Unlike the IPA, which is usually transcribed with upright characters, the UPA is usually transcribed with italic characters. Although many of its characters are also used in standard Latin, Greek, Cyrillic orthographies or the IPA, and are found in the corresponding Unicode blocks, many are not. These have been encoded in the Phonetic Extensions and Phonetic Extensions Supplement blocks. Font support for these extended characters is very rare; Code2000 and Fixedsys Excelsior are two fonts that do support them. A professional font containing them is Andron Mega; it supports UPA characters in Regular and Italics.
The UPA also uses three characters to denote a vowel of uncertain quality:
ɜ denotes a vowel of uncertain quality;
ᴕ denotes a back vowel of uncertain quality;
ᴕ̈ denotes a front vowel of uncertain quality
If a distinction between close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels is needed, the IPA symbols for the open-mid basic front illabial and back labial vowels, ⟨ɛ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩, can be used. However, in keeping with the principles of the UPA, the open-mid front labial and back illabial vowels are still transcribed with the addition of diacritics, as ⟨ɔ̈⟩ and ⟨ɛ̮⟩.
Consonants
The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximants, and does not contain many characters of the IPA such as [ɹ].
Small-cap (voiceless) and lower-case (voiced) л are distinct when italic.
When there are two or more consonants in a column, the rightmost one is voiced; when there are three, the centre one is lenis or partially devoiced. Small-capital ⟨ᴫ⟩ and lower-case ⟨л⟩ are distinct in italic typeface, which is the norm for phonetic notation.
ʔ denotes a glottal stop.
ᴤ denotes a voiced laryngeal spirant.
Modifiers
UPA modifier characters
Character
Unicode
Image
Description
Use
ä
U+0308
-
umlaut above
Palatal (fully front) vowel
ạ
U+0323
dot below
Palatal (fronted) variant of vowel
a̮
U+032E
breve below
Velar (fully back or backed) vowel or variant of vowel
A major difference is that IPA notation distinguishes between phonetic and phonemic transcription by enclosing the transcription between either brackets [aɪ pʰiː eɪ] or slashes /ai pi e/. UPA instead used italics for the former and half bold font for the latter.[3]
For phonetic transcription, numerous small differences from IPA come into relevance:
UPA e, o denote mid vowels with no particular bias towards open or close, as are found in most Uralic languages. IPA [e], [o] denote close-mid vowels in particular, common in Romance and West Germanic languages.
Being designed for languages largely featuring vowel harmony, UPA has no simple way to denote a basic, backness-ambiguous schwa sound, IPA [ə]. ə denotes a reduced form of e, corresponding with IPA [e̽]. A further backing diacritic must be appended, resulting in ə̑. (This may also stand for a reduced form of e̮, corresponding with IPA [ɤ̽]; a distinction rarely encountered in practice.)
UPA uses small caps for voiceless or devoiced sounds (ᴀ ʙ ᴅ ɢ ᴇ…), while in IPA, these frequently occur as distinct basic characters denoting entirely separate sounds (e.g. [ʙ ɢ ʟ ɴ]).
UPA lacks a series of palatal consonants: these must be transcribed by either palatalized alveolar or palatalized velar symbols. Thus ń may correspond to either IPA [nʲ] or [ɲ].
This section contains some sample words from both Uralic languages and English (using Australian English) along with comparisons to the IPA transcription.
Setälä, E. N. (1901). "Über transskription der finnisch-ugrischen sprachen". Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen (in German). Helsingfors, Leipzig (1): 15–52.
Sovijärvi, Antti; Peltola, Reino (1970). "Suomalais-ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus" (PDF). Helsingin Yliopiston Fonetiikan Laitoksen Julkaisuja (in Finnish). University of Helsinki (9). hdl:10224/4089.
Posti, Lauri; Itkonen, Terho (1973). "FU-transkription yksinkertaistaminen. Az FU-átírás egyszerűsítése. Zur Vereinfachung der FU-Transkription. On Simplifying of the FU-transcription". Castrenianumin Toimitteita. University of Helsinki (7). ISBN951-45-0282-5. ISSN 0355-0141.
Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF).
References
^Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS, 2002-03-20.
^Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, Klaas Ruppel, Tero Aalto, Michael Everson, 2009-01-27.
^Setälä, E. N. (1901). Über transskription der finnisch-ugrischen sprachen (in German). Helsingfors, Leipzig. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
August 24, 2023
uralic, phonetic, alphabet, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, march, 2018, learn, when, remove, this, template, . This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet UPA or Finno Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription and reconstruction of Uralic languages It was first published in 1901 by Eemil Nestor Setala a Finnish linguist UPA differs from the International Phonetic Alphabet IPA notation in several ways The basic UPA characters are based on the Finnish alphabet where possible with extensions taken from Cyrillic and Greek orthographies Small capital letters and some novel diacritics are also used Unlike the IPA which is usually transcribed with upright characters the UPA is usually transcribed with italic characters Although many of its characters are also used in standard Latin Greek Cyrillic orthographies or the IPA and are found in the corresponding Unicode blocks many are not These have been encoded in the Phonetic Extensions and Phonetic Extensions Supplement blocks Font support for these extended characters is very rare Code2000 and Fixedsys Excelsior are two fonts that do support them A professional font containing them is Andron Mega it supports UPA characters in Regular and Italics Contents 1 Vowels 2 Consonants 3 Modifiers 4 Differences from IPA and UPA and languages 5 Sample 6 See also 7 Literature 8 ReferencesVowels EditA vowel to the left of a dot is illabial unrounded to the right is labial rounded Palatal Central VelarClose i u u e o o a aNear closeClose midMidOpen midNear openOpen Other vowels are denoted using diacritics The UPA also uses three characters to denote a vowel of uncertain quality ɜ denotes a vowel of uncertain quality ᴕ denotes a back vowel of uncertain quality ᴕ denotes a front vowel of uncertain qualityIf a distinction between close mid vowels and open mid vowels is needed the IPA symbols for the open mid basic front illabial and back labial vowels ɛ and ɔ can be used However in keeping with the principles of the UPA the open mid front labial and back illabial vowels are still transcribed with the addition of diacritics as ɔ and ɛ Consonants EditThe following table describes the consonants of the UPA Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximants and does not contain many characters of the IPA such as ɹ UPA consonants Plosive Fricative Lateral Trill Nasal ClickBilabial p ʙ b th ŵ f b f b ᴪ ps ᴍ m p b Labiodental p ʙ b ŧ w f v f v ᴍ m Dental t s ϑ d f b f b Alveolar t ᴅ d ҵ ᴙ s ᴢ z s z ʟ l ʀ r ɴ n t d Dentipalatal palatalised t ᴅ d j k s ᴢ z s z ʟ ĺ ʀ ŕ ɴ nPrepalatal palatalised or anterior ḱ ɢ ǵ x j ᴎ ŋ Velar k ɢ g x g ᴎ ŋ k g Postvelar k ɢ g x g ᴫ l ᴎ ŋ Uvular q ɢ g ᴩ r Small cap voiceless and lower case voiced l are distinct when italic When there are two or more consonants in a column the rightmost one is voiced when there are three the centre one is lenis or partially devoiced Small capital ᴫ and lower case l are distinct in italic typeface which is the norm for phonetic notation ʔ denotes a glottal stop ᴤ denotes a voiced laryngeal spirant Modifiers EditUPA modifier characters Character Unicode Image Description Usea U 0308 umlaut above Palatal fully front vowelạ U 0323 dot below Palatal fronted variant of vowela U 032E breve below Velar fully back or backed vowel or variant of vowela U 0304 macron Long form of a vowel also by duplicationa U 0354 left arrowhead below Retracted form of a vowel or consonanta U 0355 right arrowhead below Advanced form of a vowel or consonanta U 032D circumflex below Raised variant of a vowela U 032C caron below Lowered variant of a vowelă U 0306 breve Shorter or reduced vowela U 032F inverted breve below Non syllabic glide or semi vowelʀ U 0280 small capital Unvoiced or partially voiced version of voiced soundⁱ superscripted character Very short soundₔ subscripted character Coarticulation due to surrounding soundsᴞ U 1D1E Rotated 180 or sideways 90 or 90 Reduced form of soundFor diphthongs triphthongs and prosody the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses several forms of the tie or double breve 1 2 The triple inverted breve or triple breve below indicates a triphthong The double inverted breve also known as the ligature tie marks a diphthong The double inverted breve below indicates a syllable boundary between vowels The undertie is used for prosody The inverted undertie is used for prosody Differences from IPA and UPA and languages EditA major difference is that IPA notation distinguishes between phonetic and phonemic transcription by enclosing the transcription between either brackets aɪ pʰiː eɪ or slashes ai pi e UPA instead used italics for the former and half bold font for the latter 3 For phonetic transcription numerous small differences from IPA come into relevance UPA e o denote mid vowels with no particular bias towards open or close as are found in most Uralic languages IPA e o denote close mid vowels in particular common in Romance and West Germanic languages Being designed for languages largely featuring vowel harmony UPA has no simple way to denote a basic backness ambiguous schwa sound IPA e e denotes a reduced form of e corresponding with IPA e A further backing diacritic must be appended resulting in e This may also stand for a reduced form of e corresponding with IPA ɤ a distinction rarely encountered in practice For the voiced dental fricative UPA uses a Greek delta d while IPA uses the letter eth d In UPA eth d stands for an alveolar tap IPA ɾ UPA uses Greek chi x for the voiceless velar fricative In IPA x stands for a voiceless uvular fricative while the velar counterpart is x a symbol unused in UPA UPA uses small caps for voiceless or devoiced sounds ᴀ ʙ ᴅ ɢ ᴇ while in IPA these frequently occur as distinct basic characters denoting entirely separate sounds e g ʙ ɢ ʟ ɴ UPA does not systematically distinguish approximants from fricatives j may stand for both the palatal approximant IPA j or the voiced palatal fricative IPA ʝ v may stand for both the labiodental approximant IPA ʋ or the voiced labiodental fricative IPA v b may stand for the bilabial approximant IPA b the voiced bilabial fricative IPA b or in broad transcription even the labiovelar approximant IPA w UPA lacks a series of palatal consonants these must be transcribed by either palatalized alveolar or palatalized velar symbols Thus n may correspond to either IPA nʲ or ɲ Examples Sound UPA IPAClose mid back rounded vowel o o Mid back rounded vowel o o or ɔ Open mid back rounded vowel o or a ɔ Voiced dental fricative d d Alveolar tap d ɾ Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant ʟ l Velar lateral approximant l ʟ Voiceless alveolar nasal ɴ n Uvular nasal ŋ ɴ Voiceless alveolar trill ʀ r Uvular trill Uvular plosive r g ʀ ɢ Sample EditThis section contains some sample words from both Uralic languages and English using Australian English along with comparisons to the IPA transcription Sample UPA words Language UPA IPA MeaningEnglish sᴉp ʃɪp ship English ran ɹaen ran English ʙo o d b oːd bored Moksha ve dan vɤ dʲaen I sow Udmurt miskᴉ nᴉ miɕkɪ nɪ to wash Forest Nenets ŋarŋu ᴲ ŋɑˑrŋu ːʔe nostril Hill Mari pᴞ n ᴅ ᴢ o ˈpʏnʲd ʑ o pine Skolt Sami pŭe i ᵈt ei pŭe ɨːd tːei ermine See also EditAmericanist phonetic notationLiterature EditSetala E N 1901 Uber transskription der finnisch ugrischen sprachen Finnisch ugrische Forschungen in German Helsingfors Leipzig 1 15 52 Sovijarvi Antti Peltola Reino 1970 Suomalais ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus PDF Helsingin Yliopiston Fonetiikan Laitoksen Julkaisuja in Finnish University of Helsinki 9 hdl 10224 4089 Posti Lauri Itkonen Terho 1973 FU transkription yksinkertaistaminen Az FU atiras egyszerusitese Zur Vereinfachung der FU Transkription On Simplifying of the FU transcription Castrenianumin Toimitteita University of Helsinki 7 ISBN 951 45 0282 5 ISSN 0355 0141 Ruppel Klaas Aalto Tero Everson Michael 2009 L2 09 028 Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet PDF References Edit Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS 2002 03 20 Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Klaas Ruppel Tero Aalto Michael Everson 2009 01 27 Setala E N 1901 Uber transskription der finnisch ugrischen sprachen in German Helsingfors Leipzig p 47 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Uralic Phonetic Alphabet amp oldid 1167816722, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
