Cucumber
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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the Cucurbitaceae family that bears usually cylindrical fruits, which are used as culinary vegetables.[1] Considered an annual plant,[2] there are three main varieties of cucumber—slicing, pickling, and seedless—within which several cultivars have been created. The cucumber originates from South Asia, but now grows on most continents, as many different types of cucumber are traded on the global market. In North America, the term wild cucumber refers to plants in the genera Echinocystis and Marah, though the two are not closely related.
| Cucumber | |
|---|---|
| Cucumbers growing on vines | |
| A single cucumber fruit | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Genus: | Cucumis |
| Species: | C. sativus |
| Binomial name | |
| Cucumis sativus | |
Description
The cucumber is a creeping vine that roots in the ground and grows up trellises or other supporting frames, wrapping around supports with thin, spiraling tendrils.[3] The plant may also root in a soilless medium, whereby it will sprawl along the ground in lieu of a supporting structure. The vine has large leaves that form a canopy over the fruits.[citation needed]
The fruit of typical cultivars of cucumber is roughly cylindrical, but elongated with tapered ends, and may be as large as 62 centimeters (24 in) long and 10 centimeters (4 in) in diameter.[4]
Cucumber fruits consist of 95% water (see nutrition table). In botanical terms, the cucumber is classified as a pepo, a type of botanical berry with a hard outer rind and no internal divisions. However, much like tomatoes and squashes, it is often perceived, prepared, and eaten as a vegetable.[5]
Flowering and pollination
| NCBI genome ID | 1639 |
|---|---|
| Ploidy | diploid |
| Genome size | 323.99 Mb |
| Sequenced organelle | mitochondrion |
| Organelle size | 244.82 Mb |
| Year of completion | 2011 |
Most cucumber cultivars are seeded and require pollination. For this purpose, thousands of honey beehives are annually carried to cucumber fields just before bloom. Cucumbers may also be pollinated via bumblebees and several other bee species. Most cucumbers that require pollination are self-incompatible, thus requiring the pollen of another plant in order to form seeds and fruit.[6] Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon' cultivar.[6]
A few cultivars of cucumber are parthenocarpic, the blossoms of which create seedless fruit without pollination, which degrades the eating quality of these cultivar. In the United States, these are usually grown in greenhouses, where bees are excluded. In Europe, they are grown outdoors in some regions, where bees are likewise excluded.[citation needed]
Traditional cultivars produce male blossoms first, then female, in about equivalent numbers. Newer gynoecious hybrid cultivars produce almost all female blossoms. They may have a pollenizer cultivar interplanted, and the number of beehives per unit area is increased, but temperature changes induce male flowers even on these plants, which may be sufficient for pollination to occur.[6]
In 2009, an international team of researchers announced they had sequenced the cucumber genome.[7]
Nutrition, aroma, and taste
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 65 kJ (16 kcal) |
3.63 g | |
| Sugars | 1.67 |
| Dietary fiber | 0.5 g |
0.11 g | |
0.65 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Thiamine (B1) | 2% 0.027 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 3% 0.033 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 1% 0.098 mg |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 5% 0.259 mg |
| Vitamin B6 | 3% 0.04 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 2% 7 μg |
| Vitamin C | 3% 2.8 mg |
| Vitamin K | 16% 16.4 μg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 2% 16 mg |
| Iron | 2% 0.28 mg |
| Magnesium | 4% 13 mg |
| Manganese | 4% 0.079 mg |
| Phosphorus | 3% 24 mg |
| Potassium | 3% 147 mg |
| Sodium | 0% 2 mg |
| Zinc | 2% 0.2 mg |
| Other constituents | Quantity |
| Water | 95.23 g |
| Fluoride | 1.3 µg |
Link to USDA database entry | |
| |
| †Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. | |
Raw cucumber (with peel) is 95% water, 4% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat. A 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving provides 65 kilojoules (16 kilocalories) of food energy. It has a low content of micronutrients: it is notable only for vitamin K, at 16% of the Daily Value (table).
Depending on variety, cucumbers may have a mild melon aroma and flavor, in part resulting from unsaturated aldehydes, such as (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, and the cis- and trans- isomers of 2-nonenal.[8] The slightly bitter taste of cucumber rind results from cucurbitacins.[9]
Varieties
In general cultivation, cucumbers are classified into three main cultivar groups: slicing, pickled, and seedless/burpless.
Slicing
Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called slicing cucumbers. The main varieties of slicers mature on vines with large leaves that provide shading.[10]
Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have much tougher skin. In contrast, those in other countries, often called European cucumbers, are smaller and have thinner, more delicate skin, often with fewer seeds, thus are often being sold in plastic skin for protection. This variety may also be called a telegraph cucumber, particularly in Australasia.[11]
Pickling
Pickling with brine, sugar, vinegar, and spices creates various flavored products from cucumbers and other foods.[12] Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called picklers, grow to about 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.[citation needed]
Gherkin
Gherkins, also called cornichons,[13] or baby pickles, are small cucumbers, typically those 2.5 to 12.5 centimetres (1 to 5 in) in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.[14][15][16] The word gherkin comes from the early modern Dutch gurken or augurken ('small pickled cucumber').[17] The term is also used in the name for Cucumis anguria, the West Indian gherkin, a closely related species.[18]
Burpless
Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as 60 centimeters (2 ft), are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these parthenocarpic cucumbers are often found in grocery markets, shrink-wrapped in plastic. They are marketed as either burpless or seedless, as the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.[19]
Production
| Country | (millions of tonnes) |
|---|---|
| China | 72.8 |
| Turkey | 1.9 |
| Russia | 1.7 |
| Iran | 1.2 |
| Mexico | 1.2 |
| World | 91.3 |
| Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[20] | |
In 2020, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 91 million tonnes, led by China with 80% of the total.[20]
Cultivation history
Cultivated for at least 3,000 years, the cucumber originated from India, where a great many varieties have been observed, along with its closest living relative, Cucumis hystrix.[21] It was probably introduced to Europe by the Greeks or Romans. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in France in the 9th century, England in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.[1][22][23][24]
Roman Empire
According to Pliny the Elder, the Emperor Tiberius had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter. In order to have it available for his table every day of the year, the Romans reportedly used artificial methods of growing (similar to the greenhouse system), whereby mirrorstone refers to Pliny's lapis specularis, believed to have been sheet mica:[25][26]
Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with mirrorstone.
— Pliny the Elder, Natural History XIX.xxiii, "Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones"
Reportedly, they were also cultivated in specularia, cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth.[25] Pliny describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a gherkin. He also describes the preparation of a medication known as elaterium. However, some scholars[who?] believe that he was instead referring to Ecballium elaterium, known in pre-Linnean times as Cucumis silvestris or Cucumis asininus ('wild cucumber' or 'donkey cucumber'), a species different from the common cucumber.[27] Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber,[28] and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated; 5 from the "anguine;" and 26 from the "wild").
Middle Ages
Charlemagne had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The Spaniards (through the Italian Christopher Columbus) brought cucumbers to Haiti in 1494. In 1535, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, found "very great cucumbers" grown on the site of what is now Montreal.[citation needed]
Early-modern age
Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, bison hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian agriculture. The tribes of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the Mandan and Abenaki. They obtained cucumbers and watermelons from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of corn and beans, pumpkins, squash, and gourd plants.[29] The Iroquois were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.[30]
In 1630, the Reverend Francis Higginson produced a book called New-Englands Plantation in which, describing a garden on Conant's Island in Boston Harbor known as The Governor's Garden, he states:[31]
The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great varietie [sic] and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not…
In New England Prospect (1633, England), William Wood published observations he made in 1629 in America:[32]
The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger. [sic]
Age of Enlightenment and later
In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time, "fit only for consumption by cows," which some believe is why it gained the name, cowcumber.[citation needed]
Samuel Pepys wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:[33]
[T]his day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.
A copper etching made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in Herbals of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."[citation needed]
Gallery
Salad cucumber
An Indian yellow cucumber
A Scandinavian cucumber in slices
Grated cucumber
Komkommer (Cucumis sativus 'Gele Tros')
A varietal grown by the Hmong people with textured skin and large seeds
Lemon cucumber
Dish with cucumber cut pieces (mizeria)
Pickling cucumbers
Gherkins
Leaves
A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing
A string lattice supports vine growth
See also
- Armenian cucumber, a variety of muskmelon that resembles a cucumber
- Cucumber blessing
- Cucumber cake
- Cucumber juice
- Cucumber raita
- Cucumber sandwich
- Cucumber soda
- Cucumber soup
- Sea cucumber, named for its resemblance to the fruit
References
- ^ a b "Cucumber." Encyclopædia Britannica. [1998] 2019.
- ^ Silvertown, Jonathan (1985). "Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata". Journal of Ecology. 73 (3): 841–849. doi:10.2307/2260151. JSTOR 2260151.
- ^ Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam; Mirghani, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed; Hussein, Ismail Hassan (14 April 2017). Cucumis sativus, Cucumber; Chapter 16 in: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources. Academic Press. ISBN 9780128134337.
- ^ Zhang, Tingting; Li, Xvzhen; Yang, Yuting; Guo, Xiao; Feng, Qin; Dong, Xiangyu; Chen, Shuxia (2019). "Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (Cucumber sativus L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population". Scientia Horticulturae. 250: 214–222. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062. S2CID 92837522.
- ^ "Cucumber". Fruit or Vegetable?. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
- ^ a b c Nonnecke, I.L. (1989). Vegetable Production. Springer. ISBN 9780442267216.
- ^ Huang, S.; Li, R.; Zhang, Z.; Li, L.; et al. (2009). "The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L". Nature Genetics. 41 (12): 1275–81. doi:10.1038/ng.475. PMID 19881527.
- ^ Schieberle, P.; Ofner, S.; Grosch, W. (1990). "Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) and Muskmelons (Cucumis melo) by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis". Journal of Food Science. 55: 193–195. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x.
- ^ Shang, Y; Ma, Y; Zhou, Y; Zhang, H; Duan, L; Chen, H; Zeng, J; Zhou, Q; Wang, S; Gu, W; Liu, M; Ren, J; Gu, X; Zhang, S; Wang, Y; Yasukawa, K; Bouwmeester, H. J.; Qi, X; Zhang, Z; Lucas, W. J.; Huang, S (2014). "Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber". Science. 346 (6213): 1084–8. doi:10.1126/science.1259215. PMID 25430763. S2CID 206561241.
- ^ "Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers". Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH. 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand Retrieved 18 May 2018
- ^ Avi, Torey (3 September 2014). "History in a jar: The story of pickles". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "What's The Deal With Cornichons?". The Kitchn. 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ . Venlo, Netherlands: Zon. 2017. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "Cucumbers" (PDF). University of California-Davis: Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "Cucumbers and gherkins". Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "Word origin and history for gherkin". Dictionary.com. 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ "West Indian gherkin, Cucumis anguria L." Plants for a Future. 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- ^ Jordan-Reilly, Melissa (15 September 2013). "Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?". LiveStrong.com.
- ^ a b "2019 Production of cucumbers and gherkins; from pick lists: World regions/Production Quantity". FAOSTAT of the United Nations. 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
- ^ Asian News International. 21 July 2010. "Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia." NewsTrack India. Retrieved on 4 June 2020.
- ^ Renner, SS; Schaefer, H; Kocyan, A (2007). "Phylogenetics of Cucumis (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (C. sativus) belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (C. melo)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-58. PMC 3225884. PMID 17425784.
- ^ Doijode, S. D. 2001. Seed storage of horticultural crops. Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56022-901-2. p. 281.
- ^ Zhuang, Fei-Yun; Chen, Jin-Feng; Staub, Jack E.; Qian, Chun-Tao (2006). "Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare Cucumis Species (C. hystrix Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber". HortScience. 41 (3): 571–574. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571.
- ^ a b James, Peter J.; Thorpe, Nick; Thorpe, I. J. (1995). "Ch. 12, Sport and Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology". Ancient Inventions. Ballantine Books. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-345-40102-1.
- ^ Pliny the Elder. [77–79 AD] 1855. "Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones." Ch. 23 in The Natural History XIX, translated by J. Bostock and H. T. Riley. London: Taylor & Francis. – via Perseus under PhiloLogic, also available via Perseus Project.
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History XX.iii.
- ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History XX.iv–v.
- ^ Buchanan, David (2012). Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter. VT, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 9781603584401.
- ^ Kuhnlein, H. V.; Turner, N. J. (1996). Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 159. ISBN 9782881244650.
- ^ Higginson, Francis. [1630] 1906. New-Englands Plantation. Salem, MA: Essex Book and Print Club. OCLC 1049892552. p. 5.
- ^ Wood, William. (1634). "Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls", pp. 13–18 in New England Prospect. London.
- ^ Saturday 22 August 1663 (Pepys' Diary). Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved on 25 November 2012.