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1980 Summer Olympics boycott

March 18, 2023

The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[1] The Soviet Union, which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and its allies later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.[2]

Countries that boycotted the 1980 Games are shaded blue

Background

The Western governments first considered the idea of boycotting the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics in response to the situation in Afghanistan at the 20 December 1979 meeting of NATO representatives. The idea was not completely new to the world: in the mid-1970s, proposals for an Olympic boycott circulated widely among human rights activists and groups as a sanction for Soviet violations of human rights.[3] At that time, very few member governments expressed interest in the proposal. However, this idea gained popularity in early January 1980 when Soviet nuclear scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov called for a boycott. On 14 January 1980, the Carter Administration joined Sakharov's appeal and set a deadline by which the Soviet Union must pull out of Afghanistan or face the consequences, including an international boycott of the games. On 26 January 1980, Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark announced that Canada, like the US, would boycott the Olympic Games if Soviet forces did not leave Afghanistan by 20 February 1980.[4] Carter also proposed moving the Olympics to Greece on a permanent basis to eliminate the issue of politicisation of the Games' hosting, but the International Olympic Committee (IOC) rejected this idea.[5]

When the deadline passed a month later without any change to the situation in Central Asia, Carter pushed U.S. allies to pull their Olympic teams from the upcoming games.[6][7]

In late January, the Soviet regime prepared to face down this "hostile campaign". As Soviet Central Committee documents show, in addition to its own propaganda efforts, it was relying on the IOC and its 89 members to behave as in the past (e.g. after the Soviet invasions of Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968), and not give in to pressure from national governments. It noted that the government and the National Olympic Committee of France had already stated a willingness to participate.[8]

After its 24 April meeting, the head of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) Robert Kane told the IOC that the USOC would be willing to send a team to Moscow if there were a "spectacular change in the international situation" in the coming weeks.[9]

In an attempt to save the Games, Lord Killanin, then president of the IOC, arranged to meet and discuss the boycott with Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, before the new 24 May deadline. Killanin insisted that the Games should continue as scheduled, while President Carter reaffirmed the US position to boycott the Games unless the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan.[10]

The IOC protested that the pressures by the US and other supporting countries for the boycott were an inappropriate means to achieve a political end, and the victims of this action would be the athletes.[11] West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt said that the American attitude that the allies "should simply do as they are told" was unacceptable,[12] although West Germany did join the boycott.[13]

Responses by country and continent

Boxer Muhammad Ali traveled to Tanzania, Nigeria, and Senegal to unsuccessfully convince their leaders to join the boycott.[14][15][16] He did, however successfully convince the Kenyan government to do so.[17]

Many countries ultimately joined the US in a full boycott of the Games. These included Japan and West Germany, where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the West German Olympic Committee to support the boycott. China, the Philippines, Chile, Argentina and Norway also boycotted the Games entirely. Some of these countries competed at the alternative "Liberty Bell Classic" or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year. Israel also joined the boycott to protest Soviet military agression, but also because of Soviet anti-semitic and anti-Israel policies.[18]

The governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Australia supported the boycott, but left any final decision over the participation of their country's athletes to their respective NOCs and the decision of their individual athletes. The United Kingdom and France sent a much smaller athletic delegation than would have originally been possible. The British associations that governed equestrian sports, hockey, shooting and yachting completely boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics.[19][20]

Spain, Italy, Sweden, Iceland and Finland were other principal nations representing western Europe at the Games.[20] Of these, Spain and Italy participated under a neutral flag with the Olympic anthem playing in any ceremony. Italian athletes serving in its military corps could not attend the Games, however, because of the national government's official support of the boycott. Many events were affected by the loss of participants, and some US-born athletes who were citizens of other countries, such as Italy and Australia, did compete in Moscow.

A firm enemy of the United States under Ayatollah Khomeini's new theocracy, Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games after Khomeini joined the condemnation by the United Nations and the Islamic Conference of the invasion of Afghanistan.[21] Independently of the United States, the Islamic Conference urged a boycott of Moscow after the invasion;[22] the Ayatollah meanwhile accused Moscow of arming the Baluchis against his regime.[21]

Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems

Lord Killanin permitted NOC-qualified athletes to compete at the Games without their national flags or anthems (which allowed NOCs to send athletes in a non-national context), but this did not allow other individuals lacking NOC sanction to participate in the Games, as this was perceived by the IOC as a potential weakening of their authority.[9] Four competitors (including one athlete) from New Zealand competed independently and marched under their NOC flag because the government officially supported the boycott.[23] The athletes of 16 countries did not fly their national flags. Instead, Olympic flags were raised, and the Olympic Anthem replaced their national anthems at the medal ceremonies. There was one awards ceremony where three Olympic flags were raised, that being the men's individual pursuit in cycling.

Other modifications were made to the Games' activities, such as when the boycott prevented Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau from attending the Moscow Games. Sandra Henderson and Stéphane Préfontaine, the final torchbearers at the previous games, were sent in his stead to participate in the Antwerp Ceremony at the opening ceremony, and at the closing ceremony, the Los Angeles city flag (rather than the United States flag) was raised to symbolize the next host of the Olympic Games in a break from tradition that was initiated by the host nation. The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the United States instead of the mayor of Los Angeles, Tom Bradley; there was no handover to Los Angeles ceremony at the closing.

Non-participating countries

Sixty-five countries that were invited to the 1980 Olympics, plus Qatar, did not participate for various reasons, including support for the boycott and economic reasons. (Qatar's 1980 IOC recognition came too late for it to be invited.) Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as "Chinese Taipei".[24] However, China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well.

Altered participation

The sixteen nations that follow participated in the Games under some adjustment to full conventional participation in the Games activities.

Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony

Seven countries participated in the Games without taking part in the Opening Ceremony:[26]

National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission

Two nations sent one representative each (Chef de Mission) who entered the Olympic stadium during the Opening Ceremony under the Olympic flag; for each country this was a token gesture, as their governments allowed individual national sports federations and in some cases individual athletes to take part in the Games if they chose to do so. Ireland also competed under the Olympic flag, rather than its own.

Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes

At least five national teams participated at the Games under the Olympic flag rather than their respective National or NOC flags, as doing the latter would have denoted that their participation was officially sanctioned by their respective nations.[26]

Nations that competed under their respective NOC flag

Some nations competed under the flag of their National Olympic Committee.[29][30]

Alternative events

Events were staged separately in several sports, including the Liberty Bell Classic for track and field[31] and the USGF International Invitational for gymnastics.[32] The U.S.–Cuban 12-bout card at the Charlotte Coliseum (on Independence Boulevard, now Bojangles' Coliseum) on February 10, 1980, became the only meeting between Cuban and American boxers and was an important event in boxing; called "one of the prime matches of the year," by U.S. boxing Coach Tom Johnson.[33]

Soviet monetary reimbursements

In April 1981, a Federal District court in Manhattan approved the settlement of two suits involving more than 9,000 Americans who were seeking refunds of payments they had made for trips to the Olympics that were canceled in wake of the boycott.

When the boycott was first announced, tour deposits of over 10 million dollars were refunded by the Russian Travel Bureau, the only agency authorized to book American tours during the Olympics. Although the Soviet Union kept about 7.2 million collected by the Bureau, they had agreed to set aside 1.8 million as credits to be paid back over five years.

Under the April 1981 settlement the remunerations were increased: Americans who had canceled their trips before the 1 March 1980 were reimbursed a total 85 percent of their costs, while those who had canceled after that date were reimbursed 63 percent.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Smothers, Ronald (July 19, 1996). "Bitterness Lingering Over Carter's Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 145, no. 50493.
  2. ^ Doder, Dusko (May 9, 1984). "Soviets Withdraw From Los Angeles Olympics" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  3. ^ Tulli, Umberto (November 2016). "Bringing Human Rights In: The Campaign Against the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games and the Origins of the Nexus Between Human Rights and the Olympic Games". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (16): 2026–2045. doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1315104. S2CID 149105604.
  4. ^ "Historica Canada". www.historicacanada.ca.
  5. ^ Treadaway, Dan (August 5, 1996). "Carter stresses role of Olympics in promoting global harmony". Emory Report. 48 (37).
  6. ^ "The Olympic Boycott, 1980". U.S. Department of State Archive.
  7. ^ Smith, Terence (January 20, 1980). "The President Said Nyet". The New York Times.
  8. ^ . Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  9. ^ a b American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State, "Olympics: Lausanne IOC EXCOM Meeting", 23 April 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
  10. ^ Secretary of State Memorandum to All Diplomatic and Consular Posts Immediate, "Olympics: Mid-May Update", 16 May 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
  11. ^ American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State and White House, "Olympics: IOC Message to Mr. Cutler", April 27, 1980, US Department of State, FOIA
  12. ^ Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan (2011). Dropping the Torch: Jimmy Carter, the Olympic Boycott, and the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-521-19477-8. OCLC 768096651.
  13. ^ Vinocur, John (May 16, 1980). "West Germans to Boycott Games" (PDF). The New York Times. Vol. 129, no. 44585.
  14. ^ Sarantakes. Dropping the Torch, pp. 115–118.
  15. ^ Honey, Martha (February 4, 1980). "Ali Spars With Second Thoughts As Africans Argue Boycott Issue". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  16. ^ Ezra, Michael (June 5, 2016). "Muhammad Ali's Strange, Failed Diplomatic Career". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
  17. ^ Cuddihy, Martin (June 9, 2016). "Muhammad Ali: Africa remembers the boxing legend". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  18. ^ "TIMELINE: Jews in the Summer Olympics". July 20, 2012.
  19. ^ Associated Press (April 23, 1980). "Governments slapped for boycott pressure". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. C1. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  20. ^ a b 1980 Summer Olympics Official Report from the Organizing Committee June 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, vol. 2, p. 190.
  21. ^ a b Golan, Galia (1990). Soviet Policies in the Middle East from World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-521-35332-8. OCLC 875392804.
  22. ^ Freedman, Robert O (1991). Moscow and the Middle East: Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-521-35184-3. OCLC 912575066.
  23. ^ . olympic.org.nz
  24. ^ Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective". Diplomatic History. 40 (5): 845–864. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw026. JSTOR 26376807. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
  25. ^ Ramos, Gerry (March 7, 2019). "Former swimming chief Mark Joseph dies 'peacefully in his sleep' age 56". Spin.ph. Retrieved December 5, 2022. Joseph himself qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but failed to compete as the country joined the US-led boycott of the Games.
  26. ^ a b "Partial Boycott – New IOC President". Keesing's Record of World Events. 26: 30599. December 1980.
  27. ^ Fimrite, Ron (July 28, 1980). "Only The Bears Were Bullish". SI Vault; CNN. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  28. ^ "Olympics chief feared protests". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. December 30, 2010. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  29. ^ ISOH
  30. ^ ITG
  31. ^ Neff, Craig (July 28, 1980). "...and meanwhile in Philadelphia". Sports Illustrated. 53 (5): 18. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  32. ^ Marshall, Joe (August 11, 1980). "All that glitter was not gold". Sports Illustrated. 53 (7): 32. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  33. ^ U.S.-Cuba bout grows in importance, The Anniston Star, February 9, 1980, p. 22.
  34. ^ "Settlement Reached On Olympic Refunds". The New York Times. Vol. 130, no. 44932. April 28, 1981.

Further reading

  • Eaton, Joseph. "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic boycott: American sports diplomacy in East Asian perspective." Diplomatic History 40.5 (2016): 845-864.


March 18, 2023
1980, summer, olympics, boycott, part, number, actions, initiated, united, states, protest, against, soviet, invasion, afghanistan, soviet, union, which, hosted, 1980, summer, olympics, moscow, allies, later, boycotted, 1984, summer, olympics, angeles, countri. The 1980 Summer Olympics boycott was one part of a number of actions initiated by the United States to protest against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1 The Soviet Union which hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and its allies later boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles 2 Countries that boycotted the 1980 Games are shaded blue Contents 1 Background 1 1 Responses by country and continent 1 2 Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems 2 Non participating countries 3 Altered participation 3 1 Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony 3 2 National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission 3 3 Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes 3 4 Nations that competed under their respective NOC flag 4 Alternative events 5 Soviet monetary reimbursements 6 See also 7 References 8 Further readingBackground EditThe Western governments first considered the idea of boycotting the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics in response to the situation in Afghanistan at the 20 December 1979 meeting of NATO representatives The idea was not completely new to the world in the mid 1970s proposals for an Olympic boycott circulated widely among human rights activists and groups as a sanction for Soviet violations of human rights 3 At that time very few member governments expressed interest in the proposal However this idea gained popularity in early January 1980 when Soviet nuclear scientist and dissident Andrei Sakharov called for a boycott On 14 January 1980 the Carter Administration joined Sakharov s appeal and set a deadline by which the Soviet Union must pull out of Afghanistan or face the consequences including an international boycott of the games On 26 January 1980 Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark announced that Canada like the US would boycott the Olympic Games if Soviet forces did not leave Afghanistan by 20 February 1980 4 Carter also proposed moving the Olympics to Greece on a permanent basis to eliminate the issue of politicisation of the Games hosting but the International Olympic Committee IOC rejected this idea 5 When the deadline passed a month later without any change to the situation in Central Asia Carter pushed U S allies to pull their Olympic teams from the upcoming games 6 7 In late January the Soviet regime prepared to face down this hostile campaign As Soviet Central Committee documents show in addition to its own propaganda efforts it was relying on the IOC and its 89 members to behave as in the past e g after the Soviet invasions of Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 and not give in to pressure from national governments It noted that the government and the National Olympic Committee of France had already stated a willingness to participate 8 After its 24 April meeting the head of the United States Olympic Committee USOC Robert Kane told the IOC that the USOC would be willing to send a team to Moscow if there were a spectacular change in the international situation in the coming weeks 9 In an attempt to save the Games Lord Killanin then president of the IOC arranged to meet and discuss the boycott with Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev before the new 24 May deadline Killanin insisted that the Games should continue as scheduled while President Carter reaffirmed the US position to boycott the Games unless the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan 10 The IOC protested that the pressures by the US and other supporting countries for the boycott were an inappropriate means to achieve a political end and the victims of this action would be the athletes 11 West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt said that the American attitude that the allies should simply do as they are told was unacceptable 12 although West Germany did join the boycott 13 Responses by country and continent Edit Boxer Muhammad Ali traveled to Tanzania Nigeria and Senegal to unsuccessfully convince their leaders to join the boycott 14 15 16 He did however successfully convince the Kenyan government to do so 17 Many countries ultimately joined the US in a full boycott of the Games These included Japan and West Germany where Chancellor Schmidt was able to convince the West German Olympic Committee to support the boycott China the Philippines Chile Argentina and Norway also boycotted the Games entirely Some of these countries competed at the alternative Liberty Bell Classic or Olympic Boycott Games held in Philadelphia that same year Israel also joined the boycott to protest Soviet military agression but also because of Soviet anti semitic and anti Israel policies 18 The governments of the United Kingdom France and Australia supported the boycott but left any final decision over the participation of their country s athletes to their respective NOCs and the decision of their individual athletes The United Kingdom and France sent a much smaller athletic delegation than would have originally been possible The British associations that governed equestrian sports hockey shooting and yachting completely boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics 19 20 Spain Italy Sweden Iceland and Finland were other principal nations representing western Europe at the Games 20 Of these Spain and Italy participated under a neutral flag with the Olympic anthem playing in any ceremony Italian athletes serving in its military corps could not attend the Games however because of the national government s official support of the boycott Many events were affected by the loss of participants and some US born athletes who were citizens of other countries such as Italy and Australia did compete in Moscow A firm enemy of the United States under Ayatollah Khomeini s new theocracy Iran also boycotted the Moscow Games after Khomeini joined the condemnation by the United Nations and the Islamic Conference of the invasion of Afghanistan 21 Independently of the United States the Islamic Conference urged a boycott of Moscow after the invasion 22 the Ayatollah meanwhile accused Moscow of arming the Baluchis against his regime 21 Athletes and sportspeople competing without national flags or anthems Edit Lord Killanin permitted NOC qualified athletes to compete at the Games without their national flags or anthems which allowed NOCs to send athletes in a non national context but this did not allow other individuals lacking NOC sanction to participate in the Games as this was perceived by the IOC as a potential weakening of their authority 9 Four competitors including one athlete from New Zealand competed independently and marched under their NOC flag because the government officially supported the boycott 23 The athletes of 16 countries did not fly their national flags Instead Olympic flags were raised and the Olympic Anthem replaced their national anthems at the medal ceremonies There was one awards ceremony where three Olympic flags were raised that being the men s individual pursuit in cycling Other modifications were made to the Games activities such as when the boycott prevented Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau from attending the Moscow Games Sandra Henderson and Stephane Prefontaine the final torchbearers at the previous games were sent in his stead to participate in the Antwerp Ceremony at the opening ceremony and at the closing ceremony the Los Angeles city flag rather than the United States flag was raised to symbolize the next host of the Olympic Games in a break from tradition that was initiated by the host nation The Antwerp flag was received by an IOC member from the United States instead of the mayor of Los Angeles Tom Bradley there was no handover to Los Angeles ceremony at the closing Non participating countries EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sixty five countries that were invited to the 1980 Olympics plus Qatar did not participate for various reasons including support for the boycott and economic reasons Qatar s 1980 IOC recognition came too late for it to be invited Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution in which the People s Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as Chinese Taipei 24 However China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well Albania Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Canada Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Egypt El Salvador Fiji Gabon The Gambia Ghana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Indonesia Iran Israel Ivory Coast Japan Kenya South Korea Liberia Liechtenstein Malawi Malaysia Mauritania Mauritius Monaco Morocco Netherlands Antilles Niger Norway Pakistan Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Philippines 25 Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Sudan Suriname Swaziland Chinese Taipei Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Virgin Islands West Germany ZaireAltered participation EditThe sixteen nations that follow participated in the Games under some adjustment to full conventional participation in the Games activities Nations that did not participate in the Opening Ceremony Edit Seven countries participated in the Games without taking part in the Opening Ceremony 26 Belgium France Italy Luxembourg Netherlands San Marino Switzerland National teams represented at the Opening Ceremony by Chef de Mission Edit Two nations sent one representative each Chef de Mission who entered the Olympic stadium during the Opening Ceremony under the Olympic flag for each country this was a token gesture as their governments allowed individual national sports federations and in some cases individual athletes to take part in the Games if they chose to do so Ireland also competed under the Olympic flag rather than its own Great Britain Richard Palmer 27 Ireland Ken Ryan 28 Nations under the Olympic Flag by their own athletes Edit At least five national teams participated at the Games under the Olympic flag rather than their respective National or NOC flags as doing the latter would have denoted that their participation was officially sanctioned by their respective nations 26 Australia Andorra Denmark Ireland Puerto RicoNations that competed under their respective NOC flag Edit Some nations competed under the flag of their National Olympic Committee 29 30 Spain Portugal New ZealandAlternative events EditEvents were staged separately in several sports including the Liberty Bell Classic for track and field 31 and the USGF International Invitational for gymnastics 32 The U S Cuban 12 bout card at the Charlotte Coliseum on Independence Boulevard now Bojangles Coliseum on February 10 1980 became the only meeting between Cuban and American boxers and was an important event in boxing called one of the prime matches of the year by U S boxing Coach Tom Johnson 33 Soviet monetary reimbursements EditIn April 1981 a Federal District court in Manhattan approved the settlement of two suits involving more than 9 000 Americans who were seeking refunds of payments they had made for trips to the Olympics that were canceled in wake of the boycott When the boycott was first announced tour deposits of over 10 million dollars were refunded by the Russian Travel Bureau the only agency authorized to book American tours during the Olympics Although the Soviet Union kept about 7 2 million collected by the Bureau they had agreed to set aside 1 8 million as credits to be paid back over five years Under the April 1981 settlement the remunerations were increased Americans who had canceled their trips before the 1 March 1980 were reimbursed a total 85 percent of their costs while those who had canceled after that date were reimbursed 63 percent 34 See also Edit Olympics portal Soviet Union portal1984 Summer Olympics boycott 1986 Asian Games List of Olympic Games boycottsReferences Edit Smothers Ronald July 19 1996 Bitterness Lingering Over Carter s Boycott The New York Times Vol 145 no 50493 Doder Dusko May 9 1984 Soviets Withdraw From Los Angeles Olympics via www washingtonpost com Tulli Umberto November 2016 Bringing Human Rights In The Campaign Against the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games and the Origins of the Nexus Between Human Rights and the Olympic Games The International Journal of the History of Sport 33 16 2026 2045 doi 10 1080 09523367 2017 1315104 S2CID 149105604 Historica Canada www historicacanada ca Treadaway Dan August 5 1996 Carter stresses role of Olympics in promoting global harmony Emory Report 48 37 The Olympic Boycott 1980 U S Department of State Archive Smith Terence January 20 1980 The President Said Nyet The New York Times Secretariat Planning a response to the hostile campaign against participation in the Moscow Olympics 29 January 1980 St 195 3 The Bukovsky Archives Communism on Trial Archived from the original on August 23 2017 Retrieved July 11 2017 a b American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State Olympics Lausanne IOC EXCOM Meeting 23 April 1980 US Department of State FOIA Secretary of State Memorandum to All Diplomatic and Consular Posts Immediate Olympics Mid May Update 16 May 1980 US Department of State FOIA American Embassy Memorandum to Secretary of State and White House Olympics IOC Message to Mr Cutler April 27 1980 US Department of State FOIA Sarantakes Nicholas Evan 2011 Dropping the Torch Jimmy Carter the Olympic Boycott and the Cold War Cambridge University Press p 121 ISBN 978 0 521 19477 8 OCLC 768096651 Vinocur John May 16 1980 West Germans to Boycott Games PDF The New York Times Vol 129 no 44585 Sarantakes Dropping the Torch pp 115 118 Honey Martha February 4 1980 Ali Spars With Second Thoughts As Africans Argue Boycott Issue The Washington Post Retrieved June 10 2017 Ezra Michael June 5 2016 Muhammad Ali s Strange Failed Diplomatic Career POLITICO Magazine Retrieved June 10 2017 Cuddihy Martin June 9 2016 Muhammad Ali Africa remembers the boxing legend ABC News Australia Retrieved September 4 2016 TIMELINE Jews in the Summer Olympics July 20 2012 Associated Press April 23 1980 Governments slapped for boycott pressure The Spokesman Review Spokane Washington p C1 Retrieved August 8 2012 a b 1980 Summer Olympics Official Report from the Organizing Committee Archived June 22 2006 at the Wayback Machine vol 2 p 190 a b Golan Galia 1990 Soviet Policies in the Middle East from World War Two to Gorbachev Cambridge University Press p 193 ISBN 978 0 521 35332 8 OCLC 875392804 Freedman Robert O 1991 Moscow and the Middle East Soviet policy since the invasion of Afghanistan Cambridge University Press p 78 ISBN 978 0 521 35184 3 OCLC 912575066 1980 Moscow olympic org nz Eaton Joseph November 2016 Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective Diplomatic History 40 5 845 864 doi 10 1093 dh dhw026 JSTOR 26376807 Retrieved June 20 2022 Ramos Gerry March 7 2019 Former swimming chief Mark Joseph dies peacefully in his sleep age 56 Spin ph Retrieved December 5 2022 Joseph himself qualified for the 1980 Moscow Olympics but failed to compete as the country joined the US led boycott of the Games a b Partial Boycott New IOC President Keesing s Record of World Events 26 30599 December 1980 Fimrite Ron July 28 1980 Only The Bears Were Bullish SI Vault CNN Retrieved August 14 2013 Olympics chief feared protests Belfasttelegraph co uk December 30 2010 Retrieved August 14 2013 ISOH ITG Neff Craig July 28 1980 and meanwhile in Philadelphia Sports Illustrated 53 5 18 Retrieved August 3 2016 Marshall Joe August 11 1980 All that glitter was not gold Sports Illustrated 53 7 32 Retrieved August 3 2016 U S Cuba bout grows in importance The Anniston Star February 9 1980 p 22 Settlement Reached On Olympic Refunds The New York Times Vol 130 no 44932 April 28 1981 Further reading EditEaton Joseph Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic boycott American sports diplomacy in East Asian perspective Diplomatic History 40 5 2016 845 864 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 1980 Summer Olympics boycott amp oldid 1144599728, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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