Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an intergovernmental organisation that is a political and economic union of 15 member states (14 nation-states and one dependency) throughout the Caribbean. They have primary objectives to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and coordinate foreign policy. The organisation was established in 1973,[10] with its four founding members signing the Treaty of Chaguaramas. Its primary activities involve:
- Coordinating economic policies and development planning.
- Devising and instituting special projects for the less-developed countries within its jurisdiction.
- Operating as a regional single market for many of its members (Caricom Single Market).
- Handling regional trade disputes.
The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM is an official United Nations Observer beneficiary.[11]
CARICOM was established by the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean and currently includes all the independent Anglophone island countries plus Belize, Guyana and Montserrat, as well as all other British Caribbean territories and Bermuda as associate members. English was its sole working language into the 1990s. The organisation became multilingual with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname in 1995 and the French- and Haitian Creole-speaking Haiti in 2002. Furthermore, it added Spanish as the fourth official language in 2003.[2] In July 2012, CARICOM announced they considered making French and Dutch official languages.[12] In 2001, the heads of government signed a revised Treaty of Chaguaramas that cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy. Part of the revised treaty establishes and implements the Caribbean Court of Justice.
Membership
As of 2016[update] CARICOM has 15 full members, five associate members and eight observers. All associate members are British Overseas Territories, and it is currently not established what the role of the associate members will be. The observers are states which engage in at least one of CARICOM's technical committees.[13][page needed]
| Status | Name | Join date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Full member | Antigua and Barbuda | 4 July 1974 | |
| The Bahamas | 4 July 1983 | Not a part of the customs union | |
| Barbados | 1 August 1973 | One of the four founding members | |
| Belize | 1 May 1974 | ||
| Dominica | 1 May 1974 | ||
| Grenada | 1 May 1974 | ||
| Guyana | 1 August 1973 | One of the four founding members | |
| Haiti | 2 July 2002 | Provisional membership on 4 July 1998 | |
| Jamaica | 1 August 1973 | One of the four founding members | |
| Montserrat | 1 May 1974 | British overseas territory | |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 26 July 1974 | Joined as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla | |
| Saint Lucia | 1 May 1974 | ||
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 May 1974 | ||
| Suriname | 4 July 1995 | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1 August 1973 | One of the four founding members | |
| Associate | Anguilla | July 1999 | British overseas territory |
| Bermuda | 2 July 2003 | British overseas territory | |
| British Virgin Islands | July 1991 | British overseas territory | |
| Cayman Islands | 16 May 2002 | British overseas territory | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | July 1991 | British overseas territory | |
| Observer | Aruba | Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | |
| Colombia | |||
| Curaçao | Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | ||
| Dominican Republic | |||
| Mexico | |||
| Puerto Rico | Unincorporated territory of the United States | ||
| Sint Maarten | Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands | ||
| Venezuela |
Organizational Structure
Structures comprised by the overall Caribbean Community (CARICOM).[14]
Under Article 4 CARICOM breaks its 15 member states into two groups: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs).[15]
The countries of CARICOM which are designated as Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are:[15]
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Belize
- Commonwealth of Dominica
- Grenada
- Republic of Haiti
- Montserrat
- Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis
- St Lucia
- St Vincent and the Grenadines
The countries of CARICOM which are designated as More Developed Countries (MDCs) are:[15]
- Commonwealth of The Bahamas
- Barbados
- Co-operative Republic of Guyana
- Jamaica
- Republic of Suriname
- Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Chairmanship
The post of Chairman (Head of CARICOM) is held in rotation by the regional Heads of State (for the republics) and Heads of Government (for the realms) of CARICOM's 15 member states. These include Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, The Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.
Heads of government
CARICOM contains a quasi-Cabinet of the individual Heads of Government. These heads are given specialised portfolios of responsibility for regional development and integration.[16]
Secretariat
The Secretariat of the Caribbean Community is the Chief Administrative Organ for CARICOM. The Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community is the chief executive and handles foreign and community relations. Five years is the term of office of the Secretary-General, which may be renewed. The Deputy Secretary-General of the Caribbean Community handles human and Social Development. The General Counsel of the Caribbean Community handles trade and economic integration.
The goal statement of the CARICOM Secretariat is: "To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all."[citation needed]
Organs and bodies
| Organ | Description |
|---|---|
| CARICOM Heads of Government | Consisting of the various heads of Government from each member state |
| Standing Committee of Ministers | Ministerial responsibilities for specific areas, for example the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Health will consist of Ministers of Health from each member state |
Community Council
The Community Council comprises ministers responsible for community affairs and any other Minister designated by the member states at their discretion. It is one of the community's principal organs; the other is the Conference of the Heads of Government. Four other organs and three bodies support it.
| Secondary organ | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Council for Finance and Planning | COFAP |
| Council for Foreign and Community Relations | COFCOR |
| Council for Human and Social Development | COHSOD |
| Council for Trade and Economic Development | COTED |
| Body | Description |
|---|---|
| Legal Affairs Committee | provides legal advice |
| Budget Committee | examines the draft budget and work programme of the Secretariat and submits recommendations to the Community Council. |
| Committee of the Central Bank Governors | provides recommendations to the COFAP on monetary and financial matters. |
Institutions
The 25 designated institutions of CARICOM are as follows:
| Institution | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency | CDEMA |
| Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology | CIMH |
| Caribbean Meteorological Organisation | CMO |
| Caribbean Food Corporation | CFC |
| Caribbean Environment Health Institute | CEHI |
| Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute | CARDI |
| Caribbean Regional Centre for the Education and training of Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Assistants | REPAHA |
| Assembly of Caribbean Community Parliamentarians | ACCP |
| Caribbean Centre for Development Administration | CARICAD |
| Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute | CFNI |
| Caribbean Agricultural Health and Food Safety Agency | CAHFSA |
| CARICOM Implementation Agency for Crime and Security | IMPACS |
| Caribbean Examinations Council | CXC |
| CARICOM Single Market and Economy | CSME |
| Caribbean Court of Justice | CCJ |
| Caribbean Community Administrative Tribunal | CCAT |
| CARICOM Competition Commission | CCC |
| Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism | CRFM |
| CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality | CROSQ |
| Caribbean Telecommunications Union | CTU |
| Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre | CCCCC |
| Caribbean Organisation of Tax Administrators | COTA |
| Council of Legal Education | CLE |
| Caribbean Aviation Safety and Securing Oversight System | CASSOS |
| Caribbean Regional Information and Translation Institute | CRITI |
The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) is based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago and was chiefly developed to act as a settlement unit for disputes on the functioning of the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME) (known as "original jurisdiction"). In addition, some of the region's Commonwealth Caribbean member states of CARICOM have opted to supplement original jurisdiction with "appellate jurisdiction" which by practice replaces the Privy Council (in London, United Kingdom) with the CCJ.
The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) is a regional public health agency headquartered in Trinidad and Tobago[17] which was established by CARICOM leaders in July 2011[18] and began operation in 2013.[17]
As of 2018, the majority of member states continue to utilize the Privy Council as their final appellate court and three member states do not use the CCJ for either its original jurisdiction or its appellate jurisdiction because they have either not signed the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (The Bahamas and Haiti) or are a current United Kingdom Overseas Territory (Montserrat). A handful of various public propositions have been held in several countries of CARICOM polling on public support for transitioning of appellate jurisdiction to the CCJ, and to date the majority of these measures held have failed.
Associate institutions
The seven designated associate institutions of CARICOM are as follows:
| Associate institution | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Caribbean Development Bank | CDB |
| University of Guyana | UG |
| University of the West Indies | UWI |
| Caribbean Law Institute / Caribbean Law Institute Centre | CLI / CLIC |
| Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States | OECS |
| West Indies Cricket Board | WICB |
| CARICOM Private Sector Organization[19] | CPSO |
Symbols
Standard
The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown, Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[20] The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau, The Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[21]
The flag features a blue background, but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower, a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea. The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community, two interlocking Cs. The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain, symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past. The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region.[20]
Song
For CARICOM's 40th anniversary, a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013[22] to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride. A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat. Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three, from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica[22] in March 2014.[23] Henderson won a US$10,000 prize.[24] Her song was produced by her husband, Roland Delsol Jr., and arranged by Earlson Matthew. It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir. It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago.[23]
A second-place entry titled My CARICOM came from Jamaican Adiel Thomas[22] who won US$5,000,[24] and a third-place song titled One CARICOM by Carmella Lawrence of St. Kitts and Nevis,[22] won US$2,500.[24] The other songs from the top-ten finalists (in no particular order) were:
- One Region one Caribbean from Anguilla,
- One Caribbean Family from Jamaica,
- CARICOM’s Light from St. Vincent & the Grenadines,
- We Are CARICOM from Dominica,
- Together As one from Dominica,
- Blessed CARICOM from Jamaica,
- Together We Rise from Jamaica.[23]
The first official performance of Celebrating CARICOM by Henderson took place on Tuesday 1 July 2014 at the opening ceremony for the Thirty-Fifth Regional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Antigua and Barbuda.[22]
Celebration
CARICOM Day
The celebration of CARICOM Day is the selected day some Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries officially recognise the commemorative date of signing of the Treaty of Chaguaramas, the agreement that established CARICOM on July 4, 1973. The Treaty was signed in Chaguaramas, Trinidad & Tobago by then leaders of: Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. CARICOM Day is recognised as an official public holiday in Guyana where the secretariat is based, and is observed on the first Monday of July. The government of Antigua and Barbuda has also implemented CARICOM Day as a holiday.
The day features activities that are organised by government entities such as parades, pageants, and campaigns to educate people about CARICOM.
Caribbean Festival of Arts – CARIFESTA
Caribbean Festival of Arts, commonly known as CARIFESTA, is an annual festival for promoting arts of the Caribbean with a different country hosting the event each year. It was started to provide a venue to "depict the life of the people of the Region, their heroes, morals, myths, traditions, beliefs, creativity and ways of expression"[25] by fostering a sense of Caribbean unity, and motivating artists by showing the best of their home country. It began under the auspices of Guyana's then President Forbes Burnham in 1972, who was inspired by other singular arts festivals in the region.
History
CARICOM, originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas[26] which took effect on 1 August 1973. The first four signatories were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.
CARICOM superseded the 1965–1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) organised to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, which lasted from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962.
A revised Treaty of Chaguaramas established the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) and was signed by the CARICOM Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on 5 July 2001 at their Twenty-Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.[15] The revised treaty cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy.
Haiti's membership in CARICOM remained effectively suspended from 29 February 2004 through early June 2006 following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état and the removal of Jean-Bertrand Aristide from the presidency.[27][28] CARICOM announced that no democratically elected government in CARICOM should have its leader deposed. The fourteen other heads of government sought to have Aristide fly from Africa to Jamaica and share his account of events with them, which infuriated the interim Haitian prime minister, Gérard Latortue, who announced he would take steps to take Haiti out of CARICOM. CARICOM thus voted on suspending the participation of Haitian officials from the councils of CARICOM.[29] Following the presidential election of René Préval, Haitian officials were readmitted and Préval himself gave the opening address at the CARICOM Council of Ministers meeting in July.
Since 2013 the CARICOM-bloc and with the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements signed in 2008 known as CARIFORUM.[30] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Under Article 234 of the agreement, the European Court of Justice handles dispute resolution between CARIFORUM and European Union states.[31]
Statistics
| Member | Membership | Land area (km2)[32] | Population (2019) | GDP (PPP) Millions USD (2017)[33] | GDP Per Capita (PPP) USD (2017) | Human Development Index (2018)[34] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguilla | associate | 91 | 15,174 | 175.4 | 12,200 | – |
| Antigua and Barbuda | full member | 442.6 | 104,084 | 2,390 | 26,300 | 0.776 |
| The Bahamas | full member | 10,010 | 385,340 | 9,339 | 25,100 | 0.805 |
| Barbados | full member | 430 | 287,010 | 4,919 | 17,500 | 0.813 |
| Belize | full member | 22,806 | 398,050 | 3,230 | 8,300 | 0.720 |
| Bermuda | associate | 54 | 63,779 | 5,198 | 85,700 | – |
| British Virgin Islands | associate | 151 | 32,206 | 500 | 42,300 | – |
| Cayman Islands | associate | 264 | 64,420 | 2,507 | 43,800 | – |
| Dominica | full member | 751 | 74,679 | 851 | 12,000 | 0.724 |
| Grenada | full member | 344 | 108,825 | 1,590 | 14,700 | 0.763 |
| Guyana | full member | 214,970 | 786,508 | 6,367 | 8,300 | 0.670 |
| Haiti | full member | 27,560 | 11,242,856 | 19,880 | 1,800 | 0.503 |
| Jamaica | full member | 10,831 | 2,728,864 | 26,200 | 9,200 | 0.726 |
| Montserrat | full member | 102 | 5,220 | 43.8 | 8,500 | – |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | full member | 261 | 56,345 | 1,528 | 26,800 | 0.777 |
| Saint Lucia | full member | 606 | 180,454 | 2,384 | 13,500 | 0.745 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | full member | 389 | 109,803 | 1,281 | 11,600 | 0.728 |
| Suriname | full member | 156,000 | 573,085 | 7,928 | 13,900 | 0.724 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | full member | 5,128 | 1,359,193 | 42,780 | 31,200 | 0.799 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | associate | 948 | 37,910 | 632 | 29,100 | – |
| Full members | members only | 432,510 | 18,400,316 | 130,711 | 15,247 | 0.730 |
Thousands of Caricom nationals live within other member states of the Community.
An estimated 30,000 Jamaicans legally reside in other CARICOM member states,[35] mainly in The Bahamas (6,200),[36] Antigua & Barbuda (estimated 12,000),[37] Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago).[35] Also, an estimated 150 Jamaicans live and work in Montserrat.[37] A November 21, 2013 estimated put 16,958 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad & Tobago, as according to the records of the Office of the Chief Immigration Officer, their entry certificates would have since expired.[38] By October 2014, the estimated Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad and Tobago was 19,000 along with an estimated 7,169 Barbadians and 25,884 Guyanese residing illegally.[39] An estimated 8,000 Trinidadians and Tobagonians live in Jamaica.[40]
Barbados hosts a large diaspora population of Guyanese, of whom (in 2005) 5,032 lived there permanently as citizens, permanent residents, immigrants (with immigrant status) and Caricom skilled nationals; 3,200 were residing in Barbados temporarily under work permits, as students, or with "reside and work" status. A further 2,000–3,000 Guyanese were estimated to be living illegally in Barbados at the time.[41] Migration between Barbados and Guyana has deep roots, going back over 150 years, with the most intense period of Barbadian migration to then-British Guiana occurring between 1863 and 1886, although as late as the 1920s and 1930s Barbadians were still leaving Barbados for British Guiana.[42]
Migration between Guyana and Suriname also goes back a number of years. An estimated 50,000 Guyanese had migrated to Suriname by 1986[43][44] In 1987 an estimated 30–40,000 Guyanese were in Suriname.[45] Many Guyanese left Suriname in the 1970s and 1980s, either voluntarily by expulsion. Over 5,000 were expelled in January 1985 alone.[46] in the instability Suriname experienced following independence, both coups and civil war.[44] In 2013 an estimated 11,530 Guyanese had emigrated to Suriname and 4,662 Surinamese to Guyana.[47]
Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations
Parts of this article (those related to Anguilla) need to be updated. (February 2012) |
Association of Caribbean States
CARICOM was instrumental in the formation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) on 24 July 1994. The original idea for the Association came from a recommendation of the West Indian Commission, established in 1989 by the CARICOM heads of state and government. The Commission advocated both deepening the integration process (through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy) and complimenting it through a separate regional organisation encompassing all states in the Caribbean.[48]
CARICOM accepted the commission's recommendations and opened dialogue with other Caribbean states, the Central American states and the Latin American nations of Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico which border the Caribbean, for consultation on the proposals of the West Indian Commission.[48]
At an October 1993 summit, the heads of state and government of CARICOM and the presidents of the then-Group of Three (Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) formally decided to create an association grouping all states of the Caribbean basin. A work schedule for its formation was adopted. The aim was to create the association in less than a year, an objective which was achieved with the formal creation of the ACS.[48]
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
CARICOM was also involved in the formation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) on 3 December 2010. The idea for CELAC originated at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit on 23 February 2010 in Mexico. This act caters to the integration of the Americas process, complimenting well-established initiatives of the Organization of American States.[49][50][51][52][53]
European Union: Economic Partnership Agreements
Since 2013, the CARICOM-bloc and the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008.[30] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Within the agreement under Article 234, the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the states of the European Union.[31]
OHADAC Project
In May 2016, Caricom's court of original jurisdiction, the CCJ, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the ACP Legal Association based in Guadeloupe recognising and supporting the goals of implementing a harmonised business law framework in the Caribbean through ACP Legal Association's OHADAC Project.[54]
OHADAC is the acronym for the French "Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en les Caraïbes", which translates into English as "Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in the Caribbean". The OHADAC Project takes inspiration from a similar organisation in Africa and aims to enhance economic integration across the entire Caribbean and facilitate increased trade and international investment through unified laws and alternative dispute resolution methods.[54]
Relationship with Cuba
In 2017 the Republic of Cuba and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) signed the "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement"[55] to facilitate closer trade ties.[56] In December, 2022 President of the Republic of Cuba, H.E. Miguel Díaz-Canel met in Bridgetown, Barbados with the Heads of State and Government of CARICOM. On the occasion of the 8th CARICOM-Cuba Summit to commemorate the 50th Anniversary of establishing diplomatic relations with the independent States of CARICOM and Cuba and the 20th Anniversary of CARICOM-Cuba Day. CUBA also accepted CARICOM's offer to deepen bilateral cooperation and to join robust discussions in the bloc's regional 'Joint Ministerial Taskforce on Food production and Security'.
Free Trade Agreements
See also
- Projects of the Caribbean Community
- CSME
- Association of Caribbean States
- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
- North American Union (NAU)
- Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
- EU/UK–CARIFORUM
- Caribbean Financial Action Task Force
- Caribbean Initiative
- Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI)
- Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions
- Caribbean Knowledge and Learning Network
- Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
- Commonwealth of Nations
- Languages of the Caribbean
- List of regional organizations by population
- Organisation of African, Caribbean and Pacific States
- Organization of American States
- Petrocaribe
- Small Island Developing States
- West Indies
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External links
- Official website
- Official Blog CARICOM Today
- (CROH)
- CARICOM Statistics: Statistical information compiled through the CARICOM Secretariat
- : the voice of the Caribbean Community ()
- : Website and online database of the CARICOM Legislative Drafting Facility (CLDF)
- : Government of Trinidad and Tobago
- CARICOM Trade Support Programme Loan 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
- Rapid Exchange System for Dangerous Non-food Consumer Goods (CARREX): Front end for Consumer Product Incident Reporting[permanent dead link]
- PANCAP: Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV/AIDS
- (CROSQ)
- "CARICOM (Revised Treaty)" (PDF). (573 KB)
- Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM
- Haiti re-admitted?
- The Dominican Republic in Caricom? Yes, we can 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Bureau recommends re-examination of Dominican Republic's proposed membership in CARICOM 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Guyana Journal (2007-07): Advancing Integration Between Caricom and Central America
- EDITORIAL: We may just have to dump CARICOM, July 4, 2010, Jamaica Gleaner
- Commentary: Gleaner newspaper suggests disbanding CARICOM 2014-02-01 at the Wayback Machine, July 5, 2010, Caribbean Net News
- Does Caricom have a future? , 6 July 2010, BBC.co.uk
- That elusive governance structure, 7 July 2010, BBC.co.uk