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Member states of the World Trade Organization

January 01, 1970

The original member states of the World Trade Organization are the parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) after ratifying the Uruguay Round Agreements,[1] and the European Communities. They obtained this status at the entry into force on 1 January 1995 or upon their date of ratification. All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation, and membership consists of a balance of rights and obligations.[2] The process of becoming a World Trade Organization (WTO) member is unique to each applicant country, and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and the current trade regime.[3]

An offer of accession is given once consensus is reached among members.[4] The process takes about five years, on average, but it can take some countries almost a decade if the country is less than fully committed to the process, or if political issues interfere. The shortest accession negotiation was that of Kyrgyzstan, lasting 2 years and 10 months. The longest were that of Russia, lasting 19 years and 2 months,[5] Vanuatu, lasting 17 years and 1 month,[6] and China, lasting 15 years and 5 months.[7]

As of 2007, WTO member states represented 96.4% of global trade and 96.7% of global GDP.[8] Iran, followed by Algeria, are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO, using 2005 data.[9][10]

Accession process edit

 
WTO accession progress:[11]
  Draft Working Party Report or Factual Summary adopted
  Goods and/or Services offers submitted
  Working party meetings
  Memorandum on Foreign Trade Regime submitted
  Working party established

A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council. The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements.[2] The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members, and dealing with the country's application. For large countries such as Russia, numerous countries participate in this process. For smaller countries, the Quadrilateral group of members—consisting of Canada, the European Union, Japan, and the United States—and an applicant's neighboring countries are typically most involved.[12] The applicant then presents a detailed memorandum to the Working Party on its foreign trade regime, describing, among other things, its economy, economic policies, domestic and international trade regulations, and intellectual property policies. The Working Party Members submit written questions to the applicant to clarify aspects of its foreign trade regime with particular attention being paid to the degree of privatization in the economy and the extent to which government regulation is transparent.[13] After all necessary background information has been acquired, the Working Party will begin meeting to focus on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the Applicant's international and domestic trade policies and laws. The WP determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation, and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules.[3]

The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other Working Party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff levels and market access for goods and services. These talks cover tariff rates and specific market access commitments, and other policies in goods and services. The new member's commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under normal non-discrimination rules, even though they are negotiated bilaterally. In other words, the talks determine the benefits (in the form of export opportunities and guarantees) other WTO members can expect when the new member joins. The talks can be highly complicated; it has been said that in some cases the negotiations are almost as large as an entire round of multilateral trade negotiations.[2]

When the bilateral talks conclude, the working party finalizes the terms of accession, sends an accession package, which includes a summary of all the WP meetings, the Protocol of Accession (a draft membership treaty), and lists ("schedules") of the member-to-be's commitments to the General Council or Ministerial Conference. Once the General Council or Ministerial Conference approves of the terms of accession, the applicant's parliament must ratify the Protocol of Accession before it can become a member.[14] The documents used in the accession process which are embargoed during the accession process are released once the nation becomes a member.[3]

Members and observers edit

 
A world map of WTO participation:
  Members
  Members, dually represented with the European Union
  Observers
  Non-members

As of July 2016, the WTO has 164 members.[15] Of the 128 states party to GATT at the end of 1994, all have since become WTO members except for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had dissolved in 1992 and was suspended from participating in GATT at the time.[16][17] Four other states, China, Lebanon, Liberia, and Syria, were parties to GATT but subsequently withdrew from the treaty prior to the establishment of the WTO.[16][18] China and Liberia have since acceded to the WTO. The remaining WTO members acceded after first becoming WTO observers and negotiating membership.

The 27 states of the European Union are dually represented, as the EU is a full member of the organization. Other autonomous entities are eligible for full membership in the WTO provided that they have a separate customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations. Thus, Hong Kong became a GATT contracting party, by the now terminated "sponsorship" procedure of the United Kingdom (Hong Kong uses the name "Hong Kong, China" since 1997), as did Macao. A new member of this type is the Republic of China (Taiwan), which acceded to the WTO in 2002, and carefully crafted its application by joining under the name "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei)"[19][20] so that they were not rejected as a result of the One China principle implemented by the People's Republic of China.

The WTO also has 25 observer states,[15] that with the exception of the Holy See must start their accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers. The last country admitted as observer-only before applying for full membership was Equatorial Guinea in 2002, but since 2007 it is also in full membership negotiations. In 2007 Liberia and Comoros applied directly for full membership. Some international intergovernmental organizations are also granted observer status to WTO bodies.[21] The Palestinian Authority submitted a request for WTO observer status in October 2009[22] and again in April 2010.[23]

Afghanistan is the newest member, joining effective 29 July 2016.[24]

Russia was one of the only two large economies outside of the WTO after Saudi Arabia joined in 2005.[25][26] It had begun negotiating to join the WTO's predecessor in 1993. The final major point of contention—related to the 2008 Russo-Georgian War—was solved through mediation by Switzerland,[25] leading to Russian membership in 2012. The other is Iran, which is an observer state and begun negotiations in 1996.

A membership offer requires a two-thirds majority vote among existing members,[27][28] while the granting of observer status requires a simple majority.[29][30] Observers have speaking rights after members have spoken, but not the right to submit proposals or voting rights.

List of members and accession dates edit

The following table lists all current members, their accession date and previous GATT membership, of which there were 128 nations when the transformation was consummated.[15][17][31]

State[15][32][17] Date of accession GATT membership
  Afghanistan[a] 29 July 2016
  Albania 8 September 2000
  Angola 23 November 1996 8 April 1994
  Antigua and Barbuda 1 January 1995 30 March 1987
  Argentina 1 January 1995 11 October 1967
  Armenia 5 February 2003
  Australia 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Austria[b] 1 January 1995 19 October 1951
  Bahrain 1 January 1995 13 December 1993
  Bangladesh 1 January 1995 16 December 1972
  Barbados 1 January 1995 15 February 1967
  Belgium[b] 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Belize 1 January 1995 7 October 1983
  Benin 22 February 1996 12 September 1963
  Bolivia 12 September 1995 8 September 1990
  Botswana 31 May 1995 28 August 1987
  Brazil 1 January 1995 30 July 1948
  Brunei 1 January 1995 9 December 1993
  Bulgaria[c] 1 December 1996
  Burkina Faso 3 June 1995 3 May 1963
  Burundi 23 July 1995 13 March 1965
  Cambodia 13 October 2004
  Cameroon 13 December 1995 3 May 1963
  Canada 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Cape Verde 23 July 2008
  Central African Republic 31 May 1995 3 May 1963
  Chad 19 October 1996 12 July 1963
  Chile 1 January 1995 16 March 1949
  China 11 December 2001
  Colombia 30 April 1995 3 October 1981
  Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1 January 1997 11 September 1971
  Congo, Republic of the 27 March 1997 3 May 1963
  Costa Rica 1 January 1995 24 November 1990
  Côte d'Ivoire 1 January 1995 31 December 1963
  Croatia[d] 30 November 2000
  Cuba 20 April 1995 1 January 1948
  Cyprus[e] 30 July 1995 15 July 1963
  Czech Republic[e] 1 January 1995 15 April 1993
  Denmark[b] 1 January 1995 28 May 1950
  Djibouti 31 May 1995 16 December 1994
  Dominica 1 January 1995 20 April 1993
  Dominican Republic 9 March 1995 19 May 1950
  Ecuador 21 January 1996
  Egypt 30 June 1995 9 May 1970
  El Salvador 7 May 1995 22 May 1991
  Estonia[e] 13 November 1999
  Eswatini[f] 1 January 1995 8 February 1993
  European Union[g] 1 January 1995
  Fiji 14 January 1996 16 November 1993
  Finland[b] 1 January 1995 25 May 1950
  France[b] 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Gabon 1 January 1995 3 May 1963
  Gambia 23 October 1996 22 February 1965
  Georgia 14 June 2000
  Germany[b] 1 January 1995 1 October 1951
  Ghana 1 January 1995 17 October 1957
  Greece[b] 1 January 1995 1 March 1950
  Grenada 22 February 1996 9 February 1994
  Guatemala 21 July 1995 10 October 1991
  Guinea 25 October 1995 8 December 1994
  Guinea-Bissau 31 May 1995 17 March 1994
  Guyana 1 January 1995 5 July 1966
  Haiti 30 January 1996 1 January 1950
  Honduras 1 January 1995 10 April 1994
  Hong Kong, China[h][15] 1 January 1995 23 April 1986
  Hungary[e] 1 January 1995 9 September 1973
  Iceland 1 January 1995 21 April 1968
  India 1 January 1995 8 July 1948
  Indonesia 1 January 1995 24 February 1950
  Ireland[b] 1 January 1995 22 December 1967
  Israel 21 April 1995 5 July 1962
  Italy[b] 1 January 1995 30 May 1950
  Jamaica 9 March 1995 31 December 1963
  Japan 1 January 1995 10 September 1955
  Jordan 11 April 2000
  Kazakhstan 30 November 2015
  Kenya 1 January 1995 5 February 1964
  Korea, Republic of 1 January 1995 14 April 1967
  Kuwait 1 January 1995 3 May 1963
  Kyrgyzstan 20 December 1998
  Laos 2 February 2013
  Latvia[e] 10 February 1999
  Lesotho 31 May 1995 8 January 1988
  Liberia 14 July 2016
  Liechtenstein 1 September 1995 29 March 1994
  Lithuania[e] 31 May 2001
  Luxembourg[b] 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Madagascar 17 November 1995 30 September 1963
  Malawi 31 May 1995 28 August 1964
  Malaysia 1 January 1995 24 October 1957
  Maldives 31 May 1995 19 April 1983
  Mali 31 May 1995 11 January 1993
  Malta[e] 1 January 1995 17 November 1964
  Macao, China[i][15] 1 January 1995 11 January 1991
  Mauritania 31 May 1995 30 September 1963
  Mauritius 1 January 1995 2 September 1970
  Mexico 1 January 1995 24 August 1986
  Moldova 26 July 2001
  Mongolia 29 January 1997
  Montenegro 29 April 2012[38]
  Morocco 1 January 1995 17 June 1987
  Mozambique 26 August 1995 27 July 1992
  Myanmar 1 January 1995 29 July 1948
  Namibia 1 January 1995 15 September 1992
    Nepal 23 April 2004
  Netherlands[b] 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  New Zealand 1 January 1995 30 July 1948
  Nicaragua 3 September 1995 28 May 1950
  Niger 13 December 1996 31 December 1963
  Nigeria 1 January 1995 18 November 1960
  North Macedonia[j] 4 April 2003
  Norway 1 January 1995 10 July 1948
  Oman 9 November 2000
  Pakistan 1 January 1995 30 July 1948
  Panama 6 September 1997
  Papua New Guinea 9 June 1996 16 December 1994
  Paraguay 1 January 1995 6 January 1994
  Peru 1 January 1995 7 October 1951
  Philippines 1 January 1995 27 December 1979
  Poland[e] 1 July 1995 18 October 1967
  Portugal[b] 1 January 1995 6 May 1962
  Qatar 13 January 1996 7 April 1994
  Romania[c] 1 January 1995 14 November 1971
  Russia 22 August 2012
  Rwanda 22 May 1996 1 January 1966
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 1996 24 March 1994
  Saint Lucia 1 January 1995 13 April 1993
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 January 1995 18 May 1993
  Samoa 10 May 2012[38]
  Saudi Arabia 11 December 2005
  Senegal 1 January 1995 27 September 1963
  Seychelles 26 April 2015
  Sierra Leone 23 July 1995 19 May 1961
  Singapore 1 January 1995 20 August 1973
  Slovakia[e] 1 January 1995 15 April 1993
  Slovenia[e] 30 July 1995 30 October 1994
  Solomon Islands 26 July 1996 28 December 1994
  South Africa 1 January 1995 13 June 1948
  Spain[b] 1 January 1995 29 August 1963
  Sri Lanka 1 January 1995 29 July 1948
  Suriname 1 January 1995 22 March 1978
  Sweden[b] 1 January 1995 30 April 1950
   Switzerland 1 July 1995 1 August 1966
  Taiwan[k][15] 1 January 2002
  Tajikistan 2 March 2013
  Tanzania 1 January 1995 9 December 1961
  Thailand 1 January 1995 20 November 1982
  Togo 31 May 1995 20 March 1964
  Tonga 27 July 2007
  Trinidad and Tobago 1 March 1995 23 October 1962
  Tunisia 29 March 1995 29 August 1990
  Turkey 26 March 1995 17 October 1951
  Uganda 1 January 1995 23 October 1962
  Ukraine 16 May 2008
  United Arab Emirates 10 April 1996 8 March 1994
  United Kingdom[l] 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  United States 1 January 1995 1 January 1948
  Uruguay 1 January 1995 6 December 1953
  Vanuatu 24 August 2012[6]
  Venezuela 1 January 1995 31 August 1990
  Vietnam 11 January 2007
  Yemen 26 June 2014
  Zambia 1 January 1995 10 February 1982
  Zimbabwe 5 March 1995 11 July 1948
Notes
  1. ^ The WTO continues to recognize the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[33]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Member state of the European Union.
  3. ^ a b Member state of the European Union since 2007.
  4. ^ Member state of the European Union since 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Member state of the European Union since 2004.
  6. ^ Known as Swaziland until 2018.
  7. ^ All member countries of the European Union are also members of the WTO individually.
  8. ^ Official name was Hong Kong until 1997.[34][35]
  9. ^ Official name was Macao until 1999.[36][37]
  10. ^ Known as the Republic of Macedonia until 2019.
  11. ^ Officially uses the designation "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu".
  12. ^ Former Member state of the European Union until withdrawing in 2020. Extended its membership to the Channel Islands on 1 January 2021.[39][40][41]

List of observers edit

The following table lists all 25 WTO observers.[15][42] Within five years of being granted observer status by the WTO, states are required to begin negotiating their accession to the organization.[15]

On 26 February 2024, at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi, Comoros and Timor Leste were approved to became members, which will become effective once they complete their domestic ratification procedures.[43]

State Date of membership application Status[44]
  Algeria 3 June 1987 Inactive since 2014
  Andorra 4 July 1997 Inactive since 1999
  Azerbaijan 30 June 1997 Work in progress
  Bahamas 10 May 2001 Inactive since 2019
  Belarus 23 September 1993 Inactive since 2019
  Bhutan 1 September 1999 Reactivation
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 May 1999 Reactivation
  Comoros 22 February 2007 Strategic focus
  Curaçao[45] 31 October 2019[46] Activation
  Equatorial Guinea 19 February 2007 Activation
  Ethiopia 13 January 2003 Reactivation
  Holy See None[a] Observer since 1997[47]
  Iran 19 July 1996 Inactive since 2011
  Iraq 30 September 2004 Reactivation
  Lebanon[b] 30 January 1999 Inactive since 2017
  Libya 10 June 2004 Inactive since 2004
  São Tomé and Príncipe 14 January 2005 Inactive since 2005
  Serbia 23 December 2004 Inactive since 2013
  Somalia 12 December 2015[48] Activation
  South Sudan 5 December 2017[49] Inactive since 2019
  Sudan 11 October 1994 Inactive since 2021
  Syria[b] 10 October 2001 Inactive since 2010
  Timor-Leste 9 April 2015[48] Strategic focus
  Turkmenistan[c] 24 November 2021[51] Activation
  Uzbekistan 8 December 1994 Work in progress
Notes
  1. ^ The Holy See is exempted from having to negotiate full WTO membership.[15]
  2. ^ a b Was a party to GATT prior to withdrawing.[18][16]
  3. ^ Observer status granted 22 July 2020[50]

Neither members nor observers edit

Applicants edit

Since 2005, Palestine has been granted speaking rights at each Ministerial Conference of the WTO, under the name Palestinian Authority until 2009 and under the name Palestine from 2011 onward.[52][53][54] Palestine is not listed as an "observer government" like other observer states, and is instead listed under "other observers" in the same category as non-state observers such as the International Trade Centre and World Bank.[55] Palestine applied for observer state status on 2 October 2009 and 12 April 2010.[56][57] As of 2 December 2016, Palestine has expressed an interest in joining the WTO as a full member.[58]
As of 16 November 2015, Kosovo has expressed an interest in joining the WTO as a member.[59]
On 17 November 2019, the African Union applied for observer status.[60]

Other states edit

The following table lists all UN member states which are neither members nor observers of the WTO.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Legal texts: the WTO agreements at World Trade Organization
  2. ^ a b c Membership, Alliances and Bureaucracy, World Trade Organization
  3. ^ a b c Accessions Summary, Center for International Development
  4. ^ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 64
  5. ^ Russia's entry to WTO ends 19 years of negotiations The Guardian, 22 August 2012
  6. ^ a b Vanuatu:accession status at WTO official website
  7. ^ P. Farah, "Five Years of China's WTO Membership", 263–304
  8. ^ "Accession in perspective". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  9. ^ "ANNEX 1. STATISTICAL SURVEY". World Trade Organization. 2005. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  10. ^ Arjomandy, Danial (21 November 2013). "Iranian Membership in the World Trade Organization: An Unclear Future". Iranian Studies. 47 (6): 933–950. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.859810. S2CID 162297876.
  11. ^ "Summary Table of Ongoing Accessions". World Trade Organization. April 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  12. ^ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 62
  13. ^ C. Michalopoulos, WTO Accession, 63
  14. ^ How to Become a Member of the WTO, World Trade Organization
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Members and Observers at WTO official website
  16. ^ a b c "World Trade Report" (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  17. ^ a b c "The 128 countries that had signed GATT by 1994". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  18. ^ a b "Article XXXI - Withdrawal" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  19. ^ Jackson J. H., Sovereignty, p. 109
  20. ^ "Member information - Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and the WTO". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  21. ^ International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO Bodies, World Trade Organization
  22. ^ "Palestine - Request for Observer Status". Taiwan WTO Center. 6 October 2009. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  23. ^ "Palestine - Request for Observer Status". Taiwan TWO Center. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 22 December 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  24. ^ "Afghanistan to become 164th WTO member on 29 July 2016". World Trade Organization. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  25. ^ a b "Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks". BBC. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  26. ^ Heilprin, John (17 December 2011). "Russia gets approval to join the WTO". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  27. ^ "WTO | Understanding the WTO - membership, alliances and bureaucracy". www.wto.org. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  28. ^ "WTO | Understanding the WTO - Whose WTO is it anyway?". www.wto.org. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  29. ^ https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto.pdf
  30. ^ https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/L/161.pdf&Open=True
  31. ^ "ACCESSIONS: Protocols of accession for new members since 1995, including commitments in goods and services". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  32. ^ Status of WTO Legal Instruments (PDF). World Trade Organization. 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  33. ^ "Docsonline Maintenance".
  34. ^
  35. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.
  36. ^
  37. ^ . Archived from the original on 20 January 2024.
  38. ^ a b Montenegro and Samoa strengthen the WTO WTO media release, 30 April 2012
  39. ^ "Channel Islands to become part of UK's WTO territory". BBC News. 18 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Guernsey will get WTO membership after Brexit". Bailiwick Express. 19 October 2019.
  41. ^ Taylor, Ed (19 October 2019). "Agreement puts Island on 'strongest possible footing' for post-Brexit trade". Jersey Evening Post.
  42. ^ "WTO Members and Accession Candidates". World Trade Organization. March 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  43. ^ "Ministers approve WTO membership of Comoros and Timor-Leste at MC13". World Trade Organization. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  44. ^ "WTO ACCESSIONS 2023 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL*". World Trade Organization. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
  45. ^ "Members endorse Curaçao's bid for WTO membership". World Trade Organization. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  46. ^ "WTO Accession Newsletter No 96" (PDF). World Trade Organization. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  47. ^ "Welcome to the Holy See Mission". Holy See Mission to the United Nations in Geneva. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  48. ^ a b "WT/ACC/28 - WTO Accessions: 2016 Annual Report by the Director-General – Statement by the Director-General". World Trade Organization. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
  49. ^ "WTO Accession Newsletter" (PDF). World Trade Organization. December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  50. ^ "Members endorse Turkmenistan's WTO observer status". World Trade Organization. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  51. ^ "Turkmenistan formally applies for WTO membership". World Trade Organization. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  52. ^ "Wt/Min(05)/St/170".
  53. ^
  54. ^
  55. ^ "WTO | Ministerial conferences - Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference - Statements by Members and observers at the plenary session".
  56. ^ "WT/L/770 - PALESTINE – REQUEST FOR OBSERVER STATUS". World Trade Organization. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  57. ^ "WT/L/792 - PALESTINE – REQUEST FOR OBSERVER STATUS". World Trade Organization. 13 April 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  58. ^ "WTO ACCESSIONS 2016 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL". World Trade Organization. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  59. ^ "WTO ACCESSIONS 2015 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL". World Trade Organization. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  60. ^ https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=t:/WT/GC/W789.docx&Open=True

Bibliography and Web edit

  • "Accessions Gateway". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  • "Accessions News Archive". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
  • Aslund, Anders (21 December 2007). "Russia's WTO Accession". Speeches, Testimony, Papers. Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Politics. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • . Office of the United States Trade Representative. 10 November 2007. Archived from the original on 27 April 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". Legal Issues of Economic Integration. 33 (3). doi:10.54648/LEIE2006016. S2CID 153128973. SSRN 916768.
  • "How to Become a Member of the WTO". Accession: Explanation. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • "International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO bodies". World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • Jackson, John H. (2006). "The World Trade Organization: Structure of the Treaty and the Institution". Sovereignty, the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86007-9.
  • "Members and Observers". Understanding the WTO. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • "Membership, Alliances and Bureaucracy". Understanding the WTO. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  • Michalopoulos, Constantine (2002). "WTO Accession". In Bernard M. Hoekman; Aaditya Mattoo; Philip English (eds.). Development, Trade, and the WTO: A Handbook. World Bank Publications. ISBN 978-0-8213-4997-7.
  • Charnovitz, Steve (19 January 2007). "Mapping the Law of WTO Accession (by Steve Charnovitz)". SRRN. SSRN 957651. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

January 01, 1970
member, states, world, trade, organization, original, member, states, world, trade, organization, parties, general, agreement, tariffs, trade, gatt, after, ratifying, uruguay, round, agreements, european, communities, they, obtained, this, status, entry, into,. The original member states of the World Trade Organization are the parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT after ratifying the Uruguay Round Agreements 1 and the European Communities They obtained this status at the entry into force on 1 January 1995 or upon their date of ratification All other members have joined the organization as a result of negotiation and membership consists of a balance of rights and obligations 2 The process of becoming a World Trade Organization WTO member is unique to each applicant country and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country s stage of economic development and the current trade regime 3 An offer of accession is given once consensus is reached among members 4 The process takes about five years on average but it can take some countries almost a decade if the country is less than fully committed to the process or if political issues interfere The shortest accession negotiation was that of Kyrgyzstan lasting 2 years and 10 months The longest were that of Russia lasting 19 years and 2 months 5 Vanuatu lasting 17 years and 1 month 6 and China lasting 15 years and 5 months 7 As of 2007 WTO member states represented 96 4 of global trade and 96 7 of global GDP 8 Iran followed by Algeria are the economies with the largest GDP and trade outside the WTO using 2005 data 9 10 Contents 1 Accession process 2 Members and observers 3 List of members and accession dates 4 List of observers 5 Neither members nor observers 5 1 Applicants 5 2 Other states 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography and WebAccession process edit nbsp WTO accession progress 11 Draft Working Party Report or Factual Summary adopted Goods and or Services offers submitted Working party meetings Memorandum on Foreign Trade Regime submitted Working party established A country wishing to accede to the WTO submits an application to the General Council The government applying for membership has to describe all aspects of its trade and economic policies that have a bearing on WTO agreements 2 The application is submitted to the WTO in a memorandum which is examined by a working party open to all interested WTO Members and dealing with the country s application For large countries such as Russia numerous countries participate in this process For smaller countries the Quadrilateral group of members consisting of Canada the European Union Japan and the United States and an applicant s neighboring countries are typically most involved 12 The applicant then presents a detailed memorandum to the Working Party on its foreign trade regime describing among other things its economy economic policies domestic and international trade regulations and intellectual property policies The Working Party Members submit written questions to the applicant to clarify aspects of its foreign trade regime with particular attention being paid to the degree of privatization in the economy and the extent to which government regulation is transparent 13 After all necessary background information has been acquired the Working Party will begin meeting to focus on issues of discrepancy between the WTO rules and the Applicant s international and domestic trade policies and laws The WP determines the terms and conditions of entry into the WTO for the applicant nation and may consider transitional periods to allow countries some leeway in complying with the WTO rules 3 The final phase of accession involves bilateral negotiations between the applicant nation and other Working Party members regarding the concessions and commitments on tariff levels and market access for goods and services These talks cover tariff rates and specific market access commitments and other policies in goods and services The new member s commitments are to apply equally to all WTO members under normal non discrimination rules even though they are negotiated bilaterally In other words the talks determine the benefits in the form of export opportunities and guarantees other WTO members can expect when the new member joins The talks can be highly complicated it has been said that in some cases the negotiations are almost as large as an entire round of multilateral trade negotiations 2 When the bilateral talks conclude the working party finalizes the terms of accession sends an accession package which includes a summary of all the WP meetings the Protocol of Accession a draft membership treaty and lists schedules of the member to be s commitments to the General Council or Ministerial Conference Once the General Council or Ministerial Conference approves of the terms of accession the applicant s parliament must ratify the Protocol of Accession before it can become a member 14 The documents used in the accession process which are embargoed during the accession process are released once the nation becomes a member 3 Members and observers edit nbsp A world map of WTO participation Members Members dually represented with the European Union Observers Non members As of July 2016 the WTO has 164 members 15 Of the 128 states party to GATT at the end of 1994 all have since become WTO members except for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which had dissolved in 1992 and was suspended from participating in GATT at the time 16 17 Four other states China Lebanon Liberia and Syria were parties to GATT but subsequently withdrew from the treaty prior to the establishment of the WTO 16 18 China and Liberia have since acceded to the WTO The remaining WTO members acceded after first becoming WTO observers and negotiating membership The 27 states of the European Union are dually represented as the EU is a full member of the organization Other autonomous entities are eligible for full membership in the WTO provided that they have a separate customs territory with full autonomy in the conduct of their external commercial relations Thus Hong Kong became a GATT contracting party by the now terminated sponsorship procedure of the United Kingdom Hong Kong uses the name Hong Kong China since 1997 as did Macao A new member of this type is the Republic of China Taiwan which acceded to the WTO in 2002 and carefully crafted its application by joining under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu Chinese Taipei 19 20 so that they were not rejected as a result of the One China principle implemented by the People s Republic of China The WTO also has 25 observer states 15 that with the exception of the Holy See must start their accession negotiations within five years of becoming observers The last country admitted as observer only before applying for full membership was Equatorial Guinea in 2002 but since 2007 it is also in full membership negotiations In 2007 Liberia and Comoros applied directly for full membership Some international intergovernmental organizations are also granted observer status to WTO bodies 21 The Palestinian Authority submitted a request for WTO observer status in October 2009 22 and again in April 2010 23 Afghanistan is the newest member joining effective 29 July 2016 24 Russia was one of the only two large economies outside of the WTO after Saudi Arabia joined in 2005 25 26 It had begun negotiating to join the WTO s predecessor in 1993 The final major point of contention related to the 2008 Russo Georgian War was solved through mediation by Switzerland 25 leading to Russian membership in 2012 The other is Iran which is an observer state and begun negotiations in 1996 A membership offer requires a two thirds majority vote among existing members 27 28 while the granting of observer status requires a simple majority 29 30 Observers have speaking rights after members have spoken but not the right to submit proposals or voting rights List of members and accession dates editThe following table lists all current members their accession date and previous GATT membership of which there were 128 nations when the transformation was consummated 15 17 31 State 15 32 17 Date of accession GATT membership nbsp Afghanistan a 29 July 2016 nbsp Albania 8 September 2000 nbsp Angola 23 November 1996 8 April 1994 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 1 January 1995 30 March 1987 nbsp Argentina 1 January 1995 11 October 1967 nbsp Armenia 5 February 2003 nbsp Australia 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Austria b 1 January 1995 19 October 1951 nbsp Bahrain 1 January 1995 13 December 1993 nbsp Bangladesh 1 January 1995 16 December 1972 nbsp Barbados 1 January 1995 15 February 1967 nbsp Belgium b 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Belize 1 January 1995 7 October 1983 nbsp Benin 22 February 1996 12 September 1963 nbsp Bolivia 12 September 1995 8 September 1990 nbsp Botswana 31 May 1995 28 August 1987 nbsp Brazil 1 January 1995 30 July 1948 nbsp Brunei 1 January 1995 9 December 1993 nbsp Bulgaria c 1 December 1996 nbsp Burkina Faso 3 June 1995 3 May 1963 nbsp Burundi 23 July 1995 13 March 1965 nbsp Cambodia 13 October 2004 nbsp Cameroon 13 December 1995 3 May 1963 nbsp Canada 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Cape Verde 23 July 2008 nbsp Central African Republic 31 May 1995 3 May 1963 nbsp Chad 19 October 1996 12 July 1963 nbsp Chile 1 January 1995 16 March 1949 nbsp China 11 December 2001 nbsp Colombia 30 April 1995 3 October 1981 nbsp Congo Democratic Republic of the 1 January 1997 11 September 1971 nbsp Congo Republic of the 27 March 1997 3 May 1963 nbsp Costa Rica 1 January 1995 24 November 1990 nbsp Cote d Ivoire 1 January 1995 31 December 1963 nbsp Croatia d 30 November 2000 nbsp Cuba 20 April 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Cyprus e 30 July 1995 15 July 1963 nbsp Czech Republic e 1 January 1995 15 April 1993 nbsp Denmark b 1 January 1995 28 May 1950 nbsp Djibouti 31 May 1995 16 December 1994 nbsp Dominica 1 January 1995 20 April 1993 nbsp Dominican Republic 9 March 1995 19 May 1950 nbsp Ecuador 21 January 1996 nbsp Egypt 30 June 1995 9 May 1970 nbsp El Salvador 7 May 1995 22 May 1991 nbsp Estonia e 13 November 1999 nbsp Eswatini f 1 January 1995 8 February 1993 nbsp European Union g 1 January 1995 nbsp Fiji 14 January 1996 16 November 1993 nbsp Finland b 1 January 1995 25 May 1950 nbsp France b 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Gabon 1 January 1995 3 May 1963 nbsp Gambia 23 October 1996 22 February 1965 nbsp Georgia 14 June 2000 nbsp Germany b 1 January 1995 1 October 1951 nbsp Ghana 1 January 1995 17 October 1957 nbsp Greece b 1 January 1995 1 March 1950 nbsp Grenada 22 February 1996 9 February 1994 nbsp Guatemala 21 July 1995 10 October 1991 nbsp Guinea 25 October 1995 8 December 1994 nbsp Guinea Bissau 31 May 1995 17 March 1994 nbsp Guyana 1 January 1995 5 July 1966 nbsp Haiti 30 January 1996 1 January 1950 nbsp Honduras 1 January 1995 10 April 1994 nbsp Hong Kong China h 15 1 January 1995 23 April 1986 nbsp Hungary e 1 January 1995 9 September 1973 nbsp Iceland 1 January 1995 21 April 1968 nbsp India 1 January 1995 8 July 1948 nbsp Indonesia 1 January 1995 24 February 1950 nbsp Ireland b 1 January 1995 22 December 1967 nbsp Israel 21 April 1995 5 July 1962 nbsp Italy b 1 January 1995 30 May 1950 nbsp Jamaica 9 March 1995 31 December 1963 nbsp Japan 1 January 1995 10 September 1955 nbsp Jordan 11 April 2000 nbsp Kazakhstan 30 November 2015 nbsp Kenya 1 January 1995 5 February 1964 nbsp Korea Republic of 1 January 1995 14 April 1967 nbsp Kuwait 1 January 1995 3 May 1963 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 20 December 1998 nbsp Laos 2 February 2013 nbsp Latvia e 10 February 1999 nbsp Lesotho 31 May 1995 8 January 1988 nbsp Liberia 14 July 2016 nbsp Liechtenstein 1 September 1995 29 March 1994 nbsp Lithuania e 31 May 2001 nbsp Luxembourg b 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Madagascar 17 November 1995 30 September 1963 nbsp Malawi 31 May 1995 28 August 1964 nbsp Malaysia 1 January 1995 24 October 1957 nbsp Maldives 31 May 1995 19 April 1983 nbsp Mali 31 May 1995 11 January 1993 nbsp Malta e 1 January 1995 17 November 1964 nbsp Macao China i 15 1 January 1995 11 January 1991 nbsp Mauritania 31 May 1995 30 September 1963 nbsp Mauritius 1 January 1995 2 September 1970 nbsp Mexico 1 January 1995 24 August 1986 nbsp Moldova 26 July 2001 nbsp Mongolia 29 January 1997 nbsp Montenegro 29 April 2012 38 nbsp Morocco 1 January 1995 17 June 1987 nbsp Mozambique 26 August 1995 27 July 1992 nbsp Myanmar 1 January 1995 29 July 1948 nbsp Namibia 1 January 1995 15 September 1992 nbsp Nepal 23 April 2004 nbsp Netherlands b 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp New Zealand 1 January 1995 30 July 1948 nbsp Nicaragua 3 September 1995 28 May 1950 nbsp Niger 13 December 1996 31 December 1963 nbsp Nigeria 1 January 1995 18 November 1960 nbsp North Macedonia j 4 April 2003 nbsp Norway 1 January 1995 10 July 1948 nbsp Oman 9 November 2000 nbsp Pakistan 1 January 1995 30 July 1948 nbsp Panama 6 September 1997 nbsp Papua New Guinea 9 June 1996 16 December 1994 nbsp Paraguay 1 January 1995 6 January 1994 nbsp Peru 1 January 1995 7 October 1951 nbsp Philippines 1 January 1995 27 December 1979 nbsp Poland e 1 July 1995 18 October 1967 nbsp Portugal b 1 January 1995 6 May 1962 nbsp Qatar 13 January 1996 7 April 1994 nbsp Romania c 1 January 1995 14 November 1971 nbsp Russia 22 August 2012 nbsp Rwanda 22 May 1996 1 January 1966 nbsp Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 1996 24 March 1994 nbsp Saint Lucia 1 January 1995 13 April 1993 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 January 1995 18 May 1993 nbsp Samoa 10 May 2012 38 nbsp Saudi Arabia 11 December 2005 nbsp Senegal 1 January 1995 27 September 1963 nbsp Seychelles 26 April 2015 nbsp Sierra Leone 23 July 1995 19 May 1961 nbsp Singapore 1 January 1995 20 August 1973 nbsp Slovakia e 1 January 1995 15 April 1993 nbsp Slovenia e 30 July 1995 30 October 1994 nbsp Solomon Islands 26 July 1996 28 December 1994 nbsp South Africa 1 January 1995 13 June 1948 nbsp Spain b 1 January 1995 29 August 1963 nbsp Sri Lanka 1 January 1995 29 July 1948 nbsp Suriname 1 January 1995 22 March 1978 nbsp Sweden b 1 January 1995 30 April 1950 nbsp Switzerland 1 July 1995 1 August 1966 nbsp Taiwan k 15 1 January 2002 nbsp Tajikistan 2 March 2013 nbsp Tanzania 1 January 1995 9 December 1961 nbsp Thailand 1 January 1995 20 November 1982 nbsp Togo 31 May 1995 20 March 1964 nbsp Tonga 27 July 2007 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 1 March 1995 23 October 1962 nbsp Tunisia 29 March 1995 29 August 1990 nbsp Turkey 26 March 1995 17 October 1951 nbsp Uganda 1 January 1995 23 October 1962 nbsp Ukraine 16 May 2008 nbsp United Arab Emirates 10 April 1996 8 March 1994 nbsp United Kingdom l 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp United States 1 January 1995 1 January 1948 nbsp Uruguay 1 January 1995 6 December 1953 nbsp Vanuatu 24 August 2012 6 nbsp Venezuela 1 January 1995 31 August 1990 nbsp Vietnam 11 January 2007 nbsp Yemen 26 June 2014 nbsp Zambia 1 January 1995 10 February 1982 nbsp Zimbabwe 5 March 1995 11 July 1948 Notes The WTO continues to recognize the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 33 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Member state of the European Union a b Member state of the European Union since 2007 Member state of the European Union since 2013 a b c d e f g h i j Member state of the European Union since 2004 Known as Swaziland until 2018 All member countries of the European Union are also members of the WTO individually Official name was Hong Kong until 1997 34 35 Official name was Macao until 1999 36 37 Known as the Republic of Macedonia until 2019 Officially uses the designation Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu Former Member state of the European Union until withdrawing in 2020 Extended its membership to the Channel Islands on 1 January 2021 39 40 41 List of observers editThe following table lists all 25 WTO observers 15 42 Within five years of being granted observer status by the WTO states are required to begin negotiating their accession to the organization 15 On 26 February 2024 at the 13th Ministerial Conference in Abu Dhabi Comoros and Timor Leste were approved to became members which will become effective once they complete their domestic ratification procedures 43 State Date of membership application Status 44 nbsp Algeria 3 June 1987 Inactive since 2014 nbsp Andorra 4 July 1997 Inactive since 1999 nbsp Azerbaijan 30 June 1997 Work in progress nbsp Bahamas 10 May 2001 Inactive since 2019 nbsp Belarus 23 September 1993 Inactive since 2019 nbsp Bhutan 1 September 1999 Reactivation nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 11 May 1999 Reactivation nbsp Comoros 22 February 2007 Strategic focus nbsp Curacao 45 31 October 2019 46 Activation nbsp Equatorial Guinea 19 February 2007 Activation nbsp Ethiopia 13 January 2003 Reactivation nbsp Holy See None a Observer since 1997 47 nbsp Iran 19 July 1996 Inactive since 2011 nbsp Iraq 30 September 2004 Reactivation nbsp Lebanon b 30 January 1999 Inactive since 2017 nbsp Libya 10 June 2004 Inactive since 2004 nbsp Sao Tome and Principe 14 January 2005 Inactive since 2005 nbsp Serbia 23 December 2004 Inactive since 2013 nbsp Somalia 12 December 2015 48 Activation nbsp South Sudan 5 December 2017 49 Inactive since 2019 nbsp Sudan 11 October 1994 Inactive since 2021 nbsp Syria b 10 October 2001 Inactive since 2010 nbsp Timor Leste 9 April 2015 48 Strategic focus nbsp Turkmenistan c 24 November 2021 51 Activation nbsp Uzbekistan 8 December 1994 Work in progress Notes The Holy See is exempted from having to negotiate full WTO membership 15 a b Was a party to GATT prior to withdrawing 18 16 Observer status granted 22 July 2020 50 Neither members nor observers editApplicants edit nbsp Palestine Since 2005 Palestine has been granted speaking rights at each Ministerial Conference of the WTO under the name Palestinian Authority until 2009 and under the name Palestine from 2011 onward 52 53 54 Palestine is not listed as an observer government like other observer states and is instead listed under other observers in the same category as non state observers such as the International Trade Centre and World Bank 55 Palestine applied for observer state status on 2 October 2009 and 12 April 2010 56 57 As of 2 December 2016 update Palestine has expressed an interest in joining the WTO as a full member 58 nbsp Kosovo As of 16 November 2015 update Kosovo has expressed an interest in joining the WTO as a member 59 nbsp African Union On 17 November 2019 the African Union applied for observer status 60 Other states edit The following table lists all UN member states which are neither members nor observers of the WTO 15 nbsp Eritrea nbsp Kiribati nbsp Marshall Islands nbsp Micronesia nbsp Monaco nbsp Nauru nbsp North Korea nbsp Palau nbsp San Marino nbsp TuvaluSee also editList of customs territoriesReferences edit Legal texts the WTO agreements at World Trade Organization a b c Membership Alliances and Bureaucracy World Trade Organization a b c Accessions Summary Center for International Development C Michalopoulos WTO Accession 64 Russia s entry to WTO ends 19 years of negotiations The Guardian 22 August 2012 a b Vanuatu accession status at WTO official website P Farah Five Years of China s WTO Membership 263 304 Accession in perspective World Trade Organization Retrieved 22 December 2013 ANNEX 1 STATISTICAL SURVEY World Trade Organization 2005 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Arjomandy Danial 21 November 2013 Iranian Membership in the World Trade Organization An Unclear Future Iranian Studies 47 6 933 950 doi 10 1080 00210862 2013 859810 S2CID 162297876 Summary Table of Ongoing Accessions World Trade Organization April 2014 Retrieved 25 October 2014 C Michalopoulos WTO Accession 62 C Michalopoulos WTO Accession 63 How to Become a Member of the WTO World Trade Organization a b c d e f g h i j k Members and Observers at WTO official website a b c World Trade Report PDF World Trade Organization 2007 Retrieved 11 April 2014 a b c The 128 countries that had signed GATT by 1994 World Trade Organization Retrieved 11 April 2014 a b Article XXXI Withdrawal PDF World Trade Organization Retrieved 11 April 2014 Jackson J H Sovereignty p 109 Member information Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan Penghu Kinmen and Matsu Chinese Taipei and the WTO World Trade Organization Retrieved 19 February 2013 International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO Bodies World Trade Organization Palestine Request for Observer Status Taiwan WTO Center 6 October 2009 Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 Retrieved 3 November 2012 Palestine Request for Observer Status Taiwan TWO Center 13 April 2010 Archived from the original on 22 December 2012 Retrieved 3 November 2012 Afghanistan to become 164th WTO member on 29 July 2016 World Trade Organization 29 June 2016 Retrieved 1 July 2016 a b Russia becomes WTO member after 18 years of talks BBC 16 December 2011 Retrieved 17 December 2011 Heilprin John 17 December 2011 Russia gets approval to join the WTO San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 17 December 2011 WTO Understanding the WTO membership alliances and bureaucracy www wto org Retrieved 26 January 2024 WTO Understanding the WTO Whose WTO is it anyway www wto org Retrieved 26 January 2024 https www wto org english docs e legal e 04 wto pdf https docs wto org dol2fe Pages SS directdoc aspx filename q WT L 161 pdf amp Open True ACCESSIONS Protocols of accession for new members since 1995 including commitments in goods and services World Trade Organization Retrieved 5 September 2019 Status of WTO Legal Instruments PDF World Trade Organization 2012 Retrieved 24 July 2013 Docsonline Maintenance https web archive org web 20240120060735 https docs wto org dol2fe Pages SS directdoc aspx filename Q GG L5999 5986 PDF amp Open True Wt L 218 Archived from the original on 20 January 2024 https web archive org web 20240120060846 https docs wto org dol2fe Pages SS directdoc aspx filename Q GG L6999 6806 PDF amp Open True Wt L 333 Archived from the original on 20 January 2024 a b Montenegro and Samoa strengthen the WTO WTO media release 30 April 2012 Channel Islands to become part of UK s WTO territory BBC News 18 October 2019 Guernsey will get WTO membership after Brexit Bailiwick Express 19 October 2019 Taylor Ed 19 October 2019 Agreement puts Island on strongest possible footing for post Brexit trade Jersey Evening Post WTO Members and Accession Candidates World Trade Organization March 2013 Retrieved 23 April 2013 Ministers approve WTO membership of Comoros and Timor Leste at MC13 World Trade Organization 26 February 2024 Retrieved 26 February 2024 WTO ACCESSIONS 2023 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL World Trade Organization 20 March 2024 Retrieved 24 March 2024 Members endorse Curacao s bid for WTO membership World Trade Organization 3 March 2020 Retrieved 7 March 2020 WTO Accession Newsletter No 96 PDF World Trade Organization Retrieved 7 December 2019 Welcome to the Holy See Mission Holy See Mission to the United Nations in Geneva Retrieved 24 April 2013 a b WT ACC 28 WTO Accessions 2016 Annual Report by the Director General Statement by the Director General World Trade Organization 2 December 2016 Retrieved 7 December 2016 WTO Accession Newsletter PDF World Trade Organization December 2017 Retrieved 26 December 2017 Members endorse Turkmenistan s WTO observer status World Trade Organization 22 July 2020 Retrieved 26 July 2020 Turkmenistan formally applies for WTO membership World Trade Organization 24 November 2021 Retrieved 26 November 2021 Wt Min 05 St 170 https web archive org web 20221118211510 https www wto org english thewto e minist e min09 e stat e pse doc https web archive org web 20221118190147 https www wto org english thewto e minist e min11 e stat e pse doc WTO Ministerial conferences Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference Statements by Members and observers at the plenary session WT L 770 PALESTINE REQUEST FOR OBSERVER STATUS World Trade Organization 6 October 2009 Retrieved 10 September 2017 WT L 792 PALESTINE REQUEST FOR OBSERVER STATUS World Trade Organization 13 April 2010 Retrieved 10 September 2017 WTO ACCESSIONS 2016 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL World Trade Organization 2 December 2016 Retrieved 21 January 2024 WTO ACCESSIONS 2015 ANNUAL REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL World Trade Organization 16 November 2015 Retrieved 21 January 2024 https docs wto org dol2fe Pages SS directdoc aspx filename t WT GC W789 docx amp Open TrueBibliography and Web edit Accessions Gateway World Trade Organization Retrieved 12 July 2012 Accessions News Archive World Trade Organization Retrieved 12 July 2012 Aslund Anders 21 December 2007 Russia s WTO Accession Speeches Testimony Papers Peter G Peterson Institute for International Politics Retrieved 16 March 2007 Factsheet on U S Russia WTO Bilateral Market Access Agreement Office of the United States Trade Representative 10 November 2007 Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 Retrieved 16 March 2007 Farah Paolo August 2006 Five Years of China WTO Membership EU and US Perspectives about China s Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism Legal Issues of Economic Integration 33 3 doi 10 54648 LEIE2006016 S2CID 153128973 SSRN 916768 How to Become a Member of the WTO Accession Explanation World Trade Organization Retrieved 16 March 2007 International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO bodies World Trade Organization Retrieved 16 March 2007 Jackson John H 2006 The World Trade Organization Structure of the Treaty and the Institution Sovereignty the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of International Law Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 86007 9 Members and Observers Understanding the WTO World Trade Organization Retrieved 16 March 2007 Membership Alliances and Bureaucracy Understanding the WTO World Trade Organization Retrieved 16 March 2007 Michalopoulos Constantine 2002 WTO Accession In Bernard M Hoekman Aaditya Mattoo Philip English eds Development Trade and the WTO A Handbook World Bank Publications ISBN 978 0 8213 4997 7 Charnovitz Steve 19 January 2007 Mapping the Law of WTO Accession by Steve Charnovitz SRRN SSRN 957651 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Member states of the World Trade Organization amp oldid 1217973361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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