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Transcription (linguistics)

January 13, 2023

This article is about transcription in linguistics. For other uses, see Transcription.

Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation of spoken language in written form. The source can either be utterances (speech or sign language) or preexisting text in another writing system.

Transcription should not be confused with translation, which means representing the meaning of text from a source-language in a target language, (e.g. Los Angeles (from source-language Spanish) means The Angels in the target language English); or with transliteration, which means representing the spelling of a text from one script to another.

In the academic discipline of linguistics, transcription is an essential part of the methodologies of (among others) phonetics, conversation analysis, dialectology, and sociolinguistics. It also plays an important role for several subfields of speech technology. Common examples for transcriptions outside academia are the proceedings of a court hearing such as a criminal trial (by a court reporter) or a physician's recorded voice notes (medical transcription). This article focuses on transcription in linguistics.

Phonetic and orthographic transcription

There are two main types of linguistic transcription. Phonetic transcription focuses on phonetic and phonological properties of spoken language. Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or phones to written symbols. Systems for orthographic transcription, by contrast, consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by the orthography of a given language. Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets, usually the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The type of transcription chosen depends mostly on the context of usage. Because phonetic transcription strictly foregrounds the phonetic nature of language, it is mostly used for phonetic or phonological analyses. Orthographic transcription, however, has a morphological and a lexical component alongside the phonetic component (which aspect is represented to which degree depends on the language and orthography in question). This form of transcription is thus more convenient wherever semantic aspects of spoken language are transcribed. Phonetic transcription is more systematic in a scientific sense, but it is also more difficult to learn, more time-consuming to carry out and less widely applicable than orthographic transcription.

As a theory

Mapping spoken language onto written symbols is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance. Written language is an idealization, made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols. Spoken language, on the other hand, is a continuous (as opposed to discrete) phenomenon, made up of a potentially unlimited number of components. There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and, consequently, no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols.

Literature is relatively consistent in pointing out the nonneutrality of transcription practices. There is not and cannot be a neutral transcription system. Knowledge of social culture enters directly into the making of a transcript. They are captured in the texture of the transcript (Baker, 2005).

Transcription systems

Transcription systems are sets of rules which define how spoken language is to be represented in written symbols. Most phonetic transcription systems are based on the International Phonetic Alphabet or, especially in speech technology, on its derivative SAMPA.

Examples for orthographic transcription systems (all from the field of conversation analysis or related fields) are:

CA (conversation analysis)

Arguably the first system of its kind, originally sketched in (Sacks et al. 1978), later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as CA-CHAT by (MacWhinney 2000). The field of Conversation Analysis itself includes a number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions. These include, among others, Jefferson Notation. To analyze conversation, recorded data is typically transcribed into a written form that is agreeable to analysts. There are two common approaches. The first, called narrow transcription, captures the details of conversational interaction such as which particular words are stressed, which words are spoken with increased loudness, points at which the turns-at-talk overlap, how particular words are articulated, and so on. If such detail is less important, perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns-at-talk amongst the participants, then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient (Williamson, 2009).

Jefferson Transcription System

The Jefferson Transcription System is a set of symbols, developed by Gail Jefferson, which is used for transcribing talk. Having had some previous experience in transcribing when she was hired in 1963 as a clerk typist at the UCLA Department of Public Health to transcribe sensitivity-training sessions for prison guards, Jefferson began transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Harvey Sacks' earliest lectures were developed. Over four decades, for the majority of which she held no university position and was unsalaried, Jefferson's research into talk-in-interaction has set the standard for what became known as conversation analysis (CA). Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction, but also disciplines beyond, especially linguistics, communication, and anthropology.[1] This system is employed universally by those working from the CA perspective and is regarded as having become a near-globalized set of instructions for transcription.[2]

DT (discourse transcription)

A system described in (DuBois et al. 1992), used for transcription of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English (SBCSAE), later developed further into DT2.

GAT (Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem – Conversation analytic transcription system)

A system described in (Selting et al. 1998), later developed further into GAT2 (Selting et al. 2009), widely used in German speaking countries for prosodically oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics.[3][4]

HIAT (Halbinterpretative Arbeitstranskriptionen – Semiinterpretative working transcriptions)

Arguably the first system of its kind, originally described in (Ehlich and Rehbein 1976) – see (Ehlich 1992) for an English reference - adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as (Rehbein et al. 2004), and widely used in functional pragmatics.[5][6][7]

Software

Transcription was originally a process carried out manually, i.e. with pencil and paper, using an analogue sound recording stored on, e.g., a Compact Cassette. Nowadays, most transcription is done on computers. Recordings are usually digital audio files or video files, and transcriptions are electronic documents. Specialized computer software exists to assist the transcriber in efficiently creating a digital transcription from a digital recording.

Two types of transcription software can be used to assist the process of transcription: one that facilitates manual transcription and the other automated transcription. For the former, the work is still very much done by a human transcriber who listens to a recording and types up what is heard in a computer, and this type of software is often a multimedia player with functionality such as playback or changing speed. For the latter, automated transcription is achieved by a speech-to-text engine which converts audio or video files into electronic text. Some of the software would also include the function of annotation.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ . gail-jefferson.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ Davidson, C. (2007). Independent writing in current approaches to writing instruction: What have we overlooked? English Teaching: Practice and Critique. Volume 6, Number 1.
  3. ^ Selting, Margret / Auer, Peter / Barden, Birgit / Bergmann, Jörg / Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth / Günthner, Susanne / Meier, Christoph / Quasthoff, Uta / Schlobinski, Peter / Uhmann, Susanne (1998): Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem (GAT). In: Linguistische Berichte 173, 91-122.
  4. ^ Selting, M., Auer, P., Barth-Weingarten, D., Bergmann, J., Bergmann, P., Birkner, K., Couper-Kuhlen, E., Deppermann, A., Gilles, P., Günthner, S., Hartung, M., Kern, F., Mertzlufft, C., Meyer, C., Morek, M., Oberzaucher, F., Peters, J., Quasthoff, U., Schütte, W., Stukenbrock, A., Uhmann, S. (2009): Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem 2 (GAT 2). In: Gesprächsforschung (10), 353-402.
  5. ^ Ehlich, K. (1992). HIAT - a Transcription System for Discourse Data. In: Edwards, Jane / Lampert, Martin (eds.): Talking Data – Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research. Hillsdale: Erlbaum, 123-148.
  6. ^ Ehlich, K. & Rehbein, J. (1976) Halbinterpretative Arbeitstranskriptionen (HIAT). In: Linguistische Berichte (45), 21-41.
  7. ^ Rehbein, J.; Schmidt, T.; Meyer, B.; Watzke, F. & Herkenrath, A. (2004) Handbuch für das computergestützte Transkribieren nach HIAT. In: Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit, Folge B (56).
  8. ^ Chen, Yu-Hua; Bruncak, Radovan (2019). "Transcribear – Introducing a secure online transcription and annotation tool". Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. 35 (2): 265–275. doi:10.1093/llc/fqz016.

Further reading

  • Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2013). The conversation analytic approach to transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of Conversation Analysis (pp. 57–76). Oxford: Blackwell. PDF
  • DuBois, John / Schuetze-Coburn, Stephan / Cumming, Susanne / Paolino, Danae (1992): Outline of Discourse Transcription. In: Edwards/Lampert (1992), 45–89.
  • Haberland, H. & Mortensen, J. (2016) Transcription as second order entextualisation: The challenge of heteroglossia. In: Capone, A. & Mey, J. L. (eds.): Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, Culture and Society, 581–600. Cham: Springer.
  • Jenks, C.J. (2011) Transcribing Talk and Interaction: Issues in the Representation of Communication Data. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • MacWhinney, Brian (2000): The CHILDES project: tools for analyzing talk. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Ochs, E. (1979) Transcription as theory. In: Ochs, E. & Schieffelin, B. B. (ed.): Developmental pragmatics, 43–72. New York: Academic Press.
  • Sacks, H.; Schegloff, E. & Jefferson, G. (1978) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation. In: Schenkein, J. (ed.): Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction, 7-56. New York: Academic Press.

External links

  • Transcription in Action - website from UC Santa Barbara
  • Documentation and examples for the HIAT transcription system
  • Transcription - a website with resources for transcription in conversation analysis

January 13, 2023
transcription, linguistics, this, article, about, transcription, linguistics, other, uses, transcription, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material. This article is about transcription in linguistics For other uses see Transcription This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Transcription linguistics news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation of spoken language in written form The source can either be utterances speech or sign language or preexisting text in another writing system Transcription should not be confused with translation which means representing the meaning of text from a source language in a target language e g Los Angeles from source language Spanish means The Angels in the target language English or with transliteration which means representing the spelling of a text from one script to another In the academic discipline of linguistics transcription is an essential part of the methodologies of among others phonetics conversation analysis dialectology and sociolinguistics It also plays an important role for several subfields of speech technology Common examples for transcriptions outside academia are the proceedings of a court hearing such as a criminal trial by a court reporter or a physician s recorded voice notes medical transcription This article focuses on transcription in linguistics Contents 1 Phonetic and orthographic transcription 2 As a theory 3 Transcription systems 3 1 CA conversation analysis 3 1 1 Jefferson Transcription System 3 2 DT discourse transcription 3 3 GAT Gesprachsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem Conversation analytic transcription system 3 4 HIAT Halbinterpretative Arbeitstranskriptionen Semiinterpretative working transcriptions 4 Software 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksPhonetic and orthographic transcription EditThere are two main types of linguistic transcription Phonetic transcription focuses on phonetic and phonological properties of spoken language Systems for phonetic transcription thus furnish rules for mapping individual sounds or phones to written symbols Systems for orthographic transcription by contrast consist of rules for mapping spoken words onto written forms as prescribed by the orthography of a given language Phonetic transcription operates with specially defined character sets usually the International Phonetic Alphabet The type of transcription chosen depends mostly on the context of usage Because phonetic transcription strictly foregrounds the phonetic nature of language it is mostly used for phonetic or phonological analyses Orthographic transcription however has a morphological and a lexical component alongside the phonetic component which aspect is represented to which degree depends on the language and orthography in question This form of transcription is thus more convenient wherever semantic aspects of spoken language are transcribed Phonetic transcription is more systematic in a scientific sense but it is also more difficult to learn more time consuming to carry out and less widely applicable than orthographic transcription As a theory EditMapping spoken language onto written symbols is not as straightforward a process as may seem at first glance Written language is an idealization made up of a limited set of clearly distinct and discrete symbols Spoken language on the other hand is a continuous as opposed to discrete phenomenon made up of a potentially unlimited number of components There is no predetermined system for distinguishing and classifying these components and consequently no preset way of mapping these components onto written symbols Literature is relatively consistent in pointing out the nonneutrality of transcription practices There is not and cannot be a neutral transcription system Knowledge of social culture enters directly into the making of a transcript They are captured in the texture of the transcript Baker 2005 Transcription systems EditTranscription systems are sets of rules which define how spoken language is to be represented in written symbols Most phonetic transcription systems are based on the International Phonetic Alphabet or especially in speech technology on its derivative SAMPA Examples for orthographic transcription systems all from the field of conversation analysis or related fields are CA conversation analysis Edit Arguably the first system of its kind originally sketched in Sacks et al 1978 later adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as CA CHAT by MacWhinney 2000 The field of Conversation Analysis itself includes a number of distinct approaches to transcription and sets of transcription conventions These include among others Jefferson Notation To analyze conversation recorded data is typically transcribed into a written form that is agreeable to analysts There are two common approaches The first called narrow transcription captures the details of conversational interaction such as which particular words are stressed which words are spoken with increased loudness points at which the turns at talk overlap how particular words are articulated and so on If such detail is less important perhaps because the analyst is more concerned with the overall gross structure of the conversation or the relative distribution of turns at talk amongst the participants then a second type of transcription known as broad transcription may be sufficient Williamson 2009 Jefferson Transcription System Edit The Jefferson Transcription System is a set of symbols developed by Gail Jefferson which is used for transcribing talk Having had some previous experience in transcribing when she was hired in 1963 as a clerk typist at the UCLA Department of Public Health to transcribe sensitivity training sessions for prison guards Jefferson began transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Harvey Sacks earliest lectures were developed Over four decades for the majority of which she held no university position and was unsalaried Jefferson s research into talk in interaction has set the standard for what became known as conversation analysis CA Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction but also disciplines beyond especially linguistics communication and anthropology 1 This system is employed universally by those working from the CA perspective and is regarded as having become a near globalized set of instructions for transcription 2 DT discourse transcription Edit A system described in DuBois et al 1992 used for transcription of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English SBCSAE later developed further into DT2 GAT Gesprachsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem Conversation analytic transcription system Edit A system described in Selting et al 1998 later developed further into GAT2 Selting et al 2009 widely used in German speaking countries for prosodically oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics 3 4 HIAT Halbinterpretative Arbeitstranskriptionen Semiinterpretative working transcriptions Edit Arguably the first system of its kind originally described in Ehlich and Rehbein 1976 see Ehlich 1992 for an English reference adapted for the use in computer readable corpora as Rehbein et al 2004 and widely used in functional pragmatics 5 6 7 Software EditTranscription was originally a process carried out manually i e with pencil and paper using an analogue sound recording stored on e g a Compact Cassette Nowadays most transcription is done on computers Recordings are usually digital audio files or video files and transcriptions are electronic documents Specialized computer software exists to assist the transcriber in efficiently creating a digital transcription from a digital recording Two types of transcription software can be used to assist the process of transcription one that facilitates manual transcription and the other automated transcription For the former the work is still very much done by a human transcriber who listens to a recording and types up what is heard in a computer and this type of software is often a multimedia player with functionality such as playback or changing speed For the latter automated transcription is achieved by a speech to text engine which converts audio or video files into electronic text Some of the software would also include the function of annotation 8 See also EditInterlinear gloss Phonetic transcription Speech recognition Subtitle captioning Textual scholarship Transcription service Transcription softwareReferences Edit Gail Jefferson Obituary 1938 2008 Quotes from authorities colleagues friends gail jefferson com Archived from the original on 2015 02 09 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Davidson C 2007 Independent writing in current approaches to writing instruction What have we overlooked English Teaching Practice and Critique Volume 6 Number 1 Selting Margret Auer Peter Barden Birgit Bergmann Jorg Couper Kuhlen Elizabeth Gunthner Susanne Meier Christoph Quasthoff Uta Schlobinski Peter Uhmann Susanne 1998 Gesprachsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem GAT In Linguistische Berichte 173 91 122 Selting M Auer P Barth Weingarten D Bergmann J Bergmann P Birkner K Couper Kuhlen E Deppermann A Gilles P Gunthner S Hartung M Kern F Mertzlufft C Meyer C Morek M Oberzaucher F Peters J Quasthoff U Schutte W Stukenbrock A Uhmann S 2009 Gesprachsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem 2 GAT 2 In Gesprachsforschung 10 353 402 Ehlich K 1992 HIAT a Transcription System for Discourse Data In Edwards Jane Lampert Martin eds Talking Data Transcription and Coding in Discourse Research Hillsdale Erlbaum 123 148 Ehlich K amp Rehbein J 1976 Halbinterpretative Arbeitstranskriptionen HIAT In Linguistische Berichte 45 21 41 Rehbein J Schmidt T Meyer B Watzke F amp Herkenrath A 2004 Handbuch fur das computergestutzte Transkribieren nach HIAT In Arbeiten zur Mehrsprachigkeit Folge B 56 Chen Yu Hua Bruncak Radovan 2019 Transcribear Introducing a secure online transcription and annotation tool Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 35 2 265 275 doi 10 1093 llc fqz016 Further reading EditHepburn A amp Bolden G B 2013 The conversation analytic approach to transcription In J Sidnell amp T Stivers Eds The handbook of Conversation Analysis pp 57 76 Oxford Blackwell PDF DuBois John Schuetze Coburn Stephan Cumming Susanne Paolino Danae 1992 Outline of Discourse Transcription In Edwards Lampert 1992 45 89 Haberland H amp Mortensen J 2016 Transcription as second order entextualisation The challenge of heteroglossia In Capone A amp Mey J L eds Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics Culture and Society 581 600 Cham Springer Jenks C J 2011 Transcribing Talk and Interaction Issues in the Representation of Communication Data Amsterdam John Benjamins MacWhinney Brian 2000 The CHILDES project tools for analyzing talk Mahwah NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Ochs E 1979 Transcription as theory In Ochs E amp Schieffelin B B ed Developmental pragmatics 43 72 New York Academic Press Sacks H Schegloff E amp Jefferson G 1978 A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation In Schenkein J ed Studies in the Organization of Conversational Interaction 7 56 New York Academic Press External links EditTranscription in Action website from UC Santa Barbara Documentation and examples for the HIAT transcription system Transcription a website with resources for transcription in conversation analysis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transcription linguistics amp oldid 1109764453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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