Code page 866
Code page 866 (CCSID 866)[2] (CP 866, "DOS Cyrillic Russian")[3] is a code page used under DOS and OS/2[4] in Russia to write Cyrillic script.[5][6] It is based on the "alternative code page" (Russian: Альтернативная кодировка) developed in 1984 in IHNA AS USSR and published in 1986 by a research group at the Academy of Science of the USSR.[7] The code page was widely used during the DOS era because it preserves all of the pseudographic symbols of code page 437 (unlike the "Main code page" or Code page 855) and maintains alphabetic order (although non-contiguously) of Cyrillic letters (unlike KOI8-R). Initially, this encoding was only available in the Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (1990) and since MS-DOS 6.22 in any language version.
| MIME / IANA | IBM866 |
|---|---|
| Alias(es) | cp866, 866[1] |
| Language(s) | Russian, Bulgarian; Partial support: Ukrainian,[a] Belarusian[b] |
| Standard | WHATWG Encoding Standard |
| Classification | OEM code page, extended ASCII |
| Extends | US-ASCII |
| Based on | Alternative code page |
| Other related encoding(s) | (See below) |
The WHATWG Encoding Standard, which specifies the character encodings permitted in HTML5 which compliant browsers must support,[8] includes Code page 866.[9] It is the only single-byte encoding listed which is not named as an ISO 8859 part, Mac OS specific encoding, Microsoft Windows specific encoding (Windows-874 or Windows-125x) or KOI-8 variant.[9] Authors of new pages and the designers of new protocols are instructed to use UTF-8 instead.[10]
Not identical, but two very similar encodings are standardised in GOST R 34.303-92[11] as KOI-8 N1 and KOI-8 N2 (not to be confused with the original KOI-8).
Character set
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as code page 437.
| Code page 866[12][5][3][13][14][15] [16] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| 8x | А 0410 | Б 0411 | В 0412 | Г 0413 | Д 0414 | Е 0415 | Ж 0416 | З 0417 | И 0418 | Й 0419 | К 041A | Л 041B | М 041C | Н 041D | О 041E | П 041F |
| 9x | Р 0420 | С 0421 | Т 0422 | У 0423 | Ф 0424 | Х 0425 | Ц 0426 | Ч 0427 | Ш 0428 | Щ 0429 | Ъ 042A | Ы 042B | Ь 042C | Э 042D | Ю 042E | Я 042F |
| Ax | а 0430 | б 0431 | в 0432 | г 0433 | д 0434 | е 0435 | ж 0436 | з 0437 | и 0438 | й 0439 | к 043A | л 043B | м 043C | н 043D | о 043E | п 043F |
| Bx | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | ╡ 2561 | ╢ 2562 | ╖ 2556 | ╕ 2555 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | ╜ 255C | ╛ 255B | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | ╞ 255E | ╟ 255F | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | ╧ 2567 |
| Dx | ╨ 2568 | ╤ 2564 | ╥ 2565 | ╙ 2559 | ╘ 2558 | ╒ 2552 | ╓ 2553 | ╫ 256B | ╪ 256A | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ▌ 258C | ▐ 2590 | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex | р 0440 | с 0441 | т 0442 | у 0443 | ф 0444 | х 0445 | ц 0446 | ч 0447 | ш 0448 | щ 0449 | ъ 044A | ы 044B | ь 044C | э 044D | ю 044E | я 044F |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | Є 0404 | є 0454 | Ї 0407 | ї 0457 | Ў 040E | ў 045E | ° 00B0 | ∙ 2219 | · 00B7 | √ 221A | № 2116 | ¤ 00A4 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
Variants
There existed a few variants of the code page, but the differences were mostly in the last 16 code points (240–255).
Alternative code page
The original version of the code page by Bryabrin et al. (1986)[7] is called the "Alternative code page" (Russian: Альтернативная кодировка), to distinguish it from the "Main code page" (Russian: Основная кодировка) by the same authors. It supports only Russian and Bulgarian. It is mostly the same as code page 866, except for codes F2hex through F7hex (which code page 866 changes to Ukrainian and Belarusian letters) and codes F8hex through FBhex (where code page 866 matches code page 437 instead). The differing row is shown below.
| Alternative code page[17] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | 🮣 1FBA3 | 🮢 1FBA2 | 🮠 1FBA0 | 🮡 1FBA1 | → 2192 | ← 2190 | ↓ 2193 | ↑ 2191 | ÷ 00F7 | ± 00B1 | № 2116 | ¤ 00A4 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
Modified code page 866
An unofficial variant with code points 240–255 identical to code page 437. However, the letter Ёё is usually placed at 240 and 241.[18] This version supports only Russian and Bulgarian. The differing row is shown below.
| Modified CP 866 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | ≥ 2265 | ≤ 2264 | ⌠ 2320 | ⌡ 2321 | ÷ 00F7 | ≈ 2248 | ° 00B0 | ∙ 2219 | · 00B7 | √ 221A | ⁿ 207F | ² 00B2 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
Lithuanian variants
KBL
The KBL code page, unofficially known as Code page 771,[19] is the earliest DOS character encoding for Lithuanian.[20] It mostly matches code page 866 and the Alternative code page, but replaces the last row and some block characters with letters from the Lithuanian alphabet not otherwise present in ASCII. The Russian Ё/ё is not supported,[20] similarly to KOI-7.
A modified version, Code page 773, which replaces the Cyrillic letters with Latvian and Estonian letters, also exists.[20]
| KBL (Code page 771)[21][22] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Dx | ╨ 2568 | ╤ 2564 | ╥ 2565 | ╙ 2559 | ╘ 2558 | ╒ 2552 | ╓ 2553 | ╫ 256B | ╪ 256A | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | Ą 0104 | ą 0105 | Č 010C | č 010D |
| Ex | р 0440 | с 0441 | т 0442 | у 0443 | ф 0444 | х 0445 | ц 0446 | ч 0447 | ш 0448 | щ 0449 | ъ 044A | ы 044B | ь 044C | э 044D | ю 044E | я 044F |
| Fx | Ę 0118 | ę 0119 | Ė 0116 | ė 0117 | Į 012E | į 012F | Š 0160 | š 0161 | Ų 0172 | ų 0173 | Ū 016A | ū 016B | Ž 017D | ž 017E | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
LST 1284
Lithuanian Standard LST 1284:1993, known as Code page 1119 or unofficially as Code page 772,[19] mostly matches the "modified" Code page 866, except for the addition of quotation marks in the last row and the replacement of the mixed single-double box-drawing characters with Lithuanian letters (compare code page 850). Unlike KBL, the Russian Ё/ё is retained.
It accompanies LST 1283 (Code page 774/1118), which encodes the additional Lithuanian letters at the same locations as LST 1284, but is based on Code page 437 instead. It was later superseded by LST 1590-1 (Code page 775),[19] which encodes these Lithuanian letters in the same locations, but does not include Cyrillic letters, replacing them with Latvian and Estonian letters.[20]
| LST 1284:1993 (Code page 772 / 1119)[23][24] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Bx | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | Ą 0104 | Č 010C | Ę 0118 | Ė 0116 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | Į 012E | Š 0160 | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | Ų 0172 | Ū 016A | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | Ž 017D |
| Dx | ą 0105 | č 010D | ę 0119 | ė 0117 | į 012F | š 0161 | ų 0173 | ū 016B | ž 017E | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ▌ 258C | ▐ 2590 | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex | р 0440 | с 0441 | т 0442 | у 0443 | ф 0444 | х 0445 | ц 0446 | ч 0447 | ш 0448 | щ 0449 | ъ 044A | ы 044B | ь 044C | э 044D | ю 044E | я 044F |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | ≥ 2265 | ≤ 2264 | „ 201E | “ 201C | ÷ 00F7 | ≈ 2248 | ° 00B0 | ∙ 2219 | · 00B7 | √ 221A | ⁿ 207F | ² 00B2 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
Ukrainian and Belarusian variants
Ukrainian standard RST 2018-91 is designated by IBM as Code page 1125 (CCSID 1125),[25] abbreviated CP1125, and also known as CP866U, CP866NAV or RUSCII.[26] It matches the original Alternative code page for all points except for F2hex through F9hex inclusive, which are replaced with Ukrainian letters.[27] Code page/CCSID 1131[28][29] matches code page 866 for all points except for F8hex, F9hex, and FChex through FEhex inclusive, which are replaced with otherwise-missing Ukrainian and Belarusian letters, in the process displacing the bullet character (∙) from F9hex to FEhex.[30][31] The differing rows are shown below.
| IBM code page 1125 (Ukrainian standard RST 2018-91)[27][32][33][34] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | Ґ 0490 | ґ 0491 | Є 0404 | є 0454 | І 0406 | і 0456 | Ї 0407 | ї 0457 | ÷ 00F7 | ± 00B1 | № 2116 | ¤ 00A4 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
| IBM code page 1131 (Belarusian)[35][36][37] | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | Є 0404 | є 0454 | Ї 0407 | ї 0457 | Ў 040E | ў 045E | І 0406 | і 0456 | · 00B7 | ¤ 00A4 | Ґ 0490 | ґ 0491 | ∙ 2219 | NBSP |
Euro sign updates
IBM code page/CCSID 808 is a variant of code page/CCSID 866; with the euro sign (€, U+20AC) in position FDhex, replacing the universal currency sign (¤).[38][39][40]
IBM code page/CCSID 848 is a variant of code page/CCSID 1125 with the euro sign at FDhex, replacing ¤.[41][42][43]
IBM code page/CCSID 849 is a variant of code page/CCSID 1131 with the euro sign at FBhex, replacing ¤.[44][45][46]
GOST R 34.303-92
The GOST R 34.303-92 standard defines two variants. The more extensive variant, KOI-8 N2 (but not to be confused with the KOI-8 encoding, which it does not follow), matches code page 866 and the Alternative code page until the last row (codes 240 through 255, or F0hex through FFhex). For the last row, it supports letters for Belarusian and Ukrainian in addition to Russian, but in a layout unrelated to code page 866 or 1125. Notably, even the Russian Ё/ё (which was unchanged between the Alternative code page and code page 866) is in a different location. The differing row is shown below.[11]
| KOI-8 N2 (GOST R 34.303-92) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | SHY | № 2116 | Ґ 0490 | ґ 0491 | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | Є 0404 | є 0454 | І 0406 | і 0456 | Ї 0407 | ї 0457 | Ў 040E | ў 045E | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
The other variant, KOI-8 N1, is a subset of KOI-8 N2 which omits the non-Russian Cyrillic letters and mixed single/double lined box-drawing characters, leaving them empty for further internationalization (compare with code page 850). The affected rows are shown below.[11]
| KOI-8 N1 (GOST R 34.303-92) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Bx | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | ┐ 2510 | ||||||
| Cx | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | |||
| Dx | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ▌ 258C | ▐ 2590 | ▀ 2580 | |||||||||
| Ex | р 0440 | с 0441 | т 0442 | у 0443 | ф 0444 | х 0445 | ц 0446 | ч 0447 | ш 0448 | щ 0449 | ъ 044A | ы 044B | ь 044C | э 044D | ю 044E | я 044F |
| Fx | SHY | № 2116 | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP | ||||||||||
Lehner–Czech modification
An unofficial modification used in software developed by Michael Lehner and Peter R. Czech. It replaces three mathematic symbols with guillemets and the section sign which are commonly used in the Russian language. (Lehner and Czech created a number of alternative character sets for other European languages as well, including one based on CWI-2 for Hungarian, a Kamenicky-based one for Czech and Slovak, a Mazovia variant for Polish and a seemingly-unique encoding for Lithuanian. The modified row is shown below.
| Lehner–Czech modification | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Fx | Ё 0401 | ё 0451 | Є 0404 | є 0454 | Ї 0407 | ї 0457 | Ў 040E | ў 045E | » 00BB | « 00AB | · 00B7 | § 00A7 | № 2116 | ¤ 00A4 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
Latvian variant
A Latvian variant, supported by Star printers and FreeDOS, is code page 3012. This encoding is nicknamed "RusLat".[47]
| CP3012 | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| Bx | ░ 2591 | ▒ 2592 | ▓ 2593 | │ 2502 | ┤ 2524 | Ā 0100 | ╢ 2562 | ņ 0146 | ╕ 2555 | ╣ 2563 | ║ 2551 | ╗ 2557 | ╝ 255D | Ō 014C | ╛ 255B | ┐ 2510 |
| Cx | └ 2514 | ┴ 2534 | ┬ 252C | ├ 251C | ─ 2500 | ┼ 253C | ā 0101 | ╟ 255F | ╚ 255A | ╔ 2554 | ╩ 2569 | ╦ 2566 | ╠ 2560 | ═ 2550 | ╬ 256C | ╧ 2567 |
| Dx | Š 0160 | ╤ 2564 | č 010D | Č 010C | ╘ 2558 | ╒ 2552 | ģ 0123 | Ī 012A | ī 012B | ┘ 2518 | ┌ 250C | █ 2588 | ▄ 2584 | ū 016B | Ū 016A | ▀ 2580 |
| Ex | р 0440 | с 0441 | т 0442 | у 0443 | ф 0444 | х 0445 | ц 0446 | ч 0447 | ш 0448 | щ 0449 | ъ 044A | ы 044B | ь 044C | э 044D | ю 044E | я 044F |
| Fx | Ē 0112 | ē 0113 | Ģ 0122 | ķ 0137 | Ķ 0136 | ļ 013C | Ļ 013B | ž 017E | Ž 017D | ō 014D | · 00B7 | √ 221A | Ņ 0145 | š 0161 | ■ 25A0 | NBSP |
FreeDOS
FreeDOS provides additional unofficial extensions of code page 866 for various non-Slavic languages:[48]
- 30002 – Cyrillic Tajik
- 30008 – Cyrillic Abkhaz and Ossetian
- 30010 – Cyrillic Gagauz and Moldovan
- 30011 – Cyrillic Russian Southern District (Kalmyk, Karachay-Balkar, Ossetian, North Caucasian)
- 30012 – Cyrillic Russian Siberian and Far Eastern Districts (Altai, Buryat, Khakas, Tuvan, Yakut, Tungusic, Paleo-Siberian)
- 30013 – Cyrillic Volga District – Turkic languages (Bashkir, Chuvash, Tatar)
- 30014 – Cyrillic Volga District – Finno-Ugric languages (Mari, Udmurt)
- 30015 – Cyrillic Khanty
- 30016 – Cyrillic Mansi
- 30017 – Cyrillic Northwestern District (Cyrillic Nenets, Latin Karelian, Latin Veps)
- 30018 – Latin Tatar and Cyrillic Russian
- 30019 – Latin Chechen and Cyrillic Russian
- 58152 – Cyrillic Kazakh with euro
- 58210 – Cyrillic Azeri
- 59234 – Cyrillic Tatar
- 60258 – Latin Azeri and Cyrillic Russian
- 62306 – Cyrillic Uzbek
Code page 900
Before Microsoft's final code page for Russian MS-DOS 4.01 was registered with IBM by Franz Rau of Microsoft as CP866 in January 1990, draft versions of it developed by Yuri Starikov (Юрий Стариков) of Dialogue were still called code page 900 internally. While the documentation was corrected to reflect the new name before the release of the product, sketches of earlier draft versions still named code page 900 and without Ukrainian and Belarusian letters, which had been added in autumn 1989, were published in the Russian press in 1990.[49] Code page 900 slipped through into the distribution of the Russian MS-DOS 5.0 LCD.CPI codepage information file.[50]
Notes
References
- ^ Character Sets, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 2018-12-12
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
- ^ a b Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "CP866.TXT: cp866_DOSCyrillicRussian to Unicode table". Unicode Consortium.
- ^ (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2016-08-13. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2016-03-16.
- ^ . Go Global Development Center. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2011-11-02. Retrieved 2011-10-11.
- ^ a b (in Russian) Брябрин В. М., Ландау И. Я., Неменман М. Е. О системе кодирования для персональных ЭВМ // Микропроцессорные средства и системы. — 1986. — № 4. — С. 61–64.
- ^ "8.2.2.3. Character encodings". HTML 5.1 2nd Edition. W3C.
User agents must support the encodings defined in the WHATWG Encoding standard, including, but not limited to […]
- ^ a b van Kesteren, Anne. "Legacy single-byte encodings". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
- ^ van Kesteren, Anne. "Names and labels". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
- ^ a b c (in Russian) ГОСТ Р 34.303-92. Наборы 8-битных кодированных символов. 8-битный код обмена и обработки информации. = 8-bit coded character sets. 8-bit code for information interchange.
- ^ . Go Global Development Center. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
- ^ van Kesteren, Anne (2018-01-06). "Index index-ibm866". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00866 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00866 (txt), IBM
- ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-866_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
- ^ (in Russian) Брябрин В. М., Ландау И. Я., Неменман М. Е. О системе кодирования для персональных ЭВМ // Микропроцессорные средства и системы. — 1986. — № 4. — С. 64.
- ^ (in Russian) Фигурнов В. Э. IBM PC для пользователя. — 2-е изд. — М.: 1992. — С. 279.
- ^ a b c "Codepages: Comprehensive list". Aivosto.
- ^ a b c d "Rašmenų koduotės". Lietuvių kalba informacinėse technologijose (in Lithuanian).
- ^ "771 kodų lentelė" (in Lithuanian). Likit.
- ^ "771 kodų lentelė". Lietuvių kalba informacinėse technologijose – Rašmenų koduotės (in Lithuanian).
- ^ "772 kodų lentelė" (in Lithuanian). Likit.
- ^ "772 kodų lentelė". Lietuvių kalba informacinėse technologijose – Rašmenų koduotės (in Lithuanian).
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-12-02.
- ^ Nechayev, Valentin (2013) [2001]. "Review of 8-bit Cyrillic encodings universe". from the original on 2016-12-05.
- ^ a b Code Page CPGID 01125 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-17.
- ^ IBM. . IBM Globalization. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17.
- ^ IBM. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-08.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 01125 (txt), IBM
- ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1125_P100-1997.ucm, 2002-12-03
- ^ (in Ukrainian) РСТ УРСР 2018-91. Система обробки інформації. Кодування символів української абетки 8-бітними кодами.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 01131 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 01131 (txt), IBM
- ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1131_P100-1997.ucm, 2002-12-03
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-12-01.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00808 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00808 (txt), IBM
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-12-01.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00848 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00848 (txt), IBM
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00849 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
- ^ Code Page CPGID 00849 (txt), IBM
- ^ "LC-8021 Dot Matrix Printer, User's Manual" (PDF).
- ^ . FreeDOS. Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
- ^ Starikov, Yuri (2005-04-11). "15-летию Russian MS-DOS 4.01 посвящается" [15 Years of Russian MS-DOS 4.01] (in Russian). from the original on 2016-12-04. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
- ^ Paul, Matthias R. (2001-06-10) [1995]. "Overview on DOS, OS/2, and Windows codepages" (CODEPAGE.LST file) (1.59 preliminary ed.). from the original on 2016-04-20. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
Further reading
- Kornai, Andras; Birnbaum, David J.; da Cruz, Frank; Davis, Bur; Fowler, George; Paine, Richard B.; Paperno, Slava; Simonsen, Keld J.; Thobe, Glenn E.; Vulis, Dimitri; van Wingen, Johan W. (1993-03-13). "CYRILLIC ENCODING FAQ Version 1.3". 1.3. Retrieved 2020-06-04.