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Voiceless alveolar trill

January 28, 2023

The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill /r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Voiceless alveolar trill
r̥
IPA Number122 402A
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPAr_0

Proto-Indo-European *sr developed into a sound spelled ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek.

  • PIE *srew- > Ancient Greek ῥέω "flow", possibly [r̥é.ɔː]

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar trill:

  • Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
  • Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.[1]
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Alveolar
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dharumbal[2] barhi [ˈbar̥i] 'stone' Contrasts with /r/.
Estonian[3] [example needed] Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t, s, h/.[3] See Estonian phonology
Icelandic hrafn [ˈr̥apn̥] 'raven' Contrasts with /r/. For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap. Also illustrates [n̥]. See Icelandic phonology
Konda[4] puRi [pur̥i] 'anthill' Contrasts /ɾ r r̥ ɽ/.[5]
Lezgian[6] крчар/krčar [ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar] 'horns' Allophone of /r/ between voiceless obstruents
Limburgish Hasselt dialect[7] geer [ɣeːr̥] 'odour' Possible word-final allophone of /r/; may be uvular [ʀ̥] instead.[8] See Hasselt dialect phonology
Moksha нархне/närhn'e [ˈnar̥nʲæ] 'these grasses' Contrasts with /r/: нарня [ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart /r̥ʲ/: марьхне [ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", but марьня [ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple"
Nivkh Amur dialect р̌ы/řy [r̥ɨ] 'door' Contrasts with /r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩.
Northern Qiang [example needed] Contrasts with /r/
Polish krtań [ˈkr̥täɲ̟] 'larynx' Allophone of /r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. See Polish phonology
Ukrainian[9] центр/centr [t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥] 'centre' Word-final allophone of /r/ after /t/.[9] See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh Rhagfyr [ˈr̥aɡvɨr] 'December' Contrasts with /r/. See Welsh phonology
Zapotec Quiegolani[10] rsil [r̥sil] 'early' Allophone of /r/.[10]

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
r̝̊
IPA Number122 402A 429
Encoding
X-SAMPAr_0_r

The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
  • Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge,
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech[11][12] tři sta [ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä] 'three hundred' Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants;[13][12] may be a tapped fricative instead.[12] See Czech phonology
Norwegian Areas around Narvik[14] norsk [nɔr̝̊k] 'Norwegian' Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.[14]
Some subdialects of Trøndersk[14]
Nivkh (East) Sakhalin dialect р̌ы [r̝̊ɨ] 'door' Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨r̥⟩.
Polish Some dialects przyjść [ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ] 'to come' Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
Silesian Gmina Istebna [example needed] Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It's pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects
Jablunkov [example needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
  2. ^ Terrill (2002), p. 4.
  3. ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
  4. ^ Emeneau (1970).
  5. ^ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  6. ^ Haspelmath (1993:35)
  7. ^ Peters (2006)
  8. ^ While Peters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final /r/.
  9. ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)
  10. ^ a b Regnier (1993:11)
  11. ^ Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
  12. ^ a b c Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
  13. ^ Dankovičová (1999:70)
  14. ^ a b c Fabiánová (2011:34–35)

References

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
  • Fabiánová, Martina (2011), Srovnání české a norské fonetiky (PDF)
  • Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Regnier, Sue (1993), "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology", Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Dakota, 37: 37–63
  • Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
  • Terrill, Angela (2002), Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-462-6

External links

  • List of languages with [r̥] on PHOIBLE

January 28, 2023
voiceless, alveolar, trill, voiceless, alveolar, trill, differs, from, voiced, alveolar, trill, only, vibrations, vocal, cord, occurs, languages, usually, alongside, voiced, version, similar, phoneme, allophone, number122, 402aaudio, sample, source, source, so. The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill r only by the vibrations of the vocal cord It occurs in a few languages usually alongside the voiced version as a similar phoneme or an allophone Voiceless alveolar trillr IPA Number122 402AAudio sample source source source helpEncodingX SAMPAr 0ImageProto Indo European sr developed into a sound spelled ῥ with the letter for r and the diacritic for h in Ancient Greek It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word initial allophone of r in standard Attic Greek that has disappeared in Modern Greek PIE srew gt Ancient Greek ῥew flow possibly r e ɔː Contents 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 Voiceless alveolar fricative trill 3 1 Features 3 2 Occurrence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksFeatures EditFeatures of the voiceless alveolar trill Its manner of articulation is trill which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates Its place of articulation is dental alveolar or post alveolar which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge It is most often apical which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue 1 Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated so it is always voiceless in others the cords are lax so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a central consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue rather than to the sides The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm as in most sounds Occurrence EditAlveolarLanguage Word IPA Meaning NotesDharumbal 2 barhi ˈbar i stone Contrasts with r Estonian 3 example needed Word final allophone of r after t s h 3 See Estonian phonologyIcelandic hrafn ˈr apn raven Contrasts with r For some speakers it may actually be a voiceless flap Also illustrates n See Icelandic phonologyKonda 4 puRi pur i anthill Contrasts ɾ r r ɽ 5 Lezgian 6 krchar krcar ˈkʰr t ʃar horns Allophone of r between voiceless obstruentsLimburgish Hasselt dialect 7 geer ɣeːr odour Possible word final allophone of r may be uvular ʀ instead 8 See Hasselt dialect phonologyMoksha narhne narhn e ˈnar nʲae these grasses Contrasts with r narnya ˈnarnʲae short grass It has the palatalized counterpart r ʲ marhne ˈmar ʲnʲae these apples but marnya ˈmarʲnʲae little apple Nivkh Amur dialect r y ry r ɨ door Contrasts with r In the Sakhalin dialect typically fricated r Northern Qiang example needed Contrasts with r Polish krtan ˈkr taɲ larynx Allophone of r when surrounded by voiceless consonants or word finally after voiceless consonants See Polish phonologyUkrainian 9 centr centr t s ɛn t r centre Word final allophone of r after t 9 See Ukrainian phonologyWelsh Rhagfyr ˈr aɡvɨr December Contrasts with r See Welsh phonologyZapotec Quiegolani 10 rsil r sil early Allophone of r 10 Voiceless alveolar fricative trill EditVoiceless alveolar fricative trillr IPA Number122 402A 429EncodingX SAMPAr 0 rThe voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh It occurs allophonically in Czech Features Edit Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill Its manner of articulation is fricative trill which means it is a non sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously Its place of articulation is laminal alveolar which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge Its phonation is voiceless which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated so it is always voiceless in others the cords are lax so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds It is an oral consonant which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only It is a central consonant which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue rather than to the sides The airstream mechanism is pulmonic which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm as in most sounds Occurrence Edit Language Word IPA Meaning NotesCzech 11 12 tri sta ˈt r ɪs t a three hundred Allophone of r after voiceless consonants 13 12 may be a tapped fricative instead 12 See Czech phonologyNorwegian Areas around Narvik 14 norsk nɔr k Norwegian Allophone of the sequence ɾs before voiceless consonants 14 Some subdialects of Trondersk 14 Nivkh East Sakhalin dialect r y r ɨ door Contrasts with r In the Amur dialect typically realized as r Polish Some dialects przyjsc ˈpr ɘjɕt ɕ to come Allophone of r after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with ʐ Present in areas from Starogard Gdanski to Malbork and those south west and northwest of them area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Dzialdowo south and east from Wielen around Wolomin southeast from Ostrow Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them and roughly from Raciborz to Nowy Targ Most speakers including speakers of standard Polish pronounce it the same as ʂ and speakers maintaining the distinction which is mostly the elderly sporadically do so too Silesian Gmina Istebna example needed Allophone of r after voiceless consonants It s pronounced the same as ʂ in most Polish dialectsJablunkov example needed See also EditIndex of phonetics articlesNotes Edit Ladefoged amp Maddieson 1996 228 Terrill 2002 p 4 a b Asu amp Teras 2009 p 368 Emeneau 1970 sfnp error no target CITEREFEmeneau1970 help Krishnamurti 2003 p 70 sfnp error no target CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 help Haspelmath 1993 35 Peters 2006 While Peters 2006 does not state that explicitly he uses the symbol r for many instances of the word final r a b Danyenko amp Vakulenko 1995 8 a b Regnier 1993 11 Dankovicova 1999 70 71 a b c Simackova Podlipsky amp Chladkova 2012 226 Dankovicova 1999 70 a b c Fabianova 2011 34 35 References EditAsu Eva Liina Teras Pire 2009 Estonian Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 3 367 372 doi 10 1017 s002510030999017x Dankovicova Jana 1999 Czech Handbook of the International Phonetic Association A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 70 74 ISBN 0 521 65236 7 Danyenko Andrii Vakulenko Serhii 1995 Ukrainian Lincom Europa ISBN 9783929075083 Fabianova Martina 2011 Srovnani ceske a norske fonetiky PDF Haspelmath Martin 1993 A Grammar of Lezgian Mouton Grammar Library vol 9 Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter ISBN 3 11 013735 6 Ladefoged Peter Maddieson Ian 1996 The Sounds of the World s Languages Oxford Blackwell ISBN 978 0 631 19815 4 Peters Jorg 2006 The dialect of Hasselt Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 1 117 124 doi 10 1017 S0025100306002428 Regnier Sue 1993 Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Dakota 37 37 63 Simackova Sarka Podlipsky Vaclav Jonas Chladkova Katerina 2012 Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia PDF Journal of the International Phonetic Association 42 2 225 232 doi 10 1017 S0025100312000102 Terrill Angela 2002 Dharumbal The Language of Rockhampton Australia Canberra Pacific Linguistics ISBN 0 85883 462 6External links EditList of languages with r on PHOIBLE Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Voiceless alveolar trill amp oldid 1110947880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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