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Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic that ruled Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. However, on 15 August 2021, the country was recaptured by the Taliban, which marked the end of the 2001–2021 war, the longest war in US history.[9] This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by President Ashraf Ghani, and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban. The United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan instead of the Islamic Emirate, the de facto ruling government. The US–Taliban deal, signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar, was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF).[10] Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.[11]

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
  • جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان (Dari)
  • Jumhūrī-yi Islāmī-yi Afġānistān
  • د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت (Pashto)
  • Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat
2004–2021
Motto: لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله
"Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh"
"There is no god but Allah; Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." (Shahada)
Anthem: 
Qal’a-ye Islām, qalb-e Āsiyā
قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا
("Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia")
(2004–2006)
Sūrud-e-Millī
سرود ملی
("National Anthem")
(2006–2021)
Capital
and largest city
Kabul
33°N 66°E / 33°N 66°E / 33; 66Coordinates: 33°N 66°E / 33°N 66°E / 33; 66
Official languages
Ethnic groups
Religion
Demonym(s)Afghan[a][4][5]
GovernmentUnitary presidential Islamic republic
President 
• 2004–2014
Hamid Karzai
• 2014–2021
Ashraf Ghani
Chief Executive 
• 2014–2020
Abdullah Abdullah
Vice President[b] 
• 2004–2009
Ahmad Zia Massoud
• 2004–2014
Karim Khalili
• 2009–2014
Mohammed Fahim
• 2014[c]
Yunus Qanuni
• 2014–2020
Abdul Rashid Dostum
• 2014–2021
Sarwar Danish
• 2020–2021
Amrullah Saleh
LegislatureNational Assembly
House of Elders
House of the People
Historical eraWar on Terror
7 October 2001
26 January 2004
29 February 2020
15 August 2021
Area
• Water (%)
negligible
2020[6]652,864 km2 (252,072 sq mi)
Population
• 2020[7]
31,390,200
• Density
48.08/km2 (124.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2021 estimate
• Total
$83,370[8]
HDI (2019)0.511
low
CurrencyAfghani (افغانی) (AFN)
Time zoneUTC+4:30 Solar Calendar (D†)
Driving sideright
Calling code+93
Internet TLD.af افغانستان.

Following the September 11 attacks, the United States and several allies invaded Afghanistan, overthrowing the Taliban's first government (which had limited recognition) in support of the opposition Northern Alliance. Afterwards, a transitional government was formed under the leadership of Hamid Karzai. After the 2003 loya jirga, a unitary presidential Islamic republic was proclaimed under a new constitution, and Karzai was elected for a full term as president. Meanwhile, the US-led international coalition helped maintain internal security, gradually transferring the burden of defense to the Afghan Armed Forces after 2013–14.

However, Taliban forces held control of various areas of the country and the civil war continued. The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan, and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006–07. This perpetuated Afghanistan's problematic human rights and women's rights records, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians, kidnapping, and torture. Due to the government's extensive reliance on American military and economic aid, some classed the nation as an American client state, and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom.[12]

Following the withdrawal of NATO troops in 2021, the Taliban launched a massive military offensive in May 2021, allowing them to take control of the country over the following three and a half months. The Afghan Armed Forces rapidly disintegrated. The institutions of the republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021, when the Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country. Soon after, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban.[13][14][15][16]

History

In December 2001, after the Taliban government was overthrown, the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security.[17][18] By this time, after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time, Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world, the lowest life expectancy, much of the population were hungry,[19][20][21] and infrastructure was in ruins.[22] Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war-torn country.[23][24]

Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan, while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process.[25][26] The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan. Over the next decade, ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban, but failed to fully defeat them. Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment, government corruption, and the Taliban insurgency.[27][28] Meanwhile, Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country,[29] and the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures, adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Attempts were made, often with the support of foreign donor countries, to improve the country's economy, healthcare, education, transport, and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan. ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces. Following 2002, nearly five million Afghans were repatriated.[30] The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140,000 in 2011,[31] dropping to about 16,000 in 2018.[32]

In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after the 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan's history power was democratically transferred.[33][34][35][36][37] On 28 December 2014, NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government. The NATO-led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF.[38][39] Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces[40] and continue their fight against the Taliban.[41] It was estimated in 2015 that "about 147,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 38,000 of those killed have been civilians."[42] A report titled Body Count concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.[43][44][45]

Collapse

2021 Taliban resurgence

On 14 April 2021, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May.[46] Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces.[47][48] In June 2021, a US intelligence report predicted that the Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country.[49] The report proved overly optimistic: by the second week of August, most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray, losing ground on all fronts. The falls of Mazar-i-Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for the Afghan government to halt Taliban advance.[50]

Fall of Kabul

On 15 August 2021, Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul, meeting only limited resistance.[51] In the afternoon, it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country, fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan; Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan.[52] Following Ghani's escape, the remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist.[53]

On the evening of 15 August, the Taliban occupied the Arg, lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace. On 19 August 2021 the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[54]

On 17 August 2021, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of the Taliban-affiliated Hezb-e-Islami, met with both Hamid Karzai, former President of Afghanistan, and Abdullah Abdullah, Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive, in Doha, seeking to form a government.[55][56] President Ghani, having settled in the United Arab Emirates, said that he supported such negotiations.[57][58]

National Resistance Front

 
Effective control of territory in Afghanistan by 15 August 2021

On 17 August, the former First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Amrullah Saleh, tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis.[13] Saleh's government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud, son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan. It was based in the Panjshir Valley, and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital, as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic.[59][60] On 6 September, after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides, the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir, with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor's office in Bazarak.[61] The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains,[62][63] while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan.[64][65]

Additional resistance

As of 2022, scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur. On 13 March 2022, the Afghanistan Freedom Front, an ethnically diverse anti-Taliban military group formed,[66] and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban,[67] including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield, in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded.[68]

In June 2022, an uprising began in the Balkhab District of the Sar-e Pol Province. Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid, the Taliban-appointed head of intellegence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls' schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims.[69] He left the Taliban, declaring war on them and gathering rebels.[70] Supported by the NRF[71] and several political parties,[72][73] the rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022.[74] On 23 June 2022, the Taliban began fighting to take back the district.[75] The uprising ended when the Taliban retook Balkhab and Mujahid was killed.[76]

On the one year anniversary of the Fall of Kabul, the NRF conducted various hit-and-run attacks on Taliban militants.[77] Several other groups, such as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front[78] and the Afghanistan Islamic National & Liberation Movement have also conducted attacks against the Taliban.[79]

Governance

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an Islamic republic with its government consisting of three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. The head of state and government was the President of Afghanistan. The National Assembly was the legislature, a bicameral body having two chambers, the House of the People and the House of Elders. The Supreme Court was led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem, the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs.[80]

 
The Arg (the presidential palace) in Kabul

According to Transparency International, Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries.[81] A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23% of the GDP of the nation.[82] Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance: in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites, including cabinet ministers, had embezzled close to $1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes.[83][84]

On 17 May 2020, President Ashraf Ghani had reached a power-sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections, Abdullah Abdullah, deciding on who would manage the respected key ministries. The agreement ended months-long political deadlock in the country. It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president, Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban.[85][86]

Reports emerged on 25 August that a 12-member council will be formed to govern Afghanistan. Reportedly 7 members were already agreed upon: Hekmatyar, Karzai, Abdullah, Abdul Ghani Baradar, Mohammad Yaqoob, Khalil-ur-Rehman Haqqani, and Hanif Atmar.[87]

Elections and parties

 
US President Donald Trump with president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani in 2017

Under the 2004 constitution, both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years. However, due to the disputed 2014 presidential election, the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018.[88] Presidential elections used the two-round system; if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates. Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on the single non-transferable vote system, which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote.[89]

The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful, in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55.4% of the votes. However, the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security, low voter turnout, and widespread electoral fraud, ending in Karzai's reelection.[90] The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56.44% of the votes.[91]

 
The National Assembly of Afghanistan in Kabul. The current site was built in 2015.

Political parties played a marginal role in post-2001 Afghan politics, in part due to Karzai's opposition to them.[92] In the 2005 parliamentary election, the ballots did not show candidates' party affiliation, so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates.[92] Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen, Islamic fundamentalists, warlords, tribal nationalists, former communists, reformists, urban professionals, royalists and several former Taliban associates.[93][94] In the same period, Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly.[95] Parties became more influential after 2009, when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration.[96] Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect,[97] and party activity increased in the 2014 elections, but party influence remained limited.[98]

Military

Before the fall of Kabul, the Afghan Armed Forces were under the Ministry of Defense, which included the Afghan Air Force (AAF) and the Afghan National Army (ANA). The Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces, including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan.[99]

Law enforcement

Law enforcement was the responsibility of the Afghan National Police (ANP), which was part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs. The ANP consisted of two primary branches, the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police. The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan, prevent crime, and protect property. The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation's borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within the country.[100] Afghanistan's intelligence agency, the National Directorate of Security (NDS), assistEd the ANP with security matters.[101] Despite that, all parts of Afghanistan we're considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. Kidnapping for ransom and robberies were common in major cities. Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty.[102] Afghanistan was also the world's leading producer of opium.[103] Afghanistan's opium poppy harvest produces more than 90% of illicit heroin globally, and more than 95% of the European supply.[104][105] The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business.

Foreign relations

Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946.[106] Under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of NATO and allied nations, particularly the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Turkey. In 2012, the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non-NATO ally.[107] Relations with Pakistan were often tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups. Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, as well as with regional states such as Bangladesh, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Russia, South Korea, and the UAE.

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war.[108] Until summer 2021, several NATO member states deployed about 17,000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission.[109] Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces.

On December 1, 2021, the nine-nation Credentials Committee of the General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN.[110] However, on February 15, 2022, the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed.[111]

Human rights

Freedom of expression and the press were permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution, so long as it did not threaten national or religious integrity or did not defame individuals. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index, with 1st being most free.[112][113] However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law, often committed by local tribes, lawmakers and hardline clerics. Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents.[114] The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) claimed in 2017 that the Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghan journalists, while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks.[115]

According to Global Rights, almost 90% of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse or forced marriage. In the majority of cases, the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim, and a 2009 proposal for a law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree.[116] In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings, but the total number were believed to be much higher. Of the reported honor killings, 21% were committed by the victims' husbands, 7% by their brothers, 4% by their fathers, and the rest by other relatives.[117][118]

Homosexuality was taboo in Afghan society;[119] according to the Penal Code, homosexual intimacy was punished by up to a year in prison.[120] With the implementation of Sharia law, offenders could be punished by death;[121][122] however, an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men (typically wealthy or elite people) called bacha bazi persisted. Despite being illegal, the people engaging in the act were often not punished.

Ethnic and religious minorities such as Hazaras,[123][124] Sikhs,[125] Hindus,[126] and Christians[127] reportedly faced persecution in the country.[128]

On August 14, 2020, UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020.[129]

Infrastructure

In spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era.

Education

 
School children in Ghazni Province (2007) – the number of children attending school at primary level increased from 5% in 2000 to 57% in 2018.

In 2020, there were over 16,000 schools in the country and roughly 9.5 million students. Of this, about 60% were males and 40% females. This was an increase from 900,000 exclusively male students in 2001. Over 174,000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country. About 21% of these were females.[130] However, former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated in 2013 that the construction of 8,000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning.[131]

As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older was 43.02% (males 55.48% and females 29.81%).[132] The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training.[133]

Technology

According to the World Bank, 98% of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018, up from 28% in 2008.[134] Overall the figure stood at 98.7%.[135] As of 2016, Afghanistan produced 1,400 megawatts of power, but still imported the majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states.[136]

In 2001 following years of civil war, telecommunications was virtually a non-existent sector, but by 2016 it had grown to a $2 billion industry, with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users. The sector employed at least 120,000 people nationwide.[137]

Culture

Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002, following more than two decades of tight controls. The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during the Karzai administration, with dozens of TV stations being established around the country. Afghanistan had 203 television stations, 284 radio stations and nearly 1,500 print media outlets in 2019.

The Afghan music scene re-emerged after the removal of the Taliban, with singing competition series such as Afghan Star and The Voice of Afghanistan becoming popular, with contestants performing songs, including those formerly banned.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani[2] and Afghanistani.[3]
  2. ^ Afghanistan had two Vice Presidential positions, the First Vice President and the Second Vice President.
  3. ^ 31 March to 29 September

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Bibliography

  • Barfield, Thomas (2012). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15441-1.

External links

Preceded by Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
2004-2021
Succeeded by

islamic, republic, afghanistan, other, uses, republic, afghanistan, disambiguation, presidential, republic, that, ruled, afghanistan, from, 2004, 2021, state, established, replace, afghan, interim, 2001, 2002, transitional, 2002, 2004, administrations, which, . For other uses see Republic of Afghanistan disambiguation The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic that ruled Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021 The state was established to replace the Afghan interim 2001 2002 and transitional 2002 2004 administrations which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan However on 15 August 2021 the country was recaptured by the Taliban which marked the end of the 2001 2021 war the longest war in US history 9 This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic led by President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban The United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan instead of the Islamic Emirate the de facto ruling government The US Taliban deal signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces ANSF 10 Following the deal the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul 11 Islamic Republic of Afghanistanجمهوری اسلامی افغانستان Dari Jumhuri yi Islami yi Afġanistanد افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت Pashto Da Afġanistan Islami Jumhoryat2004 2021Flag EmblemMotto لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله La ʾilaha ʾilla llah Muhammadun rasulu llah There is no god but Allah Muhammad is the messenger of Allah Shahada Anthem Qal a ye Islam qalb e Asiyaقلعه اسلام قلب اسیا Fortress of Islam Heart of Asia 2004 2006 source source track track track Surud e Milli سرود ملی National Anthem 2006 2021 source source track track track Capitaland largest cityKabul33 N 66 E 33 N 66 E 33 66 Coordinates 33 N 66 E 33 N 66 E 33 66Official languagesDariPashtoEthnic groups42 Pashtun27 Tajik9 Hazara9 Uzbek4 Aimaq3 Turkmen2 Baloch4 others 1 Religion99 7 Islam official 0 3 othersDemonym s Afghan a 4 5 GovernmentUnitary presidential Islamic republicPresident 2004 2014Hamid Karzai 2014 2021Ashraf GhaniChief Executive 2014 2020Abdullah AbdullahVice President b 2004 2009Ahmad Zia Massoud 2004 2014Karim Khalili 2009 2014Mohammed Fahim 2014 c Yunus Qanuni 2014 2020Abdul Rashid Dostum 2014 2021Sarwar Danish 2020 2021Amrullah SalehLegislatureNational Assembly Upper houseHouse of Elders Lower houseHouse of the PeopleHistorical eraWar on Terror U S invasion of Afghanistan7 October 2001 First elections26 January 2004 U S withdrawal begins29 February 2020 Taliban takeover15 August 2021Area Water negligible2020 6 652 864 km2 252 072 sq mi Population 2020 7 31 390 200 Density48 08 km2 124 5 sq mi GDP PPP 2021 estimate Total 83 370 8 HDI 2019 0 511lowCurrencyAfghani افغانی AFN Time zoneUTC 4 30 Solar Calendar D Driving siderightCalling code 93Internet TLD af افغانستان Preceded by Succeeded byTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of AfghanistanFollowing the September 11 attacks the United States and several allies invaded Afghanistan overthrowing the Taliban s first government which had limited recognition in support of the opposition Northern Alliance Afterwards a transitional government was formed under the leadership of Hamid Karzai After the 2003 loya jirga a unitary presidential Islamic republic was proclaimed under a new constitution and Karzai was elected for a full term as president Meanwhile the US led international coalition helped maintain internal security gradually transferring the burden of defense to the Afghan Armed Forces after 2013 14 However Taliban forces held control of various areas of the country and the civil war continued The Taliban regrouped as an insurgency with the alleged support of Pakistan and escalated attacks on Afghan and coalition forces after 2006 07 This perpetuated Afghanistan s problematic human rights and women s rights records with numerous abuses committed by both sides such as the killing of civilians kidnapping and torture Due to the government s extensive reliance on American military and economic aid some classed the nation as an American client state and it gradually lost control of the rural countryside after the conclusion of Operation Enduring Freedom 12 Following the withdrawal of NATO troops in 2021 the Taliban launched a massive military offensive in May 2021 allowing them to take control of the country over the following three and a half months The Afghan Armed Forces rapidly disintegrated The institutions of the republic effectively collapsed on 15 August 2021 when the Taliban forces entered Kabul and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country Soon after former first vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban 13 14 15 16 Contents 1 History 1 1 Collapse 1 1 1 2021 Taliban resurgence 1 1 2 Fall of Kabul 1 1 3 National Resistance Front 1 1 4 Additional resistance 2 Governance 2 1 Elections and parties 2 2 Military 2 3 Law enforcement 2 4 Foreign relations 2 5 Human rights 3 Infrastructure 3 1 Education 3 2 Technology 4 Culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksHistoryMain article History of Afghanistan Further information War in Afghanistan 2001 2021 Taliban insurgency and Reconstruction in Afghanistan In December 2001 after the Taliban government was overthrown the Afghan Interim Administration under Hamid Karzai was formed The International Security Assistance Force ISAF was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security 17 18 By this time after two decades of war as well as an acute famine at the time Afghanistan had one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world the lowest life expectancy much of the population were hungry 19 20 21 and infrastructure was in ruins 22 Many foreign donors started providing aid and assistance to rebuild the war torn country 23 24 Taliban forces meanwhile began regrouping inside Pakistan while more coalition troops entered Afghanistan to help the rebuilding process 25 26 The Taliban began an insurgency to regain control of Afghanistan Over the next decade ISAF and Afghan troops led many offensives against the Taliban but failed to fully defeat them Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world because of a lack of foreign investment government corruption and the Taliban insurgency 27 28 Meanwhile Karzai attempted to unite the peoples of the country 29 and the Afghan government was able to build some democratic structures adopting a constitution in 2004 with the name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Attempts were made often with the support of foreign donor countries to improve the country s economy healthcare education transport and agriculture in Reconstruction in Afghanistan ISAF forces also began to train the Afghan National Security Forces Following 2002 nearly five million Afghans were repatriated 30 The number of NATO troops present in Afghanistan peaked at 140 000 in 2011 31 dropping to about 16 000 in 2018 32 In September 2014 Ashraf Ghani became president after the 2014 presidential election where for the first time in Afghanistan s history power was democratically transferred 33 34 35 36 37 On 28 December 2014 NATO formally ended ISAF combat operations in Afghanistan and transferred full security responsibility to the Afghan government The NATO led Operation Resolute Support was formed the same day as a successor to ISAF 38 39 Thousands of NATO troops remained in the country to train and advise Afghan government forces 40 and continue their fight against the Taliban 41 It was estimated in 2015 that about 147 000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001 More than 38 000 of those killed have been civilians 42 A report titled Body Count concluded that 106 000 170 000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict 43 44 45 Collapse 2021 Taliban resurgence Further information 2021 Taliban offensive On 14 April 2021 NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan by 1 May 46 Soon after the withdrawal of NATO troops started the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government quickly advancing in front of collapsing Afghan government forces 47 48 In June 2021 a US intelligence report predicted that the Afghan government would likely collapse within six months after NATO completed its withdrawal from the country 49 The report proved overly optimistic by the second week of August most Afghan provincial capitals had fallen into the hands of the Taliban and the Afghan National Army was in complete disarray losing ground on all fronts The falls of Mazar i Sharif and Jalalabad on 14 and 15 August respectively removed any possibility for the Afghan government to halt Taliban advance 50 Fall of Kabul Further information Fall of Kabul 2021 On 15 August 2021 Taliban forces entered the capital city of Kabul meeting only limited resistance 51 In the afternoon it was reported that Afghan President Ashraf Ghani had left the country fleeing into either Tajikistan or Uzbekistan Chairman of the House of the People Mir Rahman Rahmani was also reported to have fled into Pakistan 52 Following Ghani s escape the remaining loyalist forces abandoned their posts and the Afghan Armed Forces de facto ceased to exist 53 On the evening of 15 August the Taliban occupied the Arg lowered the Afghan republican flag and raised their own flag over the palace On 19 August 2021 the Taliban proclaimed the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 54 On 17 August 2021 Gulbuddin Hekmatyar the leader of the Taliban affiliated Hezb e Islami met with both Hamid Karzai former President of Afghanistan and Abdullah Abdullah Chairman of the High Council for National Reconciliation and former Chief Executive in Doha seeking to form a government 55 56 President Ghani having settled in the United Arab Emirates said that he supported such negotiations 57 58 National Resistance Front Further information Republican insurgency in Afghanistan and National Resistance Front of Afghanistan Effective control of territory in Afghanistan by 15 August 2021 On 17 August the former First Vice President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Amrullah Saleh tweeted that he had remained in the country and had assumed the role of Caretaker President in the absence of Ghani citing the Afghan Constitution as his basis 13 Saleh s government includes Bismillah Khan Mohammadi as Minister of Defense and Ahmad Massoud son of Ahmad Shah Massoud and leader of the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan It was based in the Panjshir Valley and used the city of Bazarak as a temporary capital as it was one of the few areas of Afghanistan that was still under control of the Islamic Republic 59 60 On 6 September after heavy fighting resulting in high losses on both sides the Taliban claimed to have captured all of Panjshir with the Taliban flag being hoisted at the governor s office in Bazarak 61 The remaining NRF troops had reportedly retreated into the mountains 62 63 while Saleh and Massoud fled to Tajikistan 64 65 Additional resistance Further information Balkhab uprising As of 2022 scattered fighting between opposition groups and the Taliban continue to occur On 13 March 2022 the Afghanistan Freedom Front an ethnically diverse anti Taliban military group formed 66 and has since conducted several attacks on the Taliban 67 including a missile attack on Bagram Airfield in which six Taliban soldiers were killed and two were wounded 68 In June 2022 an uprising began in the Balkhab District of the Sar e Pol Province Hazara rebel Mehdi Mujahid the Taliban appointed head of intellegence of the Bamyan Province had been expelled from the position after criticizing the closure of girls schools and continued demanding for equality to Hazaras and other Shia Muslims 69 He left the Taliban declaring war on them and gathering rebels 70 Supported by the NRF 71 and several political parties 72 73 the rebels seized Balkhab and controlled the entire district by 13 June 2022 74 On 23 June 2022 the Taliban began fighting to take back the district 75 The uprising ended when the Taliban retook Balkhab and Mujahid was killed 76 On the one year anniversary of the Fall of Kabul the NRF conducted various hit and run attacks on Taliban militants 77 Several other groups such as the Ahmad Khan Samangani Front 78 and the Afghanistan Islamic National amp Liberation Movement have also conducted attacks against the Taliban 79 GovernanceMain articles Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was an Islamic republic with its government consisting of three branches the executive legislative and judicial The head of state and government was the President of Afghanistan The National Assembly was the legislature a bicameral body having two chambers the House of the People and the House of Elders The Supreme Court was led by Chief Justice Said Yusuf Halem the former Deputy Minister of Justice for Legal Affairs 80 The Arg the presidential palace in Kabul According to Transparency International Afghanistan remained one of the most corrupt countries 81 A January 2010 report published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime revealed that bribery consumed an amount equal to 23 of the GDP of the nation 82 Corruption was endemic even in the upper echelons of governance in August 2010 it was revealed that the leadership of the New Kabul Bank and a handful of political elites including cabinet ministers had embezzled close to 1 billion through fraudulent loan schemes 83 84 On 17 May 2020 President Ashraf Ghani had reached a power sharing deal with his rival from presidential elections Abdullah Abdullah deciding on who would manage the respected key ministries The agreement ended months long political deadlock in the country It was agreed that while Ghani will lead Afghanistan as the president Abdullah would oversee the peace process with the Taliban 85 86 Reports emerged on 25 August that a 12 member council will be formed to govern Afghanistan Reportedly 7 members were already agreed upon Hekmatyar Karzai Abdullah Abdul Ghani Baradar Mohammad Yaqoob Khalil ur Rehman Haqqani and Hanif Atmar 87 Elections and parties Main articles Elections in Afghanistan and List of political parties in Afghanistan US President Donald Trump with president of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani in 2017 Under the 2004 constitution both presidential and parliamentary elections were to be held every five years However due to the disputed 2014 presidential election the scheduled 2015 parliamentary elections were delayed until 2018 88 Presidential elections used the two round system if no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round a second round would be held featuring the top two candidates Parliamentary elections had only one round and were based on the single non transferable vote system which allows some candidates to be elected with as little as one percent of the vote 89 The 2004 Afghan presidential election was relatively peaceful in which Hamid Karzai won in the first round with 55 4 of the votes However the 2009 presidential election was characterized by lack of security low voter turnout and widespread electoral fraud ending in Karzai s reelection 90 The 2014 presidential election ended with Ashraf Ghani winning with 56 44 of the votes 91 The National Assembly of Afghanistan in Kabul The current site was built in 2015 Political parties played a marginal role in post 2001 Afghan politics in part due to Karzai s opposition to them 92 In the 2005 parliamentary election the ballots did not show candidates party affiliation so the results were dictated by the personal prestige of the candidates 92 Among the elected officials were a large mix of former mujahideen Islamic fundamentalists warlords tribal nationalists former communists reformists urban professionals royalists and several former Taliban associates 93 94 In the same period Afghanistan became the 30th highest nation in terms of female representation in the National Assembly 95 Parties became more influential after 2009 when a new law established more stringent requirements for party registration 96 Nearly a hundred new parties were registered after the law came into effect 97 and party activity increased in the 2014 elections but party influence remained limited 98 Military Black Hawks of the Afghan Air Force at Kandahar Airfield Main article Afghan Armed Forces Before the fall of Kabul the Afghan Armed Forces were under the Ministry of Defense which included the Afghan Air Force AAF and the Afghan National Army ANA The Afghan Defense University housed various educational establishments for the Afghan Armed Forces including the National Military Academy of Afghanistan 99 Law enforcement Main article Law enforcement in Afghanistan Afghan National Police ANP in Kunar Province Law enforcement was the responsibility of the Afghan National Police ANP which was part of the Ministry of Interior Affairs The ANP consisted of two primary branches the Afghan Uniformed Police and the Afghan Border Police The mission of the Uniformed Police was to ensure security within Afghanistan prevent crime and protect property The Border Police was responsible for securing and maintaining the nation s borders with neighboring states as well as all international airports within the country 100 Afghanistan s intelligence agency the National Directorate of Security NDS assistEd the ANP with security matters 101 Despite that all parts of Afghanistan we re considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism related incidents Kidnapping for ransom and robberies were common in major cities Every year hundreds of Afghan police were killed in the line of duty 102 Afghanistan was also the world s leading producer of opium 103 Afghanistan s opium poppy harvest produces more than 90 of illicit heroin globally and more than 95 of the European supply 104 105 The Afghan Ministry of Counter Narcotics was responsible for the monitoring and eradication of the illegal drug business Foreign relations Main article Foreign relations of Afghanistan Afghanistan became a member of the United Nations in 1946 106 Under the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan it enjoyed cordial relations with a number of NATO and allied nations particularly the United States Canada United Kingdom Germany Australia and Turkey In 2012 the United States and Afghanistan signed their Strategic Partnership Agreement in which Afghanistan became a major non NATO ally 107 Relations with Pakistan were often tense for various reasons such as the Durand Line border issue and alleged Pakistani involvement in Afghan insurgent groups Afghanistan also had diplomatic relations with neighboring China Iran Tajikistan Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan as well as with regional states such as Bangladesh Japan Kazakhstan Nepal Russia South Korea and the UAE The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNAMA was established in 2002 to help the country recover from decades of war 108 Until summer 2021 several NATO member states deployed about 17 000 troops in Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission 109 Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces On December 1 2021 the nine nation Credentials Committee of the General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN 110 However on February 15 2022 the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed 111 Human rights See also Human rights in Afghanistan Women in Afghanistan LGBT rights in Afghanistan and Afghan refugees Freedom of expression and the press were permitted and promoted in the 2004 constitution so long as it did not threaten national or religious integrity or did not defame individuals In 2019 Reporters Without Borders listed the media environment of Afghanistan as 121st out of 179 on its Press Freedom Index with 1st being most free 112 113 However many issues regarding human rights existed contrary to the law often committed by local tribes lawmakers and hardline clerics Journalists in Afghanistan faced threat from both the security forces and insurgents 114 The Afghan Journalists Safety Committee AJSC claimed in 2017 that the Afghan government accounted for 46 of the attacks on Afghan journalists while insurgents were responsible for rest of the attacks 115 According to Global Rights almost 90 of women in Afghanistan had experienced physical abuse sexual abuse psychological abuse or forced marriage In the majority of cases the perpetrators of these crimes were the families of the victim and a 2009 proposal for a law against the violence of women could eventually only be passed through a presidential decree 116 In 2012 Afghanistan recorded 240 cases of honor killings but the total number were believed to be much higher Of the reported honor killings 21 were committed by the victims husbands 7 by their brothers 4 by their fathers and the rest by other relatives 117 118 Homosexuality was taboo in Afghan society 119 according to the Penal Code homosexual intimacy was punished by up to a year in prison 120 With the implementation of Sharia law offenders could be punished by death 121 122 however an ancient tradition involving male homosexual acts between youngsters and older men typically wealthy or elite people called bacha bazi persisted Despite being illegal the people engaging in the act were often not punished Ethnic and religious minorities such as Hazaras 123 124 Sikhs 125 Hindus 126 and Christians 127 reportedly faced persecution in the country 128 On August 14 2020 UN Human Rights Council experts issued a joint statement urging Afghanistan officials to prevent the killings of human rights defenders as there had been nine deaths of human rights defenders since January 2020 129 InfrastructureIn spite of the turbulent political situation and military conflict which defined the years of the republic an expansion in access to certain utilities and services also took place during this era Education School children in Ghazni Province 2007 the number of children attending school at primary level increased from 5 in 2000 to 57 in 2018 In 2020 there were over 16 000 schools in the country and roughly 9 5 million students Of this about 60 were males and 40 females This was an increase from 900 000 exclusively male students in 2001 Over 174 000 students were enrolled in different universities around the country About 21 of these were females 130 However former Education Minister Ghulam Farooq Wardak had stated in 2013 that the construction of 8 000 schools was still required for the remaining children who were deprived of formal learning 131 As of 2018 the literacy rate of the population age 15 and older was 43 02 males 55 48 and females 29 81 132 The Afghan National Security Forces received mandatory literacy courses as part of their training 133 Technology Main articles Energy in Afghanistan and Renewable energy in Afghanistan According to the World Bank 98 of the rural population had access to electricity by 2018 up from 28 in 2008 134 Overall the figure stood at 98 7 135 As of 2016 Afghanistan produced 1 400 megawatts of power but still imported the majority of the electricity it consumed via transmission lines from Iran and the Central Asian states 136 In 2001 following years of civil war telecommunications was virtually a non existent sector but by 2016 it had grown to a 2 billion industry with 22 million mobile phone subscribers and 5 million internet users The sector employed at least 120 000 people nationwide 137 CultureMain article Mass media in Afghanistan Press restrictions were gradually relaxed and private media diversified after 2002 following more than two decades of tight controls The Afghan media experienced rapid growth during the Karzai administration with dozens of TV stations being established around the country Afghanistan had 203 television stations 284 radio stations and nearly 1 500 print media outlets in 2019 The Afghan music scene re emerged after the removal of the Taliban with singing competition series such as Afghan Star and The Voice of Afghanistan becoming popular with contestants performing songs including those formerly banned See alsoOutline of AfghanistanNotes Incorrect names that have been used as demonyms are Afghani 2 and Afghanistani 3 Afghanistan had two Vice Presidential positions the First Vice President and the Second Vice President 31 March to 29 SeptemberReferences Country Profile Afghanistan PDF Library of Congress 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Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Afghanistan Office of the President Afghanistan The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Islamic Republic of Afghanistan web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Islamic Republic of Afghanistan at Curlie Wikimedia Atlas of Afghanistan Research Guide to Afghanistan Archived 23 August 2015 at the Wayback MachinePreceded byTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan2004 2021 Succeeded byIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan Portals Afghanistan Asia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Islamic Republic of Afghanistan amp oldid 1141742331, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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