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Sprint (running)

April 22, 2023

Sprinting is running over a short distance at the top-most speed of the body in a limited period of time. It is used in many sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30–35 seconds due to the depletion of phosphocreatine stores in muscles, and perhaps secondarily to excessive metabolic acidosis as a result of anaerobic glycolysis.[1]

Usain Bolt, world record holder in 100 m and 200 m sprints
This sprinter's initial crouch in the blocks allowed her to preload her muscles and channel the force generated from this into her first strides.

In athletics and track and field, sprints (or dashes) are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions, being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games. Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 400 metres.

At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced isometric preload; this generates muscular pre-tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive, making it more powerful. Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally, the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and drive forwards, pushing off using both legs for maximum force production.[2] Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events,[1] with the sole exception of the 400 metres indoors. Races up to 100 metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed.[2] All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.[3]

History

See also: History of physical training and fitness
 
The stadion of ancient Nemea, Greece.

The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race, which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other.[4] The Diaulos (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, c. 400 metres (1,300 feet), introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (724 BC).

Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century B.C. as well as the first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century (Athens 1896)[5] and featured the 100 meters and 400 meters. Athletes started both races from a crouched start (4-point stance). In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Netherlands.[6] The 1928 games were also the first games to use a 400-meter track, which became the standard for track and field.

The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash,[7] the 200 m distance came from the furlong (or 1⁄8 mile),[8] and the 400 m was the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race.[1]

Technological advances have always improved sprint performances (i.e., starting blocks, synthetic track material, and shoe technology). In 1924, athletes used a small shovel to dig holes to start the race. The world record in the 100-meter dash in 1924 was 10.4 seconds, while in 1948, (the first use of starting blocks) was 10.2 seconds, and was 10.1 seconds in 1956. The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10.4 seconds to 9.58 seconds in less than 100 years.

Track events were measured with the metric system except for the United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The Amateur Athletic Association (AAU)[citation needed] decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent. Before this, American athletes could only qualify for world records at international events and Olympic Games.  

Biological factors for runners

Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include:

Competitions

 
Start of the women's 60 m at the 2010 World Indoor Championships

Common contemporary distances

60 meters

  • Normally run indoors, on a straight section of an indoor athletic track.
  • Some of the fastest humans reach their maximum speed around the 60-metre mark.
  • 60-meters is often used as an outdoor distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing.

Note: Indoor distances are less standardized, as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60 m is the championship distance.

100 meters[10]

  • Takes place on the straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track.
  • Often, the world-record holder in this race is considered "the world's fastest man/woman."
  • Primarily an outdoor race.
 
A 200 m bend

200 meters[10]

  • Begins on the curve of a standard track (where the runners are staggered in their starting position, to ensure that they all run the same distance), and ends on the home straight.
  • Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors.

400 meters[10]

  • Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
  • Competed both indoors and outdoors, with only slightly slower times than outdoors.

4 × 100 metres relay[11]

  • Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
  • Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton

4 × 400 metres relay[11]

  • Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
  • Runners use exchange zones to pass a baton.
  • Typically, the final race at track meets.

Historical and uncommon distances

50 yards (45.72 m)

The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness.[12]

50 m

The 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres. Donovan Bailey holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women's world record with a time of 5.96 seconds.

60 yards (54.864 m)

Main article: 60-yard dash
  • A rarely run sprinting event that was once more commonplace. The world record time of 5.99 is held by Lee McRae and was set in 1987. The time is often used for American Football speed training.

55 m

The 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres.

70 Yards

An extremely rare sprinting event, that was occasionally run in the 1960s. The world record of 6.90 is held by Bob Hayes.

100 yards (91.44 m)

  • The outdoor standard in the English (imperial measured) speaking world. It was part of the Commonwealth Games up until 1966 and was the premier event in American high school sprinting until the NFHS changed to metric in 1980, now only a secondary distance to the 100 metres.
  • The unofficial World Record Holder is Jamaican Asafa Powell with a time of 9.07 seconds.

150 m

 
150 metres final at the Manchester City Games 2009
  • The informal distance of 150 metres (164.042 yards) can be used to work on a 100 m runner's stamina, or a 200 m runner's speed, and has been used as an exhibition distance. The distance was used in a race between the 1996 Olympic champions, the 100 m gold medalist Donovan Bailey (Canada) and the 200 m gold medalist Michael Johnson (USA). It was to decide which of the two was really the 'fastest man on earth' (see Bailey–Johnson 150-metre race).
  • The informal distance was used for an exhibition race during the Manchester Great CityGames as part of the 2009 Great Manchester Run (UK). Stars included Triple Olympic Champion Usain Bolt (Jamaica) alongside Ivory Williams (USA), Simeon Williamson (UK), and other international track stars. The female race included 400 m Olympic Champion, Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain alongside Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie (Bahamas). Bolt ran the distance in a record time of 14.35 seconds.[13][14]

Stadion

 
A race scene from Ancient Greece, originally represented on a Panathenaic amphora

The stadion, also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of a stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them, e.g., the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m.[15]

300 m

  • The 300 metres is another informal distance, which could be used to aid a 200 m runner's stamina, or a 400 m runner's speed. Currently, the world's best for this event is 30.81 seconds, set by Wayde van Niekerk in Ostrava, Czech Republic in 2017.[16] The women's record is 35.30 seconds, set by Ana Guevara at altitude in Mexico City in 2003. Junior girls in several countries run this distance instead of the 400 metres.

Diaulos

The diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion.

4 × 200 metres relay[11]

  • Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance.
  • Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton

Equipment

Shoes

Typically, a sprinter would only need 2 types of shoes, training shoes and sprinting spikes.[17]

Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight, with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot. The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface. These metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes. The spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles. Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used.[18]

Starting Blocks[19]

Starting blocks are not a necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events. Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail. The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible.

Typical Block Start Set-up[20]

  • Place heel on slightly on the starting line
  • Place the blocks in the center of the track, approximately where your toe is.
  • The dominant foot will be in the front block. With the paddle being set at 45 degrees
  • The front block will be about 1 3⁄4-2 foot lengths from the starting line.
  • The non-dominant foot will be in the back block.  The paddle will be set as high as possible.
  • The back block will be set about 3-3 1⁄2 foot lengths from the starting line.
  • The front block and back block are only about 1-foot in length apart.
  • The toes should barely touch the ground.  
  • Hands will be placed about shoulder-width apart, with the thumb and pointer finger slightly behind the line.
  • Arms should be in a straight position (locked or prepared to be locked at the elbows)
  • The arms will remain straight (if not locked at the elbows)
  • The hips will rise slightly above the shoulders (forcing the front half of the body to lean forward at about 45 degrees (slightly less)).
  • A forward lean is optimal because it shifts most of the weight to the hands with a minimal bend to the back.
  • The dominant leg should have about a 90-degree bend at the knee, while the non-dominant leg should be about 120 degrees
  • The arm on the dominant foot side will swing forward in an “exaggerated” fashion, while the arm on the non-dominant side will swing backward in the same fashion
  • The non-dominant foot will be the first step.
  • The non-dominant leg should come out with a long (within comfort's range) stride, bringing the knee to a 90-degree position (separation of the foot and opposite leg's knee about 2-2 1⁄2 feet), approximately a 45-degree shin angle, and dorsiflexion with each stride.
  • Halfway before the first step lands, the “driving” position should have a straight line through the non-dominant ankle, knee, hips, shoulders, and head.

Baton

The baton is a required element for any relay race. The baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones, with different techniques. Typically, about 1 foot (0.30 m) and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter.

Timing

Stopwatches

Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times. Stopwatches are not always the most accurate way to measure times in a race setting,

Fully Automatic Timing / Gate Systems

Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) and gate systems are used to accurately measure races, with results as accurate as up to 1/1000 of a second.[21]  

Governing Bodies

As of 2021, World Athletics (WA) [22] is the governing body for track and field around the world. Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member.[23]

Rules

Rule differences with each Governing Bodies

Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition is deemed fair.  World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally. The World Athletics rulebook[24] is broken into 4 separate books.

The start

 
Jeremy Wariner beginning a race from the starting blocks

Starting blocks are used for all competition sprints (up to and including 400 m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m).[25] The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with the firing of the starter's gun.[25] The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set".[25] Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100 m, all competitors are lined up side by side. For the 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start.

In the rare event that there are technical issues with a start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. If the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning) is issued to that particular athlete. If the athlete is already on a warning, the athlete is disqualified.

False starts

Main article: False start § Athletics (track and field)
 
Sprint lanes in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, as seen from the 100 m starting point

According to the World Athletics (WA) rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed a false start."[25]

The 100 m Olympic gold and silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1  seconds. Christie and his coach, Ron Roddan, both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta, the US, due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under WA rules, a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification.

In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks, but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. To instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position.[26]

Lanes

 
The finish of the 1987 East German athletics championships

For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) wide, from start to finish.[27] The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with the inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner is obstructed.

The finish

The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body parts, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events.

World Records[28]

Women's World Records
Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date
50 meters 5.96 Irina Privalova[29] RUS[30] Madrid (ESP) 09 FEB 1995
60 meters 6.92 Irina Privalova[29] RUS[30] Madrid (ESP) 09 FEB 1995
100 meters 10.49 Florence Griffith-Joyner[31] USA[32] Indianapolis, IN (USA) 16 JUL 1988
200 meters (indoors) 21.87 Merlene Ottey[33] JAM[34] Lievin (FRA) 13 FEB 1993
200 meters (outdoors) 21.34 Florence Griffith-Joyner[31] USA[32] Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR) 29 SEP 1988
400 meters (indoors) 49.26 Femke Bol[35] NLD Omnisport, Apeldoorn (NLD) 19 FEB 2023
400 meters (outdoors) 47.60 Marita Koch[36] GDR Bruce Stadium, Canberra (AUS) 06 OCT 1985
4x100 meter relay 40.82 Tianna Bartoletta,[37] Allyson Felix,[38] Bianca Knight,[39] Carmelita Jeter[40] USA[32] Olympic Stadium, London (GBR) 10 AUG 2012
4x200 meter relay (indoors) 1:32.41 Yuliya Gushchina,[41] Yuliya Pechonkina,[42] Irina Khabarova,[43] Yekaterina Kondratyeva[44] RUS[30] Glasgow (GBR) 29 JAN 2005
4x200 meter relay (outdoors) 1:27.46 Marion Jones,[45] Nanceen Perry,[46] LaTasha Colander,[47] LaTasha Jenkins[48] USA[32] Philadelphia, PA (USA) 29 APR 2000
4x400 meter relay (indoors) 3:23.37 Yuliya Gushchina,[41] Olga Kotlyarova,[49] Olga Zaytseva,[50] Olesya Krasnomovets-Forsheva[51] RUS[30] Glasgow (GBR) 28 JAN 2006
4x400 meter relay (outdoors) 3:15.17 Tatyana Ledovskaya,[52] Olga Nazarova,[53] Mariya Pinigina,[54] Olga Bryzgina[55] URS Olympic Stadium, Jamsil, Seoul (KOR) 01 OCT 1988
Men's World Records
Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date
50 meters 5.56 Donovan Bailey[56] CAN[57] Reno, NV (USA) 09 FEB 1996
60 meters 6.34 Christian Coleman[58] USA[32] Albuquerque, NM (USA) 18 FEB 2018
100 meters 9.58 Usain Bolt[59] JAM[34] Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER) 16 AUG 2009
200 meters (indoors) 19.92 Frank Fredericks[60] NAM[61] Liévin (FRA) 18 FEB 1996
200 meters (outdoors) 19.19 Usain Bolt[59] JAM[34] Olympiastadion, Berlin (GER) 20 AUG 2009
400 meters (indoors) 44.57 Kerron Clement[62] USA[32] Fayetteville, AR (USA) 12 MAR 2005
400 meters (outdoors) 43.03 Wayde Van Niekerk[63] RSA[64] Estádio Olímpico, Rio de Janeiro (BRA) 14 AUG 2016
4x100 meter relay 36.84 Nesta Carter,[65] Michael Frater,[66] Yohan Blake,[67] Usain Bolt[59] JAM[34] Olympic Stadium, London (GBR) 11 AUG 2012
4x200 meter relay (indoors) 1:22.11 John Regis,[68] Ade Mafe,[69] Darren Braithwaite,[70] Linford Christie[71] GBR[72] Glasgow (GBR) 03 MAR 1991
4x200 meter relay (outdoors) 1:18.63 Nickel Ashmeade,[73] Warren Weir,[74] Jermaine Brown,[75] Yohan Blake[67] JAM[34] T. Robinson Stadium, Nassau (BAH) 24 MAY 2014
4x400 meter relay (indoors) 3:01.51 Amere Lattin,[76] Obi Igbokwe,[77] Jermaine Holt,[78] Kahmari Montgomery[79] USA[32] Clemson, SC (USA) 09 FEB 2019
4x400 meter relay (outdoors) 2:54.29 Michael Johnson,[80] Harry "Butch" Reynolds,[81] Quincy Watts,[82] Andrew Valmon[83] USA[32] Gottlieb-Daimler Stadion, Stuttgart (GER) 22 AUG 1993
Mixed World Records
Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date
4x400 meter relay mixed 3:09.34 Wilbert London,[84] Allyson Felix,[38] Courtney Okolo,[85] Michael Cherry[86] USA[32] Khalifa International Stadium, Doha (QAT) 29 SEP 2019

Sprint training

While genetics play a large role in one's ability to sprint,[87][88][89] athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances. Sprint training includes various running workouts, targeting acceleration, speed development, speed endurance, special endurance, and tempo endurance. Additionally, athletes perform intense strength training workouts, as well as plyometric or jumping workouts. Collectively, these training methods produce qualities that allow athletes to be stronger, and more powerful, in hopes of ultimately running faster.[90]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ a b c 400 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
  2. ^ a b 100 m – For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
  3. ^ 200 m For the Expert. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
  4. ^ Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern. BBC. Retrieved on 23 March 2010.
  5. ^ "Athens 1896 Olympic Games". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  6. ^ "Amsterdam 1928". Olympics.com. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ 100 m – Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
  8. ^ 200 m Introduction. IAAF. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
  9. ^ Quinn, Elizabeth (2007-10-30). Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers About.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-01.
  10. ^ a b c "3 Types of Track and Field Running Events".
  11. ^ a b c "All you need to know about relay races: Rules, history, world records".
  12. ^ "President's Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition (PCSFN)". HHS.gov. 10 January 2017.
  13. ^ Bolt runs 14.35 sec for 150m; covers 50m-150m in 8.70 sec!. IAAF (2009-05-17). Retrieved on 2009-05-17.
  14. ^ New World Best over 150m for Usain Bolt from Universal Sports on YouTube
  15. ^ Spivey, Nigel, The Ancient Olympics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 111–112
  16. ^ "Wayde van Niekerk breaks another Michael Johnson record". olympics.nbcsports.com. 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  17. ^ "A Beginner's Guide to Running Spikes". Runners Need. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  18. ^ "The Ultimate Track Spike Buyers Guide". The Wired Runner. 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  19. ^ "5 Secrets to Success with Starting Blocks". 9 March 2017.
  20. ^ Wensor, Darren (2017-03-09). "5 Secrets to Success With Starting Blocks". Coaching Young Athletes. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  21. ^ "What is Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) for Sports? | About". FinishLynx. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  22. ^ "About World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  23. ^ "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  24. ^ "Book of Rules | Official Documents". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  25. ^ a b c d Competition Rules 2012-13, IAAF
  26. ^ Cherry, Gene (4 July 2012). "Twitch or flinch no longer a false start". Reuters. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  27. ^ 2009 USATF Competition Rules, Rule 160(1)
  28. ^ "World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  29. ^ a b "Irina Privalova | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  30. ^ a b c d "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  31. ^ a b "Florence Griffith-Joyner | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  33. ^ "Merlene Ottey | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  34. ^ a b c d e "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  35. ^ "Femke Bol | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  36. ^ "Marita Koch | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  37. ^ "Tianna Bartoletta | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  38. ^ a b "Allyson Felix | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  39. ^ "Bianca Knight | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  40. ^ "Carmelita Jeter | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  41. ^ a b "Yuliya Gushchina | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  42. ^ "Yuliya Pechonkina | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  43. ^ "Irina Khabarova | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  44. ^ "Yekaterina Kondratyeva". Olympics.com. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  45. ^ "Marion Jones | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  46. ^ "Nanceen Perry | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  47. ^ "LaTasha Colander | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  48. ^ "LaTasha Jenkins | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  49. ^ "Olga Kotlyarova | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  50. ^ "Olga Zaytseva | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  51. ^ "Olesya Krasnomovets | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  52. ^ "Tatiana Ledovskaya". Olympics.com. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  53. ^ "Olga M. Nazarova | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  54. ^ "Mariya Kulchunova-Pinigina | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  55. ^ "Olga Vladykina-Bryzgina | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  56. ^ "Donovan Bailey | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  57. ^ "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  58. ^ "Christian Coleman | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  59. ^ a b c "Usain Bolt | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  60. ^ "Frank Fredericks | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  61. ^ "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  62. ^ "Kerron Clement | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  63. ^ "Wayde Van niekerk | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  64. ^ "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  65. ^ "Nesta Carter | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  66. ^ "Michael FRATER | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  67. ^ a b "Yohan BLAKE | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  68. ^ "John Regis | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  69. ^ "Ade Mafe | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  70. ^ "Darren Braithwaite | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  71. ^ "Linford Christie | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  72. ^ "Member Federations". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  73. ^ "Nickel Ashmeade | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  74. ^ "Warren Weir | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  75. ^ "Germaine BROWN | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  76. ^ "Amere Lattin | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  77. ^ "Obi IGBOKWE | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  78. ^ "Jermaine Holt - Track and Field". University of Houston Athletics. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  79. ^ "Kahmari MONTGOMERY | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  80. ^ "Michael Johnson | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  81. ^ "Harry Reynolds | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  82. ^ "Quincy Watts | Profile | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  83. ^ "Andrew Valmon - Head Track Coach - Staff Directory". University of Maryland Athletics. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  84. ^ "Wilbert Llndon | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  85. ^ "Courtney OkoloO | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  86. ^ "Michael Cherry| Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
  87. ^ Lombardo, Michael P.; Deaner, Robert O. (2014-06-26). "You can't teach speed: sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise". PeerJ. 2: e445. doi:10.7717/peerj.445. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4081292. PMID 25024914.
  88. ^ Scott, Robert A.; Irving, Rachael; Irwin, Laura; Morrison, Errol; Charlton, Vilma; Austin, Krista; Tladi, Dawn; Deason, Michael; Headley, Samuel A.; Kolkhorst, Fred W.; Yang, Nan; North, Kathryn; Pitsiladis, Yannis P. (1 January 2010). "ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 42 (1): 107–112. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ae2bc0. PMID 20010124.
  89. ^ Eynon, Nir; Hanson, Erik D.; Lucia, Alejandro; Houweling, Peter J.; Garton, Fleur; North, Kathryn N.; Bishop, David J. (1 September 2013). "Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way". Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.). 43 (9): 803–817. doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0059-4. PMID 23681449. S2CID 207492970.
  90. ^ Husbands, Chris. (30 September 2013). Sprinting : training, techniques and improving performance. Ramsbury. ISBN 978-1-84797-645-1. OCLC 859777344.

External links

  • IAAF list of sprint records in XML

April 22, 2023
sprint, running, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, examples, perspective, this, article, represent, worldwide, view, subject, improve, this, article, disc. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article appears to be slanted towards recent events Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non recent events March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may lend undue weight to IAAF sources Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Sprinting is running over a short distance at the top most speed of the body in a limited period of time It is used in many sports that incorporate running typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal or avoiding or catching an opponent Human physiology dictates that a runner s near top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30 35 seconds due to the depletion of phosphocreatine stores in muscles and perhaps secondarily to excessive metabolic acidosis as a result of anaerobic glycolysis 1 Usain Bolt world record holder in 100 m and 200 m sprints This sprinter s initial crouch in the blocks allowed her to preload her muscles and channel the force generated from this into her first strides In athletics and track and field sprints or dashes are races over short distances They are among the oldest running competitions being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships the 100 metres 200 metres and 400 metres At the professional level sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained The set position differs depending on the start The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced isometric preload this generates muscular pre tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive making it more powerful Body alignment is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force Ideally the athlete should begin in a 4 point stance and drive forwards pushing off using both legs for maximum force production 2 Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events 1 with the sole exception of the 400 metres indoors Races up to 100 metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete s maximum speed 2 All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance 3 Contents 1 History 2 Biological factors for runners 3 Competitions 3 1 Common contemporary distances 3 1 1 60 meters 3 1 2 100 meters 10 3 1 3 200 meters 10 3 1 4 400 meters 10 3 1 5 4 100 metres relay 11 3 1 6 4 400 metres relay 11 3 2 Historical and uncommon distances 3 2 1 50 yards 45 72 m 3 2 2 50 m 3 2 3 60 yards 54 864 m 3 2 4 55 m 3 2 5 70 Yards 3 2 6 100 yards 91 44 m 3 2 7 150 m 3 2 8 Stadion 3 2 9 300 m 3 2 10 Diaulos 3 2 11 4 200 metres relay 11 4 Equipment 4 1 Shoes 4 2 Starting Blocks 19 4 2 1 Typical Block Start Set up 20 4 3 Baton 4 4 Timing 4 4 1 Stopwatches 4 4 2 Fully Automatic Timing Gate Systems 5 Governing Bodies 6 Rules 6 1 Rule differences with each Governing Bodies 6 2 The start 6 3 False starts 6 4 Lanes 6 5 The finish 7 World Records 28 8 Sprint training 9 See also 10 Notes and references 11 External linksHistory EditThis section needs expansion with historical records of sprinting after the Ancient Olympics but before 1896 You can help by adding to it March 2019 See also History of physical training and fitness The stadion of ancient Nemea Greece The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event the stadion race which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other 4 The Diaulos Diaylos double pipe was a double stadion race c 400 metres 1 300 feet introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games 724 BC Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century B C as well as the first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century Athens 1896 5 and featured the 100 meters and 400 meters Athletes started both races from a crouched start 4 point stance In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in Amsterdam Netherlands 6 The 1928 games were also the first games to use a 400 meter track which became the standard for track and field The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric the 100 m evolved from the 100 yard dash 7 the 200 m distance came from the furlong or 1 8 mile 8 and the 400 m was the successor to the 440 yard dash or quarter mile race 1 Technological advances have always improved sprint performances i e starting blocks synthetic track material and shoe technology In 1924 athletes used a small shovel to dig holes to start the race The world record in the 100 meter dash in 1924 was 10 4 seconds while in 1948 the first use of starting blocks was 10 2 seconds and was 10 1 seconds in 1956 The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10 4 seconds to 9 58 seconds in less than 100 years Track events were measured with the metric system except for the United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively The Amateur Athletic Association AAU citation needed decided to switch track and field in the U S to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent Before this American athletes could only qualify for world records at international events and Olympic Games Biological factors for runners EditBiological factors that determine a sprinter s potential include Height minor factor citation needed Muscular strength Adrenaline use Anaerobic respiration capacity Breathing Footspeed Proportion of fast twitch muscles 9 Leg length Pelvic width citation needed Competitions Edit Start of the women s 60 m at the 2010 World Indoor Championships Common contemporary distances Edit 60 meters Edit Normally run indoors on a straight section of an indoor athletic track Some of the fastest humans reach their maximum speed around the 60 metre mark 60 meters is often used as an outdoor distance by younger athletes when starting sprint racing Note Indoor distances are less standardized as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space 60 m is the championship distance 100 meters 10 Edit Takes place on the straight of a standard outdoor 400 m track Often the world record holder in this race is considered the world s fastest man woman Primarily an outdoor race A 200 m bend 200 meters 10 Edit Begins on the curve of a standard track where the runners are staggered in their starting position to ensure that they all run the same distance and ends on the home straight Competed both indoors and outdoors with only slightly slower times than outdoors 400 meters 10 Edit Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance Competed both indoors and outdoors with only slightly slower times than outdoors Allyson Felix at London 2012 Summer Olympics 4 100 metres relay 11 Edit Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a baton4 400 metres relay 11 Edit Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance Runners use exchange zones to pass a baton Typically the final race at track meets Historical and uncommon distances Edit 50 yards 45 72 m Edit The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President s Award on Physical Fitness 12 50 m Edit The 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres Donovan Bailey holds the men s world record with a time of 5 56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women s world record with a time of 5 96 seconds 60 yards 54 864 m Edit Main article 60 yard dash A rarely run sprinting event that was once more commonplace The world record time of 5 99 is held by Lee McRae and was set in 1987 The time is often used for American Football speed training 55 m Edit The 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres 70 Yards Edit An extremely rare sprinting event that was occasionally run in the 1960s The world record of 6 90 is held by Bob Hayes 100 yards 91 44 m Edit The outdoor standard in the English imperial measured speaking world It was part of the Commonwealth Games up until 1966 and was the premier event in American high school sprinting until the NFHS changed to metric in 1980 now only a secondary distance to the 100 metres The unofficial World Record Holder is Jamaican Asafa Powell with a time of 9 07 seconds 150 m Edit 150 metres final at the Manchester City Games 2009 The informal distance of 150 metres 164 042 yards can be used to work on a 100 m runner s stamina or a 200 m runner s speed and has been used as an exhibition distance The distance was used in a race between the 1996 Olympic champions the 100 m gold medalist Donovan Bailey Canada and the 200 m gold medalist Michael Johnson USA It was to decide which of the two was really the fastest man on earth see Bailey Johnson 150 metre race The informal distance was used for an exhibition race during the Manchester Great CityGames as part of the 2009 Great Manchester Run UK Stars included Triple Olympic Champion Usain Bolt Jamaica alongside Ivory Williams USA Simeon Williamson UK and other international track stars The female race included 400 m Olympic Champion Christine Ohuruogu of Great Britain alongside Debbie Ferguson McKenzie Bahamas Bolt ran the distance in a record time of 14 35 seconds 13 14 Stadion Edit A race scene from Ancient Greece originally represented on a Panathenaic amphora The stadion also known as the stade was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of a stadium However stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them e g the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m 15 300 m Edit The 300 metres is another informal distance which could be used to aid a 200 m runner s stamina or a 400 m runner s speed Currently the world s best for this event is 30 81 seconds set by Wayde van Niekerk in Ostrava Czech Republic in 2017 16 The women s record is 35 30 seconds set by Ana Guevara at altitude in Mexico City in 2003 Junior girls in several countries run this distance instead of the 400 metres Diaulos Edit The diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion 4 200 metres relay 11 Edit Runners are staggered in their starting positions to ensure that everyone runs the same distance Runners use acceleration zones and exchange zones to pass a batonEquipment EditShoes Edit Typically a sprinter would only need 2 types of shoes training shoes and sprinting spikes 17 Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface These metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes The spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used 18 Starting Blocks 19 Edit Starting blocks are not a necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible Typical Block Start Set up 20 Edit Place heel on slightly on the starting line Place the blocks in the center of the track approximately where your toe is The dominant foot will be in the front block With the paddle being set at 45 degrees The front block will be about 1 3 4 2 foot lengths from the starting line The non dominant foot will be in the back block The paddle will be set as high as possible The back block will be set about 3 3 1 2 foot lengths from the starting line The front block and back block are only about 1 foot in length apart The toes should barely touch the ground Hands will be placed about shoulder width apart with the thumb and pointer finger slightly behind the line Arms should be in a straight position locked or prepared to be locked at the elbows The arms will remain straight if not locked at the elbows The hips will rise slightly above the shoulders forcing the front half of the body to lean forward at about 45 degrees slightly less A forward lean is optimal because it shifts most of the weight to the hands with a minimal bend to the back The dominant leg should have about a 90 degree bend at the knee while the non dominant leg should be about 120 degrees The arm on the dominant foot side will swing forward in an exaggerated fashion while the arm on the non dominant side will swing backward in the same fashion The non dominant foot will be the first step The non dominant leg should come out with a long within comfort s range stride bringing the knee to a 90 degree position separation of the foot and opposite leg s knee about 2 2 1 2 feet approximately a 45 degree shin angle and dorsiflexion with each stride Halfway before the first step lands the driving position should have a straight line through the non dominant ankle knee hips shoulders and head Baton Edit The baton is a required element for any relay race The baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones with different techniques Typically about 1 foot 0 30 m and 1 5 inches 3 8 cm in diameter Timing Edit Stopwatches Edit Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times Stopwatches are not always the most accurate way to measure times in a race setting Fully Automatic Timing Gate Systems Edit Fully Automatic Timing FAT and gate systems are used to accurately measure races with results as accurate as up to 1 1000 of a second 21 Governing Bodies EditAs of 2021 World Athletics WA 22 is the governing body for track and field around the world Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member 23 Rules EditRule differences with each Governing Bodies Edit Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition is deemed fair World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally The World Athletics rulebook 24 is broken into 4 separate books The start Edit Jeremy Wariner beginning a race from the starting blocks Starting blocks are used for all competition sprints up to and including 400 m and relay events first leg only up to 4x400 m 25 The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame Races commence with the firing of the starter s gun 25 The starting commands are On your marks and Set 25 Once all athletes are in the set position the starter s gun is fired officially starting the race For the 100 m all competitors are lined up side by side For the 200 m 300 m and 400 m which involve curves runners are staggered for the start In the rare event that there are technical issues with a start a green card is shown to all the athletes The green card carries no penalty If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the on your marks command is given the athlete must raise a hand before the set command and provide the Start referee with a reason It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid If the Start referee deems the reason invalid a yellow card warning is issued to that particular athlete If the athlete is already on a warning the athlete is disqualified False starts Edit Main article False start Athletics track and field Sprint lanes in Ornskoldsvik Sweden as seen from the 100 m starting point According to the World Athletics WA rules An athlete after assuming a full and final set position shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus If in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers he does so any earlier it shall be deemed a false start 25 The 100 m Olympic gold and silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0 1 seconds Christie and his coach Ron Roddan both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie s exceptional reaction times being under legal time His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from the 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta the US due to a second false start by Christie Since January 2010 under WA rules a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification In 2012 a new development to the false start rule was added Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks but some athletes could make a twitch without the starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the set position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning To instantly be disqualified for a false start an athlete s hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks while the athlete is in their final set position 26 Lanes Edit The finish of the 1987 East German athletics championships For all Olympic sprint events runners must remain within their pre assigned lanes which measure 1 22 metres 4 feet wide from start to finish 27 The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8 9 or rarely 10 starting with the inside lane Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person and no material advantage is gained there will be no disqualification Also a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend and gains no advantage by it will not be disqualified as long as no other runner is obstructed The finish Edit The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner To ensure that the sprinter s torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm foot or other body parts a double Photocell is commonly used Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events World Records 28 EditWomen s World Records Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date50 meters 5 96 Irina Privalova 29 RUS 30 Madrid ESP 09 FEB 199560 meters 6 92 Irina Privalova 29 RUS 30 Madrid ESP 09 FEB 1995100 meters 10 49 Florence Griffith Joyner 31 USA 32 Indianapolis IN USA 16 JUL 1988200 meters indoors 21 87 Merlene Ottey 33 JAM 34 Lievin FRA 13 FEB 1993200 meters outdoors 21 34 Florence Griffith Joyner 31 USA 32 Olympic Stadium Jamsil Seoul KOR 29 SEP 1988400 meters indoors 49 26 Femke Bol 35 NLD Omnisport Apeldoorn NLD 19 FEB 2023400 meters outdoors 47 60 Marita Koch 36 GDR Bruce Stadium Canberra AUS 06 OCT 19854x100 meter relay 40 82 Tianna Bartoletta 37 Allyson Felix 38 Bianca Knight 39 Carmelita Jeter 40 USA 32 Olympic Stadium London GBR 10 AUG 20124x200 meter relay indoors 1 32 41 Yuliya Gushchina 41 Yuliya Pechonkina 42 Irina Khabarova 43 Yekaterina Kondratyeva 44 RUS 30 Glasgow GBR 29 JAN 20054x200 meter relay outdoors 1 27 46 Marion Jones 45 Nanceen Perry 46 LaTasha Colander 47 LaTasha Jenkins 48 USA 32 Philadelphia PA USA 29 APR 20004x400 meter relay indoors 3 23 37 Yuliya Gushchina 41 Olga Kotlyarova 49 Olga Zaytseva 50 Olesya Krasnomovets Forsheva 51 RUS 30 Glasgow GBR 28 JAN 20064x400 meter relay outdoors 3 15 17 Tatyana Ledovskaya 52 Olga Nazarova 53 Mariya Pinigina 54 Olga Bryzgina 55 URS Olympic Stadium Jamsil Seoul KOR 01 OCT 1988Men s World Records Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date50 meters 5 56 Donovan Bailey 56 CAN 57 Reno NV USA 09 FEB 199660 meters 6 34 Christian Coleman 58 USA 32 Albuquerque NM USA 18 FEB 2018100 meters 9 58 Usain Bolt 59 JAM 34 Olympiastadion Berlin GER 16 AUG 2009200 meters indoors 19 92 Frank Fredericks 60 NAM 61 Lievin FRA 18 FEB 1996200 meters outdoors 19 19 Usain Bolt 59 JAM 34 Olympiastadion Berlin GER 20 AUG 2009400 meters indoors 44 57 Kerron Clement 62 USA 32 Fayetteville AR USA 12 MAR 2005400 meters outdoors 43 03 Wayde Van Niekerk 63 RSA 64 Estadio Olimpico Rio de Janeiro BRA 14 AUG 20164x100 meter relay 36 84 Nesta Carter 65 Michael Frater 66 Yohan Blake 67 Usain Bolt 59 JAM 34 Olympic Stadium London GBR 11 AUG 20124x200 meter relay indoors 1 22 11 John Regis 68 Ade Mafe 69 Darren Braithwaite 70 Linford Christie 71 GBR 72 Glasgow GBR 03 MAR 19914x200 meter relay outdoors 1 18 63 Nickel Ashmeade 73 Warren Weir 74 Jermaine Brown 75 Yohan Blake 67 JAM 34 T Robinson Stadium Nassau BAH 24 MAY 20144x400 meter relay indoors 3 01 51 Amere Lattin 76 Obi Igbokwe 77 Jermaine Holt 78 Kahmari Montgomery 79 USA 32 Clemson SC USA 09 FEB 20194x400 meter relay outdoors 2 54 29 Michael Johnson 80 Harry Butch Reynolds 81 Quincy Watts 82 Andrew Valmon 83 USA 32 Gottlieb Daimler Stadion Stuttgart GER 22 AUG 1993Mixed World Records Discipline Performance Competitor Country Venue Date4x400 meter relay mixed 3 09 34 Wilbert London 84 Allyson Felix 38 Courtney Okolo 85 Michael Cherry 86 USA 32 Khalifa International Stadium Doha QAT 29 SEP 2019Sprint training EditWhile genetics play a large role in one s ability to sprint 87 88 89 athletes must be dedicated to their training to ensure that they can optimize their performances Sprint training includes various running workouts targeting acceleration speed development speed endurance special endurance and tempo endurance Additionally athletes perform intense strength training workouts as well as plyometric or jumping workouts Collectively these training methods produce qualities that allow athletes to be stronger and more powerful in hopes of ultimately running faster 90 See also Edit Sport of athletics portalSprint cycling Athletics at the Summer Olympics 60 metres at the Olympics 100 metres at the Olympics 200 metres at the Olympics 400 metres at the Olympics Sprint hurdles at the Olympics 400 metres hurdles at the Olympics 4 100 metres relay at the Olympics 4 400 metres relay at the OlympicsNotes and references Edit a b c 400 m Introduction IAAF Retrieved on 26 March 2010 a b 100 m For the Expert IAAF Retrieved on 26 March 2010 200 m For the Expert IAAF Retrieved on 26 March 2010 Instone Stephen 15 November 2009 The Olympics Ancient versus Modern BBC Retrieved on 23 March 2010 Athens 1896 Olympic Games Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2021 07 27 Amsterdam 1928 Olympics com 25 April 2018 Retrieved 9 August 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link 100 m Introduction IAAF Retrieved on 26 March 2010 200 m Introduction IAAF Retrieved on 26 March 2010 Quinn Elizabeth 2007 10 30 Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers About com Retrieved on 2009 02 01 a b c 3 Types of Track and Field Running Events a b c All you need to know about relay races Rules history world records President s Council on Sports Fitness amp Nutrition PCSFN HHS gov 10 January 2017 Bolt runs 14 35 sec for 150m covers 50m 150m in 8 70 sec IAAF 2009 05 17 Retrieved on 2009 05 17 New World Best over 150m for Usain Bolt from Universal Sports on YouTube Spivey Nigel The Ancient Olympics Oxford Oxford University Press 2004 p 111 112 Wayde van Niekerk breaks another Michael Johnson record olympics nbcsports com 2017 06 28 Retrieved 2017 06 29 A Beginner s Guide to Running Spikes Runners Need Retrieved 2021 07 27 The Ultimate Track Spike Buyers Guide The Wired Runner 2018 01 29 Retrieved 2021 07 27 5 Secrets to Success with Starting Blocks 9 March 2017 Wensor Darren 2017 03 09 5 Secrets to Success With Starting Blocks Coaching Young Athletes Retrieved 2021 07 27 What is Fully Automatic Timing FAT for Sports About FinishLynx Retrieved 2021 07 27 About World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Book of Rules Official Documents www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b c d Competition Rules 2012 13 IAAF Cherry Gene 4 July 2012 Twitch or flinch no longer a false start Reuters Retrieved 22 June 2022 2009 USATF Competition Rules Rule 160 1 World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b Irina Privalova Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b c d Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b Florence Griffith Joyner Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b c d e f g h i Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Merlene Ottey Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b c d e Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Femke Bol Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2023 02 28 Marita Koch Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Tianna Bartoletta Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b Allyson Felix Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Bianca Knight Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Carmelita Jeter Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b Yuliya Gushchina Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Yuliya Pechonkina Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Irina Khabarova Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Yekaterina Kondratyeva Olympics com Retrieved 2021 07 30 Marion Jones Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Nanceen Perry Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 LaTasha Colander Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 LaTasha Jenkins Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Olga Kotlyarova Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Olga Zaytseva Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Olesya Krasnomovets Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Tatiana Ledovskaya Olympics com Retrieved 2021 07 30 Olga M Nazarova Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Mariya Kulchunova Pinigina Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Olga Vladykina Bryzgina Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Donovan Bailey Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Christian Coleman Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b c Usain Bolt Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Frank Fredericks Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Kerron Clement Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Wayde Van niekerk Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Nesta Carter Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Michael FRATER Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 a b Yohan BLAKE Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 John Regis Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Ade Mafe Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Darren Braithwaite Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Linford Christie Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Member Federations www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Nickel Ashmeade Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Warren Weir Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Germaine BROWN Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Amere Lattin Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Obi IGBOKWE Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Jermaine Holt Track and Field University of Houston Athletics Retrieved 2021 07 30 Kahmari MONTGOMERY Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Michael Johnson Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Harry Reynolds Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Quincy Watts Profile World Athletics www worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Andrew Valmon Head Track Coach Staff Directory University of Maryland Athletics Retrieved 2021 07 30 Wilbert Llndon Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Courtney OkoloO Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Michael Cherry Profile World Athletics worldathletics org Retrieved 2021 07 30 Lombardo Michael P Deaner Robert O 2014 06 26 You can t teach speed sprinters falsify the deliberate practice model of expertise PeerJ 2 e445 doi 10 7717 peerj 445 ISSN 2167 8359 PMC 4081292 PMID 25024914 Scott Robert A Irving Rachael Irwin Laura Morrison Errol Charlton Vilma Austin Krista Tladi Dawn Deason Michael Headley Samuel A Kolkhorst Fred W Yang Nan North Kathryn Pitsiladis Yannis P 1 January 2010 ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 42 1 107 112 doi 10 1249 MSS 0b013e3181ae2bc0 PMID 20010124 Eynon Nir Hanson Erik D Lucia Alejandro Houweling Peter J Garton Fleur North Kathryn N Bishop David J 1 September 2013 Genes for elite power and sprint performance ACTN3 leads the way Sports Medicine Auckland N Z 43 9 803 817 doi 10 1007 s40279 013 0059 4 PMID 23681449 S2CID 207492970 Husbands Chris 30 September 2013 Sprinting training techniques and improving performance Ramsbury ISBN 978 1 84797 645 1 OCLC 859777344 External links EditTop 10 greatest sprint races in history IAAF list of sprint records in XML Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sprint running amp oldid 1151087071, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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