86 processor was the K5, launched in 1996.[108] The "K" in its name was a reference to Kryptonite, the only substance known to harm comic book character Superman. This itself was a reference to Intel's hegemony over the market, i.e., an anthropomorphization of them as Superman.[109] The number "5" was a reference to the fifth generation of x86 processors; rival Intel had previously introduced its line of fifth-generation x86 processors as Pentium because the U.S. Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked.[110]

In 1996, AMD purchased NexGen, specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86-compatible processors. AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building, left them alone, and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686. The result was the K6 processor, introduced in 1997. Although it was based on Socket 7, variants such as K6-3/450 were faster than Intel's Pentium II (sixth-generation processor).

The K7 was AMD's seventh-generation x86 processor, making its debut under the brand name Athlon on June 23, 1999. Unlike previous AMD processors, it could not be used on the same motherboards as Intel's, due to licensing issues surrounding Intel's Slot 1 connector, and instead used a Slot A connector, referenced to the Alpha processor bus. The Duron was a lower-cost and limited version of the Athlon (64KB instead of 256KB L2 cache) in a 462-pin socketed PGA (socket A) or soldered directly onto the motherboard. Sempron was released as a lower-cost Athlon XP, replacing Duron in the socket A PGA era. It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets, up to AM3.

On October 9, 2001, the Athlon XP was released. On February 10, 2003, the Athlon XP with 512KB L2 Cache was released.[111]

Athlon 64, Opteron and Phenom

Main articles: Athlon 64, Opteron, and Phenom

The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture, with the most notable features being the addition of a 64-bit extension to the x86 instruction set (called x86-64, AMD64, or x64), the incorporation of an on-chip memory controller, and the implementation of an extremely high-performance point-to-point interconnect called HyperTransport, as part of the Direct Connect Architecture. The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server-oriented processor on April 22, 2003.[112] Shortly thereafter, it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs, branded Athlon 64.[113]

On April 21, 2005, AMD released the first dual-core Opteron, an x86-based server CPU.[114] A month later, it released the Athlon 64 X2, the first desktop-based dual-core processor family.[115] In May 2007, AMD abandoned the string "64" in its dual-core desktop product branding, becoming Athlon X2, downplaying the significance of 64-bit computing in its processors. Further updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture, and a shift of the target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual-core desktop systems. In 2008, AMD started to release dual-core Sempron processors exclusively in China, branded as the Sempron 2000 series, with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache. AMD completed its dual-core product portfolio for each market segment.

In September 2007, AMD released the first server Opteron K10 processors,[116] followed in November by the Phenom processor for desktop. K10 processors came in dual-core, triple-core,[117] and quad-core versions, with all cores on a single die. AMD released a new platform codenamed "Spider", which used the new Phenom processor, as well as an R770 GPU and a 790 GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[118] However, AMD built the Spider at 65nm, which was uncompetitive with Intel's smaller and more power-efficient 45nm.

In January 2009, AMD released a new processor line dubbed Phenom II, a refresh of the original Phenom built using the 45 nm process.[119] AMD's new platform, codenamed "Dragon", used the new Phenom II processor, and an ATI R770 GPU from the R700 GPU family, as well as a 790 GX/FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series.[120] The Phenom II came in dual-core, triple-core and quad-core variants, all using the same die, with cores disabled for the triple-core and dual-core versions. The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had, including a low clock speed, a small L3 cache, and a Cool'n'Quiet bug that decreased performance. The Phenom II cost less but was not performance-competitive with Intel's mid-to-high-range Core 2 Quads. The Phenom II also enhanced its predecessor's memory controller, allowing it to use DDR3 in a new native socket AM3, while maintaining backward compatibility with AM2+, the socket used for the Phenom, and allowing the use of the DDR2 memory that was used with the platform.

In April 2010, AMD released a new Phenom II Hexa-core (6-core) processor codenamed "Thuban".[121] This was a totally new die based on the hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron processor. It included AMD's "turbo core" technology, which allows the processor to automatically switch from 6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed.

The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in 2010.[122] The Magny Cours part came in 8 to 12 cores and the Lisbon part in 4 and 6 core parts. Magny Cours is focused on performance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt. Magny Cours is an MCM (multi-chip module) with two hexa-core "Istanbul" Opteron parts. This will use a new G34 socket for dual and quad-socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors. Lisbon uses C32 socket certified for dual-socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors. Both will be built on a 45 nm SOI process.

Fusion becomes the AMD APU

Main articles: AMD APU and AMD mobile platform

Following AMD's 2006 acquisition of Canadian graphics company ATI Technologies, an initiative codenamed Fusion was announced to integrate a CPU and GPU together on some of AMD's microprocessors, including a built in PCI Express link to accommodate separate PCI Express peripherals, eliminating the northbridge chip from the motherboard. The initiative intended to move some of the processing originally done on the CPU (e.g. floating-point unit operations) to the GPU, which is better optimized for some calculations. The Fusion was later renamed the AMD APU (Accelerated Processing Unit).[123]

Llano was AMD's first APU built for laptops. Llano was the second APU released,[124] targeted at the mainstream market.[123] It incorporated a CPU and GPU on the same die, as well as northbridge functions, and used "Socket FM1" with DDR3 memory. The CPU part of the processor was based on the Phenom II "Deneb" processor. AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue based on production problems for the Llano.[125] More AMD APUs for laptops running Windows 7 and Windows 8 OS are being used commonly. These include AMD's price-point APUs, the E1 and E2, and their mainstream competitors with Intel's Core i-series: The Vision A- series, the A standing for accelerated. These range from the lower-performance A4 chipset to the A6, A8, and A10. These all incorporate next-generation Radeon graphics cards, with the A4 utilizing the base Radeon HD chip and the rest using a Radeon R4 graphics card, with the exception of the highest-model A10 (A10-7300) which uses an R6 graphics card.

New microarchitectures

High-power, high-performance Bulldozer cores
Main articles: Bulldozer microarchitecture, Piledriver microarchitecture, Steamroller microarchitecture, and Excavator microarchitecture

Bulldozer was AMD's microarchitecture codename for server and desktop AMD FX processors, first released on October 12, 2011. This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor to the family 10h (K10) microarchitecture design. Bulldozer was a clean-sheet design, not a development of earlier processors.[126] The core was specifically aimed at 10–125 W TDP computing products. AMD claimed dramatic performance-per-watt efficiency improvements in high-performance computing (HPC) applications with Bulldozer cores. While hopes were high that Bulldozer would bring AMD to be performance-competitive with Intel once more, most benchmarks were disappointing. In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 models they were built to replace.[127][128][129]

The Piledriver microarchitecture was the 2012 successor to Bulldozer, increasing clock speeds and performance relative to its predecessor.[130] Piledriver would be released in AMD FX, APU, and Opteron product lines.[131][132][133][134] Piledriver was subsequently followed by the Steamroller microarchitecture in 2013. Used exclusively in AMD's APUs, Steamroller focused on greater parallelism.[135][136]

In 2015, the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver.[137] Expected to be the last microarchitecture of the Bulldozer series,[138][139] Excavator focused on improved power efficiency.[140]

Low-power Cat cores
Main articles: Bobcat microarchitecture, Jaguar microarchitecture, and Puma microarchitecture

The Bobcat microarchitecture was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production during the first quarter of 2011.[124] Based on the difficulty competing in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100 W range, AMD had developed a simpler core with a target range of 1–10 watts.[141] In addition, it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W.[142]

Jaguar is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat's successor, released in 2013, that is used in various APUs from AMD aimed at the low-power/low-cost market.[143] Jaguar and its derivates would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the PlayStation 4,[144][145] Xbox One,[146][147] PlayStation 4 Pro,[148][149][150] Xbox One S,[151] and Xbox One X.[152][153] Jaguar would be later followed by the Puma microarchitecture in 2014.[154]

ARM architecture-based designs

In 2012, AMD announced it was working on ARM products, both as a semi-custom product and server product.[155][156][157] The initial server product was announced as the Opteron A1100 in 2014, and 8-core Cortex-A57 based ARMv8-A SoC,[158][159] and was expected to be followed by an APU incorporating a Graphics Core Next GPU.[160] However, the Opteron A1100 was not released until 2016, with the delay attributed to adding software support.[161] The A1100 was also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release.[161][162][163]

In 2014, AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in 2016.[164] While being ARMv8-A instruction set architecture compliant, the K12 is expected to be entirely custom designed targeting server, embedded, and semi-custom markets. While ARM architecture development continued, products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned, in preference to the development of AMD's x86-based Zen microarchitecture.[165][166]

Zen-based CPUs and APUs

Main article: Zen microarchitecture

Zen is a new architecture for x86-64 based Ryzen series of CPUs and APUs, introduced in 2017 by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller, beginning with his arrival in 2012, and taping out before his departure in September 2015. One of AMD's primary goals with Zen was an IPC increase of at least 40%, however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually achieved a 52% increase.[167][failed verification] Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14 nm FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single-core performance and HSA compatibility.[168] Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32 nm process ("Bulldozer" and "Piledriver" CPUs) or the 28 nm process ("Steamroller" and "Excavator" APUs). Because of this, Zen is much more energy efficient. The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs from AMD built for a single socket (Socket AM4). Also new for this architecture is the implementation of simultaneous multithreading (SMT) technology, something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary hyper-threading implementation of SMT. This is a departure from the "Clustered MultiThreading" design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture. Zen also has support for DDR4 memory. AMD released the Zen-based high-end Ryzen 7 "Summit Ridge" series CPUs on March 2, 2017,[169] mid-range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11, 2017, and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27, 2017.[170] AMD later released the Epyc line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems.[171] In October 2017, AMD released Zen-based APUs as Ryzen Mobile, incorporating Vega graphics cores.[172] In January 2018 AMD has announced their new lineup plans, with Ryzen 2.[173] AMD launched CPUs with the 12nm Zen+[174] microarchitecture in April 2018, following up with the 7nm Zen 2 microarchitecture in June 2019, including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using the Zen 2 microarchitecture in August 2019, and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020. As of 2019, AMD's Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel's consumer desktop processors.[175] At CES 2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000, as the first 7 nm x86 mobile processor,[vague] the first 7 nm 8-core (also 16-thread) high-performance mobile processor, and the first 8-core (also 16-thread) processor for ultrathin laptops.[176] This generation is still based on the Zen 2 architecture. In October 2020 AMD announced their Zen 3 CPU.[177] On PassMark's Single thread performance test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X.[178]

The Steam Deck,[179][180] PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and Series S all use chips based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture, with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system's implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs.[181][182]

Graphics products and GPUs

Main articles: Radeon, Radeon Pro, Radeon Instinct, and list of AMD graphics processing units
AMD graphics processing units

ATI prior to AMD acquisition

Main article: ATI Technologies

Lee Ka Lau,[183] Francis Lau, Benny Lau, and Kwok Yuen Ho[184] founded ATI in 1985 as Array Technology Inc.[185] Working primarily in the OEM field, ATI produced integrated graphics cards for PC manufacturers such as IBM and Commodore. By 1987, ATI had grown into an independent graphics-card retailer, introducing EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder card product lines that year.[186] In the early nineties, they released products able to process graphics without the CPU: in May 1991, the Mach8, in 1992 the Mach32, which offered improved memory bandwidth and GUI acceleration. ATI Technologies Inc. went public in 1993, with shares listed on NASDAQ and on the Toronto Stock Exchange.

 
ATI's former Silicon Valley office
 
ATI "Graphics Solution Rev 3" from 1985/1986, supporting Hercules graphics. As the PCB reveals, the layout dates from 1985, whereas the marking on the central chip CW16800-A says "8639"—meaning that chip was manufactured in week 39, 1986. Notice UM6845E CRT controller. This card uses the ISA 8-bit interface.
 
ATI VGA Wonder with 256 KB RAM

In 1994, the Mach64 accelerator debuted, powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro Turbo, offering hardware support for YUV-to-RGB colour space conversion in addition to hardware zoom; early techniques of hardware-based video acceleration.

ATI introduced its first combination of 2D and 3D accelerator under the name 3D Rage. This chip was based on the Mach 64, but it featured elemental 3D acceleration. The ATI Rage line powered almost the entire range of ATI graphics products. In particular, the Rage Pro was one of the first viable 2D-plus-3D alternatives to 3dfx's 3D-only Voodoo chipset. 3D acceleration in the Rage line advanced from the basic functionality within the initial 3D Rage to a more advanced DirectX 6.0 accelerator in 1999 Rage 128.

The All-in-Wonder product line, introduced in 1996, was the first combination of integrated graphics chip with TV tuner card and the first chip that enabled display of computer graphics on a TV set.[187] The cards featured 3D acceleration powered by ATI's 3D Rage II, 64-bit 2D performance, TV-quality video acceleration, analogue video capture, TV tuner functionality, flicker-free TV-out and stereo TV audio reception.

ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing 3D-graphics acceleration to laptops in 1996. The Mobility product line had to meet requirements different from those of desktop PCs, such as minimized power usage, reduced heat output, TMDS output capabilities for laptop screens, and maximized integration. In 1997, ATI acquired Tseng Labs's graphics assets, which included 40 engineers.

The Radeon line of graphics products was unveiled in 2000. The initial Radeon graphics processing unit offered an all-new design with DirectX 7.0 3D acceleration, video acceleration, and 2D acceleration. Technology developed for a specific Radeon generation could be built in varying levels of features and performance in order to provide products suited for the entire market range, from high-end to budget to mobile versions.

In 2000, ATI acquired ArtX, which engineered the Flipper graphics chip used in the GameCube video game console. They also created a modified version of the chip (codenamed Hollywood) for the successor of the GameCube, the Wii. Microsoft contracted ATI to design the graphics core (codenamed Xenos) for the Xbox 360. Later in 2005, ATI acquired Terayon's cable modem silicon intellectual property, strengthening their lead in the consumer digital television market.[188] K. Y. Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until he retired in November 2005. Dave Orton replaced him as the President and CEO of the organization.

On July 24, 2006, a joint announcement revealed that AMD would acquire ATI in a deal valued at $5.6 billion.[189] The acquisition consideration closed on October 25, 2006,[190] and included over $2 billion financed from a loan and 56 million shares of AMD stock.[191] ATI's operations became part of the AMD Graphics Product Group (GPG),[192] and ATI's CEO Dave Orton became the Executive Vice President of Visual and Media Businesses at AMD until his resignation in 2007.[193] The top-level management was reorganized with the Senior Vice President and General Manager, and the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Consumer Electronics Group, both of whom would report to the CEO of AMD.[194] On 30 August 2010, John Trikola announced that AMD would retire the ATI brand for its graphics chipsets in favour of the AMD name.[195]


Radeon within AMD

Main article: Radeon

In 2008, the ATI division of AMD released the TeraScale microarchitecture implementing a unified shader model. This design replaced the previous fixed-function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose, programmable shaders. Initially released as part of the GPU for the Xbox 360, this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts. Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2008 to 2014.

Combined GPU and CPU divisions

In a 2009 restructuring, AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company's APUs, which fused both graphics and general purpose processing.[196][197] In 2011, AMD released the successor to TeraScale, Graphics Core Next (GCN).[198] This new microarchitecture emphasized GPGPU compute capability in addition to graphics processing, with a particular aim of supporting heterogeneous computing on AMD's APUs. GCN's reduced instruction set ISA allowed for significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale's very long instruction word ISA. Since GCN's introduction with the HD 7970, five generations of the GCN architecture have been produced from 2008 through at least 2017.[199]

Radeon Technologies Group

In September 2015, AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an independent internal unit called the Radeon Technologies Group (RTG) headed by Raja Koduri.[200] This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and marketing.[201][202] The RTG then went on to create and release the Polaris and Vega microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017, respectively.[203][204] In particular the Vega, or fifth generation GCN, microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance and compute capabilities.[205][206]

In November 2017, Raja Koduri left RTG[207] and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position. In January 2018, it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG, namely Mike Rayfield as senior vice president and general manager of RTG, and David Wang as senior vice president of engineering for RTG.[208] In January 2020, AMD announced that its second generation RDNA graphics architecture was in development, with the aim of competing with the Nvidia RTX graphics products for performance leadership. In October 2020, AMD announced their new RX 6000 series[209] series GPUs, their first high-end product based on RDNA2 and capable of handling ray-tracing natively, aiming to challenge Nvidia's RTX 3000 GPUs.

Semi-custom and game console products

In 2012, AMD's then CEO Rory Read began a program to offer semi-custom designs.[210][211] Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product, potential customers could work with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD's intellectual property. Customers pay a non-recurring engineering fee for design and development, and a purchase price for the resulting semi-custom products. In particular, AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property. These semi-custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro, Xbox One S, Xbox One X, Xbox Series X/S, and PlayStation 5.[212][213][214][150][153][215] Financially, these semi-custom products would represent a majority of the company's revenue in 2016.[216][217] In November 2017, AMD and Intel announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an Intel Core CPU, a semi-custom AMD Radeon GPU, and HBM2 memory.[218]

Other hardware

AMD motherboard chipsets

See also: Comparison of AMD chipsets

Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003, AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations. The chipsets include the AMD-640, AMD-751, and the AMD-761 chipsets. The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors, and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets. This was the "Open Platform Management Architecture" with ATI, VIA and SiS developing their own chipset for Athlon 64 processors and later Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors, including the Quad FX platform chipset from Nvidia.

The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD-8111 chipset, and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors. As of today,[when?] Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors.

As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006, the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon Xpress 3200 chipsets. AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding (for instance, the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset). In February 2007, AMD announced the first AMD-branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD 690G chipset (previously under the development codename RS690), targeted at mainstream IGP computing. It was the industry's first to implement a HDMI 1.2 port on motherboards, shipping for more than a million units. While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset, the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 (codenamed RS600, sold under ATI brand) was sold to two OEMs, Abit and ASRock. Although AMD stated the firm would still produce Intel chipsets, Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to ATI.

On November 15, 2007, AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio, the AMD 7-Series chipsets, covering from the enthusiast multi-graphics segment to the value IGP segment, to replace the AMD 480/570/580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets, marking AMD's first enthusiast multi-graphics chipset. Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15, 2007, as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform, and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform.

AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets. It includes support for up to six SATA 6.0 Gbit/s ports, the C6 power state, which is featured in Fusion processors and AHCI 1.2 with SATA FIS–based switching support. This is a chipset family supporting Phenom processors and Quad FX enthusiast platform (890FX), IGP (890GX).

With the advent of AMD's APUs in 2011, traditional northbridge features such as the connection to graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die. Accordingly, APUs were connected to a single chip chipset, renamed the Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), which primarily provided southbridge functionality.[219]

AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new Ryzen products. As the Zen microarchitecture already includes much of the northbridge connectivity, the AM4-based chipsets primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes, USB connections, and SATA connections available.[220] These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with ASMedia.[221]

Embedded products

Embedded CPUs
Main articles: Alchemy and Geode

In February 2002, AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPS processors for the hand-held and portable media player markets.[222] On June 13, 2006, AMD officially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics, Inc., a designer of MIPS processors for embedded applications.[223]

In August 2003, AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products.[224] During the second quarter of 2004, it launched new low-power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz and 1 GHz, and 1.4 GHz processor with fan, of TDP 25 W. This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems (Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance), several UMPC designs in Asia markets, as well as the OLPC XO-1 computer, an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world.[225] The Geode LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015.[needs update]

AMD has also introduced 64-bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor. Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server-class processors have been targeted at high-end telecom and storage applications. In 2007, AMD added the AMD Athlon, AMD Turion, and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line. Leveraging the same 64-bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower power levels, these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications. Throughout 2007 and into 2008, AMD has continued to add both single-core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual-core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded 64-bit solutions starting with 8 W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan-less designs up to multi-processor systems leveraging multi-core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer than standard availability.[226]

The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines. In late 2008, the entire handheld division was sold off to Qualcomm, who have since produced the Adreno series.[227] Also in 2008, the Xilleon division was sold to Broadcom.[228][229]

In April 2007, AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs. This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring high-performance 3D and video such as emerging digital signage, kiosk, and Point of Sale applications. The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output, which required Macrovision licensing for OEMs, and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs, enabling dual independent DVI interfaces.[citation needed][230]

In January 2011, AMD announced the AMD Embedded G-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[231][232] This was the first APU for embedded applications. These were followed by updates in 2013 and 2016.[233][234]

In May 2012, AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R-Series Accelerated Processing Unit.[235] This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture, and Discrete-class Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics. This was followed by a system on a chip (SoC) version in 2015 which offered a faster CPU and faster graphics, with support for DDR4 SDRAM memory.[236][237]

Embedded graphics

AMD builds graphic processors for use in embedded systems. They can be found in anything from casinos to healthcare, with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines.[238] These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact multi-chip module including RAM and the GPU.[239] ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008. Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2016; reflecting improvements in their GPU technology.[239][240][241][242]

Current product lines

CPU and APU products

AMD's portfolio of CPUs and APUs as of 2020

  • Athlon – brand of entry level CPUs (Excavator) and APUs (Ryzen)
  • A-series – Excavator-class consumer desktop and laptop APUs
  • G-series – Excavator- and Jaguar-class low-power embedded APUs
  • Ryzen – brand of consumer CPUs and APUs
  • Ryzen Threadripper – brand of prosumer/professional CPUs
  • R-series – Excavator class high-performance embedded APUs
  • Epyc – brand of server CPUs
  • Opteron – brand of microserver APUs[243]

Graphics products

AMD's portfolio of dedicated graphics processors as of 2017

  • Radeon – brand for consumer line of graphics cards; the brand name originated with ATI.
    • Mobility Radeon offers power-optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops.
  • Radeon Pro – Workstation Graphics card brand. Successor to the FirePro brand.
  • Radeon Instinct – brand of server and workstation targeted machine learning and GPGPU products

Radeon-branded products

RAM

 
AMD Radeon memory

In 2011, AMD began selling Radeon branded DDR3 SDRAM to support the higher bandwidth needs of AMD's APUs.[244] While the RAM is sold by AMD, it was manufactured by Patriot Memory and VisionTek. This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3 memory in 2013.[245] Radeon branded DDR4 SDRAM memory was released in 2015, despite no AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time.[246] AMD noted in 2017 that these products are "mostly distributed in Eastern Europe" and that it continues to be active in the business.[247]

Solid-state drives

AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid-state drives manufactured by OCZ with capacities up to 480 GB and using the SATA interface.[248]

Technologies

CPU hardware

As of 2017 technologies found in AMD CPU/APU and other products include:

Graphics hardware

As of 2017 technologies found in AMD GPU products include:

Software

AMD has made considerable efforts towards opening its software tools above the firmware level in the past decade.[249][250][251]

For the following mentions, software not expressely stated free can be assumed to be proprietary.

Distribution

AMD Radeon Software is the default channel for official software distribution from AMD. It includes both free and proprietary software components, and supports both Microsoft Windows and Linux.

Software by type

CPU

  • AOCC is AMD's optimizing proprietary C/C++ compiler based on LLVM and available for Linux.[252]
  • AMDuProf is AMD's CPU performance and Power profiling tool suite, available for Linux and Windows.
  • AMD has also taken an active part in developing coreboot, an open-source project aimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware. This cooperation ceased in 2013, but AMD has indicated recently[when?] that it is considering releasing source code so that Ryzen can be compatible with coreboot in the future.[253]

GPU

See also: AMD Radeon Software

Most notable public AMD software is on the GPU side.

AMD has opened both its graphic and compute stacks:

Misc

  • AMD conducts open research on heterogeneous computing.[254]
  • Other AMD software includes the AMD Core Math Library, and open-source software including the AMD Performance Library.
  • AMD contributes to open source projects, including working with Sun Microsystems to enhance OpenSolaris and Sun xVM on the AMD platform.[255] AMD also maintains its own Open64 compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community.[256]
  • In 2008, AMD released the low-level programming specifications for its GPUs, and works with the X.Org Foundation to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards.[257][258]
  • Extensions for software parallelism (xSP), aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi-threaded and multi-core processing, announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007. One of the initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling (LWP), providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes, to observe information about executing process and help the re-design of software to be optimized with multi-core and even multi-threaded programs. Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension (SSE) instruction set, the SSE5.
  • Codenamed SIMFIRE – interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware (DASH) open architecture.

Production and fabrication

Main article: GlobalFoundries

Previously, AMD produced its chips at company-owned semiconductor foundries. AMD pursued a strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers IBM and Motorola to co-develop production technologies.[259][260] AMD's founder Jerry Sanders termed this the "Virtual Gorilla" strategy to compete with Intel's significantly greater investments in fabrication.[261]

In 2008, AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named GlobalFoundries.[262] This breakup of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each process node. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi purchased the newly created company through its subsidiary Advanced Technology Investment Company (ATIC), purchasing the final stake from AMD in 2009.[263]

With the spin-off of its foundries, AMD became a fabless semiconductor manufacturer, designing products to be produced at for-hire foundries. Part of the GlobalFoundries spin-off included an agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries.[264] Both prior to the spin-off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including TSMC and Samsung.[265][266] It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past.[266][267]

In 2018, AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC, following GlobalFoundries' announcement that they were halting development of their 7 nm process.[268] AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019, allowing AMD to freely choose foundries for 7 nm nodes and below, while maintaining purchase agreements for 12 nm and above through 2021.[269]

Corporate affairs

Partnerships

AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to rival Intel's dominance and resources:[259][260][261]

  • A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc. developed HyperTransport, a point-to-point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization.[270] It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors.
  • AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM, under which AMD gained silicon on insulator (SOI) manufacturing technology, and detailed advice on 90 nm implementation. AMD announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for 32 nm and 22 nm fabrication-related technologies.[271]
  • To facilitate processor distribution and sales, AMD is loosely partnered with end-user companies, such as HP, Dell, Asus, Acer, and Microsoft.[272]
  • In 1993, AMD established a 50–50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL, and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003. The joint venture went public under the name Spansion and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005, with AMD shares dropping 37%. AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non-competition agreement on December 21, 2005, with Fujitsu and Spansion, pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices (including single-chip, multiple-chip or system devices) containing only Flash memory.[273]
  • On May 18, 2006, Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD's Opteron chips by year's end, thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel.[274] In September 2006, Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup.
  • In June 2011, HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest versions of AMD APUs – accelerated processing units. AMD will power HP's Intel-based business notebooks as well.[275]
  • In the spring of 2013, AMD announced that it would be powering all three major next-generation consoles.[276] The Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 are both powered by a custom-built AMD APU, and the Nintendo Wii U is powered by an AMD GPU.[277] According to AMD, having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with cross-platform development to competing consoles and PCs as well as increased support for their products across the board.[278]
  • AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (HSMC) for the production of AMD products in India.[279]
  • AMD is a founding member of the HSA Foundation which aims to ease the use of a Heterogeneous System Architecture. A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use both central processing units and graphics processors to complete computational tasks.[280]
  • AMD announced in 2016 that it was creating a joint venture to produce x86 server chips for the Chinese market.[281]
  • On May 7, 2019, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Cray Inc., are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 1.5 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut sometime in 2021.[282]
  • On March 5, 2020, it was announced that the U.S. Department of Energy, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and HPE are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan exascale supercomputer. Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs, the supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops (peak double-precision) in computing performance. It is expected to debut in 2023.[283]
  • In the summer of 2020, it was reported that AMD would be powering the next-generation console offerings from Microsoft and Sony.[284]
  • On November 8, 2021, AMD announced a partnership with Meta to make the chips used in the Metaverse.[285]
  • In January 2022, AMD partnered with Samsung to develop a mobile processor to be used in future products. The processor was named Exynos 2022 and works with the AMD RDNA 2 architecture.[286]

Litigation with Intel

See also: Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. and Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp.
 
AMD processor with Intel logo

AMD has a long history of litigation with former (and current) partner and x86 creator Intel.[287][288][289]

  • In 1986, Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel's micro-chips for IBM; AMD filed for arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD's favor in 1992. Intel disputed this, and the case ended up in the Supreme Court of California. In 1994, that court upheld the arbitrator's decision and awarded damages for breach of contract.
  • In 1990, Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode. The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel's microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation.
  • In 1997, Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp. for misuse of the term MMX. AMD and Intel settled, with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel, and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor.
  • In 2005, following an investigation, the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a number of violations. On June 27, 2005, AMD won an antitrust suit against Intel in Japan, and on the same day, AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U.S. Federal District Court in Delaware. The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates, special discounts, threats, and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market. Since the start of this action, the court has issued subpoenas to major computer manufacturers including Acer, Dell, Lenovo, HP and Toshiba.
  • In November 2009, Intel agreed to pay AMD $1.25bn and renew a five-year patent cross-licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them.[290]

Guinness World Record achievement

  • On August 31, 2011, in Austin, Texas, AMD achieved a Guinness World Record for the "Highest frequency of a computer processor": 8.429 GHz.[291] The company ran an 8-core FX-8150 processor with only one active module (two cores), and cooled with liquid helium.[292] The previous record was 8.308 GHz, with an Intel Celeron 352 (one core).
  • On November 1, 2011, geek.com reported that Andre Yang, an overclocker from Taiwan, used an FX-8150 to set another record: 8.461 GHz.[293]
  • On November 19, 2012, Andre Yang used an FX-8350 to set another record: 8.794 GHz.[294]

Acquisitions, mergers and investments

Date Company Integration or division Price
February 6, 2002 Alchemy Semiconductor[295] Processors (Embedded CPUs) Undisclosed
July 24, 2006 ATI Technologies[296] Graphics and 3D Software (Radeon GPUs) $5400 Million
February 29, 2012 SeaMicro[297] Data Center Platform $334 Million
June 29, 2016 HiAlgo[298][299] Gaming Experience (Radeon Chill, Radeon Boost and Radeon Swift) Undisclosed
April 10, 2017 Nitero[300][301] 60  GHz Wireless IP (Headset AR and VR) Undisclosed
October 27, 2020 Xilinx[302] Custom Chips (FPGA, Adaptive SoCs, System on Modules, IA Accelerator) $49000 Million
April 4, 2022 Pensando[303] Data Center, Cloud Solutions and DPUs $1900 Million

Corporate social responsibility

Other initiatives

  • 50x15, digital inclusion, with targeted 50% of world population to be connected through Internet via affordable computers by the year of 2015.
  • The Green Grid,[305] founded by AMD together with other founders, such as IBM, Sun and Microsoft, to seek lower power consumption for grids.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e "AMD Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Financial Results". ir.amd.com. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
  2. ^ The other founding members were Ed Turney, John Carey, Sven Simonsen, Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford's team: Frank Botte, Jim Giles, and Larry Stenger.
  3. ^ Rodengen, p. 30.
  4. ^ "Fairchild's Offspring". Business Week. August 25, 1997. p. 84.
  5. ^ Mueller, Scott. Upgrading and Repairing PCs. Que Publishing, 2013. p. 6.
  6. ^ Malone, Michael S. "Silicon Insider: AMD-Intel Feud Continues". ABC News. April 24, 2003.
  7. ^ Rodengen, p. 36.
  8. ^ a b c d Pederson, Jay P. International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 30 July 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. St. James Press, 2000.
  9. ^ Rodengen, p. 35.
  10. ^ Rodengen, pp. 37–38.
  11. ^ a b c Singer, Graham. "The Rise and Fall of AMD". TechSpot. November 21, 2012.
  12. ^ Rodengen, pp. 35, 38, 41, 42.
  13. ^ a b c AMD Corporation. Silicon Valley Historical Association. 2008.
  14. ^ Rodengen, pp. 36, 38.
  15. ^ a b c Lojek, Bo. History of Semiconductor Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. p. 220.
  16. ^ a b c d Our History. AMD.com.
  17. ^ a b Rodengen, p. 41.
  18. ^ Electronic Design, Volume 19, Part 3. Hayden Publishing Company, 1971. p. 227.
  19. ^ Rodengen, pp. 42, 43.
  20. ^ Rodengen, p. 45.
  21. ^ Walker, Rob. "Interview with W. Jerry Sanders" January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Silicon Genesis. Stanford University. October 18, 2002.
  22. ^ Rodengen, p. 46.
  23. ^ MOS/LSI Data Book. Advanced Micro Devices, 1980. pp. 5–1, 5–2, B-8.
  24. ^ Electrical Design News, Volume 19, Issues 13–24. Rogers Publishing Company, 1974. p. 86.
  25. ^ a b Rodengen, p. 55.
  26. ^ Venkata Ram, S.K. Advanced Microprocessor & Microcontrollers. Firewall Media, 2004. p. 3.
  27. ^ Transcript: Silicon Valley (documentary)[dead link]. American Experience. PBS. 2013.
  28. ^ . Stanford University Libraries. December 29, 1997. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  29. ^ a b Rodengen, p. 50.
  30. ^ Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, Cases, Volume 2. Cengage Learning, 2008. p. 41.
  31. ^ Lennon, Michael J. Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements. Aspen Publishers Online, 2007. p. 4-36.
  32. ^ Pane, Patricia J. and Barbara Darrow. "AMD Asserts Right to Distribute Intel Code". InfoWorld. October 1, 1990. p. 5.
  33. ^ a b c d Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994). No. S033874. December 30, 1994. Justia.com. Retrieved October 25, 2014.
  34. ^ a b c d SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934: RELEASE No. 37730. Securities and Exchange Commission. Sec.gov. September 26, 1996. (Accessed October 25, 2014.)
  35. ^ a b c Malerba, Franco. The Semiconductor Business: The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline. University of Wisconsin Press, 1985. p. 166.
  36. ^ Rodengen, pp. 59–60.
  37. ^ Reindustrialization Or New Industrialization: Minutes of a Symposium, January 13, 1981, Part 3. National Academies, 1981. p. 53.
  38. ^ a b Rodengen, p. 60.
  39. ^ ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC. November 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. CaliforniaFirm.us.
  40. ^ ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS, INC. November 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. CaliforniaCompaniesList.com.
  41. ^ a b Freiberger, Paul. "AMD sued for alleged misuse of subsidiary's secrets". InfoWorld. June 20, 1983. p. 28.
  42. ^ Mini-micro Systems, Volume 15. Cahners Publishing Company, 1982. p. 286.
  43. ^ Rodengen, p. 62.
  44. ^ "Siemens and Advanced Micro Devices Agree to Split Joint Venture". The Wall Street Journal. February 14, 1979. p. 38.
  45. ^ a b Swaine, Michael. "Eight Companies to produce the 8086 chip". InfoWorld. November 30, 1981. p. 78.
  46. ^ Rodengen, p. 73.
  47. ^ Rodengen, p. 59.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Hitt, Michael; Ireland, R. Duane; Hoskisson, Robert. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. Cengage Learning, 2006. p. C-26.
  49. ^ Rodengen, pp. 65, 71–72, 79–80.
  50. ^ Sanchez, Julio, and Maria P. Canton. Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists. CRC Press, 2007. p. 95.
  51. ^ AMD 8086 microprocessor family, CPU World. (Accessed November 3, 2014.)
  52. ^ "Patent Cross License Agreement". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. November 11, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  53. ^ Ziberg, Christian. "Timeline: How AMD changed over the past 39 years" November 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. TGDaily. October 7, 2008.
  54. ^ International Directory of Company Histories. 1992.
  55. ^ Rodengen, pp. 73, 78–80.
  56. ^ Rodengen, p. 80.
  57. ^ Levering, Robert; Moskowitz, Milton; Katz, Michael. The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America. Addison-Wesley, 1984.
  58. ^ 1985 Full list November 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Fortune 500. Fortune archive.
  59. ^ Rodengen, p. 85.
  60. ^ Rodengen, pp. 85–87.
  61. ^ Rodengen, pp. 86, 90, 95, 99.
  62. ^ Rodengen, pp. 90–91.
  63. ^ Rodengen, pp. 87–88, 97–99.
  64. ^ Rodengen, p. 97.
  65. ^ Rodengen, p. 91.
  66. ^ Computer Design, Volume 25, Issues 13–22. Computer Design Publishing Corporation, 1986. p. 14.
  67. ^ Rodengen, p. 100.
  68. ^ Mann, Daniel (1995), (PDF), Advanced Micro Devices, archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007
  69. ^ Pflanz, Matthias. On-line Error Detection and Fast Recover Techniques for Dependable Embedded Processors. Springer Science & Business Media, 2002. p. 23.
  70. ^ Rodengen, pp. 121–122.
  71. ^ AMD. PC Encyclopedia. PC Magazine.
  72. ^ Ruiz. p. 20.
  73. ^ Ruiz, pp. 54–55.
  74. ^ Spooner, John G. "AMD, Fujitsu merge on flash memory". CNET. July 14, 2003.
  75. ^ Yi, Matthew. "Spansion spun off by AMD". San Francisco Chronicle. December 17, 2005.
  76. ^ . NewsWire. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
  77. ^ . News.softpedia.com. August 30, 2010. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  78. ^ "ATI to be re-branded as AMD – branding, ATI Radeon, ati, amd – ARN". Arnnet.com.au. August 30, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  79. ^ Vance, Ashlee (October 7, 2008). "A.M.D. to Split Into Two Operations". The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  80. ^ Ruiz, 159–162.
  81. ^ Gruener, Wolfgang. "AMD's fabs now on their own: GlobalFoundries" December 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. TG Daily. March 4, 2009.
  82. ^ "At a glance: AMD's new CEO Dirk Meyer". Associated Press. July 17, 2008.
  83. ^ Kawamoto, Dawn. "AMD to trim 1,100 jobs, initiate temporary pay cuts". CNET. January 16, 2009.
  84. ^ Dylan McGrath, EE Times. "Former IBM, Lenovo exec takes the helm at AMD". August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  85. ^ O'Gara. Maureen. "AMD to Fire 1,400" December 21, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Virtualization Journal. November 7, 2011.
  86. ^ Ian King (October 18, 2012), Tom Giles (ed.), AMD Forecast Misses Estimates; to Cut 15 Percent of Staff, Bloomberg L.P., retrieved October 31, 2012
  87. ^ Vance, Ashlee (October 30, 2012). "AMD Finds the Courage for Another Server Chip Gambit". Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  88. ^ "Advanced Micro Devices CEO Rory Read Steps Down". The Wall Street Journal. October 8, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  89. ^ A.M.D names Lisa Su as chief executive, Bits-Blogs, NYTimes October 8, 2014.
  90. ^ AMD Reports 2014 Third Quarter Results. AMD. October 16, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
  91. ^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (August 19, 2016). "AMD moving headquarters to Santa Clara, ending 47-year history in Sunnyvale". Silicon Valley Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  92. ^ a b SVBJ Staff (June 17, 2020). "Developer buys townhome portion of under-construction project on former AMD campus in Sunnyvale". Silicon Valley Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
  93. ^ "AMD to Acquire Xilinx, Creating the Industry's High Performance Computing Leader". Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  94. ^ Lee, Jane Lanhee (February 14, 2022). "AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx". Reuters. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  95. ^ Ruiz, p. 86–87.
  96. ^ Rodengen, p. 102.
  97. ^ Ruiz, p. 87.
  98. ^ Greg Tang (February 13, 2011). . JOLT Digest. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  99. ^ "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. v. Intel Corp. (1994)". Justia Law. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  100. ^ Rodengen, p. 116.
  101. ^ Rodengen, pp. 116–199.
  102. ^ Hitt, Michael; Duane Ireland, R.; Hoskisson, Robert (March 2, 2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. ISBN 9781111796372. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  103. ^ "cpu-collection.de >> AMD >> 486 DX". Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  104. ^ Mueller, Scott (2003). Upgrading and Repairing PCs. ISBN 9780789727459. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  105. ^ "InfoWorld". November 6, 1995. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  106. ^ Lennon, Michael J. (January 1, 2007). Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 4-36–4-38. ISBN 978-0-7355-6748-1.
  107. ^ "InfoWorld". January 8, 1996. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  108. ^ . CPU-INFO.COM. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  109. ^ Hesseldahl, Arik (July 6, 2000). "Why Cool Chip Code Names Die". Forbes Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  110. ^ Colapinto, John (October 3, 2011). "Famous names". The New Yorker. pp. 38–43. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  111. ^ Huynh, Jack (February 10, 2003). "The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache" (PDF). amd.com. AMD. (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  112. ^ Scott Wasson. "Workstation platforms compared November 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., September 15, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  113. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's Athlon 64 processor November 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., September 23, 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  114. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's dual-core Opteron processors July 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., April 21, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  115. ^ Scott Wasson. "AMD's Athlon 64 X2 processors July 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", techreport.com, The Tech Report, LLC., May 9, 2005. Retrieved July 29, 2007.
  116. ^ . tgdaily.com. August 13, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007.
  117. ^ AMD announcement. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  118. ^ Marco Chiappetta (November 19, 2007). . HotHardware. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  119. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (February 9, 2009), The Phenom II X4 810 & X3 720: AMD Gets DDR3 But Doesn't Need It, AnandTech, retrieved January 23, 2012
  120. ^ Parrish, Kevin (January 8, 2009), "AMD Unleashes the Dragon", Tom's Hardware, retrieved July 6, 2014
  121. ^ Walrath, Josh (April 27, 2010). "AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 6-core Thuban Processor Review". PC Perspective. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  122. ^ . April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  123. ^ a b Stokes, Jon (February 8, 2010). "AMD reveals Fusion CPU+GPU, to challenge Intel in laptops". Ars Technica. from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
  124. ^ a b Hruska, Joel (July 16, 2010). . HotHardware. Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
  125. ^ http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Desktops-and-Notebooks/AMD-Cuts-Q3-Forecast-Due-to-Chip-Manufacturing-Problems-581901/[permanent dead link]
  126. ^ Bulldozer 50% Faster than Core i7 and Phenom II, techPowerUp, retrieved January 23, 2012
  127. ^ Analyzing Bulldozer: Why AMD's chip is so disappointing, extremetech.com, retrieved November 30, 2013
  128. ^ "Lab Tested: AMD's Bulldozer Packs Plenty Of Cores, But Not Enough Power", PC World, October 12, 2011, retrieved November 30, 2013
  129. ^ "Can AMD survive Bulldozer's disappointing debut?". ars technica. October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
  130. ^ Hruska, Joel. "AMD's FX-8350 analyzed: Does Piledriver deliver where Bulldozer fell short?". ExtremeTech. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
  131. ^ "AMD launches widely anticipated "Trinity" APU". Press release. AMD. May 15, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  132. ^ "New AMD A-Series Processors Bring Faster Speeds, High Core Count and AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series Graphics to Do-It-Yourself PC Enthusiasts and Gamers". AMD. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  133. ^ "New AMD FX Line-Up Brings Faster Speeds and Higher Performance Core over Previous Generation to PC Enthusiasts and Gamers". AMD. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
  134. ^ "New AMD Opteron 4300 and 3300 Series Processors Deliver Ideal Performance, Power and Price for Cloud Applications". Press release. AMD. December 4, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
  135. ^ "AMD Kaveri Review: A8-7600 and A10-7850K Tested". Anandtech.com. January 14, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
  136. ^ Su, Lisa (February 2, 2012). "Consumerization, Cloud, Convergence" (PDF). AMD 2012 Financial Analyst Day. Sunnyvale, California: Advanced Micro Devices. p. 26. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  137. ^ Hachman, Mark (November 21, 2014). "AMD reveals high-end 'Carrizo' APU, the first chip to fully embrace audacious HSA tech". PC World. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  138. ^ "AMD hints at high-performance Zen x86 architecture | bit-tech.net". bit-tech.net.
  139. ^ Shilov, Anton (May 10, 2014). . Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2014.
  140. ^ "AMD Explains Advantages of High Density (Thin) Libraries". August 28, 2012.
  141. ^ Stokes, Jon (August 26, 2010). "AMD's Bobcat mobile architecture will play it straight". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  142. ^ Kirsch, Nathan (August 6, 2007). "AMD and Intel Rivalry Moves to Hand-Held Market". Legit Reviews. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  143. ^ Woligroski, Don (May 23, 2013). "AMD's Kabini: Jaguar And GCN Come Together In A 15 W APU". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  144. ^ . ChipWorks. November 15, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
  145. ^ Taylor, John (February 21, 2013). . Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
  146. ^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 3, 2013). "Xbox One gets a CPU speed boost to go with its faster GPU". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
  147. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (May 23, 2013). "AMD's Jaguar Architecture: The CPU Powering Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Kabini & Temash". AnandTech. Purch Group. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  148. ^ Walton, Mark (August 10, 2016). "PS4 Neo: Sony confirms PlayStation event for September 7". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  149. ^ Walton, Mark (April 19, 2016). "Sony PS4K is codenamed NEO, features upgraded CPU, GPU, RAM—report". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  150. ^ a b Smith, Ryan (September 8, 2016). "Analyzing Sony's Playstation 4 Pro Hardware Reveal: What Lies Beneath". Anandtech. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
  151. ^ Machkovech, Sam (August 2, 2016). "Microsoft hid performance boosts for old games in Xbox One S, told no one". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  152. ^ Smith, Ryan (June 11, 2017). "Microsoft's Project Scorpio Gets a Launch Date: Xbox One X, $499, November 7th". Anandtech. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  153. ^ a b Walton, Mark (April 6, 2017). "Xbox One Project Scorpio specs: 12GB GDDR5, 6 teraflops, native 4K at 60FPS". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  154. ^ Lal Shimpi, Anand (April 29, 2014). "AMD Beema/Mullins Architecture & Performance Preveiw". Anandtech. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
  155. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (February 2, 2012). "AMD is Ambidextrous, Not Married to Any One Architecture, ARM in the Datacenter". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  156. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (February 2, 2012). "AMD: Flexible Around ISA". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  157. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (October 29, 2012). "AMD will build 64-bit ARM based Opteron CPUs for Servers, Production in 2014". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  158. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (January 28, 2014). "It Begins: AMD Announces Its First ARM Based Server SoC, 64-bit/8-core Opteron A1100". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  159. ^ Barrett, Stephen (August 11, 2014). "AMD's Big Bet on ARM Powered Servers: Opteron A1100 Revealed". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  160. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (May 5, 2014). "AMD Announces Project Skybridge". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  161. ^ a b De Gelas, Johan (January 14, 2016). "The Silver Lining of the Late AMD Opteron A1100 Arrival". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  162. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (July 5, 2017). "Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem". Serve The Home. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  163. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (January 14, 2016). "The AMD Opteron A1100 – An Editorial". Serve the Home. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  164. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (May 5, 2014). "AMD Announces K12 Core". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  165. ^ Smith, Ryan (May 5, 2015). "AMD's K12 ARM CPU Now In 2017". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  166. ^ Cutress, Ian (January 24, 2018). "Getting Radeon Vega Everywhere". Anandtech. Retrieved January 31, 2018.
  167. ^ Cutress, Ian. . Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  168. ^ "AMD's Next Gen x86 High Performance Core is Ryzen – Will Debut Alongside K12 in 2016". WCCFtech. September 9, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  169. ^ "Ryzen | AMD". www.amd.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  170. ^ "AMD confirms Ryzen and Vega launch windows". PC Gamer. February 1, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  171. ^ Kampman, Jeff (May 16, 2017). "AMD's Naples datacenter CPUs will make an Epyc splash". Tech Report. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  172. ^ Cutress, Ian (October 26, 2017). "Ryzen Mobile is Launched". Anandtech. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
  173. ^ Moammer, Khalid (December 9, 2017). "AMD Ryzen 2 Set For March 2018 Launch On 12nm – To Support Higher Core & Memory Clock Speeds".
  174. ^ "2nd Generation AMD Ryzen™ Desktop Processors Deliver Best-in-Class Compute Performance and Even Faster Gaming Framerates than Previous Generation". Advanced Micro Devices. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
  175. ^ Allan, Darren (November 28, 2019). "AMD Ryzen CPUs are crushing Intel's processors going by Amazon sales". TechRadar.
  176. ^ Salter (March 3, 2020). "AMD's 7nm Ryzen 4000 laptop processors are finally here". ArsTechnica.
  177. ^ "Where Gaming Begins | AMD Ryzen™ Desktop Processors – YouTube". Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via YouTube.
  178. ^ "PassMark CPU Benchmarks – Single Thread Performance". cpubenchmark.net. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  179. ^ https://www.theverge.com/22779252/steam-deck-things-we-learned-from-valve-developer-summit
  180. ^ https://www.steamdeck.com/tech
  181. ^ Warren, Tom (February 24, 2020). "Microsoft reveals more Xbox Series X specs, confirms 12 teraflops GPU". The Verge. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
  182. ^ Leadbetter, Richard (March 18, 2020). "Inside PlayStation 5: the specs and the tech that deliver Sony's next-gen vision". Eurogamer. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  183. ^ University of Toronto Division of University Advancement page December 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
  184. ^ . Ati.com. February 7, 2011. Archived from the original on November 3, 2002. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  185. ^ "The Information Technology 100: 90: ATI Technologies". BusinessWeek. BusinessWeek. 2005. Retrieved August 19, 2014. The company was incorporated in August 1985 as Array Technology Inc. and changed its name to Array Technologies Inc. in September 1985. Further, it changed its name to ATI Technologies Inc. in December 1985.
  186. ^ History of AMD at AMD.com October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  187. ^ History of AMD – 1996 at AMD.com October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  188. ^ press release March 13, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  189. ^ "AMD 2008 10-K SEC Filling. Pg 105". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. February 24, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
  190. ^ . Ir.ati.com. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  191. ^ "AMD page". Amd.com. February 10, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  192. ^ "AMD 2007 Analyst Day page". Amd.com. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  193. ^ "AMD 2006 December Analyst Day page". Amd.com. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  194. ^ "Corporate Information – Executive Biographies at". Amd.com. February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  195. ^ "AMD Decides to Drop the ATI Brand – Softpedia". News.softpedia.com. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
  196. ^ Duncan, Geoff (May 7, 2009). "AMD RESTRUCTURES TO COMBINE GRAPHICS AND CHIP UNITS". Digital Trends. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  197. ^ Musil, Steven (May 7, 2009). "AMD reorg merges microprocessor, graphics units". CNET. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  198. ^ Smith, Ryan (December 21, 2011). "AMD's Graphics Core Next Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  199. ^ Smith, Ryan (December 22, 2011). "AMD Radeon HD 7970 Review". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  200. ^ Higginbotham, Stacey (September 9, 2015). "AMD splits out its graphics chips into the Radeon Technology Group". Fortune. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  201. ^ Takahashi, Dean (September 14, 2016). "AMD celebrates a year of its revamped Radeon Technologies Group". VentureBeat. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  202. ^ Moorehead, Patrich (November 12, 2015). "Advanced Micro Devices's Head Of Radeon Technologies Group, Raja Koduri, Talks About Their Future". Forbes. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  203. ^ Smith, Ryan (June 29, 2016). "The AMD Radeon RX 480 Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  204. ^ Smith, Ryan (January 5, 2017). "The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  205. ^ Smith, Ryan (January 5, 2017). "The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  206. ^ Smith, Ryan; Oh, Nate (August 14, 2017). "The AMD RX Vega 64 & RX Vega 56 Review: Vega Burning Bright". Anandtech.com. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  207. ^ "Exclusive: Raja Koduri, Radeon Technologies Boss, leaves AMD". hexus.net. Hexus. November 7, 2017. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  208. ^ "Two industry veterans join AMD Radeon Technologies Group". hexus.net. Hexus Net. January 24, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  209. ^ Smith, Ryan. "AMD Reveals The Radeon RX 6000 Series: RDNA2 Starts At The High-End, Coming November 18th". anandtech.com. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  210. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (February 2, 2012). "Understand AMD's Roadmap & New Direction". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  211. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (September 5, 2013). "Understanding AMD's Semi-Custom Strategy". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  212. ^ "Introducing Xbox Series S, Delivering Next-Gen Performance in Our Smallest Xbox Ever, Available November 10 at $299". Xbox News. September 9, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  213. ^ Smith, Ryan (February 24, 2020). "Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs: Zen 2 + RDNA 2, 12 TFLOPs GPU, HDMI 2.1, & a Custom SSD". AnandTech. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  214. ^ Gartenberg, Chaim (March 18, 2020). "Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications". The Verge. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  215. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (May 21, 2013). "The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4". AnandTech. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
  216. ^ Howse, Brett (October 20, 2016). "AMD Announces Q3 2016 Financial Results". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  217. ^ Team, Trefis (September 14, 2016). "AMD's Embedded and Semi-Custom Revenues To Generate High Growth In The Next 5 Years?". Forbes. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  218. ^ Kampman, Jeff (November 6, 2017). "Intel brings a Core CPU and Radeon GPU together on one package". Tech Report. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  219. ^ Wasson, Scott (June 22, 2011). "AMD's A8-3500M Fusion APU". Tech Report. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  220. ^ Justin, Michael; Sexton, Allen (March 3, 2017). "AMD's AM4 Ryzen Chipsets". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  221. ^ Cutress, Ian (March 2, 2017). "Making AMD Tick: A Very Zen Interview it Dr. Lisa Su, CEO". Anandtech.com. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  222. ^ Lammers, David (January 29, 2002). "AMD to buy MIPS processor startup Alchemy". EE Times. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  223. ^ . TechNews. technologynewsdaily.com. June 14, 2006. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2007.
  224. ^ Shah, Agam (January 26, 2009). "AMD Sees No Geode Chip Replacement in Sight". PC World. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  225. ^ Paul, Ryan (March 5, 2007). "A comparison of OLPC's XO laptop and Intel's Classmate PC". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  226. ^ . Amd.com. November 5, 2010. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010.
  227. ^ Ferguson, Scott (January 20, 2009). "AMD Sells Handset Division to Qualcomm for $65 million". eWeek. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  228. ^ "Broadcom to buy AMD's digital TV business | Business Tech - CNET News". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 11, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  229. ^ "News Room". Broadcom.com.
  230. ^ "AMD M690T/E Databook" (PDF). Amd.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  231. ^ Ganesh, TS (January 19, 2011). "AMD G-Series Brings x86 to the Embedded Market". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  232. ^ Melanson, Donald (January 19, 2011). "AMD announces Fusion-based Embedded G-Series platform". Engadget. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  233. ^ Sakr, Sarif (April 23, 2013). "AMD reveals G-Series X embedded chips, drops a little ARM-powered bombshell". Engadget. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  234. ^ Ryan, Thomas (February 23, 2016). "AMD Launches Three New Embedded G-Series SoC Families". SemiAccurate. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  235. ^ "AMD Embedded R-Series Platform". AMD. amd.com. July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
  236. ^ Cutress, Ian (October 21, 2015). "AMD Launches Excavator Based R-Series APUs for Embedded with DDR4". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  237. ^ Brown, Eric (October 21, 2015). "AMD R-Series system-on-chips dip to 12 Watts, support DDR4". Linux Gizmos. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  238. ^ https://www.amd.com/de/products/embedded/graphics-processors/Pages/embedded-display-graphics.asp[permanent dead link]
  239. ^ a b Smith, Ryan (May 2, 2011). "AMD Launches E6760: The Next Embedded Radeon". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  240. ^ Hodgin, Rick (July 1, 2009). . Geek.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  241. ^ Smith, Ryan (October 1, 2015). "AMD Updates Embedded Radeon GPU Line". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  242. ^ Smith, Ryan (September 27, 2016). "AMD Announces Embedded Radeon EE9260 & E9550 – Polaris for Embedded Markets". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  243. ^ "Opteron™ X and A-Series Processors". amd.com. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
  244. ^ Walton, Jarred (November 28, 2011). "Introducing AMD's Brand Memory". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  245. ^ Smith, Ryan (May 8, 2013). "AMD Releases New Radeon Memory SKU". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  246. ^ Shilov, Anton (October 5, 2015). "AMD begins to sell DDR4 memory modules for Intel and next-gen platforms". KitGuru. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  247. ^ Shah, Agam (March 16, 2017). "AMD's Radeon memory business is slowing down". PC World. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  248. ^ Hachman, Mark (August 28, 2014). "AMD announces Radeon R7 SSD product line, made by enthusiast manufacturer OCZ". PC World. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  249. ^ "Initial amdgpu driver release". Lists.freedesktop.org. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  250. ^ "AMD Rethinks Decision And Will Open-Source Most Of Radeon Rays 4.0". phoronix.com.
  251. ^ "Everything You Need to Know About Why AMD Open Sourced the OpenCL Driver Stack for ROCm | IEEE Computer Society". Computer.org. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  252. ^ "AMD Optimizing C/C++ and Fortran Compilers (AOCC) – AMD". Developer.amd.com. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  253. ^ "AMD prüft Coreboot-Support für Ryzen". golem.de.
  254. ^ "AMD research Open-Source Projects". Amd.com. Retrieved February 21, 2022.
  255. ^ (Press release). AMD. May 5, 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009.
  256. ^ . AMD. July 28, 2015. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
  257. ^ "AMD Details Strategic Open Source Graphics Driver Development Initiative" (Press release). AMD. September 7, 2007.
  258. ^ "Index of /docs/AMD". x.org.
  259. ^ a b Kanellos, Michael (July 30, 1998). "Motorola Ready to Make AMD Chips". CNET. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  260. ^ a b "IBM, AMD team up in microprocessor market". IT Web. Reuters. September 9, 2003. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  261. ^ a b Magee, Mike (May 4, 2000). "AMD now a virtual gorilla – Sanders". The Register. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  262. ^ Smith, Ryan (October 7, 2008). "The Business of Tech: Breaking Up is Hard to do- AMD goes Fabless". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  263. ^ Shimpi, Anand Lal. "GlobalFoundries Granted Independence, Acquires Remaining Stake from AMD". AnandTech. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  264. ^ Smith, Ryan (September 1, 2016). "AMD Amends GlobalFoundries Wafter Supply Agreement Through 2020, Gaining New Flexibility and New Costs". Anandtech. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  265. ^ Nystedt, Dan (May 22, 2007). "AMD Cozies up to Contract Chip Maker TSMC". ABC News. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  266. ^ a b Moorhead, Patrick (July 25, 2016). "AMD Officially Diversifies 14nm Manufacturing With Samsung". Forbes. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  267. ^ Shah, Agam (October 28, 2011). "AMD records profit in Q3 despite manufacturing issues". ARN. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  268. ^ Shilov, Anton; Smith, Ryan (August 27, 2018). "AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  269. ^ Shilov, Anton (January 29, 2019). "AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries: 7nm Freed, 12nm+ Targets Set Through 2021". AnandTech. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  270. ^ Spooner, John G (March 2, 2002). "Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors". CNET. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  271. ^ AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation, slide 10 March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  272. ^ Kennedy, Patrick (July 5, 2017). "Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch: The Ecosystem". Serve the Home. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  273. ^ http://apps.shareholder.com/s/viewerContent.aspx?companyid=SPSN&docid=4095716[dead link]
  274. ^ Vance, Ashlee (May 18, 2006). "Dell hooks up with AMD". The Register. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  275. ^ Rik Myslewski, ChannelRegister. "Intel, AMD in HP notebook smackdown Which is faster? 'You tell me' says AMD". June 17, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
  276. ^ Poeter, Damon (May 21, 2013). "AMD Hits Game Console Trifecta With Xbox One & Opinion". PC Magazine. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  277. ^ "AMD Game Console Triple Crown: Will There Be Profits?". Seeking Alpha. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  278. ^ "AMD say "PC ports of next-generation console titles are likely to struggle" on Intel tech | News, Tech, Tech News". PC Gamer. June 7, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  279. ^ PTI (April 13, 2016). "AMD plans to enter India in a big way, ties up with HSMC for chip manufacturing: Ravi Shankar Prasad". The Economic Times. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  280. ^ Cutress, Ian (March 16, 2015). "HSA Foundation Launches 'HSA 1.0 Final'". Anandtech. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  281. ^ Alcorn, Paul (July 6, 2018). "China Finds Zen: Begins Production Of x86 Processors Based On AMD's IP". Tom's Hardware. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  282. ^ "U.S. Department of Energy and Cray to Deliver Record-Setting Frontier Supercomputer at ORNL". Energy.gov. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  283. ^ "LLNL and HPE to partner with AMD on El Capitan, projected as world's fastest supercomputer | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory". www.llnl.gov. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  284. ^ Faulkner, Cameron (July 28, 2020). "AMD says its PS5 and Xbox Series X chips, Zen 3 CPUs, and RDNA 2 GPUs will ship on time". The Verge. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  285. ^ "AMD Partnership With Facebook (Meta) Company - Totoseek". November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  286. ^ "Samsung Partners With AMD to Power Up Mobile Chips". Bloomberg.com. January 18, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  287. ^ "Ryzen 7 2700X vs i7 8700K". AMD. (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007.
  288. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  289. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 10, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  290. ^ http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/technology/amd-intel-settle-legal-disputes/[dead link]
  291. ^ Peter Clarke, EE Times. "AMD 'clocks' FX processor at 8.429-GHz". September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  292. ^ Maximum Speed AMD FX Processor Takes Guinness World Record (video), September 12, 2011, archived from the original on November 22, 2021, retrieved November 7, 2012 – via YouTube
    During the video, cooling transitions from air to water to liquid nitrogen and finally to liquid helium.
  293. ^ Matthew Humprhires, Geek.com. "AMD clocks FX-8150 at 8.461-GHz April 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine". November 1, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  294. ^ "CPU-Z Validator". CPU-Z.
  295. ^ EETimes (February 6, 2002). "EETimes - AMD acquires Alchemy Semi to enter embedded RISC processor market". EETimes. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  296. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (July 24, 2006). "A.M.D. to Acquire ATI Technologies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  297. ^ . Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  298. ^ "AMD Acquires Software Company HiAlgo, Laying Groundwork for Future Gaming Innovation in Radeon Software". Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  299. ^ "AMD's HiAlgo acquisition brings gamer-friendly tools to Radeon Software experience". VentureBeat. June 29, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  300. ^ Moorhead, Patrick. "AMD Acquires IP And Acquihires Nitero Team, Maker Of 60 Ghz Wireless Chips For VR/AR". Forbes. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  301. ^ Shilov, Anton. "AMD Acquires 60 GHz Wireless IP and Staff from Nitero". anandtech.com. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  302. ^ Lee, Jane Lanhee (February 14, 2022). "AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated $50 billion purchase of Xilinx". Reuters. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  303. ^ Ron Miller (April 4, 2022). "AMD to acquire data center optimization startup Pensando for $2B". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
  304. ^ Lezhnev, Sasha; Alex Hellmuth (August 2012). "Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets: Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012" (PDF). Enough Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  305. ^ "The Green Grid". Thegreengrid.org.

References

  • Rodengen, Jeffrey L. The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices. Write Stuff, 1998.
  • Ruiz, Hector. Slingshot: AMD's Fight to Free an Industry from the Ruthless Grip of Intel. Greenleaf Book Group, 2013.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to AMD.
  • Official website  
  • Business data for Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.:
    • Bloomberg
    • Google
    • Reuters
    • SEC filings
    • Yahoo!

Coordinates: 37°22′56″N 121°58′15″W / 37.38222°N 121.97083°W / 37.38222; -121.97083 (Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters)

February 15, 2023
other, uses, disambiguation, advanced, micro, devices, commonly, shortened, american, multinational, semiconductor, company, based, santa, clara, california, that, develops, computer, processors, related, technologies, business, consumer, markets, advanced, mi. For other uses see AMD disambiguation Advanced Micro Devices Inc commonly shortened as AMD is an American multinational semiconductor company based in Santa Clara California that develops computer processors and related technologies for business and consumer markets Advanced Micro Devices Inc Headquarters at Santa Clara in 2020Trade nameAMDTypePublicTraded asNasdaq AMDNasdaq 100 componentS amp P 100 componentS amp P 500 componentIndustrySemiconductorsArtificial intelligenceGPUsGraphics cardsConsumer electronicsVideo gamesComputer hardwareFoundedMay 1 1969 53 years ago 1969 05 01 FounderJerry SandersHeadquartersSanta Clara California U S Area servedWorldwideKey peopleLisa Su President chief executive officer and Chair John Edward Caldwell Lead Independent Director Mark Papermaster CTO ProductsCentral processing units graphics processing unit chipsets microprocessors systems on chip SoCs motherboard chipsets network interface controllers embedded processors solid state drives drivers TV accessoriesRevenueUS 23 60 billion 2022 1 Operating incomeUS 1 26 billion 2022 1 Net incomeUS 1 32 billion 2022 1 Total assetsUS 67 58 billion 2022 1 Total equityUS 54 75 billion 2022 1 Number of employees15 500 2021 Websitewww wbr amd wbr comThe company was founded in 1969 by Jerry Sanders and a group of other technology professionals AMD s early products were primarily memory chips and other components for computers The company later expanded into the microprocessor market competing with Intel its main rival in the industry In the early 2000s AMD experienced significant growth and success thanks in part to its strong position in the PC market and the success of its Athlon and Opteron processors However the company faced challenges in the late 2000s and early 2010s as it struggled to keep up with Intel in the race to produce faster and more powerful processors In the late 2010s AMD regained some of its market share thanks to the success of its Ryzen processors which were well received by consumers and reviewers AMD s processors are used in a wide range of computing devices including personal computers servers laptops and gaming consoles While it initially manufactured its own processors the company later outsourced its manufacturing a practice known as going fabless after GlobalFoundries was spun off in 2009 AMD s main products include microprocessors motherboard chipsets embedded processors graphics processors and FPGAs for servers workstations personal computers and embedded system applications The company has also expanded into new markets such as the data center and gaming markets and has announced plans to enter the high performance computing market citation needed Contents 1 History 1 1 First twelve years 1 2 Technology exchange agreement with Intel 1 3 Acquisition of ATI spin off of GlobalFoundries and acquisition of Xilinx 1 4 List of CEOs 2 Products 2 1 CPUs and APUs 2 1 1 IBM PC and the x86 architecture 2 1 2 K5 K6 Athlon Duron and Sempron 2 1 3 Athlon 64 Opteron and Phenom 2 1 4 Fusion becomes the AMD APU 2 1 5 New microarchitectures 2 1 5 1 High power high performance Bulldozer cores 2 1 5 2 Low power Cat cores 2 1 5 3 ARM architecture based designs 2 1 6 Zen based CPUs and APUs 2 2 Graphics products and GPUs 2 2 1 ATI prior to AMD acquisition 2 2 2 Radeon within AMD 2 2 3 Combined GPU and CPU divisions 2 2 4 Radeon Technologies Group 2 3 Semi custom and game console products 2 4 Other hardware 2 4 1 AMD motherboard chipsets 2 4 2 Embedded products 2 4 2 1 Embedded CPUs 2 4 2 2 Embedded graphics 2 5 Current product lines 2 5 1 CPU and APU products 2 5 2 Graphics products 2 6 Radeon branded products 2 6 1 RAM 2 6 2 Solid state drives 3 Technologies 3 1 CPU hardware 3 2 Graphics hardware 3 3 Software 3 3 1 Distribution 3 3 2 Software by type 3 3 3 CPU 3 3 4 GPU 3 3 5 Misc 4 Production and fabrication 5 Corporate affairs 5 1 Partnerships 5 2 Litigation with Intel 5 3 Guinness World Record achievement 5 4 Acquisitions mergers and investments 5 5 Corporate social responsibility 5 6 Other initiatives 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory Edit AMD s former headquarters in Sunnyvale California demolished in 2019 AMD s campus in Markham Ontario Canada formerly ATI headquarters AMD s LEED certified Lone Star campus in Austin Texas First twelve years Edit Advanced Micro Devices was formally incorporated by Jerry Sanders along with seven of his colleagues from Fairchild Semiconductor on May 1 1969 2 3 Sanders an electrical engineer who was the director of marketing at Fairchild had like many Fairchild executives grown frustrated with the increasing lack of support opportunity and flexibility within the company He later decided to leave to start his own semiconductor company 4 following the footsteps of Robert Noyce developer of the first silicon integrated circuit at Fairchild in 1959 5 and Gordon Moore who together founded the semiconductor company Intel in July 1968 6 In September 1969 AMD moved from its temporary location in Santa Clara to Sunnyvale California 7 To immediately secure a customer base AMD initially became a second source supplier of microchips designed by Fairchild and National Semiconductor 8 9 AMD first focused on producing logic chips 10 The company guaranteed quality control to United States Military Standard an advantage in the early computer industry since unreliability in microchips was a distinct problem that customers including computer manufacturers the telecommunications industry and instrument manufacturers wanted to avoid 8 11 12 13 In November 1969 the company manufactured its first product the Am9300 a 4 bit MSI shift register which began selling in 1970 13 14 Also in 1970 AMD produced its first proprietary product the Am2501 logic counter which was highly successful 15 16 Its bestselling product in 1971 was the Am2505 the fastest multiplier available 15 17 In 1971 AMD entered the RAM chip market beginning with the Am3101 a 64 bit bipolar RAM 17 18 That year AMD also greatly increased the sales volume of its linear integrated circuits and by year end the company s total annual sales reached US 4 6 million 15 19 AMD went public in September 1972 8 20 21 The company was a second source for Intel MOS LSI circuits by 1973 with products such as Am14 1506 and Am14 1507 dual 100 bit dynamic shift registers 22 23 By 1975 AMD was producing 212 products of which 49 were proprietary including the Am9102 a static N channel 1024 bit RAM 24 and three low power Schottky MSI circuits Am25LS07 Am25LS08 and Am25LS09 25 Intel had created the first microprocessor its 4 bit 4004 in 1971 26 27 By 1975 AMD entered the microprocessor market with the Am9080 a reverse engineered clone of the Intel 8080 28 29 30 and the Am2900 bit slice microprocessor family 29 When Intel began installing microcode in its microprocessors in 1976 it entered into a cross licensing agreement with AMD which was granted a copyright license to the microcode in its microprocessors and peripherals effective October 1976 25 31 32 33 34 In 1977 AMD entered into a joint venture with Siemens a German engineering conglomerate wishing to enhance its technology expertise and enter the American market 35 Siemens purchased 20 of AMD s stock giving the company an infusion of cash to increase its product lines 35 36 37 The two companies also jointly established Advanced Micro Computers AMC located in Silicon Valley and in Germany allowing AMD to enter the microcomputer development and manufacturing field 35 38 39 40 in particular based on AMD s second source Zilog Z8000 microprocessors 41 42 When the two companies vision for Advanced Micro Computers diverged AMD bought out Siemens stake in the American division in 1979 43 44 AMD closed Advanced Micro Computers in late 1981 after switching focus to manufacturing second source Intel x86 microprocessors 41 45 46 Total sales in fiscal year 1978 topped 100 million 38 and in 1979 AMD debuted on the New York Stock Exchange 16 In 1979 production also began on AMD s new semiconductor fabrication plant in Austin Texas 16 the company already had overseas assembly facilities in Penang and Manila 47 and began construction on a fabrication plant in San Antonio in 1981 48 In 1980 AMD began supplying semiconductor products for telecommunications an industry undergoing rapid expansion and innovation 49 Technology exchange agreement with Intel Edit Intel had introduced the first x86 microprocessors in 1978 50 In 1981 IBM created its PC and wanted Intel s x86 processors but only under the condition that Intel also provide a second source manufacturer for its patented x86 microprocessors 11 Intel and AMD entered into a 10 year technology exchange agreement first signed in October 1981 45 51 and formally executed in February 1982 34 The terms of the agreement were that each company could acquire the right to become a second source manufacturer of semiconductor products developed by the other that is each party could earn the right to manufacture and sell a product developed by the other if agreed to by exchanging the manufacturing rights to a product of equivalent technical complexity The technical information and licenses needed to make and sell a part would be exchanged for a royalty to the developing company 33 The 1982 agreement also extended the 1976 AMD Intel cross licensing agreement through 1995 33 34 The agreement included the right to invoke arbitration of disagreements and after five years the right of either party to end the agreement with one year s notice 33 The main result of the 1982 agreement was that AMD became a second source manufacturer of Intel s x86 microprocessors and related chips and Intel provided AMD with database tapes for its 8086 80186 and 80286 chips 34 However in the event of a bankruptcy or takeover of AMD the cross licensing agreement would be effectively canceled 52 Beginning in 1982 AMD began volume producing second source Intel licensed 8086 8088 80186 and 80188 processors and by 1984 its own Am286 clone of Intel s 80286 processor for the rapidly growing market of IBM PCs and IBM clones 11 53 It also continued its successful concentration on proprietary bipolar chips 54 In 1983 it introduced INT STD 1000 the highest manufacturing quality standard in the industry 13 48 The company continued to spend greatly on research and development 55 and created the world s first 512K EPROM in 1984 56 That year AMD was listed in the book The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America 48 57 and later made the Fortune 500 list for the first time in 1985 58 59 By mid 1985 the microchip market experienced a severe downturn mainly due to long term aggressive trade practices dumping from Japan but also due to a crowded and non innovative chip market in the United States 60 AMD rode out the mid 1980s crisis by aggressively innovating and modernizing 61 devising the Liberty Chip program of designing and manufacturing one new chip or chipset per week for 52 weeks in fiscal year 1986 48 62 and by heavily lobbying the U S government until sanctions and restrictions were put in place to prevent predatory Japanese pricing 63 During this time AMD withdrew from the DRAM market 64 and made some headway into the CMOS market which it had lagged in entering having focused instead on bipolar chips 65 AMD had some success in the mid 1980s with the AMD7910 and AMD7911 World Chip FSK modem one of the first multi standard devices that covered both Bell and CCITT tones at up to 1200 baud half duplex or 300 300 full duplex 66 Beginning in 1986 AMD embraced the perceived shift toward RISC with their own AMD Am29000 29k processor 67 the 29k survived as an embedded processor 68 69 The company also increased its EPROM memory market share in the late 1980s 70 Throughout the 1980s AMD was a second source supplier of Intel x86 processors In 1991 it introduced its own 386 compatible Am386 an AMD designed chip Creating its own chips AMD began to compete directly with Intel 71 AMD had a large successful flash memory business even during the dotcom bust 72 In 2003 to divest some manufacturing and aid its overall cash flow which was under duress from aggressive microprocessor competition from Intel AMD spun off its flash memory business and manufacturing into Spansion a joint venture with Fujitsu which had been co manufacturing flash memory with AMD since 1993 73 74 In December 2005 AMD divested itself of Spansion to focus on the microprocessor market and Spansion went public in an IPO 75 Acquisition of ATI spin off of GlobalFoundries and acquisition of Xilinx Edit On July 24 2006 AMD announced its acquisition of the Canadian 3D graphics card company ATI Technologies AMD paid 4 3 billion and 58 million shares of its capital stock for a total of approximately 5 4 billion The transaction was completed on October 25 2006 76 On August 30 2010 AMD announced that it would retire the ATI brand name for its graphics chipsets in favor of the AMD brand name 77 78 In October 2008 AMD announced plans to spin off manufacturing operations in the form of GlobalFoundries Inc a multibillion dollar joint venture with Advanced Technology Investment Co an investment company formed by the government of Abu Dhabi The partnership and spin off gave AMD an infusion of cash and allowed it to focus solely on chip design 79 To assure the Abu Dhabi investors of the new venture s success AMD s CEO Hector Ruiz stepped down in July 2008 while remaining executive chairman in preparation for becoming chairman of GlobalFoundries in March 2009 80 81 President and COO Dirk Meyer became AMD s CEO 82 Recessionary losses necessitated AMD cutting 1 100 jobs in 2009 83 In August 2011 AMD announced that former Lenovo executive Rory Read would be joining the company as CEO replacing Meyer 84 In November 2011 AMD announced plans to lay off more than 10 1 400 of its employees from across all divisions worldwide 85 In October 2012 it announced plans to lay off an additional 15 of its workforce to reduce costs in the face of declining sales revenue 86 AMD acquired the low power server manufacturer SeaMicro in early 2012 with an eye to bringing out an Arm64 server chip 87 On October 8 2014 AMD announced that Rory Read had stepped down after three years as president and chief executive officer 88 He was succeeded by Lisa Su a key lieutenant who had been serving as chief operating officer since June 89 On October 16 2014 AMD announced a new restructuring plan along with its Q3 results Effective July 1 2014 AMD reorganized into two business groups Computing and Graphics which primarily includes desktop and notebook processors and chipsets discrete GPUs and professional graphics and Enterprise Embedded and Semi Custom which primarily includes server and embedded processors dense servers semi custom SoC products including solutions for gaming consoles engineering services and royalties As part of this restructuring AMD announced that 7 of its global workforce would be laid off by the end of 2014 90 After the GlobalFoundries spin off and subsequent layoffs AMD was left with significant vacant space at 1 AMD Place its aging Sunnyvale headquarters office complex In August 2016 AMD s 47 years in Sunnyvale came to a close when it signed a lease with the Irvine Company for a new 220 000 sq ft headquarters building in Santa Clara 91 AMD s new location at Santa Clara Square faces the headquarters of archrival Intel across the Bayshore Freeway and San Tomas Aquino Creek Around the same time AMD also agreed to sell 1 AMD Place to the Irvine Company 92 In April 2019 the Irvine Company secured approval from the Sunnyvale City Council of its plans to demolish 1 AMD Place and redevelop the entire 32 acre site into townhomes and apartments 92 In October 2020 AMD announced that it was acquiring Xilinx in an all stock transaction The acquisition was completed in February 2022 with an estimated acquisition price of 50 billion 93 94 List of CEOs Edit Name Years Position educationJerry Sanders 1969 2002 Founder electrical engineerHector Ruiz 2002 2008 Electrical engineerDirk Meyer 2008 2011 Computer engineerRory Read 2011 2014 Information SystemsLisa Su 2014 present Electrical engineerProducts EditCPUs and APUs Edit See also List of AMD processors AMD microprocessors Am2900 series 1975 AMD 29000 series 1987 95 Am386 Amx86 series 1991 95 K5 architecture 1996 K6 architecture 1997 2001 Bulldozer Series CPUs Bulldozer Piledriver Steamroller Excavator 2011 2017 Bobcat series APUs Bobcat Jaguar Puma 2011 present Zen core architecture 2017 Zen series released 2018 Zen 3 series released 2020 IBM PC and the x86 architecture Edit Main articles Am286 Am386 Am486 and Am5x86 In February 1982 AMD signed a contract with Intel becoming a licensed second source manufacturer of 8086 and 8088 processors IBM wanted to use the Intel 8088 in its IBM PC but its policy at the time was to require at least two sources for its chips AMD later produced the Am286 under the same arrangement In 1984 Intel internally decided to no longer cooperate with AMD in supplying product information to shore up its advantage in the marketplace and delayed and eventually refused to convey the technical details of the Intel 80386 95 In 1987 AMD invoked arbitration over the issue and Intel reacted by canceling the 1982 technological exchange agreement altogether 96 97 After three years of testimony AMD eventually won in arbitration in 1992 but Intel disputed this decision Another long legal dispute followed ending in 1994 when the Supreme Court of California sided with the arbitrator and AMD 98 99 In 1990 Intel countersued AMD renegotiating AMD s right to use derivatives of Intel s microcode for its cloned processors 100 In the face of uncertainty during the legal dispute AMD was forced to develop clean room designed versions of Intel code for its x386 and x486 processors the former long after Intel had released its own x386 in 1985 101 In March 1991 AMD released the Am386 its clone of the Intel 386 processor 48 By October of the same year it had sold one million units 48 In 1993 AMD introduced the first of the Am486 family of processors 16 which proved popular with a large number of original equipment manufacturers including Compaq which signed an exclusive agreement using the Am486 8 102 103 The Am5x86 another Am486 based processor was released in November 1995 and continued AMD s success as a fast cost effective processor 104 105 Finally in an agreement effective 1996 AMD received the rights to the microcode in Intel s x386 and x486 processor families but not the rights to the microcode in the following generations of processors 106 107 K5 K6 Athlon Duron and Sempron Edit Main articles AMD K5 AMD K6 Athlon Duron and Sempron AMD s first in house x86 processor was the K5 launched in 1996 108 The K in its name was a reference to Kryptonite the only substance known to harm comic book character Superman This itself was a reference to Intel s hegemony over the market i e an anthropomorphization of them as Superman 109 The number 5 was a reference to the fifth generation of x86 processors rival Intel had previously introduced its line of fifth generation x86 processors as Pentium because the U S Trademark and Patent Office had ruled that mere numbers could not be trademarked 110 In 1996 AMD purchased NexGen specifically for the rights to their Nx series of x86 compatible processors AMD gave the NexGen design team their own building left them alone and gave them time and money to rework the Nx686 The result was the K6 processor introduced in 1997 Although it was based on Socket 7 variants such as K6 3 450 were faster than Intel s Pentium II sixth generation processor The K7 was AMD s seventh generation x86 processor making its debut under the brand name Athlon on June 23 1999 Unlike previous AMD processors it could not be used on the same motherboards as Intel s due to licensing issues surrounding Intel s Slot 1 connector and instead used a Slot A connector referenced to the Alpha processor bus The Duron was a lower cost and limited version of the Athlon 64KB instead of 256KB L2 cache in a 462 pin socketed PGA socket A or soldered directly onto the motherboard Sempron was released as a lower cost Athlon XP replacing Duron in the socket A PGA era It has since been migrated upward to all new sockets up to AM3 On October 9 2001 the Athlon XP was released On February 10 2003 the Athlon XP with 512KB L2 Cache was released 111 Athlon 64 Opteron and Phenom Edit Main articles Athlon 64 Opteron and Phenom The K8 was a major revision of the K7 architecture with the most notable features being the addition of a 64 bit extension to the x86 instruction set called x86 64 AMD64 or x64 the incorporation of an on chip memory controller and the implementation of an extremely high performance point to point interconnect called HyperTransport as part of the Direct Connect Architecture The technology was initially launched as the Opteron server oriented processor on April 22 2003 112 Shortly thereafter it was incorporated into a product for desktop PCs branded Athlon 64 113 On April 21 2005 AMD released the first dual core Opteron an x86 based server CPU 114 A month later it released the Athlon 64 X2 the first desktop based dual core processor family 115 In May 2007 AMD abandoned the string 64 in its dual core desktop product branding becoming Athlon X2 downplaying the significance of 64 bit computing in its processors Further updates involved improvements to the microarchitecture and a shift of the target market from mainstream desktop systems to value dual core desktop systems In 2008 AMD started to release dual core Sempron processors exclusively in China branded as the Sempron 2000 series with lower HyperTransport speed and smaller L2 cache AMD completed its dual core product portfolio for each market segment In September 2007 AMD released the first server Opteron K10 processors 116 followed in November by the Phenom processor for desktop K10 processors came in dual core triple core 117 and quad core versions with all cores on a single die AMD released a new platform codenamed Spider which used the new Phenom processor as well as an R770 GPU and a 790 GX FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series 118 However AMD built the Spider at 65nm which was uncompetitive with Intel s smaller and more power efficient 45nm In January 2009 AMD released a new processor line dubbed Phenom II a refresh of the original Phenom built using the 45 nm process 119 AMD s new platform codenamed Dragon used the new Phenom II processor and an ATI R770 GPU from the R700 GPU family as well as a 790 GX FX chipset from the AMD 700 chipset series 120 The Phenom II came in dual core triple core and quad core variants all using the same die with cores disabled for the triple core and dual core versions The Phenom II resolved issues that the original Phenom had including a low clock speed a small L3 cache and a Cool n Quiet bug that decreased performance The Phenom II cost less but was not performance competitive with Intel s mid to high range Core 2 Quads The Phenom II also enhanced its predecessor s memory controller allowing it to use DDR3 in a new native socket AM3 while maintaining backward compatibility with AM2 the socket used for the Phenom and allowing the use of the DDR2 memory that was used with the platform In April 2010 AMD released a new Phenom II Hexa core 6 core processor codenamed Thuban 121 This was a totally new die based on the hexa core Istanbul Opteron processor It included AMD s turbo core technology which allows the processor to automatically switch from 6 cores to 3 faster cores when more pure speed is needed The Magny Cours and Lisbon server parts were released in 2010 122 The Magny Cours part came in 8 to 12 cores and the Lisbon part in 4 and 6 core parts Magny Cours is focused on performance while the Lisbon part is focused on high performance per watt Magny Cours is an MCM multi chip module with two hexa core Istanbul Opteron parts This will use a new G34 socket for dual and quad socket processors and thus will be marketed as Opteron 61xx series processors Lisbon uses C32 socket certified for dual socket use or single socket use only and thus will be marketed as Opteron 41xx processors Both will be built on a 45 nm SOI process Fusion becomes the AMD APU Edit Main articles AMD APU and AMD mobile platform Following AMD s 2006 acquisition of Canadian graphics company ATI Technologies an initiative codenamed Fusion was announced to integrate a CPU and GPU together on some of AMD s microprocessors including a built in PCI Express link to accommodate separate PCI Express peripherals eliminating the northbridge chip from the motherboard The initiative intended to move some of the processing originally done on the CPU e g floating point unit operations to the GPU which is better optimized for some calculations The Fusion was later renamed the AMD APU Accelerated Processing Unit 123 Llano was AMD s first APU built for laptops Llano was the second APU released 124 targeted at the mainstream market 123 It incorporated a CPU and GPU on the same die as well as northbridge functions and used Socket FM1 with DDR3 memory The CPU part of the processor was based on the Phenom II Deneb processor AMD suffered an unexpected decrease in revenue based on production problems for the Llano 125 More AMD APUs for laptops running Windows 7 and Windows 8 OS are being used commonly These include AMD s price point APUs the E1 and E2 and their mainstream competitors with Intel s Core i series The Vision A series the A standing for accelerated These range from the lower performance A4 chipset to the A6 A8 and A10 These all incorporate next generation Radeon graphics cards with the A4 utilizing the base Radeon HD chip and the rest using a Radeon R4 graphics card with the exception of the highest model A10 A10 7300 which uses an R6 graphics card New microarchitectures Edit High power high performance Bulldozer cores Edit Main articles Bulldozer microarchitecture Piledriver microarchitecture Steamroller microarchitecture and Excavator microarchitecture Bulldozer was AMD s microarchitecture codename for server and desktop AMD FX processors first released on October 12 2011 This family 15h microarchitecture is the successor to the family 10h K10 microarchitecture design Bulldozer was a clean sheet design not a development of earlier processors 126 The core was specifically aimed at 10 125 W TDP computing products AMD claimed dramatic performance per watt efficiency improvements in high performance computing HPC applications with Bulldozer cores While hopes were high that Bulldozer would bring AMD to be performance competitive with Intel once more most benchmarks were disappointing In some cases the new Bulldozer products were slower than the K10 models they were built to replace 127 128 129 The Piledriver microarchitecture was the 2012 successor to Bulldozer increasing clock speeds and performance relative to its predecessor 130 Piledriver would be released in AMD FX APU and Opteron product lines 131 132 133 134 Piledriver was subsequently followed by the Steamroller microarchitecture in 2013 Used exclusively in AMD s APUs Steamroller focused on greater parallelism 135 136 In 2015 the Excavator microarchitecture replaced Piledriver 137 Expected to be the last microarchitecture of the Bulldozer series 138 139 Excavator focused on improved power efficiency 140 Low power Cat cores Edit Main articles Bobcat microarchitecture Jaguar microarchitecture and Puma microarchitecture The Bobcat microarchitecture was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice president Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production during the first quarter of 2011 124 Based on the difficulty competing in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10 100 W range AMD had developed a simpler core with a target range of 1 10 watts 141 In addition it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W 142 Jaguar is a microarchitecture codename for Bobcat s successor released in 2013 that is used in various APUs from AMD aimed at the low power low cost market 143 Jaguar and its derivates would go on to be used in the custom APUs of the PlayStation 4 144 145 Xbox One 146 147 PlayStation 4 Pro 148 149 150 Xbox One S 151 and Xbox One X 152 153 Jaguar would be later followed by the Puma microarchitecture in 2014 154 ARM architecture based designs Edit In 2012 AMD announced it was working on ARM products both as a semi custom product and server product 155 156 157 The initial server product was announced as the Opteron A1100 in 2014 and 8 core Cortex A57 based ARMv8 A SoC 158 159 and was expected to be followed by an APU incorporating a Graphics Core Next GPU 160 However the Opteron A1100 was not released until 2016 with the delay attributed to adding software support 161 The A1100 was also criticized for not having support from major vendors upon its release 161 162 163 In 2014 AMD also announced the K12 custom core for release in 2016 164 While being ARMv8 A instruction set architecture compliant the K12 is expected to be entirely custom designed targeting server embedded and semi custom markets While ARM architecture development continued products based on K12 were subsequently delayed with no release planned in preference to the development of AMD s x86 based Zen microarchitecture 165 166 Zen based CPUs and APUs Edit Main article Zen microarchitecture Zen is a new architecture for x86 64 based Ryzen series of CPUs and APUs introduced in 2017 by AMD and built from the ground up by a team led by Jim Keller beginning with his arrival in 2012 and taping out before his departure in September 2015 One of AMD s primary goals with Zen was an IPC increase of at least 40 however in February 2017 AMD announced that they had actually achieved a 52 increase 167 failed verification Processors made on the Zen architecture are built on the 14 nm FinFET node and have a renewed focus on single core performance and HSA compatibility 168 Previous processors from AMD were either built in the 32 nm process Bulldozer and Piledriver CPUs or the 28 nm process Steamroller and Excavator APUs Because of this Zen is much more energy efficient The Zen architecture is the first to encompass CPUs and APUs from AMD built for a single socket Socket AM4 Also new for this architecture is the implementation of simultaneous multithreading SMT technology something Intel has had for years on some of their processors with their proprietary hyper threading implementation of SMT This is a departure from the Clustered MultiThreading design introduced with the Bulldozer architecture Zen also has support for DDR4 memory AMD released the Zen based high end Ryzen 7 Summit Ridge series CPUs on March 2 2017 169 mid range Ryzen 5 series CPUs on April 11 2017 and entry level Ryzen 3 series CPUs on July 27 2017 170 AMD later released the Epyc line of Zen derived server processors for 1P and 2P systems 171 In October 2017 AMD released Zen based APUs as Ryzen Mobile incorporating Vega graphics cores 172 In January 2018 AMD has announced their new lineup plans with Ryzen 2 173 AMD launched CPUs with the 12nm Zen 174 microarchitecture in April 2018 following up with the 7nm Zen 2 microarchitecture in June 2019 including an update to the Epyc line with new processors using the Zen 2 microarchitecture in August 2019 and Zen 3 slated for release in Q3 2020 As of 2019 AMD s Ryzen processors were reported to outsell Intel s consumer desktop processors 175 At CES 2020 AMD announced their Ryzen Mobile 4000 as the first 7 nm x86 mobile processor vague the first 7 nm 8 core also 16 thread high performance mobile processor and the first 8 core also 16 thread processor for ultrathin laptops 176 This generation is still based on the Zen 2 architecture In October 2020 AMD announced their Zen 3 CPU 177 On PassMark s Single thread performance test the Ryzen 5 5600x bested all other CPUs besides the Ryzen 9 5950X 178 The Steam Deck 179 180 PlayStation 5 Xbox Series X and Series S all use chips based on the Zen 2 microarchitecture with proprietary tweaks and different configurations in each system s implementation than AMD sells in its own commercially available APUs 181 182 Graphics products and GPUs Edit Main articles Radeon Radeon Pro Radeon Instinct and list of AMD graphics processing units AMD graphics processing units Radeon R200 series 2001 Radeon R500 2005 Radeon HD 2000 series 2007a Radeon HD 3000 series 2007b Radeon HD 4000 series 2008 Radeon HD 5000 series 2009 Radeon HD 6000 series 2010 Radeon HD 7000 series 2012 Radeon Rx 200 series 2013 Radeon RX 400 series 2016 Radeon RX 500 series 2016 Radeon RX Vega series released 2017 Radeon RX 5000 series released 2019 Radeon RX 6000 series released 2020 ATI prior to AMD acquisition Edit Main article ATI Technologies Lee Ka Lau 183 Francis Lau Benny Lau and Kwok Yuen Ho 184 founded ATI in 1985 as Array Technology Inc 185 Working primarily in the OEM field ATI produced integrated graphics cards for PC manufacturers such as IBM and Commodore By 1987 ATI had grown into an independent graphics card retailer introducing EGA Wonder and VGA Wonder card product lines that year 186 In the early nineties they released products able to process graphics without the CPU in May 1991 the Mach8 in 1992 the Mach32 which offered improved memory bandwidth and GUI acceleration ATI Technologies Inc went public in 1993 with shares listed on NASDAQ and on the Toronto Stock Exchange ATI s former Silicon Valley office ATI Graphics Solution Rev 3 from 1985 1986 supporting Hercules graphics As the PCB reveals the layout dates from 1985 whereas the marking on the central chip CW16800 A says 8639 meaning that chip was manufactured in week 39 1986 Notice UM6845E CRT controller This card uses the ISA 8 bit interface ATI VGA Wonder with 256 KB RAM In 1994 the Mach64 accelerator debuted powering the Graphics Xpression and Graphics Pro Turbo offering hardware support for YUV to RGB colour space conversion in addition to hardware zoom early techniques of hardware based video acceleration ATI introduced its first combination of 2D and 3D accelerator under the name 3D Rage This chip was based on the Mach 64 but it featured elemental 3D acceleration The ATI Rage line powered almost the entire range of ATI graphics products In particular the Rage Pro was one of the first viable 2D plus 3D alternatives to 3dfx s 3D only Voodoo chipset 3D acceleration in the Rage line advanced from the basic functionality within the initial 3D Rage to a more advanced DirectX 6 0 accelerator in 1999 Rage 128 The All in Wonder product line introduced in 1996 was the first combination of integrated graphics chip with TV tuner card and the first chip that enabled display of computer graphics on a TV set 187 The cards featured 3D acceleration powered by ATI s 3D Rage II 64 bit 2D performance TV quality video acceleration analogue video capture TV tuner functionality flicker free TV out and stereo TV audio reception ATI entered the mobile computing sector by introducing 3D graphics acceleration to laptops in 1996 The Mobility product line had to meet requirements different from those of desktop PCs such as minimized power usage reduced heat output TMDS output capabilities for laptop screens and maximized integration In 1997 ATI acquired Tseng Labs s graphics assets which included 40 engineers The Radeon line of graphics products was unveiled in 2000 The initial Radeon graphics processing unit offered an all new design with DirectX 7 0 3D acceleration video acceleration and 2D acceleration Technology developed for a specific Radeon generation could be built in varying levels of features and performance in order to provide products suited for the entire market range from high end to budget to mobile versions In 2000 ATI acquired ArtX which engineered the Flipper graphics chip used in the GameCube video game console They also created a modified version of the chip codenamed Hollywood for the successor of the GameCube the Wii Microsoft contracted ATI to design the graphics core codenamed Xenos for the Xbox 360 Later in 2005 ATI acquired Terayon s cable modem silicon intellectual property strengthening their lead in the consumer digital television market 188 K Y Ho remained as Chairman of the Board until he retired in November 2005 Dave Orton replaced him as the President and CEO of the organization On July 24 2006 a joint announcement revealed that AMD would acquire ATI in a deal valued at 5 6 billion 189 The acquisition consideration closed on October 25 2006 190 and included over 2 billion financed from a loan and 56 million shares of AMD stock 191 ATI s operations became part of the AMD Graphics Product Group GPG 192 and ATI s CEO Dave Orton became the Executive Vice President of Visual and Media Businesses at AMD until his resignation in 2007 193 The top level management was reorganized with the Senior Vice President and General Manager and the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Consumer Electronics Group both of whom would report to the CEO of AMD 194 On 30 August 2010 John Trikola announced that AMD would retire the ATI brand for its graphics chipsets in favour of the AMD name 195 Radeon within AMD Edit Main article Radeon In 2008 the ATI division of AMD released the TeraScale microarchitecture implementing a unified shader model This design replaced the previous fixed function hardware of previous graphics cards with multipurpose programmable shaders Initially released as part of the GPU for the Xbox 360 this technology would go on to be used in Radeon branded HD 2000 parts Three generations of TeraScale would be designed and used in parts from 2008 to 2014 Combined GPU and CPU divisions Edit In a 2009 restructuring AMD merged the CPU and GPU divisions to support the company s APUs which fused both graphics and general purpose processing 196 197 In 2011 AMD released the successor to TeraScale Graphics Core Next GCN 198 This new microarchitecture emphasized GPGPU compute capability in addition to graphics processing with a particular aim of supporting heterogeneous computing on AMD s APUs GCN s reduced instruction set ISA allowed for significantly increased compute capability over TeraScale s very long instruction word ISA Since GCN s introduction with the HD 7970 five generations of the GCN architecture have been produced from 2008 through at least 2017 199 Radeon Technologies Group Edit In September 2015 AMD separated the graphics technology division of the company into an independent internal unit called the Radeon Technologies Group RTG headed by Raja Koduri 200 This gave the graphics division of AMD autonomy in product design and marketing 201 202 The RTG then went on to create and release the Polaris and Vega microarchitectures released in 2016 and 2017 respectively 203 204 In particular the Vega or fifth generation GCN microarchitecture includes a number of major revisions to improve performance and compute capabilities 205 206 In November 2017 Raja Koduri left RTG 207 and CEO and President Lisa Su took his position In January 2018 it was reported that two industry veterans joined RTG namely Mike Rayfield as senior vice president and general manager of RTG and David Wang as senior vice president of engineering for RTG 208 In January 2020 AMD announced that its second generation RDNA graphics architecture was in development with the aim of competing with the Nvidia RTX graphics products for performance leadership In October 2020 AMD announced their new RX 6000 series 209 series GPUs their first high end product based on RDNA2 and capable of handling ray tracing natively aiming to challenge Nvidia s RTX 3000 GPUs Semi custom and game console products Edit In 2012 AMD s then CEO Rory Read began a program to offer semi custom designs 210 211 Rather than AMD simply designing and offering a single product potential customers could work with AMD to design a custom chip based on AMD s intellectual property Customers pay a non recurring engineering fee for design and development and a purchase price for the resulting semi custom products In particular AMD noted their unique position of offering both x86 and graphics intellectual property These semi custom designs would have design wins as the APUs in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One and the subsequent PlayStation 4 Pro Xbox One S Xbox One X Xbox Series X S and PlayStation 5 212 213 214 150 153 215 Financially these semi custom products would represent a majority of the company s revenue in 2016 216 217 In November 2017 AMD and Intel announced that Intel would market a product combining in a single package an Intel Core CPU a semi custom AMD Radeon GPU and HBM2 memory 218 Other hardware Edit AMD motherboard chipsets Edit See also Comparison of AMD chipsets Before the launch of Athlon 64 processors in 2003 AMD designed chipsets for their processors spanning the K6 and K7 processor generations The chipsets include the AMD 640 AMD 751 and the AMD 761 chipsets The situation changed in 2003 with the release of Athlon 64 processors and AMD chose not to further design its own chipsets for its desktop processors while opening the desktop platform to allow other firms to design chipsets This was the Open Platform Management Architecture with ATI VIA and SiS developing their own chipset for Athlon 64 processors and later Athlon 64 X2 and Athlon 64 FX processors including the Quad FX platform chipset from Nvidia The initiative went further with the release of Opteron server processors as AMD stopped the design of server chipsets in 2004 after releasing the AMD 8111 chipset and again opened the server platform for firms to develop chipsets for Opteron processors As of today when Nvidia and Broadcom are the sole designing firms of server chipsets for Opteron processors As the company completed the acquisition of ATI Technologies in 2006 the firm gained the ATI design team for chipsets which previously designed the Radeon Xpress 200 and the Radeon Xpress 3200 chipsets AMD then renamed the chipsets for AMD processors under AMD branding for instance the CrossFire Xpress 3200 chipset was renamed as AMD 580X CrossFire chipset In February 2007 AMD announced the first AMD branded chipset since 2004 with the release of the AMD 690G chipset previously under the development codename RS690 targeted at mainstream IGP computing It was the industry s first to implement a HDMI 1 2 port on motherboards shipping for more than a million units While ATI had aimed at releasing an Intel IGP chipset the plan was scrapped and the inventories of Radeon Xpress 1250 codenamed RS600 sold under ATI brand was sold to two OEMs Abit and ASRock Although AMD stated the firm would still produce Intel chipsets Intel had not granted the license of 1333 MHz FSB to ATI On November 15 2007 AMD announced a new chipset series portfolio the AMD 7 Series chipsets covering from the enthusiast multi graphics segment to the value IGP segment to replace the AMD 480 570 580 chipsets and AMD 690 series chipsets marking AMD s first enthusiast multi graphics chipset Discrete graphics chipsets were launched on November 15 2007 as part of the codenamed Spider desktop platform and IGP chipsets were launched at a later time in spring 2008 as part of the codenamed Cartwheel platform AMD returned to the server chipsets market with the AMD 800S series server chipsets It includes support for up to six SATA 6 0 Gbit s ports the C6 power state which is featured in Fusion processors and AHCI 1 2 with SATA FIS based switching support This is a chipset family supporting Phenom processors and Quad FX enthusiast platform 890FX IGP 890GX With the advent of AMD s APUs in 2011 traditional northbridge features such as the connection to graphics and the PCI Express controller were incorporated into the APU die Accordingly APUs were connected to a single chip chipset renamed the Fusion Controller Hub FCH which primarily provided southbridge functionality 219 AMD released new chipsets in 2017 to support the release of their new Ryzen products As the Zen microarchitecture already includes much of the northbridge connectivity the AM4 based chipsets primarily varied in the number of additional PCI Express lanes USB connections and SATA connections available 220 These AM4 chipsets were designed in conjunction with ASMedia 221 Embedded products Edit Embedded CPUs Edit Main articles Alchemy and Geode In February 2002 AMD acquired Alchemy Semiconductor for its Alchemy line of MIPS processors for the hand held and portable media player markets 222 On June 13 2006 AMD officially announced that the line was to be transferred to Raza Microelectronics Inc a designer of MIPS processors for embedded applications 223 In August 2003 AMD also purchased the Geode business which was originally the Cyrix MediaGX from National Semiconductor to augment its existing line of embedded x86 processor products 224 During the second quarter of 2004 it launched new low power Geode NX processors based on the K7 Thoroughbred architecture with speeds of fanless processors 667 MHz and 1 GHz and 1 4 GHz processor with fan of TDP 25 W This technology is used in a variety of embedded systems Casino slot machines and customer kiosks for instance several UMPC designs in Asia markets as well as the OLPC XO 1 computer an inexpensive laptop computer intended to be distributed to children in developing countries around the world 225 The Geode LX processor was announced in 2005 and is said will continue to be available through 2015 needs update AMD has also introduced 64 bit processors into its embedded product line starting with the AMD Opteron processor Leveraging the high throughput enabled through HyperTransport and the Direct Connect Architecture these server class processors have been targeted at high end telecom and storage applications In 2007 AMD added the AMD Athlon AMD Turion and Mobile AMD Sempron processors to its embedded product line Leveraging the same 64 bit instruction set and Direct Connect Architecture as the AMD Opteron but at lower power levels these processors were well suited to a variety of traditional embedded applications Throughout 2007 and into 2008 AMD has continued to add both single core Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors and dual core AMD Athlon X2 and AMD Turion processors to its embedded product line and now offers embedded 64 bit solutions starting with 8 W TDP Mobile AMD Sempron and AMD Athlon processors for fan less designs up to multi processor systems leveraging multi core AMD Opteron processors all supporting longer than standard availability 226 The ATI acquisition in 2006 included the Imageon and Xilleon product lines In late 2008 the entire handheld division was sold off to Qualcomm who have since produced the Adreno series 227 Also in 2008 the Xilleon division was sold to Broadcom 228 229 In April 2007 AMD announced the release of the M690T integrated graphics chipset for embedded designs This enabled AMD to offer complete processor and chipset solutions targeted at embedded applications requiring high performance 3D and video such as emerging digital signage kiosk and Point of Sale applications The M690T was followed by the M690E specifically for embedded applications which removed the TV output which required Macrovision licensing for OEMs and enabled native support for dual TMDS outputs enabling dual independent DVI interfaces citation needed 230 In January 2011 AMD announced the AMD Embedded G Series Accelerated Processing Unit 231 232 This was the first APU for embedded applications These were followed by updates in 2013 and 2016 233 234 In May 2012 AMD Announced the AMD Embedded R Series Accelerated Processing Unit 235 This family of products incorporates the Bulldozer CPU architecture and Discrete class Radeon HD 7000G Series graphics This was followed by a system on a chip SoC version in 2015 which offered a faster CPU and faster graphics with support for DDR4 SDRAM memory 236 237 Embedded graphics Edit AMD builds graphic processors for use in embedded systems They can be found in anything from casinos to healthcare with a large portion of products being used in industrial machines 238 These products include a complete graphics processing device in a compact multi chip module including RAM and the GPU 239 ATI began offering embedded GPUs with the E2400 in 2008 Since that time AMD has released regular updates to their embedded GPU lineup in 2009 2011 2015 and 2016 reflecting improvements in their GPU technology 239 240 241 242 Current product lines Edit CPU and APU products Edit AMD s portfolio of CPUs and APUs as of 2020 update Athlon brand of entry level CPUs Excavator and APUs Ryzen A series Excavator class consumer desktop and laptop APUs G series Excavator and Jaguar class low power embedded APUs Ryzen brand of consumer CPUs and APUs Ryzen Threadripper brand of prosumer professional CPUs R series Excavator class high performance embedded APUs Epyc brand of server CPUs Opteron brand of microserver APUs 243 Graphics products Edit AMD s portfolio of dedicated graphics processors as of 2017 update Radeon brand for consumer line of graphics cards the brand name originated with ATI Mobility Radeon offers power optimized versions of Radeon graphics chips for use in laptops Radeon Pro Workstation Graphics card brand Successor to the FirePro brand Radeon Instinct brand of server and workstation targeted machine learning and GPGPU productsRadeon branded products Edit RAM Edit AMD Radeon memory In 2011 AMD began selling Radeon branded DDR3 SDRAM to support the higher bandwidth needs of AMD s APUs 244 While the RAM is sold by AMD it was manufactured by Patriot Memory and VisionTek This was later followed by higher speeds of gaming oriented DDR3 memory in 2013 245 Radeon branded DDR4 SDRAM memory was released in 2015 despite no AMD CPUs or APUs supporting DDR4 at the time 246 AMD noted in 2017 that these products are mostly distributed in Eastern Europe and that it continues to be active in the business 247 Solid state drives Edit AMD announced in 2014 it would sell Radeon branded solid state drives manufactured by OCZ with capacities up to 480 GB and using the SATA interface 248 Technologies EditCPU hardware Edit As of 2017 update technologies found in AMD CPU APU and other products include HyperTransport a high bandwidth low latency system bus used in AMD s CPU and APU products Infinity Fabric a derivative of HyperTransport used as the communication bus in AMD s Zen microarchitectureGraphics hardware Edit As of 2017 update technologies found in AMD GPU products include AMD Eyefinity facilitates multi monitor setup of up to 6 monitors per graphics card AMD FreeSync display synchronization based on the VESA Adaptive Sync standard AMD TrueAudio acceleration of audio calculations AMD XConnect allows the use of External GPU enclosures through Thunderbolt 3 AMD CrossFire multi GPU technology allowing the simultaneous use of multiple GPUs Unified Video Decoder UVD acceleration of video decompression decoding Video Coding Engine VCE acceleration of video compression encoding Software Edit AMD has made considerable efforts towards opening its software tools above the firmware level in the past decade 249 250 251 For the following mentions software not expressely stated free can be assumed to be proprietary Distribution Edit AMD Radeon Software is the default channel for official software distribution from AMD It includes both free and proprietary software components and supports both Microsoft Windows and Linux Software by type Edit CPU Edit AOCC is AMD s optimizing proprietary C C compiler based on LLVM and available for Linux 252 AMDuProf is AMD s CPU performance and Power profiling tool suite available for Linux and Windows AMD has also taken an active part in developing coreboot an open source project aimed at replacing the proprietary BIOS firmware This cooperation ceased in 2013 but AMD has indicated recently when that it is considering releasing source code so that Ryzen can be compatible with coreboot in the future 253 GPU Edit See also AMD Radeon Software Most notable public AMD software is on the GPU side AMD has opened both its graphic and compute stacks GPUOpen is AMD s graphics stack which includes for example FidelityFX Super Resolution ROCm Radeon Open Compute platform is AMD s compute stack for machine learning and high performance computing based on the LLVM compiler technologies Under the ROCm project AMDgpu is AMD s open source device driver supporting the GCN and following architectures available for Linux This latter driver component is used both by the graphics and compute stacks Misc Edit AMD conducts open research on heterogeneous computing 254 Other AMD software includes the AMD Core Math Library and open source software including the AMD Performance Library AMD contributes to open source projects including working with Sun Microsystems to enhance OpenSolaris and Sun xVM on the AMD platform 255 AMD also maintains its own Open64 compiler distribution and contributes its changes back to the community 256 In 2008 AMD released the low level programming specifications for its GPUs and works with the X Org Foundation to develop drivers for AMD graphics cards 257 258 Extensions for software parallelism xSP aimed at speeding up programs to enable multi threaded and multi core processing announced in Technology Analyst Day 2007 One of the initiatives being discussed since August 2007 is the Light Weight Profiling LWP providing internal hardware monitor with runtimes to observe information about executing process and help the re design of software to be optimized with multi core and even multi threaded programs Another one is the extension of Streaming SIMD Extension SSE instruction set the SSE5 Codenamed SIMFIRE interoperability testing tool for the Desktop and mobile Architecture for System Hardware DASH open architecture Production and fabrication EditMain article GlobalFoundries Previously AMD produced its chips at company owned semiconductor foundries AMD pursued a strategy of collaboration with other semiconductor manufacturers IBM and Motorola to co develop production technologies 259 260 AMD s founder Jerry Sanders termed this the Virtual Gorilla strategy to compete with Intel s significantly greater investments in fabrication 261 In 2008 AMD spun off its chip foundries into an independent company named GlobalFoundries 262 This breakup of the company was attributed to the increasing costs of each process node The Emirate of Abu Dhabi purchased the newly created company through its subsidiary Advanced Technology Investment Company ATIC purchasing the final stake from AMD in 2009 263 With the spin off of its foundries AMD became a fabless semiconductor manufacturer designing products to be produced at for hire foundries Part of the GlobalFoundries spin off included an agreement with AMD to produce some number of products at GlobalFoundries 264 Both prior to the spin off and after AMD has pursued production with other foundries including TSMC and Samsung 265 266 It has been argued that this would reduce risk for AMD by decreasing dependence on any one foundry which has caused issues in the past 266 267 In 2018 AMD started shifting the production of their CPUs and GPUs to TSMC following GlobalFoundries announcement that they were halting development of their 7 nm process 268 AMD revised their wafer purchase requirement with GlobalFoundries in 2019 allowing AMD to freely choose foundries for 7 nm nodes and below while maintaining purchase agreements for 12 nm and above through 2021 269 Corporate affairs EditPartnerships Edit AMD uses strategic industry partnerships to further its business interests as well as to rival Intel s dominance and resources 259 260 261 A partnership between AMD and Alpha Processor Inc developed HyperTransport a point to point interconnect standard which was turned over to an industry standards body for finalization 270 It is now used in modern motherboards that are compatible with AMD processors AMD also formed a strategic partnership with IBM under which AMD gained silicon on insulator SOI manufacturing technology and detailed advice on 90 nm implementation AMD announced that the partnership would extend to 2011 for 32 nm and 22 nm fabrication related technologies 271 To facilitate processor distribution and sales AMD is loosely partnered with end user companies such as HP Dell Asus Acer and Microsoft 272 In 1993 AMD established a 50 50 partnership with Fujitsu called FASL and merged into a new company called FASL LLC in 2003 The joint venture went public under the name Spansion and ticker symbol SPSN in December 2005 with AMD shares dropping 37 AMD no longer directly participates in the Flash memory devices market now as AMD entered into a non competition agreement on December 21 2005 with Fujitsu and Spansion pursuant to which it agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in a business that manufactures or supplies standalone semiconductor devices including single chip multiple chip or system devices containing only Flash memory 273 On May 18 2006 Dell announced that it would roll out new servers based on AMD s Opteron chips by year s end thus ending an exclusive relationship with Intel 274 In September 2006 Dell began offering AMD Athlon X2 chips in their desktop lineup In June 2011 HP announced new business and consumer notebooks equipped with the latest versions of AMD APUs accelerated processing units AMD will power HP s Intel based business notebooks as well 275 In the spring of 2013 AMD announced that it would be powering all three major next generation consoles 276 The Xbox One and Sony PlayStation 4 are both powered by a custom built AMD APU and the Nintendo Wii U is powered by an AMD GPU 277 According to AMD having their processors in all three of these consoles will greatly assist developers with cross platform development to competing consoles and PCs as well as increased support for their products across the board 278 AMD has entered into an agreement with Hindustan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation HSMC for the production of AMD products in India 279 AMD is a founding member of the HSA Foundation which aims to ease the use of a Heterogeneous System Architecture A Heterogeneous System Architecture is intended to use both central processing units and graphics processors to complete computational tasks 280 AMD announced in 2016 that it was creating a joint venture to produce x86 server chips for the Chinese market 281 On May 7 2019 it was reported that the U S Department of Energy Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Cray Inc are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the Frontier exascale supercomputer Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs the supercomputer is set to produce more than 1 5 exaflops peak double precision in computing performance It is expected to debut sometime in 2021 282 On March 5 2020 it was announced that the U S Department of Energy Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and HPE are working in collaboration with AMD to develop the El Capitan exascale supercomputer Featuring the AMD Epyc CPUs and Radeon GPUs the supercomputer is set to produce more than 2 exaflops peak double precision in computing performance It is expected to debut in 2023 283 In the summer of 2020 it was reported that AMD would be powering the next generation console offerings from Microsoft and Sony 284 On November 8 2021 AMD announced a partnership with Meta to make the chips used in the Metaverse 285 In January 2022 AMD partnered with Samsung to develop a mobile processor to be used in future products The processor was named Exynos 2022 and works with the AMD RDNA 2 architecture 286 Litigation with Intel Edit See also Intel Corp v Advanced Micro Devices Inc and Advanced Micro Devices Inc v Intel Corp AMD processor with Intel logo AMD has a long history of litigation with former and current partner and x86 creator Intel 287 288 289 In 1986 Intel broke an agreement it had with AMD to allow them to produce Intel s micro chips for IBM AMD filed for arbitration in 1987 and the arbitrator decided in AMD s favor in 1992 Intel disputed this and the case ended up in the Supreme Court of California In 1994 that court upheld the arbitrator s decision and awarded damages for breach of contract In 1990 Intel brought a copyright infringement action alleging illegal use of its 287 microcode The case ended in 1994 with a jury finding for AMD and its right to use Intel s microcode in its microprocessors through the 486 generation In 1997 Intel filed suit against AMD and Cyrix Corp for misuse of the term MMX AMD and Intel settled with AMD acknowledging MMX as a trademark owned by Intel and with Intel granting AMD rights to market the AMD K6 MMX processor In 2005 following an investigation the Japan Federal Trade Commission found Intel guilty of a number of violations On June 27 2005 AMD won an antitrust suit against Intel in Japan and on the same day AMD filed a broad antitrust complaint against Intel in the U S Federal District Court in Delaware The complaint alleges systematic use of secret rebates special discounts threats and other means used by Intel to lock AMD processors out of the global market Since the start of this action the court has issued subpoenas to major computer manufacturers including Acer Dell Lenovo HP and Toshiba In November 2009 Intel agreed to pay AMD 1 25bn and renew a five year patent cross licensing agreement as part of a deal to settle all outstanding legal disputes between them 290 Guinness World Record achievement Edit On August 31 2011 in Austin Texas AMD achieved a Guinness World Record for the Highest frequency of a computer processor 8 429 GHz 291 The company ran an 8 core FX 8150 processor with only one active module two cores and cooled with liquid helium 292 The previous record was 8 308 GHz with an Intel Celeron 352 one core On November 1 2011 geek com reported that Andre Yang an overclocker from Taiwan used an FX 8150 to set another record 8 461 GHz 293 On November 19 2012 Andre Yang used an FX 8350 to set another record 8 794 GHz 294 Acquisitions mergers and investments Edit Date Company Integration or division PriceFebruary 6 2002 Alchemy Semiconductor 295 Processors Embedded CPUs UndisclosedJuly 24 2006 ATI Technologies 296 Graphics and 3D Software Radeon GPUs 5400 MillionFebruary 29 2012 SeaMicro 297 Data Center Platform 334 MillionJune 29 2016 HiAlgo 298 299 Gaming Experience Radeon Chill Radeon Boost and Radeon Swift UndisclosedApril 10 2017 Nitero 300 301 60 GHz Wireless IP Headset AR and VR UndisclosedOctober 27 2020 Xilinx 302 Custom Chips FPGA Adaptive SoCs System on Modules IA Accelerator 49000 MillionApril 4 2022 Pensando 303 Data Center Cloud Solutions and DPUs 1900 MillionCorporate social responsibility Edit In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals the Enough Project rated AMD the fifth most progressive of 24 consumer electronics companies 304 Other initiatives Edit 50x15 digital inclusion with targeted 50 of world population to be connected through Internet via affordable computers by the year of 2015 The Green Grid 305 founded by AMD together with other founders such as IBM Sun and Microsoft to seek lower power consumption for grids See also EditBill Gaede List of AMD processors List of AMD accelerated processing units List of AMD graphics processing units List of AMD chipsets List of ATI chipsets 3DNow Cool n Quiet PowerNow Notes Edit a b c d e AMD Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Financial Results ir amd com Retrieved January 31 2023 The other founding members were Ed Turney John Carey Sven Simonsen Jack Gifford and three members from Gifford s team Frank Botte Jim Giles and Larry Stenger Rodengen p 30 Fairchild s Offspring Business Week August 25 1997 p 84 Mueller Scott Upgrading and Repairing PCs Que Publishing 2013 p 6 Malone Michael S Silicon Insider AMD Intel Feud Continues ABC News April 24 2003 Rodengen p 36 a b c d Pederson Jay P International Directory of Company Histories Vol 30 Archived July 19 2014 at the Wayback Machine St James Press 2000 Rodengen p 35 Rodengen pp 37 38 a b c Singer Graham The Rise and Fall of AMD TechSpot November 21 2012 Rodengen pp 35 38 41 42 a b c AMD Corporation Silicon Valley Historical Association 2008 Rodengen pp 36 38 a b c Lojek Bo History of Semiconductor Engineering Springer Science amp Business Media 2007 p 220 a b c d Our History AMD com a b Rodengen p 41 Electronic Design Volume 19 Part 3 Hayden Publishing Company 1971 p 227 Rodengen pp 42 43 Rodengen p 45 Walker Rob Interview with W Jerry Sanders Archived January 2 2014 at the Wayback Machine Silicon Genesis Stanford University October 18 2002 Rodengen p 46 MOS LSI Data Book Advanced Micro Devices 1980 pp 5 1 5 2 B 8 Electrical Design News Volume 19 Issues 13 24 Rogers Publishing Company 1974 p 86 a b Rodengen p 55 Venkata Ram S K Advanced Microprocessor amp Microcontrollers Firewall Media 2004 p 3 Transcript Silicon Valley documentary dead link American Experience PBS 2013 Interview with Shawn and Kim Hailey Stanford University Libraries December 29 1997 Archived from the original on November 11 2013 Retrieved October 20 2014 a b Rodengen p 50 Hitt Michael Ireland R Duane Hoskisson Robert Strategic Management Competitiveness and Globalization Cases Volume 2 Cengage Learning 2008 p 41 Lennon Michael J Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements Aspen Publishers Online 2007 p 4 36 Pane Patricia J and Barbara Darrow AMD Asserts Right to Distribute Intel Code InfoWorld October 1 1990 p 5 a b c d Advanced Micro Devices Inc v Intel Corp 1994 No S033874 December 30 1994 Justia com Retrieved October 25 2014 a b c d SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 RELEASE No 37730 Securities and Exchange Commission Sec gov September 26 1996 Accessed October 25 2014 a b c Malerba Franco The Semiconductor Business The Economics of Rapid Growth and Decline University of Wisconsin Press 1985 p 166 Rodengen pp 59 60 Reindustrialization Or New Industrialization Minutes of a Symposium January 13 1981 Part 3 National Academies 1981 p 53 a b Rodengen p 60 ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS INC Archived November 4 2014 at the Wayback Machine CaliforniaFirm us ADVANCED MICRO COMPUTERS INC Archived November 4 2014 at the Wayback Machine CaliforniaCompaniesList com a b Freiberger Paul AMD sued for alleged misuse of subsidiary s secrets InfoWorld June 20 1983 p 28 Mini micro Systems Volume 15 Cahners Publishing Company 1982 p 286 Rodengen p 62 Siemens and Advanced Micro Devices Agree to Split Joint Venture The Wall Street Journal February 14 1979 p 38 a b Swaine Michael Eight Companies to produce the 8086 chip InfoWorld November 30 1981 p 78 Rodengen p 73 Rodengen p 59 a b c d e f Hitt Michael Ireland R Duane Hoskisson Robert Strategic Management Concepts and Cases Cengage Learning 2006 p C 26 Rodengen pp 65 71 72 79 80 Sanchez Julio and Maria P Canton Software Solutions for Engineers and Scientists CRC Press 2007 p 95 AMD 8086 microprocessor family CPU World Accessed November 3 2014 Patent Cross License Agreement U S Securities and Exchange Commission November 11 2009 Retrieved February 2 2021 Ziberg Christian Timeline How AMD changed over the past 39 years Archived November 13 2014 at the Wayback Machine TGDaily October 7 2008 International Directory of Company Histories 1992 Rodengen pp 73 78 80 Rodengen p 80 Levering Robert Moskowitz Milton Katz Michael The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America Addison Wesley 1984 1985 Full list Archived November 13 2014 at the Wayback Machine Fortune 500 Fortune archive Rodengen p 85 Rodengen pp 85 87 Rodengen pp 86 90 95 99 Rodengen pp 90 91 Rodengen pp 87 88 97 99 Rodengen p 97 Rodengen p 91 Computer Design Volume 25 Issues 13 22 Computer Design Publishing Corporation 1986 p 14 Rodengen p 100 Mann Daniel 1995 Evaluating and Programming the 29K RISC Family PDF Advanced Micro Devices archived from the original PDF on September 27 2007 Pflanz Matthias On line Error Detection and Fast Recover Techniques for Dependable Embedded Processors Springer Science amp Business Media 2002 p 23 Rodengen pp 121 122 AMD PC Encyclopedia PC Magazine Ruiz p 20 Ruiz pp 54 55 Spooner John G AMD Fujitsu merge on flash memory CNET July 14 2003 Yi Matthew Spansion spun off by AMD San Francisco Chronicle December 17 2005 AMD Completes ATI Acquisition and Creates Processing Powerhouse NewsWire October 25 2006 Archived from the original on October 12 2007 AMD Decides to Drop the ATI Brand Softpedia News softpedia com August 30 2010 Archived from the original on August 17 2020 Retrieved February 19 2011 ATI to be re branded as AMD branding ATI Radeon ati amd ARN Arnnet com au August 30 2010 Retrieved February 19 2011 Vance Ashlee October 7 2008 A M D to Split Into Two Operations The New York Times Retrieved March 26 2010 Ruiz 159 162 Gruener Wolfgang AMD s fabs now on their own GlobalFoundries Archived December 21 2014 at the Wayback Machine TG Daily March 4 2009 At a glance AMD s new CEO Dirk Meyer Associated Press July 17 2008 Kawamoto Dawn AMD to trim 1 100 jobs initiate temporary pay cuts CNET January 16 2009 Dylan McGrath EE Times Former IBM Lenovo exec takes the helm at AMD August 25 2011 Retrieved August 25 2011 O Gara Maureen AMD to Fire 1 400 Archived December 21 2014 at the Wayback Machine Virtualization Journal November 7 2011 Ian King October 18 2012 Tom Giles ed AMD Forecast Misses Estimates to Cut 15 Percent of Staff Bloomberg L P retrieved October 31 2012 Vance Ashlee October 30 2012 AMD Finds the Courage for Another Server Chip Gambit Bloomberg Businessweek Bloomberg L P Retrieved July 29 2020 Advanced Micro Devices CEO Rory Read Steps Down The Wall Street Journal October 8 2014 Retrieved October 8 2014 A M D names Lisa Su as chief executive Bits Blogs NYTimes October 8 2014 AMD Reports 2014 Third Quarter Results AMD October 16 2014 Retrieved October 20 2014 Donato Weinstein Nathan August 19 2016 AMD moving headquarters to Santa Clara ending 47 year history in Sunnyvale Silicon Valley Business Journal American City Business Journals Retrieved June 22 2020 a b SVBJ Staff June 17 2020 Developer buys townhome portion of under construction project on former AMD campus in Sunnyvale Silicon Valley Business Journal American City Business Journals Retrieved June 22 2020 AMD to Acquire Xilinx Creating the Industry s High Performance Computing Leader Advanced Micro Devices Inc October 27 2020 Retrieved October 27 2020 Lee Jane Lanhee February 14 2022 AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated 50 billion purchase of Xilinx Reuters Retrieved February 14 2022 Ruiz p 86 87 Rodengen p 102 Ruiz p 87 Greg Tang February 13 2011 Intel and the x86 Architecture A Legal Perspective JOLT Digest Archived from the original on June 7 2011 Advanced Micro Devices Inc v Intel Corp 1994 Justia Law Retrieved August 6 2015 Rodengen p 116 Rodengen pp 116 199 Hitt Michael Duane Ireland R Hoskisson Robert March 2 2006 Strategic Management Concepts and Cases ISBN 9781111796372 Retrieved August 6 2015 cpu collection de gt gt AMD gt gt 486 DX Retrieved August 6 2015 Mueller Scott 2003 Upgrading and Repairing PCs ISBN 9780789727459 Retrieved August 6 2015 InfoWorld November 6 1995 Retrieved August 6 2015 Lennon Michael J January 1 2007 Drafting Technology Patent License Agreements Wolters Kluwer pp 4 36 4 38 ISBN 978 0 7355 6748 1 InfoWorld January 8 1996 Retrieved August 6 2015 AMD K5 CPU INFO COM Archived from the original on August 18 2007 Retrieved July 11 2007 Hesseldahl Arik July 6 2000 Why Cool Chip Code Names Die Forbes Inc Retrieved July 14 2007 Colapinto John October 3 2011 Famous names The New Yorker pp 38 43 Retrieved October 12 2011 Huynh Jack February 10 2003 The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache PDF amd com AMD Archived PDF from the original on October 26 2007 Retrieved October 2 2007 Scott Wasson Workstation platforms compared Archived November 27 2006 at the Wayback Machine techreport com The Tech Report LLC September 15 2003 Retrieved July 29 2007 Scott Wasson AMD s Athlon 64 processor Archived November 27 2006 at the Wayback Machine techreport com The Tech Report LLC September 23 2003 Retrieved July 29 2007 Scott Wasson AMD s dual core Opteron processors Archived July 2 2007 at the Wayback Machine techreport com The Tech Report LLC April 21 2005 Retrieved July 29 2007 Scott Wasson AMD s Athlon 64 X2 processors Archived July 8 2007 at the Wayback Machine techreport com The Tech Report LLC May 9 2005 Retrieved July 29 2007 AMD to launch two Barcelona based processors in September tgdaily com August 13 2007 Archived from the original on October 16 2007 AMD announcement Retrieved September 17 2007 Marco Chiappetta November 19 2007 AMD Spider Platform Phenom 790FX RV670 HotHardware Archived from the original on April 15 2012 Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal February 9 2009 The Phenom II X4 810 amp X3 720 AMD Gets DDR3 But Doesn t Need It AnandTech retrieved January 23 2012 Parrish Kevin January 8 2009 AMD Unleashes the Dragon Tom s Hardware retrieved July 6 2014 Walrath Josh April 27 2010 AMD Phenom II X6 1090T 6 core Thuban Processor Review PC Perspective Retrieved July 11 2017 AMD announces 16 core chips April 22 2009 Archived from the original on May 6 2009 Retrieved March 31 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b Stokes Jon February 8 2010 AMD reveals Fusion CPU GPU to challenge Intel in laptops Ars Technica Archived from the original on February 10 2010 Retrieved February 9 2010 a b Hruska Joel July 16 2010 AMD Flip Flops Llano Later Bobcat Bounding Forward HotHardware Archived from the original on July 21 2010 Retrieved July 17 2010 http www eweek com c a Desktops and Notebooks AMD Cuts Q3 Forecast Due to Chip Manufacturing Problems 581901 permanent dead link Bulldozer 50 Faster than Core i7 and Phenom II techPowerUp retrieved January 23 2012 Analyzing Bulldozer Why AMD s chip is so disappointing extremetech com retrieved November 30 2013 Lab Tested AMD s Bulldozer Packs Plenty Of Cores But Not Enough Power PC World October 12 2011 retrieved November 30 2013 Can AMD survive Bulldozer s disappointing debut ars technica October 20 2011 Retrieved November 30 2013 Hruska Joel AMD s FX 8350 analyzed Does Piledriver deliver where Bulldozer fell short ExtremeTech Retrieved March 23 2013 AMD launches widely anticipated Trinity APU Press release AMD May 15 2012 Retrieved January 16 2014 New AMD A Series Processors Bring Faster Speeds High Core Count and AMD Radeon HD 7000 Series Graphics to Do It Yourself PC Enthusiasts and Gamers AMD Retrieved March 22 2013 New AMD FX Line Up Brings Faster Speeds and Higher Performance Core over Previous Generation to PC Enthusiasts and Gamers AMD Retrieved March 22 2013 New AMD Opteron 4300 and 3300 Series Processors Deliver Ideal Performance Power and Price for Cloud Applications Press release AMD December 4 2012 Retrieved January 16 2014 AMD Kaveri Review A8 7600 and A10 7850K Tested Anandtech com January 14 2014 Retrieved February 8 2014 Su Lisa February 2 2012 Consumerization Cloud Convergence PDF AMD 2012 Financial Analyst Day Sunnyvale California Advanced Micro Devices p 26 Retrieved February 4 2012 Hachman Mark November 21 2014 AMD reveals high end Carrizo APU the first chip to fully embrace audacious HSA tech PC World Retrieved January 15 2015 AMD hints at high performance Zen x86 architecture bit tech net bit tech net Shilov Anton May 10 2014 AMD to Introduce New High Performance Micro Architecture in 2015 Report Archived from the original on May 13 2014 Retrieved May 22 2014 AMD Explains Advantages of High Density Thin Libraries August 28 2012 Stokes Jon August 26 2010 AMD s Bobcat mobile architecture will play it straight Ars Technica Retrieved July 11 2017 Kirsch Nathan August 6 2007 AMD and Intel Rivalry Moves to Hand Held Market Legit Reviews Retrieved July 11 2017 Woligroski Don May 23 2013 AMD s Kabini Jaguar And GCN Come Together In A 15 W APU Tom s Hardware Retrieved July 11 2017 A Look at Sony s Playstation 4 Core Processor ChipWorks November 15 2013 Archived from the original on November 16 2013 Retrieved November 16 2013 Taylor John February 21 2013 AMD and The Sony PS4 Allow Me To Elaborate Archived from the original on May 26 2013 Retrieved February 25 2013 Cunningham Andrew September 3 2013 Xbox One gets a CPU speed boost to go with its faster GPU Ars Technica Retrieved September 4 2013 Shimpi Anand Lal May 23 2013 AMD s Jaguar Architecture The CPU Powering Xbox One PlayStation 4 Kabini amp Temash AnandTech Purch Group Retrieved June 24 2013 Walton Mark August 10 2016 PS4 Neo Sony confirms PlayStation event for September 7 Ars Technica Retrieved August 10 2016 Walton Mark April 19 2016 Sony PS4K is codenamed NEO features upgraded CPU GPU RAM report Ars Technica Retrieved August 10 2016 a b Smith Ryan September 8 2016 Analyzing Sony s Playstation 4 Pro Hardware Reveal What Lies Beneath Anandtech Retrieved September 8 2016 Machkovech Sam August 2 2016 Microsoft hid performance boosts for old games in Xbox One S told no one Ars Technica Retrieved August 2 2016 Smith Ryan June 11 2017 Microsoft s Project Scorpio Gets a Launch Date Xbox One X 499 November 7th Anandtech Retrieved March 22 2021 a b Walton Mark April 6 2017 Xbox One Project Scorpio specs 12GB GDDR5 6 teraflops native 4K at 60FPS Ars Technica Retrieved March 22 2021 Lal Shimpi Anand April 29 2014 AMD Beema Mullins Architecture amp Performance Preveiw Anandtech Retrieved April 17 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal February 2 2012 AMD is Ambidextrous Not Married to Any One Architecture ARM in the Datacenter Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal February 2 2012 AMD Flexible Around ISA Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal October 29 2012 AMD will build 64 bit ARM based Opteron CPUs for Servers Production in 2014 Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal January 28 2014 It Begins AMD Announces Its First ARM Based Server SoC 64 bit 8 core Opteron A1100 Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Barrett Stephen August 11 2014 AMD s Big Bet on ARM Powered Servers Opteron A1100 Revealed Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal May 5 2014 AMD Announces Project Skybridge Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 a b De Gelas Johan January 14 2016 The Silver Lining of the Late AMD Opteron A1100 Arrival Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Kennedy Patrick July 5 2017 Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch The Ecosystem Serve The Home Retrieved July 11 2017 Kennedy Patrick January 14 2016 The AMD Opteron A1100 An Editorial Serve the Home Retrieved July 11 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal May 5 2014 AMD Announces K12 Core Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan May 5 2015 AMD s K12 ARM CPU Now In 2017 Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Cutress Ian January 24 2018 Getting Radeon Vega Everywhere Anandtech Retrieved January 31 2018 Cutress Ian AMD Launches Ryzen 52 More IPC Eight Cores for Under 330 Pre order Today On Sale March 2nd Archived from the original on February 27 2017 Retrieved March 5 2017 AMD s Next Gen x86 High Performance Core is Ryzen Will Debut Alongside K12 in 2016 WCCFtech September 9 2014 Retrieved August 6 2015 Ryzen AMD www amd com Retrieved March 3 2017 AMD confirms Ryzen and Vega launch windows PC Gamer February 1 2017 Retrieved February 4 2017 Kampman Jeff May 16 2017 AMD s Naples datacenter CPUs will make an Epyc splash Tech Report Retrieved May 16 2017 Cutress Ian October 26 2017 Ryzen Mobile is Launched Anandtech Retrieved October 26 2017 Moammer Khalid December 9 2017 AMD Ryzen 2 Set For March 2018 Launch On 12nm To Support Higher Core amp Memory Clock Speeds 2nd Generation AMD Ryzen Desktop Processors Deliver Best in Class Compute Performance and Even Faster Gaming Framerates than Previous Generation Advanced Micro Devices Retrieved February 11 2019 Allan Darren November 28 2019 AMD Ryzen CPUs are crushing Intel s processors going by Amazon sales TechRadar Salter March 3 2020 AMD s 7nm Ryzen 4000 laptop processors are finally here ArsTechnica Where Gaming Begins AMD Ryzen Desktop Processors YouTube Retrieved November 1 2020 via YouTube PassMark CPU Benchmarks Single Thread Performance cpubenchmark net Retrieved November 1 2020 https www theverge com 22779252 steam deck things we learned from valve developer summit https www steamdeck com tech Warren Tom February 24 2020 Microsoft reveals more Xbox Series X specs confirms 12 teraflops GPU The Verge Retrieved February 24 2020 Leadbetter Richard March 18 2020 Inside PlayStation 5 the specs and the tech that deliver Sony s next gen vision Eurogamer Retrieved March 18 2020 University of Toronto Division of University Advancement page Archived December 10 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved February 28 2008 Partner Resources Ati com February 7 2011 Archived from the original on November 3 2002 Retrieved November 23 2019 The Information Technology 100 90 ATI Technologies BusinessWeek BusinessWeek 2005 Retrieved August 19 2014 The company was incorporated in August 1985 as Array Technology Inc and changed its name to Array Technologies Inc in September 1985 Further it changed its name to ATI Technologies Inc in December 1985 History of AMD at AMD com Archived October 12 2007 at the Wayback Machine History of AMD 1996 at AMD com Archived October 12 2007 at the Wayback Machine press release Archived March 13 2005 at the Wayback Machine AMD 2008 10 K SEC Filling Pg 105 U S Securities and Exchange Commission February 24 2009 Retrieved November 26 2011 Press Release Ir ati com Archived from the original on December 26 2008 Retrieved February 19 2011 AMD page Amd com February 10 2011 Retrieved February 19 2011 AMD 2007 Analyst Day page Amd com Retrieved February 19 2011 AMD 2006 December Analyst Day page Amd com Retrieved February 19 2011 Corporate Information Executive Biographies at Amd com February 14 2011 Retrieved February 19 2011 AMD Decides to Drop the ATI Brand Softpedia News softpedia com Retrieved February 19 2011 Duncan Geoff May 7 2009 AMD RESTRUCTURES TO COMBINE GRAPHICS AND CHIP UNITS Digital Trends Retrieved July 10 2017 Musil Steven May 7 2009 AMD reorg merges microprocessor graphics units CNET Retrieved July 10 2017 Smith Ryan December 21 2011 AMD s Graphics Core Next Preview Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan December 22 2011 AMD Radeon HD 7970 Review Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Higginbotham Stacey September 9 2015 AMD splits out its graphics chips into the Radeon Technology Group Fortune Retrieved July 10 2017 Takahashi Dean September 14 2016 AMD celebrates a year of its revamped Radeon Technologies Group VentureBeat Retrieved July 10 2017 Moorehead Patrich November 12 2015 Advanced Micro Devices s Head Of Radeon Technologies Group Raja Koduri Talks About Their Future Forbes Retrieved July 10 2017 Smith Ryan June 29 2016 The AMD Radeon RX 480 Preview Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Smith Ryan January 5 2017 The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Smith Ryan January 5 2017 The AMD Vega GPU Architecture Preview Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan Oh Nate August 14 2017 The AMD RX Vega 64 amp RX Vega 56 Review Vega Burning Bright Anandtech com Retrieved August 16 2017 Exclusive Raja Koduri Radeon Technologies Boss leaves AMD hexus net Hexus November 7 2017 Retrieved January 6 2020 Two industry veterans join AMD Radeon Technologies Group hexus net Hexus Net January 24 2018 Retrieved January 6 2020 Smith Ryan AMD Reveals The Radeon RX 6000 Series RDNA2 Starts At The High End Coming November 18th anandtech com Retrieved November 1 2020 Shimpi Anand Lal February 2 2012 Understand AMD s Roadmap amp New Direction Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal September 5 2013 Understanding AMD s Semi Custom Strategy Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Introducing Xbox Series S Delivering Next Gen Performance in Our Smallest Xbox Ever Available November 10 at 299 Xbox News September 9 2020 Retrieved September 9 2020 Smith Ryan February 24 2020 Microsoft Drops More Xbox Series X Tech Specs Zen 2 RDNA 2 12 TFLOPs GPU HDMI 2 1 amp a Custom SSD AnandTech Retrieved March 19 2020 Gartenberg Chaim March 18 2020 Sony reveals full PS5 hardware specifications The Verge Retrieved January 3 2021 Shimpi Anand Lal May 21 2013 The Xbox One Hardware Analysis amp Comparison to PlayStation 4 AnandTech Retrieved May 22 2013 Howse Brett October 20 2016 AMD Announces Q3 2016 Financial Results Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Team Trefis September 14 2016 AMD s Embedded and Semi Custom Revenues To Generate High Growth In The Next 5 Years Forbes Retrieved July 10 2017 Kampman Jeff November 6 2017 Intel brings a Core CPU and Radeon GPU together on one package Tech Report Retrieved November 7 2017 Wasson Scott June 22 2011 AMD s A8 3500M Fusion APU Tech Report Retrieved July 10 2017 Justin Michael Sexton Allen March 3 2017 AMD s AM4 Ryzen Chipsets Tom s Hardware Retrieved March 3 2017 Cutress Ian March 2 2017 Making AMD Tick A Very Zen Interview it Dr Lisa Su CEO Anandtech com Retrieved March 2 2017 Lammers David January 29 2002 AMD to buy MIPS processor startup Alchemy EE Times Retrieved July 11 2017 AMD Alchemy processor product line acquired by Raza Microelectronics TechNews technologynewsdaily com June 14 2006 Archived from the original on January 2 2007 Retrieved July 11 2007 Shah Agam January 26 2009 AMD Sees No Geode Chip Replacement in Sight PC World Retrieved July 11 2017 Paul Ryan March 5 2007 A comparison of OLPC s XO laptop and Intel s Classmate PC Ars Technica Retrieved July 11 2017 AMD Embedded Solutions that are scalable x86 based low power and feature rich products Amd com November 5 2010 Archived from the original on November 26 2010 Ferguson Scott January 20 2009 AMD Sells Handset Division to Qualcomm for 65 million eWeek Retrieved June 6 2014 Broadcom to buy AMD s digital TV business Business Tech CNET News Archived from the original on July 16 2012 Retrieved July 11 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link News Room Broadcom com AMD M690T E Databook PDF Amd com Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved January 18 2021 Ganesh TS January 19 2011 AMD G Series Brings x86 to the Embedded Market Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Melanson Donald January 19 2011 AMD announces Fusion based Embedded G Series platform Engadget Retrieved July 11 2017 Sakr Sarif April 23 2013 AMD reveals G Series X embedded chips drops a little ARM powered bombshell Engadget Retrieved July 11 2017 Ryan Thomas February 23 2016 AMD Launches Three New Embedded G Series SoC Families SemiAccurate Retrieved July 11 2017 AMD Embedded R Series Platform AMD amd com July 10 2012 Retrieved July 10 2012 Cutress Ian October 21 2015 AMD Launches Excavator Based R Series APUs for Embedded with DDR4 Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Brown Eric October 21 2015 AMD R Series system on chips dip to 12 Watts support DDR4 Linux Gizmos Retrieved July 11 2017 https www amd com de products embedded graphics processors Pages embedded display graphics asp permanent dead link a b Smith Ryan May 2 2011 AMD Launches E6760 The Next Embedded Radeon Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Hodgin Rick July 1 2009 AMD releases ATI Radeon E4690 embedded GPU with 3x better performance Geek com Archived from the original on October 23 2017 Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan October 1 2015 AMD Updates Embedded Radeon GPU Line Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan September 27 2016 AMD Announces Embedded Radeon EE9260 amp E9550 Polaris for Embedded Markets Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Opteron X and A Series Processors amd com Retrieved April 30 2020 Walton Jarred November 28 2011 Introducing AMD s Brand Memory Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Smith Ryan May 8 2013 AMD Releases New Radeon Memory SKU Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Shilov Anton October 5 2015 AMD begins to sell DDR4 memory modules for Intel and next gen platforms KitGuru Retrieved July 11 2017 Shah Agam March 16 2017 AMD s Radeon memory business is slowing down PC World Retrieved July 11 2017 Hachman Mark August 28 2014 AMD announces Radeon R7 SSD product line made by enthusiast manufacturer OCZ PC World Retrieved July 11 2017 Initial amdgpu driver release Lists freedesktop org Retrieved February 20 2022 AMD Rethinks Decision And Will Open Source Most Of Radeon Rays 4 0 phoronix com Everything You Need to Know About Why AMD Open Sourced the OpenCL Driver Stack for ROCm IEEE Computer Society Computer org Retrieved February 20 2022 AMD Optimizing C C and Fortran Compilers AOCC AMD Developer amd com Retrieved February 20 2022 AMD pruft Coreboot Support fur Ryzen golem de AMD research Open Source Projects Amd com Retrieved February 21 2022 AMD Expands Charter for the OpenSolaris OS and Sun xVM at the AMD Operating System Research Center Press release AMD May 5 2008 Archived from the original on January 16 2009 x86 Open64 Compiler Suite AMD July 28 2015 Archived from the original on November 13 2013 AMD Details Strategic Open Source Graphics Driver Development Initiative Press release AMD September 7 2007 Index of docs AMD x org a b Kanellos Michael July 30 1998 Motorola Ready to Make AMD Chips CNET Retrieved July 10 2017 a b IBM AMD team up in microprocessor market IT Web Reuters September 9 2003 Retrieved July 10 2017 a b Magee Mike May 4 2000 AMD now a virtual gorilla Sanders The Register Retrieved July 10 2017 Smith Ryan October 7 2008 The Business of Tech Breaking Up is Hard to do AMD goes Fabless Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Shimpi Anand Lal GlobalFoundries Granted Independence Acquires Remaining Stake from AMD AnandTech Retrieved December 8 2012 Smith Ryan September 1 2016 AMD Amends GlobalFoundries Wafter Supply Agreement Through 2020 Gaining New Flexibility and New Costs Anandtech Retrieved July 10 2017 Nystedt Dan May 22 2007 AMD Cozies up to Contract Chip Maker TSMC ABC News Retrieved July 10 2017 a b Moorhead Patrick July 25 2016 AMD Officially Diversifies 14nm Manufacturing With Samsung Forbes Retrieved July 26 2016 Shah Agam October 28 2011 AMD records profit in Q3 despite manufacturing issues ARN Retrieved July 10 2017 Shilov Anton Smith Ryan August 27 2018 AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries 7nm Freed 12nm Targets Set Through 2021 AnandTech Retrieved March 25 2020 Shilov Anton January 29 2019 AMD Amends Wafer Supply Agreement with GlobalFoundries 7nm Freed 12nm Targets Set Through 2021 AnandTech Retrieved March 25 2020 Spooner John G March 2 2002 Promoter of storied Alpha to shut doors CNET Retrieved July 10 2017 AMD Analyst Day June 2006 Presentation slide 10 Archived March 26 2009 at the Wayback Machine Kennedy Patrick July 5 2017 Most Impressive Part of the AMD EPYC Launch The Ecosystem Serve the Home Retrieved July 10 2017 http apps shareholder com s viewerContent aspx companyid SPSN amp docid 4095716 dead link Vance Ashlee May 18 2006 Dell hooks up with AMD The Register Retrieved July 10 2017 Rik Myslewski ChannelRegister Intel AMD in HP notebook smackdown Which is faster You tell me says AMD June 17 2011 Retrieved June 20 2011 Poeter Damon May 21 2013 AMD Hits Game Console Trifecta With Xbox One amp Opinion PC Magazine Retrieved June 14 2013 AMD Game Console Triple Crown Will There Be Profits Seeking Alpha Retrieved June 14 2013 AMD say PC ports of next generation console titles are likely to struggle on Intel tech News Tech Tech News PC Gamer June 7 2013 Retrieved June 14 2013 PTI April 13 2016 AMD plans to enter India in a big way ties up with HSMC for chip manufacturing Ravi Shankar Prasad The Economic Times Retrieved July 10 2017 Cutress Ian March 16 2015 HSA Foundation Launches HSA 1 0 Final Anandtech Retrieved July 11 2017 Alcorn Paul July 6 2018 China Finds Zen Begins Production Of x86 Processors Based On AMD s IP Tom s Hardware Retrieved July 9 2018 U S Department of Energy and Cray to Deliver Record Setting Frontier Supercomputer at ORNL Energy gov Retrieved November 17 2020 LLNL and HPE to partner with AMD on El Capitan projected as world s fastest supercomputer Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory www llnl gov Retrieved November 17 2020 Faulkner Cameron July 28 2020 AMD says its PS5 and Xbox Series X chips Zen 3 CPUs and RDNA 2 GPUs will ship on time The Verge Retrieved March 22 2020 AMD Partnership With Facebook Meta Company Totoseek November 28 2022 Retrieved November 29 2022 Samsung Partners With AMD to Power Up Mobile Chips Bloomberg com January 18 2022 Retrieved November 29 2022 Ryzen 7 2700X vs i7 8700K AMD Archived PDF from the original on January 8 2007 Retrieved January 12 2007 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 23 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on November 10 2013 Retrieved August 23 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link http www foxbusiness com story markets industries technology amd intel settle legal disputes dead link Peter Clarke EE Times AMD clocks FX processor at 8 429 GHz September 13 2011 Retrieved September 15 2011 Maximum Speed AMD FX Processor Takes Guinness World Record video September 12 2011 archived from the original on November 22 2021 retrieved November 7 2012 via YouTube During the video cooling transitions from air to water to liquid nitrogen and finally to liquid helium Matthew Humprhires Geek com AMD clocks FX 8150 at 8 461 GHz Archived April 28 2012 at the Wayback Machine November 1 2011 Retrieved November 1 2011 CPU Z Validator CPU Z EETimes February 6 2002 EETimes AMD acquires Alchemy Semi to enter embedded RISC processor market EETimes Retrieved April 5 2022 Sorkin Andrew Ross July 24 2006 A M D to Acquire ATI Technologies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved April 5 2022 AMD Completes Acquisition of SeaMicro Advanced Micro Devices Inc Archived from the original on April 5 2022 Retrieved April 5 2022 AMD Acquires Software Company HiAlgo Laying Groundwork for Future Gaming Innovation in Radeon Software Advanced Micro Devices Inc Retrieved April 5 2022 AMD s HiAlgo acquisition brings gamer friendly tools to Radeon Software experience VentureBeat June 29 2016 Retrieved April 5 2022 Moorhead Patrick AMD Acquires IP And Acquihires Nitero Team Maker Of 60 Ghz Wireless Chips For VR AR Forbes Retrieved April 5 2022 Shilov Anton AMD Acquires 60 GHz Wireless IP and Staff from Nitero anandtech com Retrieved April 5 2022 Lee Jane Lanhee February 14 2022 AMD closes record chip industry deal with estimated 50 billion purchase of Xilinx Reuters Retrieved April 5 2022 Ron Miller April 4 2022 AMD to acquire data center optimization startup Pensando for 2B TechCrunch Retrieved April 10 2022 Lezhnev Sasha Alex Hellmuth August 2012 Taking Conflict Out of Consumer Gadgets Company Rankings on Conflict Minerals 2012 PDF Enough Project Archived PDF from the original on October 9 2022 Retrieved August 17 2012 The Green Grid Thegreengrid org References EditRodengen Jeffrey L The Spirit of AMD Advanced Micro Devices Write Stuff 1998 Ruiz Hector Slingshot AMD s Fight to Free an Industry from the Ruthless Grip of Intel Greenleaf Book Group 2013 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to AMD Official website Business data for Advanced Micro Devices Inc BloombergGoogleReutersSEC filingsYahoo Portals Companies San Francisco Bay Area United States Coordinates 37 22 56 N 121 58 15 W 37 38222 N 121 97083 W 37 38222 121 97083 Advanced Micro Devices Headquarters Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title AMD amp oldid 1138594463, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.