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Standard of living

November 15, 2023

"Living standard" redirects here. For normative standards implemented as living documents, see Living document. For WHATWG living standard, see WHATWG.

Standard of living is the level of income, comforts and services available, generally applied to a society or location, rather than to an individual.[1] Standard of living is relevant because it is considered to contribute to an individual's quality of life.[2] Standard of living is generally concerned with objective metrics outside an individual's personal control, such as economic, societal, political and environmental matters – such things that an individual might consider when evaluating where to live in the world, or when assessing the success of economic policy.

In international law, an "adequate standard of living" was first described in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and further described in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. To evaluate the impact of policy for sustainable development, different disciplines have defined Decent Living Standards in order to evaluate or compare relative living experience.[3]

During much of its use in economics, improvements to standard of living was thought to be directly connected to economic growth, increase amount of energy consumption and other materials. However, the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report found that literature demonstrates that improvements in sustainable development practices as well as changes in technological efficiency and energy production and use, allow for a Decent Living Standard for all people without fossil fuels and ~15.3 GJ per capita by the end of the 21st century.[4] This allows for climate change mitigation by demand reduction as well as other sustainable development practices.[4]

Factors considered by scholars edit

Standard of living might be evaluated using a number of characteristics including as the quality and availability of employment, class disparity, poverty rate, quality and housing affordability, hours of work required to purchase necessities, gross domestic product, inflation rate, amount of leisure time, access to and quality of healthcare, quality and availability of education, literacy rates, life expectancy, occurrence of diseases, cost of goods and services, infrastructure, access to, quality and affordability of public transportation, national economic growth, economic and political stability, freedom, environmental quality, climate and safety. For the purposes of economics, politics and policy, it is usually compared across time or between groups defined by social, economic or geographical parameters.

Right to an adequate standard of living edit

This section is an excerpt from Right to an adequate standard of living.[edit]
 
Freedom from Want (1943) by painter Norman Rockwell

The right to an adequate standard of living is a fundamental human right. It is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.[5]

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of him/herself and of his/her family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control.

— Article 25.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[5]

Furthermore, it has been written down in article 11 of the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

The predecessor of this right, the Freedom from Want, is one of the Four Freedoms that American President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke out at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941. According to Roosevelt it is a right every human being everywhere in the world should have. Roosevelt described his third right as follows:[6][7]

The third is freedom from want which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants, everywhere in the world.

— President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941.[6]

Decent Living Standard edit

The standard of living varies between individuals depending on different aspects of life. The standard of living consists of the individuals having the basics such as food, shelter, social safety and interaction which all contribute to their wellbeing and what is considered to be a decent living standard.

Experts use a number of different measures and approaches to establish the decent living standard or DLS.[3] The decent living standard revolves around the idea and principle that a majority of the population are in demand for the basics that will allow them to have shelter, food and water, however it is not always able to be maintained for a long period of time.[8]

Measurement edit

Standard of living is generally measured by standards such as inflation-adjusted income per person and poverty rate. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, income growth inequality, and educational standards are also used. Examples are access to certain goods (such as the number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measurement of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a time or place are able to satisfy their needs and/or wants.[9]

There is also the biological standard of living, which pertains to how well the human biological organism fares in its socio-economic environment.[10] It is often measured by the height of a population.[11]

The idea of a 'standard' may be contrasted with the quality of life, which takes into account not only the material standard of living but also other more intangible aspects that make up human life, such as leisure, safety, cultural resources, social life, physical health, environmental quality issues.[12]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "STANDARD OF LIVING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  2. ^ "Standard of Living Definition". Investopedia.com. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Supplementary Material I Chapter 5: Social Science Primer" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Chapter 5: Demand, services and social aspects of mitigation" (PDF). IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022.
  5. ^ a b United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  6. ^ a b Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) The Four Freedoms, American Rhetoric
  7. ^ Alfreðsson, Guðmundur S.; Eide, Asbjørn (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Common Standard of Achievement. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 524. ISBN 90-411-1168-9.
  8. ^ Rao, Narasimha D.; Min, Jihoon (July 2018). "Decent Living Standards: Material Prerequisites for Human Wellbeing". Social Indicators Research. 138 (1): 225–244. doi:10.1007/s11205-017-1650-0. ISSN 0303-8300. PMC 6013539. PMID 29950752.
  9. ^ Clark, Nardinelli. "Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living". Econlib.
  10. ^ Komlos, John; Baten, Joerg (1998). "The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective". eh.net. pp. 236–249. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  11. ^ Komlos, John; Coclanis, Peter (1997). "On the 'Puzzling' Antebellum Cycle of the Biological Standard of Living: the Case of Georgia". Explorations in Economic History. 34: 433–459. doi:10.1006/exeh.1997.0680.
  12. ^ Staff, Investopedia. "Standard of Living Definition". Investopedia.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Standard of living.
  • Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living by Freddy Madero
  • Commission on Living Standards 12 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine

November 15, 2023
standard, living, living, standard, redirects, here, normative, standards, implemented, living, documents, living, document, whatwg, living, standard, whatwg, level, income, comforts, services, available, generally, applied, society, location, rather, than, in. Living standard redirects here For normative standards implemented as living documents see Living document For WHATWG living standard see WHATWG Standard of living is the level of income comforts and services available generally applied to a society or location rather than to an individual 1 Standard of living is relevant because it is considered to contribute to an individual s quality of life 2 Standard of living is generally concerned with objective metrics outside an individual s personal control such as economic societal political and environmental matters such things that an individual might consider when evaluating where to live in the world or when assessing the success of economic policy In international law an adequate standard of living was first described in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and further described in the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights To evaluate the impact of policy for sustainable development different disciplines have defined Decent Living Standards in order to evaluate or compare relative living experience 3 During much of its use in economics improvements to standard of living was thought to be directly connected to economic growth increase amount of energy consumption and other materials However the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report found that literature demonstrates that improvements in sustainable development practices as well as changes in technological efficiency and energy production and use allow for a Decent Living Standard for all people without fossil fuels and 15 3 GJ per capita by the end of the 21st century 4 This allows for climate change mitigation by demand reduction as well as other sustainable development practices 4 Contents 1 Factors considered by scholars 2 Right to an adequate standard of living 3 Decent Living Standard 4 Measurement 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksFactors considered by scholars editStandard of living might be evaluated using a number of characteristics including as the quality and availability of employment class disparity poverty rate quality and housing affordability hours of work required to purchase necessities gross domestic product inflation rate amount of leisure time access to and quality of healthcare quality and availability of education literacy rates life expectancy occurrence of diseases cost of goods and services infrastructure access to quality and affordability of public transportation national economic growth economic and political stability freedom environmental quality climate and safety For the purposes of economics politics and policy it is usually compared across time or between groups defined by social economic or geographical parameters Right to an adequate standard of living editThis section is an excerpt from Right to an adequate standard of living edit nbsp Freedom from Want 1943 by painter Norman RockwellThe right to an adequate standard of living is a fundamental human right It is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10 1948 5 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of him herself and of his her family including food clothing housing and medical care and necessary social services and the right to security in the event of unemployment sickness disability widowhood old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his her control Article 25 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5 Furthermore it has been written down in article 11 of the United Nations International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights The predecessor of this right the Freedom from Want is one of the Four Freedoms that American President Franklin D Roosevelt spoke out at his State of the Union of January 6 1941 According to Roosevelt it is a right every human being everywhere in the world should have Roosevelt described his third right as follows 6 7 The third is freedom from want which translated into world terms means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants everywhere in the world President Franklin D Roosevelt January 6 1941 6 Decent Living Standard editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it April 2022 The standard of living varies between individuals depending on different aspects of life The standard of living consists of the individuals having the basics such as food shelter social safety and interaction which all contribute to their wellbeing and what is considered to be a decent living standard Experts use a number of different measures and approaches to establish the decent living standard or DLS 3 The decent living standard revolves around the idea and principle that a majority of the population are in demand for the basics that will allow them to have shelter food and water however it is not always able to be maintained for a long period of time 8 Measurement editStandard of living is generally measured by standards such as inflation adjusted income per person and poverty rate Other measures such as access and quality of health care income growth inequality and educational standards are also used Examples are access to certain goods such as the number of refrigerators per 1000 people or measurement of health such as life expectancy It is the ease by which people living in a time or place are able to satisfy their needs and or wants 9 There is also the biological standard of living which pertains to how well the human biological organism fares in its socio economic environment 10 It is often measured by the height of a population 11 The idea of a standard may be contrasted with the quality of life which takes into account not only the material standard of living but also other more intangible aspects that make up human life such as leisure safety cultural resources social life physical health environmental quality issues 12 See also editGini coefficient Human Development Index Income and fertility Index of Economic Freedom List of countries by Social Progress Index Measurable economic welfare Median household income Quality of life Right to an adequate standard of living Total fertility rate Where to be born Index Working hoursReferences edit STANDARD OF LIVING meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary dictionary cambridge org Retrieved 16 January 2021 Standard of Living Definition Investopedia com 29 August 2019 Retrieved 25 September 2019 a b Supplementary Material I Chapter 5 Social Science Primer PDF IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2022 a b Chapter 5 Demand services and social aspects of mitigation PDF IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Climate Change 2022 Mitigation of Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2022 a b United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights a b Roosvelt Franklin Delano January 6 1941 The Four Freedoms American Rhetoric Alfredsson Gudmundur S Eide Asbjorn 1999 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights A Common Standard of Achievement Martinus Nijhoff Publishers p 524 ISBN 90 411 1168 9 Rao Narasimha D Min Jihoon July 2018 Decent Living Standards Material Prerequisites for Human Wellbeing Social Indicators Research 138 1 225 244 doi 10 1007 s11205 017 1650 0 ISSN 0303 8300 PMC 6013539 PMID 29950752 Clark Nardinelli Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living Econlib Komlos John Baten Joerg 1998 The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective eh net pp 236 249 Retrieved 29 May 2022 Komlos John Coclanis Peter 1997 On the Puzzling Antebellum Cycle of the Biological Standard of Living the Case of Georgia Explorations in Economic History 34 433 459 doi 10 1006 exeh 1997 0680 Staff Investopedia Standard of Living Definition Investopedia External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Standard of living Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living by Freddy Madero Commission on Living Standards Archived 12 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Standard of living amp oldid 1181017400, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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