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Ürümqi

Ürümqi[n 1] (/ʊˈrʊmi/ uu-RUUM-chee;[3][4] also spelled Urumqi or Urumchi), formerly known as Dihua[n 2] (also spelled Tihwa), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China.[5] Ürümqi developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century.

Ürümqi
乌鲁木齐市 (Chinese)
ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى (Uyghur)
Urumqi, Urumchi, Dihua, Tihwa
From top to bottom, left to right: A panoramic view of Ürümqi's central business district, Ürümqi Night Market in the Grand Bazaar, Red Mountain (Hong Shan), and a view of Tian Shan from Ürümqi
Ürümqi City jurisdiction (red) in Xinjiang (orange)
Ürümqi
Location of the city center in Xinjiang
Coordinates (Ürümqi municipal government): 43°49′21″N 87°36′45″E / 43.82250°N 87.61250°E / 43.82250; 87.61250
CountryChina
Autonomous regionXinjiang
County-level divisions8
Municipal seatShuimogou District
Government
 • TypePrefecture-level city
 • BodyÜrümqi Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryXu Hairong
 • Congress ChairmanAhmetjan Ahniyaz
 • MayorYasim Sadiq
 • CPPCC ChairmanWei Yi
Area
 • Prefecture-level city14,577 km2 (5,628 sq mi)
 • Urban
583 km2 (225 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)
 • Prefecture-level city4,054,000
 • Estimate 
(2020)[1]
4,054,000
 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Major ethnic groups
Time zoneDe jure: China Standard (UTC+08:00)
De facto: Both China Standard (UTC+08:00) and Ürümqi Time (UTC+06:00)
Postal code
830000
Area code991
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-01
GDP (2019)[2]¥341.3 billion
US $49.4 billion
GDP per capita¥94,813
US$13,721
 – Growth 5.9%
License plate prefixes新A
Websitewww.urumqi.gov.cn (in Chinese)
Ürümqi
"Ürümqi" in Simplified Chinese (top), Traditional Chinese (middle) and Uyghur Arabic (bottom) scripts
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese乌鲁木齐
Traditional Chinese烏魯木齊
Hanyu PinyinWūlǔmùqí
PostalUrumtsi
Literal meaning(from Oirat) "beautiful pasture"
Abbreviation
Simplified Chinese乌市
Traditional Chinese烏市
Hanyu PinyinWūshì
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinWūshì
Wade–GilesWu1-shih4
Former name
Chinese迪化
Hanyu PinyinDíhuà
Literal meaningto enlighten and civilize
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinDíhuà
Wade–GilesTi2-hua4
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicӨрөмч
Mongolian scriptᠥᠷᠥᠮᠴᠢ
Uyghur name
Uyghurئۈرۈمچى
Transcriptions
Latin YëziqiÜrümchi
Yengi YeziⱪÜrümqi
SASM/GNCÜrümqi
Siril YëziqiҮрүмчи
Uyghur IPA[ʏrʏmˈtʃi]
Kazakh name
Kazakhٷرىمجى
Ürimji
Үрімжі

With a census population of 4 million in 2020, Ürümqi is the second-largest city in China's northwestern interior after Xi'an as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population. According to the Guinness Book of Records, Ürümqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world.[6][7] Ürümqi has seen significant economic development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural, political and commercial center.

Ürümqi is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[8] The city is also home to Xinjiang University, a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Xinjiang, under the Project 211[9] and the Double First Class University Plan.[10]

Etymology edit

The name "Ürümqi" comes from the Mongolic Oirat language and means "beautiful pasture".[11] It was originally the name of a small town founded by the Oirat-speaking Dzungars, a Mongolic ethnic group.[12]

The Qing dynasty took Ürümqi by force in 1755, during its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate.[13] Qing forces expanded the town into a walled city from 1763 to 1767.[12] Upon completing the expansion, the Qing renamed the city "Dihua" (Chinese: 迪化; previously romanized as "Tihwa"), which literally means "to enlighten and civilize".[14][15] Believing the name "Dihua" to be belittling and ethnically chauvinist, the Chinese Communist Party restored the name "Ürümqi" on 1 February 1954.[11]

History edit

Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, the present city is relatively new. The earliest known settlement in the area can be dated to the 7th century CE, but there was no permanent settlement for a long period and it was not known as Ürümqi until the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century. The current city dates from the rebuilding started in the 18th century.

Early period edit

During prehistory, the site of the future Ürümqi was occupied by a nomadic people known in Chinese accounts as the Jushi, who lived mainly on the northern slopes of the surrounding Tianshan Mountains. The Jushi are often regarded as likely precursors of the Tocharian peoples, who later established city states in the Tarim Basin, south of the present site of Ürümqi.

The oldest known settlement, a town called Urabo (Chinese: Wulabo), was located about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the southern suburbs of the present-day Ürümqi. By the early 1st millennium CE, the area was apparently within the northern border of the kingdom of Kroraina (Chinese: Loulan).

Han Chinese states, located to the east, exerted increasing control of the Tarim Basin. Under the name Luntai, the city was founded by the Tang government, in 648 CE, the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign, as part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West.[16] It was a seat of local government and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.[16]

After the Tang retreated from the Western Regions, the region came under the control of the Uyghurs of the Khaganate and Gaochang/Qocho. There is little information about the Ürümqi area during the time between the Tang and Qing dynasties, and researchers believe that there was no permanent settlements there for most of this period. The Mongols referred to the wider area as Bishbalik, meaning five cities, a reference to the five towns that surrounded the present-day Ürümqi area.[12]

Dzungar period edit

The Oirat-speaking Dzungar tribes that formed the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Ürümqi before the Manchus gained control of Xinjiang. During the Ming dynasty, there was a record of a place at Jiujiawan 5 kilometres (3.1 miles) to the west of present Ürümqi, which may have been the Dzungar town that was later destroyed during the Qing conquest. The Mongolians also used the area as herding ground in this period.[12] Steppe peoples had used the location, the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west, connecting the Dzungar Basin to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south.

Ürümqi remained a small town of lesser importance than the oasis and Silk Road trade center Turpan 200 km (120 mi) to the southeast. Fighting for the control of Dzungaria led to the Khoshuuts (now classified as Mongols) leaving Ürümqi for Qinghai and Tibet in the 1620s and 1630s.[17] The Uyghurs were introduced into the Ürümqi area in the 18th century by the Dzungars who moved them from the west Tarim region to be taranchis or farmers in Ürümqi.[18]

Qing rule edit

In the 18th century, the Qing went to war against the Dzungar Khanate. Ürümqi was taken by the Qing in 1755, and the Dzungars of the region were eliminated in the Dzungar genocide. One writer, Wei Yuan, described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as "an empty plain for a thousand li, with no trace of man". A fort was built (either in 1755 or 1758 depending on sources), and the Qing then established garrisons of Manchu and Mongol bannermen and Han Chinese troops at Ürümqi.[13] After 1759, the Qing government established state farms in the under-populated areas around Ürümqi, where there was fertile, well-watered land.[19] Manchu soldiers also constructed a temple with red walls dedicated to Guandi on Pingding mountain overlooking Ürümqi, which gave Ürümqi the nickname "Red Temple".[12]

The Manchus began to construct a walled city in 1763 to the south of the first fort, and it was completed in 1767.[12] The Qianlong Emperor named the new settlement "Dihua" (Chinese: 迪化; pinyin: Díhuà; Manchu: Wen de dahabure fu), meaning "to enlighten and civilize".[14][15] In 1771, another city named Gongning Cheng (鞏寧城) was built nearby to the northwest to house Manchu bannermen, and this would become the seat of government.[12] The bannermen settlement to the west was commonly referred to as "Mancheng" (滿城; 'Manchu City'), while Dihua to the east became a Han Chinese town commonly called "Hancheng" (漢城; 'Han City').[20] The Ürümqi of the early period was therefore a twin-city, with Gongning Cheng as the administrative center while Dihua grew into Xinjiang's commercial and financial center.[21]

Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua, as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi.[22] The origin of Hui in Ürümqi is often indicated by the names of their mosques.[23] By 1762, more than 500 shops had already been opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi.[citation needed] Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China. The writer Ji Yun compared Dihua to Beijing, in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance.[24]

In 1870, the Battle of Ürümqi took place between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming (Daud Khalifa). With the help of Xu Xuegong's Han Chinese militia, Yaqub Beg's forces defeated the Dungans.[25][26][27][28] Gongning Cheng was captured, its Qing administrator killed, and the city burnt to the ground and abandoned.[29] The Qing later regained control of Ürümqi. In 1884, the Guangxu Emperor established Xinjiang as a province, with Dihua as its capital.[30]

Republican era edit

After the collapse of the Qing dynasty, Xinjiang was ruled from Ürümqi by a succession of warlords: Yang Zengxin (1911–1928), Jin Shuren (1928–1933), Sheng Shicai (1933–1942), and Zhang Zhizhong as governor of Xinjiang in 1942–1949. Of these, Yang and Sheng were considered capable rulers.[31]

During the Kumul Rebellion, the Battle of Ürümqi (1933) and the Battle of Ürümqi (1933–34) took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying's 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai's provincial forces. At the second battle, Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan.

People's Republic era edit

On 1 February 1954, following the founding of the People's Republic of China, the city's name was officially changed back to Ürümqi. The ruling Chinese Communist Party believed that the name "Dihua", which literally means "to enlighten and civilize", was belittling and ethnically chauvinist.[11]

In the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping relaxed China's tight control over Xinjiang, and Ürümqi benefited from the development of the oil and gas industry in Xinjiang.[32]

New mosques were built in Ürümqi with financial assistance from the Chinese government.[33] While the Chinese government implemented strict rules on religion in southern Xinjiang, the treatment of the Uyghurs and their religion in Ürümqi were more lax and permissive.[34]

In May 1989, unrest in Ürümqi resulted in 150 injuries. In February 1997, bombings in Ürümqi following the Ghulja incident resulted in 20 deaths and scores of injuries.[35]

July 2009 riots and subsequent unrest edit

In the largest eruption of ethnic violence in China in decades, there were riots in July 2009 between ethnic Han Chinese and Uyghurs. The New York Times reporter covering the riot described the violence as "clashes with riot police and Uyghurs rampaging through the city and killing Han civilians. Then, for at least three days, bands of Han vigilantes roamed Urumqi, attacking and killing Uyghurs."[36] Before the riot broke out, young Uyghurs had marched through the city "to protest a case of judicial discrimination".[36] According to official figures, most of the 197 killed in the riot were Han, a statement which New York Times reporter Edward Wong says is disputed by Uyghurs.[36][37]

Geography edit

The largest city in western China, Ürümqi has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the most remote city from any sea in the world. It is about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) from the nearest coastline as Ürümqi is the closest major city to the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility, although Karamay and Altay, both in Xinjiang, are closer.[38] The city has an administrative area of 10,989 square kilometres (4,243 sq mi) and has an average elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft).

The location 43°40′52″N 87°19′52″E / 43.68111°N 87.33111°E / 43.68111; 87.33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Ürümqi (Ürümqi County) was designated by local geography experts as the "center point of Asia" in 1992, and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s. The site is a local tourist attraction.[39]

Water supply edit

Although surrounded by deserts (the Gurbantünggüt in the north and the Taklamakan in the south), the Ürümqi area is naturally watered by a number of small rivers flowing from the snow-capped Tian Shan mountains: the main range of the Tian Shan in south of the city (Ürümqi County), and the Bogda Shan east of the city (Dabancheng District). A network consisting of thousands of miles of canals, reservoirs, and tunnels called karez, redistribute the water throughout the extensively irrigated area along the foothills of the mountain range. It is based on an ancient irrigation system built 2,000 years ago.[40]

There are 20,000 glaciers in Xinjiang – nearly half of all the glaciers in China. Since the 1950s, Xinjiang's glaciers have retreated by between 21 percent to 27 percent due to global warming. Tianshan Glacier No. 1 (一号冰川), origin of Ürümqi River, is the largest glacier near a major city in China, but has already split into two smaller glaciers.[40]

As the Ürümqi region's population and economy are growing, the water demand exceeds the natural supply. To alleviate water shortages, the Irtysh–Ürümqi Canal was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century. The canal's main trunk terminates in the so-called "Reservoir 500" ("500"水库; 44°12′00″N 87°49′00″E / 44.20000°N 87.81667°E / 44.20000; 87.81667) in the far north-eastern suburbs of the city (on the border of Ürümqi's suburban Midong District and Fukang City). A new industrial area, called Ganquanbao Industrial Park (甘泉堡工业园), or Industrial New City 500 (500工业新城) was being developed in 2009, west of the reservoir, relying on it for water supply.[41][42] From the reservoir area water is further distributed over a network of canals throughout the lower Midong District.

Climate edit

In Ürümqi, a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa) prevails, with very large differences between summer and winter. It has warm summers, with a July daily average of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F), and very cold winters, with a January daily average of −12.2 °C (10.0 °F). The annual average temperature is 7.8 °C (46.0 °F). The city is semi-arid, with its summers slightly wetter than its winters, yet sunny weather is much more likely in the warmer months, and relative humidity is the lowest during summer. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 33 percent in December to 75 percent in September, the city receives 2,643 hours of bright sunshine annually. Its annual precipitation is about 305 millimetres (12.0 in).[43] Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −41.5 °C (−43 °F) on 27 February 1951 to 42.1 °C (108 °F) on 1 August 1973.[44][45]

Climate data for Ürümqi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951-present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.9
(49.8)
13.5
(56.3)
25.6
(78.1)
32.5
(90.5)
37.0
(98.6)
40.9
(105.6)
41.0
(105.8)
42.1
(107.8)
37.0
(98.6)
30.5
(86.9)
22.0
(71.6)
15.6
(60.1)
42.1
(107.8)
Average high °C (°F) −7.4
(18.7)
−4.3
(24.3)
5.3
(41.5)
17.4
(63.3)
23.4
(74.1)
28.2
(82.8)
30.1
(86.2)
29.0
(84.2)
23.1
(73.6)
14.2
(57.6)
3.3
(37.9)
−4.8
(23.4)
13.1
(55.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −12.2
(10.0)
−8.9
(16.0)
0.4
(32.7)
11.5
(52.7)
17.3
(63.1)
22.4
(72.3)
24.2
(75.6)
22.9
(73.2)
17.2
(63.0)
8.8
(47.8)
−0.9
(30.4)
−9.2
(15.4)
7.8
(46.0)
Average low °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7)
−12.3
(9.9)
−3.2
(26.2)
6.6
(43.9)
12.2
(54.0)
17.4
(63.3)
19.3
(66.7)
17.9
(64.2)
12.3
(54.1)
4.6
(40.3)
−4
(25)
−12.6
(9.3)
3.5
(38.4)
Record low °C (°F) −34.1
(−29.4)
−41.5
(−42.7)
−33.4
(−28.1)
−14.9
(5.2)
−2.4
(27.7)
4.6
(40.3)
8.8
(47.8)
5.0
(41.0)
−5.0
(23.0)
−12.4
(9.7)
−36.6
(−33.9)
−38.3
(−36.9)
−41.5
(−42.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 11.0
(0.43)
13.6
(0.54)
18.8
(0.74)
38.3
(1.51)
41.3
(1.63)
28.8
(1.13)
35.4
(1.39)
30.4
(1.20)
19.8
(0.78)
23.8
(0.94)
23.7
(0.93)
20.3
(0.80)
305.2
(12.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 8.1 7.3 5.5 6.7 6.8 7.2 8.0 6.3 4.4 4.8 6.6 9.6 81.3
Average snowy days 13.6 12.6 7.6 2.8 0.3 0 0 0 0.1 2.1 8.4 14.8 62.3
Average relative humidity (%) 77 77 68 45 41 41 43 42 43 54 72 78 57
Mean monthly sunshine hours 101.8 129.7 203.2 261.4 301.9 300.8 306.1 301.1 275.2 234.5 137.0 90.5 2,643.2
Percent possible sunshine 35 43 54 64 66 65 66 71 75 71 48 33 58
Source: China Meteorological Administration[43][46][47]

Cityscape edit

 
Urumqi Skyline, from Hongshan Park, in 2018

Air quality and pollution edit

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and the Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Ürümqi is among the top ten cities in the world with the most air pollution. According to this report, seven of these cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan, and Shijiazhuang (besides Ürümqi).[48]

Blacksmith Institute mentioned Ürümqi in 2007 World's Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou, all in China.[49] In 2008, Toronto Star listed Ürümqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution.[50] Heavy haze is extremely common in winter, which frequently affects air traffic. Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Ürümqi is mainly caused by energy-heavy industries and the outdated coal-firing winter heating system.[51]

According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University, the average PM2.5 and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM2.5 and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP.[52] The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city were the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate, one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Ürümqi.[52]

Timing of sunrise edit

Because of the use of a single time zone for all of China, in Ürümqi which is at a far western location in China, the sun is 2 hours and 10 minutes behind China Standard Time (CST = UTC+8). During early January the sun does not rise until 09:45 and it sets between 18:45 and 19:10 local time. In September and March, the sun rises around 08:00, and sets around 19:45. However, in June the sun rises at about 06:25 and does not set until 21:45.[citation needed]

Administrative divisions edit

 
Map including Ürümqi (labeled as TI-HUA (WU-LU-MU-CH'I)) (ATC, 1971)
 
Map including Ürümqi (labeled as WU-LU-MU-CH'I) and nearby areas from the International Map of the World (1975)

Ürümqi currently comprises 8 county-level subdivisions: 7 districts and 1 county.

Map
Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Population (2010)[53] Area (km2) Density (/km2)
City proper
Tianshan District 天山区 Tiānshān Qū تەڭرىتاغ رايونى Tengritagh Rayoni 696,277 171 4071.79
Saybag District 沙依巴克区 Shāyībākè Qū سايباغ رايونى Saybagh Rayoni 664,716 422 1575.15
Xinshi District 新市区 Xīnshì Qū يېڭىشەھەر رايونى Yëngisheher Rayoni 730,307 143 5107.04
Shuimogou District 水磨沟区 Shuǐmògōu Qū بۇلاقتاغ رايونى Bulaqtagh Rayoni 390,943 92 4249.38
Suburban
Toutunhe District 头屯河区 Tóutúnhé Qū تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى Tudungxaba Rayoni 172,796 276 626.07
Dabancheng District 达坂城区 Dábǎnchéng Qū داۋانچىڭ رايونى Dawanching Rayoni 40,657 5,188 7.83
Midong District 米东区 Mǐdōng Qū مىدوڭ رايونى Midong Rayoni 333,676 3,594 92.84
Rural
Ürümqi County 乌鲁木齐县 Wūlǔmùqí Xiàn ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى Ürümchi Nahiyisi 83,187 4,332 19.20

Demographics edit

 
The Grand Bazaar in Ürümqi

Ürümqi has been a multi-ethnic city from the time of the Qing conquest; in the early years, the Manchus lived in Gongning Cheng, Han Chinese in Dihua and various other ethnic groups such as the Hui, Uyghurs and others in the suburban districts.[54] Muslims settled to the south of the walled-city of Dihua, and although the walls have since been demolished, the Muslims are still concentrated there.[55]

A census in 1787 showed that there were 114,348 Hui and Han in the prefectures of Zhenxi (which included Barköl and Hami) and Ürümqi.[56] In Ürümqi city itself, there were 39,000 people in the 1880s and by the early 20th century, 50,000 people.[54] Ürümqi in 1908 was said to have been inhabited by Uyghurs (then called Turkis), Chinese, Manchus and a few Mongols, with the Uyghurs estimated to comprise a quarter of the population.[57]

In the People's Republic era, an active program to resettle Han population in Xinjiang was initiated.[58] In 1960, there were 76,496 Uyghurs and 477,321 Han Chinese in Ürümqi.[59]

According to the 2000 census, Ürümqi had 2,081,834 inhabitants, with a population density of 174.53 inhabitants/km2 (452.3 inhabitants/sq. mi.).[60]

In the 2010 census, the population was recorded as 3,112,559. Part of the increase was due to boundary changes, for example, Miquan was merged into Midong District and became part of Ürümqi in 2007.[61]

In 2021, Ürümqi was estimated to have a population of 4.544 million people.[62]

Population by ethnicity
Ethnicity 2000[60] 2010[63][64]
Population % Population %
Han Chinese 1,567,562 75.30 2,331,654 74.91
Uyghur 266,342 12.79 387,878 12.46
Hui 167,148 8.03 280,186 9.00
Kazakhs 48,772 2.34 68,076 2.19
Mongol 7,252 0.35 10,454 0.34
Manchu 7,682 0.37 8,541 0.27
Xibe 3,674 0.18 4,820 0.15
Russian 2,603 0.13 3,010 0.10
Tu 1,613 0.08 2,869 0.09
Kyrgyz 1,436 0.07 2,207 0.07
Uzbek 1,406 0.07 1,581 0.05
Zhuang 878 0.04
Tatar 767 0.04
Tibetan 665 0.03
Dongxiang 621 0.03 2,333 0.07
Miao 620 0.03
Korean 588 0.03
Other 2,205 0.09 8,950 0.29
Total 2,081,834 3,112,559

Economy edit

 
Outer Ring Road viaducts in Ürümqi at night

Ürümqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang. Ürümqi, together with Karamay and Korla, account for 64.5 percent of the total industrial output of Xinjiang. Ürümqi is also the largest consumer center in the region, recording ¥41.9 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2008, an increase of 26 percent from 2007. The GDP per capita reached US$6,222 in 2008.[65] According to statistics, Ürümqi ranked 7th in 2008 by the disposable income for urban residents among cities in Western China.[66] Ürümqi has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project that the Central Government is pursuing.

The Ürümqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair (Chinese: 乌洽会) has been held annually since 1991 and has been upgraded into the first China-Eurasia Expo in 2011. Its purpose is to promote domestic and foreign markets. The 17th Fair has attracted participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade.[citation needed]

 
Buildings in Ürümqi CBDs near People's Square

Xinjiang Guanghui Industry Investment Group (新疆广汇集团) is the largest real estate enterprise and most powerful privately owned company in Xinjiang and is currently engaged in energy and automobiles. China CITIC Bank Mansion (中信银行大厦), headquarters of Guanghui, located in one of the CBDs in North Xinhua Road, is the tallest building in Ürümqi and Xinjiang; with a height of 229 metres (751 feet), it is also the tallest in Northwestern China and Central Asia. Zhongshan Road (Sun Yat-sen Road; Chinese: 中山路) has been one of the ten most famous commercial streets in China since 2005. Zhongshan Road has always been the hub of consumer electronics in the city, with the largest computer, mobile phone and consumer electronics market in Xinjiang, including Baihuacun, Cyber Digital Plaza and Fountain Plaza.

As the economic center in Xinjiang, Ürümqi has expanded its urban area since the 1990s. The CBDs in the city increased rapidly all around the major districts. Despite the old city areas being primarily in the south, the development in the north part began since the late 1980s. The completion of the new office tower for Ürümqi Municipal Government in 2003 at Nanhu Square (南湖广场) in Nanhu Road marked a shift of the city center to the north. Lacking a subway, the city commenced the construction of viaducts for Outer Ring Road (外环路) since 2003, which considerably facilitates transport. Youhao Road (友好路) and surrounding neighborhood, is the commercial center for business, shopping and amusement. Youhao Group (友好集团), the namesake local enterprise, owns a major market share of retails. Maison Mode Urumqi (乌鲁木齐美美百货), open since 2008, became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city.[67] The Ürümqi Economic and Technological Development Zone (UETD) located in the northern Toutunhe District, has been a leading base for steel, machinery manufacturing, biochemistry and other industrial innovations.

Tourism edit

 
People's Square
 
International Grand Bazaar Xinjiang
  • Grand Bazaar, a bazaar on South Jiefang Road (解放南路).
  • Hong Shan (Red Mountain) is the symbol of Ürümqi, located in Hongshan Park.
  • People's Park, south of Hongshan Park.
  • People's Square
  • Nanhu Square (南湖广场)
  • Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum (新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆), which was completely rebuilt in the early 2000s.[68]
  • Heavenly Lake Scenic Area, a popular park with some of China's most famous alpine scenery, over two hours outside Ürümqi.
  • Shuimogou Hot Springs (水磨沟温泉) is located 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Ürümqi.
  • Xinjiang Silk Road Museum (新疆丝绸之路博物馆) is located next to the Grand Bazaar at No. 160 Shengli Road. It is located on the fourth and fifth floors of a large European-style building which houses a shopping complex as well. Most of the exhibits have English names as well and some of the guides speak some English.
  • Ürümqi City Museum (乌鲁木齐博物馆) is located at South Nanhu Road 123 (南湖南路123号).
  • Ürümqi Tatar Mosque (乌鲁木齐塔塔尔寺清真寺) is located on Jiefang Road. Permission must be obtained prior to visiting the mosque.[69]
  • The monument at the Geographical Center of Asian Continent, in Yongfeng Township, Ürümqi County
  • Ürümqi Silk Road Ski Resort (丝绸之路滑雪场) is located in Ürümqi County.
  • Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Ürümqi: Diocesan Cathedral of the Diocese of Xinjiang (烏魯木齊天主教堂)

Education and science edit

 
Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics.
 
Ürümqi No.1 High School.

Ürümqi has many educational campuses including Xinjiang University, Xinjiang Normal University, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Xinjiang Medical University and many others.

Universities edit

High schools edit

  • Ürümqi No.1 High School
  • Bingtuan No.2 Middle School
  • Bayi Senior High School of Ürümqi
  • No.70 Senior High School of Ürümqi
  • No.8 Senior High School of Ürümqi
  • No.6 Senior High School of Ürümqi

Research institutes edit

Transportation edit

 
Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport.
 
Ürümqi South Railway Station.

Air edit

Ürümqi is served by the Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport. It is a hub for China Southern Airlines. Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport is the largest airport in Xinjiang, and the only airport in China to serve flights from Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Rail edit

Ürümqi is Xinjiang's main rail hub with two primary railway stations, the older Ürümqi South railway station (formerly the Urumqi railway station) and Ürümqi railway station opened in July 2016. The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High Speed Railway stops at both stations, running from Ürümqi to Lanzhou railway station, and has been in operation since the end of 2014.

The city is served by several conventional rail lines. Ürümqi is the western terminus of the Lanzhou–Xinjiang (Lanxin) and Ürümqi–Dzungaria (Wuzhun) Railway, and the eastern terminus of the Northern Xinjiang (Beijiang) and the Second Ürümqi–Jinghe railway. The Beijiang and the Lanxin Lines form part of the Trans-Eurasian Continental Railway, which runs from Rotterdam through the Alataw Pass on the Kazakhstan border to Ürümqi and on to Lanzhou and Lianyungang.

Road edit

Many roads to the north and west typically shut down by early October, remaining closed until the end of winter.

Bus rapid transit edit

The Ürümqi BRT bus service was launched in August 2011 after an investment of 930 million yuan in an effort to improve urban traffic.[71] There are currently 9 routes operated, BRT1, BRT2, BRT3, BRT4, BRT5, BRT 6, its branch BRT 61, BRT 7, and its branch BRT 71.[72]

Metro edit

The Ürümqi Metro opened on 25 October 2018, when the northern section of Line 1 was opened to the public. The southern section of Line 1 opened on 28 June 2019.[73] Line 1 runs between Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport and Santunbei in downtown Ürümqi, with a total length of 27.615 km (17.2 mi) and 21 stations.[73][74] It is fully underground.[75]

The planned system consists of 7 lines being 211 km (131 mi) in length. The first two lines, Line 1 and Line 2 will be constructed with an estimated cost of 31.24 billion yuan.[76]

Media edit

The Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Ürümqi People's Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station, broadcasting in the Mandarin, Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, Russian and the Kyrgyz languages.

The Xinjiang Television Station (XJTV), located in Ürümqi, is the major TV broadcasting station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The local television station for Ürümqi city is Ürümqi Television Station (UTV).

Sport edit

China started a bandy development programme by organizing educational days in Ürümqi in June 2009.[77]

In 2015, an indoor speed skating arena was opened.[78]

Twin towns and sister cities edit

Ürümqi is twinned with:

City Region Country
Malaybalay   Bukidnon   Philippines
Osan   Gyeonggi   South Korea
Peshawar   Khyber Pakhtunkhwa   Pakistan
Dushanbe   Districts of Republican Subordination   Tajikistan
Klang[79]   Selangor   Malaysia
Bishkek Bishkek City   Kyrgyzstan
Almaty   Almaty1   Kazakhstan
Chelyabinsk   Chelyabinsk Oblast   Russia
Mashhad   Razavi Khorasan Province   Iran

^1 Almaty is a state-level city of Kazakhstan

Notable people edit

Notes edit

  1. ^
    • Chinese: 乌鲁木齐; pinyin: Wūlǔmùqí
    • Uyghur: ئۈرۈمچى, romanizedÜrümchi, pronounced [ʏrʏmˈtʃi]
  2. ^ Chinese: 迪化; pinyin: Díhuà; Wade–Giles: Ti2-hua4; lit. 'to enlighten and civilize'

References edit

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Sources edit

  • Finley, Joanne N. Smith (12 September 2013). The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-25678-1. from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  • Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996). Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2399-2. from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  • Millward, James A. (1 June 1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-9792-4. from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
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  • Wiens, Herold J. (December 1963). "The Historical and Geographical Role of Urumchi, Capital of Chinese Central Asia". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 53 (4): 441–463. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1963.tb00459.x. ISSN 0004-5608. from the original on 24 July 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.

Further reading edit

  • Lattimore, Owen . 1973. "Return to China's Northern Frontier." The Geographical Journal 139(2):233–42.
  • Zang, Xiaowei. 2013. "Ethnic variation in network composition in Ürümchi: do state policies matter?" Ethnic and Racial Studies 36(1):179–98. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.644313.

External links edit

  • Ürümqi Government official website

ürümqi, this, article, about, capital, largest, city, xinjiang, autonomous, region, county, county, ruum, chee, also, spelled, urumqi, urumchi, formerly, known, dihua, also, spelled, tihwa, capital, xinjiang, uyghur, autonomous, region, northwest, people, repu. This article is about the capital and largest city of Xinjiang autonomous region For the county see Urumqi County Urumqi n 1 ʊ ˈ r ʊ m tʃ i uu RUUM chee 3 4 also spelled Urumqi or Urumchi formerly known as Dihua n 2 also spelled Tihwa is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People s Republic of China 5 Urumqi developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing dynasty in the 19th century Urumqi 乌鲁木齐市 Chinese ئۈرۈمچى شەھىرى Uyghur Urumqi Urumchi Dihua TihwaPrefecture level cityFrom top to bottom left to right A panoramic view of Urumqi s central business district Urumqi Night Market in the Grand Bazaar Red Mountain Hong Shan and a view of Tian Shan from UrumqiUrumqi City jurisdiction red in Xinjiang orange UrumqiLocation of the city center in XinjiangCoordinates Urumqi municipal government 43 49 21 N 87 36 45 E 43 82250 N 87 61250 E 43 82250 87 61250CountryChinaAutonomous regionXinjiangCounty level divisions8Municipal seatShuimogou DistrictGovernment TypePrefecture level city BodyUrumqi Municipal People s Congress CCP SecretaryXu Hairong Congress ChairmanAhmetjan Ahniyaz MayorYasim Sadiq CPPCC ChairmanWei YiArea Prefecture level city14 577 km2 5 628 sq mi Urban583 km2 225 sq mi Population 2020 census Prefecture level city4 054 000 Estimate 2020 1 4 054 000 Density280 km2 720 sq mi Demographics Major ethnic groups74 9 Han Chinese12 5 UyghursTime zoneDe jure China Standard UTC 08 00 De facto Both China Standard UTC 08 00 and Urumqi Time UTC 06 00 Postal code830000Area code991ISO 3166 codeCN XJ 01GDP 2019 2 341 3 billionUS 49 4 billionGDP per capita 94 813US 13 721 Growth5 9 License plate prefixes新AWebsitewww urumqi gov cn in Chinese Urumqi Urumqi in Simplified Chinese top Traditional Chinese middle and Uyghur Arabic bottom scriptsChinese nameSimplified Chinese乌鲁木齐Traditional Chinese烏魯木齊Hanyu PinyinWulǔmuqiPostalUrumtsiLiteral meaning from Oirat beautiful pasture TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWulǔmuqiWade GilesWu1 lu3 mu4 chʻi2IPA u lu mu tɕʰi Yue CantoneseJyutpingWu1lou5muk6cai4AbbreviationSimplified Chinese乌市Traditional Chinese烏市Hanyu PinyinWushiTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWushiWade GilesWu1 shih4Former nameChinese迪化Hanyu PinyinDihuaLiteral meaningto enlighten and civilizeTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDihuaWade GilesTi2 hua4Mongolian nameMongolian CyrillicӨromchMongolian scriptᠥᠷᠥᠮᠴᠢUyghur nameUyghurئۈرۈمچى TranscriptionsLatin YeziqiUrumchiYengi YeziⱪUrumqiSASM GNCUrumqiSiril YeziqiҮrүmchiUyghur IPA ʏrʏmˈtʃi Kazakh nameKazakhٷرىمجى Urimji ҮrimzhiThis article contains Uyghur text Without proper rendering support you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Uyghur script With a census population of 4 million in 2020 Urumqi is the second largest city in China s northwestern interior after Xi an as well as the largest in Central Asia in terms of population According to the Guinness Book of Records Urumqi is the most remote city from any sea in the world 6 7 Urumqi has seen significant economic development since the 1990s and currently serves as a regional transport node and a cultural political and commercial center Urumqi is one of the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research output as tracked by the Nature Index 8 The city is also home to Xinjiang University a comprehensive university with the highest academic level in Xinjiang under the Project 211 9 and the Double First Class University Plan 10 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Early period 2 2 Dzungar period 2 3 Qing rule 2 4 Republican era 2 5 People s Republic era 2 5 1 July 2009 riots and subsequent unrest 3 Geography 3 1 Water supply 3 2 Climate 4 Cityscape 4 1 Air quality and pollution 4 2 Timing of sunrise 5 Administrative divisions 6 Demographics 7 Economy 8 Tourism 9 Education and science 9 1 Universities 9 2 High schools 9 3 Research institutes 10 Transportation 10 1 Air 10 2 Rail 10 3 Road 10 3 1 Bus rapid transit 10 4 Metro 11 Media 12 Sport 13 Twin towns and sister cities 14 Notable people 15 Notes 16 References 16 1 Citations 16 2 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External linksEtymology editThe name Urumqi comes from the Mongolic Oirat language and means beautiful pasture 11 It was originally the name of a small town founded by the Oirat speaking Dzungars a Mongolic ethnic group 12 The Qing dynasty took Urumqi by force in 1755 during its conquest of the Dzungar Khanate 13 Qing forces expanded the town into a walled city from 1763 to 1767 12 Upon completing the expansion the Qing renamed the city Dihua Chinese 迪化 previously romanized as Tihwa which literally means to enlighten and civilize 14 15 Believing the name Dihua to be belittling and ethnically chauvinist the Chinese Communist Party restored the name Urumqi on 1 February 1954 11 History editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Urumqi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled History of Urumqi Discuss November 2022 Although Urumqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road the present city is relatively new The earliest known settlement in the area can be dated to the 7th century CE but there was no permanent settlement for a long period and it was not known as Urumqi until the Dzungar Khanate in the 17th century The current city dates from the rebuilding started in the 18th century Early period edit During prehistory the site of the future Urumqi was occupied by a nomadic people known in Chinese accounts as the Jushi who lived mainly on the northern slopes of the surrounding Tianshan Mountains The Jushi are often regarded as likely precursors of the Tocharian peoples who later established city states in the Tarim Basin south of the present site of Urumqi The oldest known settlement a town called Urabo Chinese Wulabo was located about 10 kilometres 6 2 miles from the southern suburbs of the present day Urumqi By the early 1st millennium CE the area was apparently within the northern border of the kingdom of Kroraina Chinese Loulan Han Chinese states located to the east exerted increasing control of the Tarim Basin Under the name Luntai the city was founded by the Tang government in 648 CE the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong s reign as part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West 16 It was a seat of local government and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road 16 After the Tang retreated from the Western Regions the region came under the control of the Uyghurs of the Khaganate and Gaochang Qocho There is little information about the Urumqi area during the time between the Tang and Qing dynasties and researchers believe that there was no permanent settlements there for most of this period The Mongols referred to the wider area as Bishbalik meaning five cities a reference to the five towns that surrounded the present day Urumqi area 12 Dzungar period edit The Oirat speaking Dzungar tribes that formed the Dzungar Khanate were the last major power to control Urumqi before the Manchus gained control of Xinjiang During the Ming dynasty there was a record of a place at Jiujiawan 5 kilometres 3 1 miles to the west of present Urumqi which may have been the Dzungar town that was later destroyed during the Qing conquest The Mongolians also used the area as herding ground in this period 12 Steppe peoples had used the location the pass between the Bogda Shan to the east and the Tian Shan to the west connecting the Dzungar Basin to the north and the Turpan Depression to the south Urumqi remained a small town of lesser importance than the oasis and Silk Road trade center Turpan 200 km 120 mi to the southeast Fighting for the control of Dzungaria led to the Khoshuuts now classified as Mongols leaving Urumqi for Qinghai and Tibet in the 1620s and 1630s 17 The Uyghurs were introduced into the Urumqi area in the 18th century by the Dzungars who moved them from the west Tarim region to be taranchis or farmers in Urumqi 18 Qing rule edit In the 18th century the Qing went to war against the Dzungar Khanate Urumqi was taken by the Qing in 1755 and the Dzungars of the region were eliminated in the Dzungar genocide One writer Wei Yuan described the resulting desolation in what became northern Xinjiang as an empty plain for a thousand li with no trace of man A fort was built either in 1755 or 1758 depending on sources and the Qing then established garrisons of Manchu and Mongol bannermen and Han Chinese troops at Urumqi 13 After 1759 the Qing government established state farms in the under populated areas around Urumqi where there was fertile well watered land 19 Manchu soldiers also constructed a temple with red walls dedicated to Guandi on Pingding mountain overlooking Urumqi which gave Urumqi the nickname Red Temple 12 The Manchus began to construct a walled city in 1763 to the south of the first fort and it was completed in 1767 12 The Qianlong Emperor named the new settlement Dihua Chinese 迪化 pinyin Dihua Manchu Wen de dahabure fu meaning to enlighten and civilize 14 15 In 1771 another city named Gongning Cheng 鞏寧城 was built nearby to the northwest to house Manchu bannermen and this would become the seat of government 12 The bannermen settlement to the west was commonly referred to as Mancheng 滿城 Manchu City while Dihua to the east became a Han Chinese town commonly called Hancheng 漢城 Han City 20 The Urumqi of the early period was therefore a twin city with Gongning Cheng as the administrative center while Dihua grew into Xinjiang s commercial and financial center 21 Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi 22 The origin of Hui in Urumqi is often indicated by the names of their mosques 23 By 1762 more than 500 shops had already been opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern day Urumqi citation needed Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China The writer Ji Yun compared Dihua to Beijing in that both had numerous wine shops which offered daily performances of Chinese music and dance 24 In 1870 the Battle of Urumqi took place between the Turkic Muslim forces of Yaqub Beg against the Dungan Muslim forces of Tuo Ming Daud Khalifa With the help of Xu Xuegong s Han Chinese militia Yaqub Beg s forces defeated the Dungans 25 26 27 28 Gongning Cheng was captured its Qing administrator killed and the city burnt to the ground and abandoned 29 The Qing later regained control of Urumqi In 1884 the Guangxu Emperor established Xinjiang as a province with Dihua as its capital 30 Republican era edit After the collapse of the Qing dynasty Xinjiang was ruled from Urumqi by a succession of warlords Yang Zengxin 1911 1928 Jin Shuren 1928 1933 Sheng Shicai 1933 1942 and Zhang Zhizhong as governor of Xinjiang in 1942 1949 Of these Yang and Sheng were considered capable rulers 31 During the Kumul Rebellion the Battle of Urumqi 1933 and the Battle of Urumqi 1933 34 took place between the forces of Ma Zhongying s 36th Division National Revolutionary Army and Jin Shuren and Sheng Shicai s provincial forces At the second battle Ma was assisted by the Han Chinese General Zhang Peiyuan People s Republic era edit On 1 February 1954 following the founding of the People s Republic of China the city s name was officially changed back to Urumqi The ruling Chinese Communist Party believed that the name Dihua which literally means to enlighten and civilize was belittling and ethnically chauvinist 11 In the late 1970s Deng Xiaoping relaxed China s tight control over Xinjiang and Urumqi benefited from the development of the oil and gas industry in Xinjiang 32 New mosques were built in Urumqi with financial assistance from the Chinese government 33 While the Chinese government implemented strict rules on religion in southern Xinjiang the treatment of the Uyghurs and their religion in Urumqi were more lax and permissive 34 In May 1989 unrest in Urumqi resulted in 150 injuries In February 1997 bombings in Urumqi following the Ghulja incident resulted in 20 deaths and scores of injuries 35 July 2009 riots and subsequent unrest edit See also July 2009 Urumqi riots and September 2009 Xinjiang unrest In the largest eruption of ethnic violence in China in decades there were riots in July 2009 between ethnic Han Chinese and Uyghurs The New York Times reporter covering the riot described the violence as clashes with riot police and Uyghurs rampaging through the city and killing Han civilians Then for at least three days bands of Han vigilantes roamed Urumqi attacking and killing Uyghurs 36 Before the riot broke out young Uyghurs had marched through the city to protest a case of judicial discrimination 36 According to official figures most of the 197 killed in the riot were Han a statement which New York Times reporter Edward Wong says is disputed by Uyghurs 36 37 Geography editThe largest city in western China Urumqi has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records as the most remote city from any sea in the world It is about 2 500 kilometres 1 600 mi from the nearest coastline as Urumqi is the closest major city to the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility although Karamay and Altay both in Xinjiang are closer 38 The city has an administrative area of 10 989 square kilometres 4 243 sq mi and has an average elevation of 800 metres 2 600 ft The location 43 40 52 N 87 19 52 E 43 68111 N 87 33111 E 43 68111 87 33111 in the southwestern suburbs of Urumqi Urumqi County was designated by local geography experts as the center point of Asia in 1992 and a monument to this effect was erected there in the 1990s The site is a local tourist attraction 39 Water supply edit Although surrounded by deserts the Gurbantunggut in the north and the Taklamakan in the south the Urumqi area is naturally watered by a number of small rivers flowing from the snow capped Tian Shan mountains the main range of the Tian Shan in south of the city Urumqi County and the Bogda Shan east of the city Dabancheng District A network consisting of thousands of miles of canals reservoirs and tunnels called karez redistribute the water throughout the extensively irrigated area along the foothills of the mountain range It is based on an ancient irrigation system built 2 000 years ago 40 There are 20 000 glaciers in Xinjiang nearly half of all the glaciers in China Since the 1950s Xinjiang s glaciers have retreated by between 21 percent to 27 percent due to global warming Tianshan Glacier No 1 一号冰川 origin of Urumqi River is the largest glacier near a major city in China but has already split into two smaller glaciers 40 As the Urumqi region s population and economy are growing the water demand exceeds the natural supply To alleviate water shortages the Irtysh Urumqi Canal was constructed in the first decade of the 21st century The canal s main trunk terminates in the so called Reservoir 500 500 水库 44 12 00 N 87 49 00 E 44 20000 N 87 81667 E 44 20000 87 81667 in the far north eastern suburbs of the city on the border of Urumqi s suburban Midong District and Fukang City A new industrial area called Ganquanbao Industrial Park 甘泉堡工业园 or Industrial New City 500 500工业新城 was being developed in 2009 west of the reservoir relying on it for water supply 41 42 From the reservoir area water is further distributed over a network of canals throughout the lower Midong District Climate edit In Urumqi a humid continental climate Koppen climate classification Dfa prevails with very large differences between summer and winter It has warm summers with a July daily average of 24 2 C 75 6 F and very cold winters with a January daily average of 12 2 C 10 0 F The annual average temperature is 7 8 C 46 0 F The city is semi arid with its summers slightly wetter than its winters yet sunny weather is much more likely in the warmer months and relative humidity is the lowest during summer With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 33 percent in December to 75 percent in September the city receives 2 643 hours of bright sunshine annually Its annual precipitation is about 305 millimetres 12 0 in 43 Extremes since 1951 have ranged from 41 5 C 43 F on 27 February 1951 to 42 1 C 108 F on 1 August 1973 44 45 Climate data for Urumqi 1991 2020 normals extremes 1951 present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 9 9 49 8 13 5 56 3 25 6 78 1 32 5 90 5 37 0 98 6 40 9 105 6 41 0 105 8 42 1 107 8 37 0 98 6 30 5 86 9 22 0 71 6 15 6 60 1 42 1 107 8 Average high C F 7 4 18 7 4 3 24 3 5 3 41 5 17 4 63 3 23 4 74 1 28 2 82 8 30 1 86 2 29 0 84 2 23 1 73 6 14 2 57 6 3 3 37 9 4 8 23 4 13 1 55 6 Daily mean C F 12 2 10 0 8 9 16 0 0 4 32 7 11 5 52 7 17 3 63 1 22 4 72 3 24 2 75 6 22 9 73 2 17 2 63 0 8 8 47 8 0 9 30 4 9 2 15 4 7 8 46 0 Average low C F 15 7 3 7 12 3 9 9 3 2 26 2 6 6 43 9 12 2 54 0 17 4 63 3 19 3 66 7 17 9 64 2 12 3 54 1 4 6 40 3 4 25 12 6 9 3 3 5 38 4 Record low C F 34 1 29 4 41 5 42 7 33 4 28 1 14 9 5 2 2 4 27 7 4 6 40 3 8 8 47 8 5 0 41 0 5 0 23 0 12 4 9 7 36 6 33 9 38 3 36 9 41 5 42 7 Average precipitation mm inches 11 0 0 43 13 6 0 54 18 8 0 74 38 3 1 51 41 3 1 63 28 8 1 13 35 4 1 39 30 4 1 20 19 8 0 78 23 8 0 94 23 7 0 93 20 3 0 80 305 2 12 02 Average precipitation days 0 1 mm 8 1 7 3 5 5 6 7 6 8 7 2 8 0 6 3 4 4 4 8 6 6 9 6 81 3Average snowy days 13 6 12 6 7 6 2 8 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 8 4 14 8 62 3Average relative humidity 77 77 68 45 41 41 43 42 43 54 72 78 57Mean monthly sunshine hours 101 8 129 7 203 2 261 4 301 9 300 8 306 1 301 1 275 2 234 5 137 0 90 5 2 643 2Percent possible sunshine 35 43 54 64 66 65 66 71 75 71 48 33 58Source China Meteorological Administration 43 46 47 Cityscape edit nbsp Urumqi Skyline from Hongshan Park in 2018 Air quality and pollution edit This section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information November 2015 According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and the Asian Development Bank in January 2013 Urumqi is among the top ten cities in the world with the most air pollution According to this report seven of these cities are in China including Taiyuan Beijing Lanzhou Chongqing Jinan and Shijiazhuang besides Urumqi 48 Blacksmith Institute mentioned Urumqi in 2007 World s Worst Polluted Places caused by air pollution along with Linfen and Lanzhou all in China 49 In 2008 Toronto Star listed Urumqi as one of the Top Ten worst places to live in the world due to sulphurous pollution 50 Heavy haze is extremely common in winter which frequently affects air traffic Officials believed that severe winter air pollution in Urumqi is mainly caused by energy heavy industries and the outdated coal firing winter heating system 51 According to a report by Department of Environmental Science and Engineering of Fudan University the average PM2 5 and TSP concentrations in the winter of 2007 were 12 times higher than USA standard for PM2 5 and 3 times the National Ambient Air Quality Standard of China for TSP 52 The sulfur dioxide from industrial emissions mixed with the local anthropogenic aerosol with the transported soil dust from outside the city were the main sources of the high concentration of sulfate one of the main factors causing the heavy air pollution over Urumqi 52 Timing of sunrise edit Because of the use of a single time zone for all of China in Urumqi which is at a far western location in China the sun is 2 hours and 10 minutes behind China Standard Time CST UTC 8 During early January the sun does not rise until 09 45 and it sets between 18 45 and 19 10 local time In September and March the sun rises around 08 00 and sets around 19 45 However in June the sun rises at about 06 25 and does not set until 21 45 citation needed Administrative divisions edit nbsp Map including Urumqi labeled as TI HUA WU LU MU CH I ATC 1971 nbsp Map including Urumqi labeled as WU LU MU CH I and nearby areas from the International Map of the World 1975 Urumqi currently comprises 8 county level subdivisions 7 districts and 1 county Map nbsp Tianshan Saybag Xinshi Shuimogou Toutunhe Dabancheng Midong UrumqiCounty Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Uyghur UEY Uyghur Latin ULY Population 2010 53 Area km2 Density km2 City properTianshan District 天山区 Tianshan Qu تەڭرىتاغ رايونى Tengritagh Rayoni 696 277 171 4071 79Saybag District 沙依巴克区 Shayibake Qu سايباغ رايونى Saybagh Rayoni 664 716 422 1575 15Xinshi District 新市区 Xinshi Qu يېڭىشەھەر رايونى Yengisheher Rayoni 730 307 143 5107 04Shuimogou District 水磨沟区 Shuǐmogōu Qu بۇلاقتاغ رايونى Bulaqtagh Rayoni 390 943 92 4249 38SuburbanToutunhe District 头屯河区 Toutunhe Qu تۇدۇڭخابا رايونى Tudungxaba Rayoni 172 796 276 626 07Dabancheng District 达坂城区 Dabǎncheng Qu داۋانچىڭ رايونى Dawanching Rayoni 40 657 5 188 7 83Midong District 米东区 Mǐdōng Qu مىدوڭ رايونى Midong Rayoni 333 676 3 594 92 84RuralUrumqi County 乌鲁木齐县 Wulǔmuqi Xian ئۈرۈمچى ناھىيىسى Urumchi Nahiyisi 83 187 4 332 19 20Demographics edit nbsp The Grand Bazaar in UrumqiUrumqi has been a multi ethnic city from the time of the Qing conquest in the early years the Manchus lived in Gongning Cheng Han Chinese in Dihua and various other ethnic groups such as the Hui Uyghurs and others in the suburban districts 54 Muslims settled to the south of the walled city of Dihua and although the walls have since been demolished the Muslims are still concentrated there 55 A census in 1787 showed that there were 114 348 Hui and Han in the prefectures of Zhenxi which included Barkol and Hami and Urumqi 56 In Urumqi city itself there were 39 000 people in the 1880s and by the early 20th century 50 000 people 54 Urumqi in 1908 was said to have been inhabited by Uyghurs then called Turkis Chinese Manchus and a few Mongols with the Uyghurs estimated to comprise a quarter of the population 57 In the People s Republic era an active program to resettle Han population in Xinjiang was initiated 58 In 1960 there were 76 496 Uyghurs and 477 321 Han Chinese in Urumqi 59 According to the 2000 census Urumqi had 2 081 834 inhabitants with a population density of 174 53 inhabitants km2 452 3 inhabitants sq mi 60 In the 2010 census the population was recorded as 3 112 559 Part of the increase was due to boundary changes for example Miquan was merged into Midong District and became part of Urumqi in 2007 61 In 2021 Urumqi was estimated to have a population of 4 544 million people 62 Population by ethnicity Ethnicity 2000 60 2010 63 64 Population Population Han Chinese 1 567 562 75 30 2 331 654 74 91Uyghur 266 342 12 79 387 878 12 46Hui 167 148 8 03 280 186 9 00Kazakhs 48 772 2 34 68 076 2 19Mongol 7 252 0 35 10 454 0 34Manchu 7 682 0 37 8 541 0 27Xibe 3 674 0 18 4 820 0 15Russian 2 603 0 13 3 010 0 10Tu 1 613 0 08 2 869 0 09Kyrgyz 1 436 0 07 2 207 0 07Uzbek 1 406 0 07 1 581 0 05Zhuang 878 0 04Tatar 767 0 04Tibetan 665 0 03Dongxiang 621 0 03 2 333 0 07Miao 620 0 03Korean 588 0 03Other 2 205 0 09 8 950 0 29Total 2 081 834 3 112 559Economy editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Urumqi news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Outer Ring Road viaducts in Urumqi at nightUrumqi is a major industrial center within Xinjiang Urumqi together with Karamay and Korla account for 64 5 percent of the total industrial output of Xinjiang Urumqi is also the largest consumer center in the region recording 41 9 billion retail sales of consumer goods in 2008 an increase of 26 percent from 2007 The GDP per capita reached US 6 222 in 2008 65 According to statistics Urumqi ranked 7th in 2008 by the disposable income for urban residents among cities in Western China 66 Urumqi has been a central developmental target for the China Western Development project that the Central Government is pursuing The Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fair Chinese 乌洽会 has been held annually since 1991 and has been upgraded into the first China Eurasia Expo in 2011 Its purpose is to promote domestic and foreign markets The 17th Fair has attracted participants from the Ministry of Commerce and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade citation needed nbsp Buildings in Urumqi CBDs near People s SquareXinjiang Guanghui Industry Investment Group 新疆广汇集团 is the largest real estate enterprise and most powerful privately owned company in Xinjiang and is currently engaged in energy and automobiles China CITIC Bank Mansion 中信银行大厦 headquarters of Guanghui located in one of the CBDs in North Xinhua Road is the tallest building in Urumqi and Xinjiang with a height of 229 metres 751 feet it is also the tallest in Northwestern China and Central Asia Zhongshan Road Sun Yat sen Road Chinese 中山路 has been one of the ten most famous commercial streets in China since 2005 Zhongshan Road has always been the hub of consumer electronics in the city with the largest computer mobile phone and consumer electronics market in Xinjiang including Baihuacun Cyber Digital Plaza and Fountain Plaza As the economic center in Xinjiang Urumqi has expanded its urban area since the 1990s The CBDs in the city increased rapidly all around the major districts Despite the old city areas being primarily in the south the development in the north part began since the late 1980s The completion of the new office tower for Urumqi Municipal Government in 2003 at Nanhu Square 南湖广场 in Nanhu Road marked a shift of the city center to the north Lacking a subway the city commenced the construction of viaducts for Outer Ring Road 外环路 since 2003 which considerably facilitates transport Youhao Road 友好路 and surrounding neighborhood is the commercial center for business shopping and amusement Youhao Group 友好集团 the namesake local enterprise owns a major market share of retails Maison Mode Urumqi 乌鲁木齐美美百货 open since 2008 became one of the few notable department stores for luxury merchandise in the city 67 The Urumqi Economic and Technological Development Zone UETD located in the northern Toutunhe District has been a leading base for steel machinery manufacturing biochemistry and other industrial innovations Tourism edit nbsp People s Square nbsp International Grand Bazaar XinjiangGrand Bazaar a bazaar on South Jiefang Road 解放南路 Hong Shan Red Mountain is the symbol of Urumqi located in Hongshan Park People s Park south of Hongshan Park People s Square Nanhu Square 南湖广场 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum 新疆维吾尔自治区博物馆 which was completely rebuilt in the early 2000s 68 Heavenly Lake Scenic Area a popular park with some of China s most famous alpine scenery over two hours outside Urumqi Shuimogou Hot Springs 水磨沟温泉 is located 5 km 3 1 mi northeast of Urumqi Xinjiang Silk Road Museum 新疆丝绸之路博物馆 is located next to the Grand Bazaar at No 160 Shengli Road It is located on the fourth and fifth floors of a large European style building which houses a shopping complex as well Most of the exhibits have English names as well and some of the guides speak some English Urumqi City Museum 乌鲁木齐博物馆 is located at South Nanhu Road 123 南湖南路123号 Urumqi Tatar Mosque 乌鲁木齐塔塔尔寺清真寺 is located on Jiefang Road Permission must be obtained prior to visiting the mosque 69 The monument at the Geographical Center of Asian Continent in Yongfeng Township Urumqi County Urumqi Silk Road Ski Resort 丝绸之路滑雪场 is located in Urumqi County Immaculate Conception Cathedral Urumqi Diocesan Cathedral of the Diocese of Xinjiang 烏魯木齊天主教堂 Education and science edit nbsp Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics nbsp Urumqi No 1 High School Urumqi has many educational campuses including Xinjiang University Xinjiang Normal University Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Medical University and many others Universities edit Xinjiang University 新疆大学 Xinjiang Normal University 新疆师范大学 70 Xinjiang Agricultural University 新疆农业大学 Xinjiang Arts Institute 新疆艺术学院 Xinjiang University of Finance and Economics 新疆财经大学 Urumqi Vocational University 乌鲁木齐职业大学 Xinjiang Vocational and Technical Institute 新疆交通职业技术学院 Xinjiang Medical University 新疆医科大学 High schools edit Urumqi No 1 High School Bingtuan No 2 Middle School Bayi Senior High School of Urumqi No 70 Senior High School of Urumqi No 8 Senior High School of Urumqi No 6 Senior High School of UrumqiResearch institutes edit Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory The Xingjiang Technical Institute of Physics amp Chemistry CAS Xingjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyTransportation edit nbsp Urumqi Diwopu International Airport nbsp Urumqi South Railway Station Air edit Urumqi is served by the Urumqi Diwopu International Airport It is a hub for China Southern Airlines Urumqi Diwopu International Airport is the largest airport in Xinjiang and the only airport in China to serve flights from Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan Rail edit Urumqi is Xinjiang s main rail hub with two primary railway stations the older Urumqi South railway station formerly the Urumqi railway station and Urumqi railway station opened in July 2016 The Lanzhou Xinjiang High Speed Railway stops at both stations running from Urumqi to Lanzhou railway station and has been in operation since the end of 2014 The city is served by several conventional rail lines Urumqi is the western terminus of the Lanzhou Xinjiang Lanxin and Urumqi Dzungaria Wuzhun Railway and the eastern terminus of the Northern Xinjiang Beijiang and the Second Urumqi Jinghe railway The Beijiang and the Lanxin Lines form part of the Trans Eurasian Continental Railway which runs from Rotterdam through the Alataw Pass on the Kazakhstan border to Urumqi and on to Lanzhou and Lianyungang Road edit China National Highway 216 China National Highway 312 China National Highway 314Many roads to the north and west typically shut down by early October remaining closed until the end of winter Bus rapid transit edit The Urumqi BRT bus service was launched in August 2011 after an investment of 930 million yuan in an effort to improve urban traffic 71 There are currently 9 routes operated BRT1 BRT2 BRT3 BRT4 BRT5 BRT 6 its branch BRT 61 BRT 7 and its branch BRT 71 72 Metro edit The Urumqi Metro opened on 25 October 2018 when the northern section of Line 1 was opened to the public The southern section of Line 1 opened on 28 June 2019 73 Line 1 runs between Urumqi Diwopu International Airport and Santunbei in downtown Urumqi with a total length of 27 615 km 17 2 mi and 21 stations 73 74 It is fully underground 75 The planned system consists of 7 lines being 211 km 131 mi in length The first two lines Line 1 and Line 2 will be constructed with an estimated cost of 31 24 billion yuan 76 Media editThe Xinjiang Networking Transmission Limited operates the Urumqi People s Broadcasting Station and the Xinjiang People Broadcasting Station broadcasting in the Mandarin Uyghur Kazakh Mongolian Russian and the Kyrgyz languages The Xinjiang Television Station XJTV located in Urumqi is the major TV broadcasting station in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region The local television station for Urumqi city is Urumqi Television Station UTV Sport editXinjiang Flying Tigers is a basketball team that is part of the Chinese Basketball Association based in Urumqi Xinjiang Its corporate sponsor is Xinjiang Guanghui Group Xinjiang Tianshan Leopard F C is a local football team in the China League One China started a bandy development programme by organizing educational days in Urumqi in June 2009 77 In 2015 an indoor speed skating arena was opened 78 Twin towns and sister cities editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in China This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Urumqi is twinned with City Region CountryMalaybalay nbsp Bukidnon nbsp PhilippinesOsan nbsp Gyeonggi nbsp South KoreaPeshawar nbsp Khyber Pakhtunkhwa nbsp PakistanDushanbe nbsp Districts of Republican Subordination nbsp TajikistanKlang 79 nbsp Selangor nbsp MalaysiaBishkek Bishkek City nbsp KyrgyzstanAlmaty nbsp Almaty1 nbsp KazakhstanChelyabinsk nbsp Chelyabinsk Oblast nbsp RussiaMashhad nbsp Razavi Khorasan Province nbsp Iran 1 Almaty is a state level city of KazakhstanNotable people editDilraba Dilmurat Gulnazar Rushan Abbas Hassan Anvar Elnigar IltebirNotes edit Chinese 乌鲁木齐 pinyin WulǔmuqiUyghur ئۈرۈمچى romanized Urumchi pronounced ʏrʏmˈtʃi Chinese 迪化 pinyin Dihua Wade Giles Ti2 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policies matter Ethnic and Racial Studies 36 1 179 98 doi 10 1080 01419870 2011 644313 External links editUrumqi at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp News from Wikinews nbsp Textbooks from Wikibooks nbsp Travel information from Wikivoyage nbsp Data from Wikidata Urumqi Government official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urumqi amp oldid 1187937840, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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