Shijiazhuang

For the town in Ningwu County, Xinzhou, Shanxi province, see Shijiazhuang, Shanxi.

Shijiazhuang (/ˌʃiːdʒiəˈdʒwæŋ, ʃɜːr-/;^[2] simplified Chinese: 石家庄; traditional Chinese: 石家莊; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng; Mandarin: [ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ]), formerly known as Shimen and romanized as Shihkiachwang, is the capital and most populous city of China’s Hebei Province.^[3] Administratively a prefecture-level city, it is about 266 kilometres (165 mi) southwest of Beijing,^[4] and it administers eight districts, two county-level cities, and 12 counties.

Shijiazhuang 石家庄市 Shihkiachwang, Shimen
Prefecture-level city
Clockwise from the top: skyline of Shijiazhuang, Chang'an Park, Linji Temple, Tomb of Zhongshan State, Zhengding Ancient Wall, Hebei Museum Cultural Square, Anji Bridge, Shijiazhuang TV Tower
Location of Shijiazhuang City jurisdiction in Hebei
Shijiazhuang Location of the city center in Hebei Show map of Hebei Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang (Northern China) Show map of Northern China Shijiazhuang Shijiazhuang (China) Show map of China
Coordinates (Hebei People's Government): 38°02′16″N 114°31′49″E / 38.0377°N 114.5304°E / 38.0377; 114.5304Coordinates: 38°02′16″N 114°31′49″E / 38.0377°N 114.5304°E / 38.0377; 114.5304
Country	China
Province	Hebei
Settled	204 B.C. (Changshan Commandery)
Established	June 24, 1925
Municipal seat	Chang'an District
Government
• Type	Prefecture-level city
• Body	Shijiazhuang Municipal People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Xing Guohui
• Congress Chairman	Li Xuerong
• Mayor	Ma Yujun
• CPPCC Chairman	Zhang Ye
Area
• Prefecture-level city	14,072 km^2 (5,433 sq mi)
• Urban	2,256.6 km^2 (871.3 sq mi)
• Metro	2,664.2 km^2 (1,028.7 sq mi)
Elevation	83 m (272 ft)
Population  (2020 census)^[1]
• Prefecture-level city	11,235,086
• Density	800/km^2 (2,100/sq mi)
• Urban	5,758,403
• Urban density	2,600/km^2 (6,600/sq mi)
• Metro	6,230,709
• Metro density	2,300/km^2 (6,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Shijiazhuangnese, Villager (colloq.)
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code	050000
ISO 3166 code	CN-HE-01
Licence plate prefixes	冀A
City Flower	Rosa Chinensis
City Tree	Styphnolobium
GaWC World City level classification	Sufficiency
GDP (2018)	¥548,600 billion $81,252 billion
GDP per capita (2018)	¥53,799 $7,968
Rapid transit
Website	www.SJZ.gov.cn

Shijiazhuang
"Shijiazhuang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese	石家庄
Traditional Chinese	石家莊
Postal	Shihkiachwang
Literal meaning	"Shi Family Village"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shíjiāzhuāng Bopomofo ㄕˊ   ㄐㄧㄚ   ㄓㄨㄤ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Shyrjiajuang Wade–Giles Shih^2-chia^1-chuang^1 Yale Romanization Shŕjyājwāng IPA [ʂɻ̩̌.tɕjá.ʈʂwáŋ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Sehk-gāa-jōng Jyutping Sek^6-gaa^1-zong^1 IPA [sɛ̀ːk̚.káː.tsɔ́ːŋ] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Chio̍h-ka-chng Tâi-lô Tsio̍h-ka-tsng
Shimen
Simplified Chinese	石门
Traditional Chinese	石門
Literal meaning	"Shi family's village and Xiumen village Portfolio"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Shímén

As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 11,235,086, with 6,230,709 in the built-up (or metro) area comprising all urban districts but Jingxing District not agglomerated and Zhengding County largely conurbated with the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area as urbanization continues to proliferate. Shijiazhuang's total population ranked twelfth in mainland China.^[5]

Shijiazhuang experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in 30 years as a result of industrialization and infrastructural developments.^[6] From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan which concluded with the reorganization of the city, resulting in an increase of green areas and new buildings and roads. A train station, airport and a subway system have been opened.^[7]

Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains, a mountain range extending over 400 km (250 mi) from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 m (4,900 to 6,600 ft).

Name

The city's present name, Shijiazhuang (Chinese: 石家庄), first appeared during the Ming dynasty. Its literal meaning is "Shi family's village". The word Shijiazhuang was generally used after construction of the Shijiazhuang station of the Zhengtai Railway in 1907.

The origin of the name is heavily disputed. One story claimed that the Wanli Emperor sent 24 officers and their families to the area, after which the group splits into two settlements consisting of 10 and 14 families. The imperial court then named the settlements "village of 10 families" (十家庄) and "village of 14 families" (十), respectively. Since the Chinese characters for ten (十; shí) and stone (石; shí) are homophones, it is speculated that the city name gradually evolved into its current spelling. Another explanation is that the settlement was named after the highest-ranking official amongst the groups, who was surnamed Shi.^[8] However, a county named Shiyi (Chinese: 石邑; lit. 'stone city'), in present-day Luquan District, was already present during the Warring States period, suggesting that the name, or its elements, have even older origins.^[9]

At first, the settlement was officially known only as "Shijia", as the "zhuang" was solely used to denote the nature of the settlement being a village, instead of being part of its name. This was further evidenced on June 24, 1925, when the Republican government ordered the village to be established as an autonomous city under the name Shijia. The city ended up being renamed as Shimen (石门) when it was officially incorporated on August 29, 1925, after the merger with another village, Xiumen (Chinese: 休门; lit. 'auspicious gate').^[10] Despite being renamed, however, many documents and war plans from the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War still referred to the city as "Shijiazhuang" or "Shizhuang". To avoid confusion and association with the Japanese Army, the Chinese Communist Party ultimately reverted the city's name back to Shijiazhuang on December 26, 1947.^[11][12] Since then, many terms regarding the city have been stemmed from the "zhuang" suffix, including its nickname "international village" (国际庄),^[13] and the colloquial demonym, "villagers" (庄里人).^[14]

History

Pre-Qin period

This area was occupied by Xianyu people at beginning of Zhou dynasty, and later belonged to the Zhongshan (中山國) and Zhao states at pre-Qin period.

Qin and Han dynasties

In pre-Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao was located in this area. After taking over Zhao, Qin Shi Huang established the Hengshan Commandery in the region. It became part of the Zhao Principality under Western Han. The land was briefly granted to Liu Buyi (劉不疑), son of the Emperor Hui, during Empress Dowager Lü's reign. The territory was then passed to Liu Hong, Emperor Houshao of Han, after Buyi's death. It was then granted to Liu Chao (劉朝), another son of Emperor Hui. During the defeat of the Lü clan, Liu Chao was killed and the territory became a commandery of Zhao once again. Later, due to a naming taboo of Emperor Wen of Han, whose personal name is Liu Heng, its name was changed to Changshan (常山).^[15] From Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county seat named Shiyi.

Tang dynasty

With the reorganization of local government in the early period of the Tang dynasty (618–907), Hengshan county was abolished, and it was reestablished as a prefecture. It was renamed as Zhen Prefecture due to a naming taboo with Emperor Muzong of Tang, whose personal name was Li Heng.

Yuan and Song dynasties

Zhending was a giant city in the area, now Zhengding county, where was destination of migration from Yuan dynasty people and central area of preceding Northern Song dynasty people, particularly in Kaifeng and Zhengzhou etc.

Ming and Qing dynasties

The name "Shijiazhuang" was first mentioned in 1535 on a stele of a local temple. Shijiazhuang was then little more than a local market town, subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding a few miles to the north.

Republican era

 

Old platform of Shijiazhuang in 1907

The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing–Wuhan (Hankou) railway reached the area, stimulating trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later the town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan, Shanxi. The connection transformed the town from a local collecting center and market into a communications center of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi, and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest, to Shaanxi as well. The city also became the center of an extensive road network.

 

City seal during the Japanese occupation

Pre-World War II Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting center for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of the North China Plain, particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935 it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic center. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed when it took on an administrative role as the preeminent city in western Hebei, and developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before the war. By 1941, Shide railway line was constructed between Shijiazhuang and Dezhou, Shandong in the war occupied period, operated by North China Transportation Company.

On November 12, 1947, the city was captured by Communist forces. Xibaipo, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area is a memorial site.^[16]

People's Republic

Since the city was pivotal to the People's Liberation Army's victory of the Chinese Civil War, many governmental agencies have roots in Shijiazhuang. The creation of the North China People's Government in 1947 affirmed the city's position as a key political center. A year later, as the result of the merger between the Bank of North China, the Bank of Beihai, and the Northwest Agricultural Bank, the People's Bank of China was established here, where it produced and released the first series of the renminbi.^[17]

Meanwhile, the industrialization of the city also gathered momentum thanks to government initiatives including the First Five-Year Plan. Shijiazhuang was one of the fourteen cities selected as focus cities for development. The population more than tripled in the decade 1948–58 after Communist won the civil war. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition, there are plants processing local farm produce. In the 1960s it was the site of a new chemical industry, with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda. Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with a tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan, a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains, which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries.

Tianjin was again carved out of Hebei in 1967, remaining a separate entity today. The provincial capital was then moved to Baoding, however, the city was plunged into chaos due to the Cultural Revolution just a year later. Thus, under the direction of Mao Zedong to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital in 1968.

Beginning in the 1990s, Shijiazhuang saw another episode of rapid growth and development. Starting from the plains area in the east and south of the city, the focus of the developments later shifted towards the mountainous districts and counties in the west, as well as along the Hutuo River in the north.^[18]

In the early hours of March 16, 2001, four apartment buildings were leveled after a series of explosions rocked the city, killing 108 while injuring 38. The perpetrator was a deaf, unemployed man named Jin Ruchao who police arrested weeks later. Jin confessed that he had delivered the bombs via taxi and stated that the bombings were an act of revenge on his relatives, who were among the tenants of the apartments. Jin and his accomplices were later executed.^[19]

In December 2020, its mayor, Deng Peiran, was charged with corruption, with Ma Yujun currently serving as the acting mayor.^[20] A few weeks later, the city became a new COVID-19 hotspot: starting from the village of Xiaoguozhuang in Gaocheng District in the northern portion of the city, cases has been increasing rapidly since January 2, 2021.^[21] Due to its proximity with Beijing and the severity of the outbreak, harsh measures were put into place, with all 11 million residences undergoing mandatory testing, as well as school closures, banning of gatherings, and residential districts being sealed.^[22] All highways were blocked off, with rail and air links also suspended.^[23]

Throughout the years, the city's administrative units have been shifted and adjusted multiple times. Initially, Shijiazhuang was administered under the prefecture of the same name, along with the counties of Zhengding, Pingshan, Lingshou, Jingxing, Jianping, Huailu, Jinxian, Gaocheng, Luancheng, Zhaoxian, Shulu, Yuanshi, Zanhuang, Gaoyi, and one town, Xinji. The first new district of the city, Jingxing Mining District, was created on June 27, 1950. On November 7, 1952, Hengshui Prefecture, to the east, was merged into Shijiazhuang, adding six more counties. The prefecture continued to expand after Dingxian Prefecture was split and merged into Baoding and Shijiazhuang on June 18, 1954. Between March 1960 and May 1961, the prefecture and the city merged. Thereafter, however, the prefecture was re-established, with Hengshui Prefecture splitting away the next year. The city and its prefecture merged for good in June 1993. In the 2010s, Shijiazhuang's administrative divisions saw further changes. In 2013, the county-level city of Xinji, although still part of Shijiazhuang prefecture, is now directly administered by Hebei province. Later, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved more adjustments to the city's divisions. Qiaodong District was dissolved and merged into Chang'an and Qiaoxi districts. Three county-level cities, Gaocheng, Luquan, and Luancheng, became urban districts.^[18]

Geography

 

Map including Shijiazhuang (labeled as SHIH-MEN (SHIHKIACHWANG) 石門) (AMS, 1954)

Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches a 148 kilometres (92 mi) north–south extent and a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching 760 kilometres (472 mi) long and covers an area of 15,722 square kilometres (6,070 sq mi). Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi.

The city stands at the edge of the North China Plain, which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River. From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass, connects the city directly with Taiyuan, Shanxi.

The mountainous part of the prefecture consists of parts of:

• Jingxing Mining District
• Jingxing County
• Zanhuang County
• Xingtang County
• Lingshou County
• Yuanshi County
• Luquan District

The Hutuo River Basin in the east juts into:

• Xinle City
• Wuji County
• Shenze County
• Jinzhou City
• Gaocheng District
• Gaoyi County
• Zhao County
• Luancheng District
• Zhengding County
• The metropolitan area and its suburbs, in their entirety
• All of the divisions mentioned in the above list, except for Jingxing Mining District

Climate

The city has a continental, monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. Spring can see sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages −2.3 °C (27.9 °F), while July averages 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); the annual mean is 13.38 °C (56.1 °F). With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45 percent in July to 61 percent in May, the city receives 2,427 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone.

Climate data for Shijiazhuang (1981–2010 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.0 (64.4)	25.8 (78.4)	30.7 (87.3)	34.9 (94.8)	42.8 (109.0)	42.7 (108.9)	42.9 (109.2)	38.6 (101.5)	39.7 (103.5)	34.1 (93.4)	26.8 (80.2)	24.5 (76.1)	42.9 (109.2)
Average high °C (°F)	3.6 (38.5)	7.5 (45.5)	13.9 (57.0)	21.8 (71.2)	27.4 (81.3)	32.0 (89.6)	32.2 (90.0)	30.5 (86.9)	26.9 (80.4)	20.8 (69.4)	11.8 (53.2)	5.3 (41.5)	19.5 (67.0)
Average low °C (°F)	−5.8 (21.6)	−2.5 (27.5)	3.0 (37.4)	10.0 (50.0)	15.7 (60.3)	20.5 (68.9)	23.0 (73.4)	21.8 (71.2)	16.7 (62.1)	9.9 (49.8)	1.8 (35.2)	−3.5 (25.7)	9.2 (48.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−19.6 (−3.3)	−19.8 (−3.6)	−17.3 (0.9)	−5.3 (22.5)	3.8 (38.8)	10.6 (51.1)	16.2 (61.2)	11.1 (52.0)	3.7 (38.7)	−2.4 (27.7)	−14.1 (6.6)	−18.7 (−1.7)	−19.8 (−3.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	4.1 (0.16)	6.3 (0.25)	12.1 (0.48)	19.5 (0.77)	42.3 (1.67)	57.4 (2.26)	127.1 (5.00)	146.5 (5.77)	55.8 (2.20)	25.9 (1.02)	14.8 (0.58)	4.5 (0.18)	516.3 (20.34)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	2.2	2.8	3.6	4.1	6.2	8.4	13.1	12.3	7.3	5.5	3.8	2.0	71.3
Average relative humidity (%)	55	53	52	52	57	59	75	78	71	67	65	60	62.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours	174.0	176.8	205.9	236.0	265.8	247.6	201.0	198.3	206.7	193.5	164.1	157.3	2,427
Percent possible sunshine	58	58	56	60	61	56	45	47	56	56	54	53	55
Source 1: National Meteorological Center of CMA^[24]
Source 2: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days, humidity, sunshine 1971–2000) (extremes 1951–2000)^[25]

Air quality

 

A park in Shijiazhuang during a smoggy day

See also: 2013 Eastern China smog

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang was one of ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang.^[26] As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, several northern cities are among the most polluted cities and have some of the worst air quality in China. Reporting on China's air quality has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang is among China's 10 most polluted cities along with other cities including major Chinese cities like Beijing and Zhengzhou, and 6 other prefectural cities all in Hebei.^[27] These cities are all situated in traditional geographic subdivision of "Huabei (North China) Region".

In 2020, annual average PM2.5 Air Pollution in Shijiazhuang stood at 56 µg/m³, which is 11.2 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 µg/m³: set in September, 2021).^[28] These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Shijiazhuang by almost 5 years.^[28]

A dense wave of smog began in the Central and Eastern part of China on December 2, 2013, across a distance of around 1,200 kilometres (750 mi),^[29] including Shijiazhuang and surrounding areas. A lack of cold air flow, combined with slow-moving air masses carrying industrial emissions, collected airborne pollutants to form a thick layer of smog over the region.^[30] Officials blamed the dense pollution on lack of wind, automobile exhaust emissions under low air pressure, and coal-powered district heating system in North China region.^[31] Prevailing winds blew low-hanging air masses of factory emissions (mostly SO₂) towards China's east coast.^[32]

Current leaders

Leaders of the Chinese Communist Party and state institutions in Shijiazhuang

Departments	Secretary of the Shijiazhuang Municipal Committee of the Chinese Communist Party	Director of the Standing Committee of the Shijiazhuang People's Congress	Mayor of Shijiazhuang People's Government	Chairman of Shijiazhuang Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Name	Zhang Chaochao^[33]	Li Xuerong^[34]	Ma Yujun^[35]	Zhang Ye^[36]
Ethnic Group	Han	Han	Manchu	Han
Native place	Shangcai County, Henan	Zhangjiakou,Hebei	Luanping County,Hebei	Xinji,Hebei
Birth date	December 1967 (age 55)	June 1963 (age 59)	June 1965 (age 57)	August 1963 (age 59)
Date of assumption of duty	April 2021	February 2021	January 2021	February 2021

Administrative divisions

Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over:

Map
Chang'an Qiaoxi Xinhua Yuhua Luancheng Gaocheng Luquan Jingxing Jingxing County Zhengding County Xingtang County Lingshou County Gaoyi County Shenze County Zanhuang County Wuji County Pingshan County Yuanshi County Zhao County Xinji (city) Jinzhou (city) Xinle (city)
Name	Chinese	Pinyin	Population (2010)	Area (km^2)	Density (/km^2)
City proper
Chang'an District	长安区	Cháng'ān Qū	560,643	110	4,362
Qiaoxi District	桥西区	Qiáoxī Qū	596,164	53	11,248
Xinhua District	新华区	Xīnhuá Qū	625,119	92	6,795
Yuhua District	裕华区	Yùhuá Qū	574,572	101	4,888
Luancheng District	栾城区	Luánchéng Qū	328,933	347	948
Gaocheng District	藁城区	Gàochéng Qū	775,110	836	927
Luquan District	鹿泉区	Lùquán Qū	432,936	603	718
Suburban
Jingxing Mining District	井陉矿区	Jǐngxíng Kuàngqū	95,170	56	1,699
Zhengding County	正定县	Zhèngdìng Xiàn	466,807	568	822
Satellite cities
Xinji City	辛集市	Xīnjí Shì	615,919	951	648
Jinzhou City	晋州市	Jìnzhōu Shì	537,679	619	868
Xinle City	新乐市	Xīnlè Shì	487,652	625	780
Rural
Jingxing County	井陉县	Jǐngxíng Xiàn	309,882	1,381	224
Xingtang County	行唐县	Xíngtáng Xiàn	406,353	1,025	396
Lingshou County	灵寿县	Língshòu Xiàn	333,558	1,546	216
Gaoyi County	高邑县	Gāoyì Xiàn	186,478	222	840
Shenze County	深泽县	Shēnzé Xiàn	250,264	296	845
Zanhuang County	赞皇县	Zànhuáng Xiàn	244,799	1,210	202
Wuji County	无极县	Wújí Xiàn	502,662	524	959
Pingshan County	平山县	Píngshān Xiàn	433,429	2,951	147
Yuanshi County	元氏县	Yuánshì Xiàn	418,466	849	493
Zhao County	赵县	Zhào Xiàn	571,077	714	800

Demographics

Migrants flowing in from all across China largely contributed to the population growth of Shijiazhuang in recent times. With a population of 120,000 in 1947, Shijiazhuang became the first medium-large city captured by the Chinese Communist Party from the Kuomintang. By the time of the People's Republic of China's founding in 1949, the total urban population increased to more than 270,000 people, more than doubling in a span of two years. In 1953, when China rolled out its first five-year plan, the total population of Shijiazhuang's urban area increased to 320,000. In 1960, the total population of the Shijiazhuang urban area had reached 650,000. In 1968, the city experienced a substantial increase due to it being designated the capital of Hebei to avoid chaos in Baoding amidst the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, the urban population had surpassed the one million mark, joining the ranks of a large city. As of the end of 2017, the urban population of Shijiazhuang exceeded 4.5 million.^[37]

In just six decades, the city's population has increased by more than 20 fold.^[37] At the end of 2009, the city's total non-migrant population was 9,774,100, an increase of 109,300 over the previous year. The birth rate of the city's population is 14.65%, the death rate is 6.25%, and the natural growth rate is 8.4%.^[38]

According to the sixth national census in 2010, the city's total non-migrant population stands at 10,163,788.^[39] Compared with the fifth national census a decade prior, there was an increase of 818,365 people, or an increase of 8.76%, and an average annual growth rate of 0.84%. Among them, the male population stood at 5,087,913, accounting for 50.06% of the total population; the female population is 5,075,875, accounting for 49.94% of the total population. The gender ratio of the total population is 100 women per 100.24 men. The population aged between 0 and 14 is 1,548,125, accounting for 15.23% of the total population; the population aged between 15 and 64 is 7,789,753, accounting for 76.64% of the total population; the population aged 65 and over is 825,910, accounting for 8.13% of the total population.^[39]

The top 10 surnames of Shijiazhuang are: Zhang (10.27%), Wang (9.25%), Li (9.17%), Liu (6.73%), Zhao (4.28%), Yang (2.82%), Gao (2.08%), Chen (1.92%), Ma (1.77%), and Guo (1.55%).^[40]

On May 6, 2011, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published the "2011 China Urban Competitiveness Blue Book: China Urban Competitiveness Report". In it, the happiness survey sampled 294 cities across China, arriving at the conclusion that the residents of Shijiazhuang were the happiest. This result caused strong doubts from netizens.^[41]

Economy

 

Zhengtai Hotel was established in 1907

In 2014, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached CNY(RMB)￥510.02 billion (about $80.45 billion in USD), an increase of 12 percent over the previous year, and placing the city 20th in provincial capitals by GDP.^[42][43]

Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province, along with Tangshan. The city also located in Beijing-Tianjin-Shijiazhuang Hi-Tech Industrial Belt, which is one of the main Hi-Tech Belts in China. Nicknamed the "medicine hub of China", it's home to major pharmaceutical companies and factories like the North China Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang Pharma Group, and Shineway Pharma. The textile industry is also one of the backbones of the city's commerce.^{[citation needed]} Other sectors include machinery and chemicals, building materials, light industry, and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares^{[citation needed]} of cultivated land and is the main source of cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province.

In 2008, total imports reached US$1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$5.596 billion.^{[citation needed]}

2006 World Bank reported that Shijiazhuang was spending less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631).^[44]

Development zones

• Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone

The zone was established in March 1991 as a state-level development zone and is divided into three districts. National highways 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Shijiazhuang railway station, 105 km (65 mi) away from Tianjin Port. Industries include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics.^[45]

The Eastern District, located in the eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 5.8 km² (2.2 sq mi), and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of 9.8 km² (3.8 sq mi).^{[citation needed]} A railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through the zone from north to south, so enterprises in the zone can build lines of their own.

The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 8.2 km² (3.2 sq mi). It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers 4 km² (1.5 sq mi), and focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry.^{[citation needed]}

By 2009, some 2,600 enterprises had settled in the zone, of which 185 were foreign-funded enterprises. Firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan had established themselves in the zone.^[44]

Dairy

The city is a center for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group. Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become the largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises."^[46]

Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal. The chairman and general manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including the vice-mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office.^[47][48][49] Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on September 17, 2008.^[50]

Transportation

Expressways

The city is served by many expressways, including the Shitai, Beijing–Shenzhen and Taiyuan–Cangzhou Expressways.

Railway

 

Shijiazhuang railway station.

Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub at the intersection point of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Taiyuan–Dezhou, and Shuozhou–Huanghua railways. The new Shijiazhuang railway station (opened December 2012) has a rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway. Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network, as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are.^[51]

In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring the new high-speed railway into the central city, a 5 km (3.1 mi) long railway tunnel was constructed under the city. This is the first time a high-speed railway has been run under a Chinese city.^[52][53]

There is also the smaller Shijiazhuang North railway station, used by trains going west toward Taiyuan without the need for passing though downtown.

Metro

Main article: Shijiazhuang Metro

Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3 of the Shijiazhuang Metro are currently operational.^[54] The system is 76.5 km (47.5 mi) in length.^[54] The latest metro plan of Shijiazhuang includes 6 lines in total.^[55]

Airport

The Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport is the province's center of air transportation. It is about 30 kilometers northeast of the city. There are 32 domestic routes arriving at and departing from Shijiazhuang, including destinations such as Shanghai, Shenzhen and Dalian. The airport serves 12 international destinations including four routes to Russia. The airport is being expanded and will be capable of being an alternate airport to Beijing Capital International Airport.^[44]

With the opening of the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway at the end of 2012, the airport got its own train station, making available fast, although infrequent, train service between the airport and Shijiazhuang railway station, as well as other stations in the region.^[56]

Cycling

Most large roads in the city feature a separate cycle lane and, combined with the city being flat, make it ideal for cycling. Thousands of cyclists use the city each day and often there are more cyclists waiting at a crossroad than cars.

Military

Shijiazhuang is headquarters of the 27th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending China's capital.

Culture

City centre

 

Lerthai Shopping Complex in downtown

The city of Shijiazhuang is similar to Beijing in that all roads run from north to south and east to west, making the city easy to navigate. Many roads have cycle paths making it cyclist friendly. In the heart of the city is the Hebei Museum which was refurbished in 2013 and 2014. It holds regular events, mostly showing traditional Chinese art and artifacts. The Yutong International Sports Centre hosts the Shijiazhuang Ever Bright football matches as well as holding pop concerts.

Shijiazhuang Zoo is located on the west side of the city. The zoo has 3,000 animals of 250 species including flamingos, golden monkeys, manchurian tigers, Indian elephants, giraffes, chimpanzees, kangaroos, seals, white tigers, springboks and pandas. Near the Shijiazhuang Zoo are the Botanical Gardens (Chinese: 石家庄植物园), offering a range of exotic and native plants both to view and purchase. The Martyrs Memorial (烈士纪念馆) can be found in the centre of the city, commemorating the soldiers lost in war.

Main sights

 

Nantianmen (南天门), the main entrance to Baodu Zhai.

Baodu Zhai (Chinese: 抱犊寨; pinyin: Bàodúzhài), or Baodu Village, is an ancient fortified hilltop settlement located on the west side of the city, the mountain contains walks and buddhist statues.^{[57][better source needed]} Close to Baodu Zhai is Fenglong Mountain (封龙山) is situated 5 km (3.1 mi) outside of Shijiazhuang to the west, the mountain features walks and a large stone Buddha statue situated on top of the mountain. Mount Cangyan (苍岩山; Cāngyán Shān; 'Green Cliff Mountain') is a scenic area in Jingxing County, famous for its combination of natural mountain scenery with historical man-made structures. It was featured in a scene of the Chinese movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

 

Mount Cangyan in 2007

The Longxing Temple (Chinese: 隆興寺; pinyin: Lóngxīng Sì) is an ancient Buddhist monastery located just outside the city. It has been referred to as the "First Temple south of Beijing". The Anji Bridge (also known as Zhaozhou Bridge) (安濟橋; Ānjì Qiáo; 'Safe crossing bridge') is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. Credited to the design of a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595–605 during the Sui dynasty (581–618). It is the oldest standing bridge in China. The Pagoda of Bailin Temple (從諗禪師舍利塔; Cóngshěn Chánshī Shělìtǎ or 趙州塔; Zhàozhōu Tǎ) is an octagonal-based brick Chinese pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368).

City parks

The downtown area of the city contains a range of parks. The largest park is found in the centre of the city known as Chang'an Park (Chinese: 长安公园), the park includes an underground shopping mall, a theatre, a museum, a lake, bars and restaurants. Another park is found on the south east side of the city: Century Park (世纪公园), Century Park contains a lake in the centre with an amusement park to the north side. On the northwest side of the city is Water Park (水上公园) which features a large lake, amusement rides, short walks and various restaurants. As well as these three large parks there are smaller parks scattered across the city.

Shopping

The largest mall in the city is the Wanda shopping mall, located in the southeast side of the city, along with the Lerthai Shopping Complex at the downtown, and Wondermall on the southwest side. The Wanda mall includes an IMAX theatre.

Food

During the summer barbecue restaurants (Chinese: 烧烤) open, selling a whole range of foods, the most popular of which are lamb kebabs (羊肉串). Thousands of restaurants can be found across the city offering a range of Chinese as well as western cuisine open around the clock.

Cultural references

The 2018 arthouse film An Elephant Sitting Still by Hu Bo was shot and set in Shijiazhuang.

Notable people

• Deng Lun, actor
• Kang Hui, news anchor for China Central Television.
• Omnipotent Youth Society, Chinese alternative rock band that was formed in the late 1990s.
• Feng Zhang, Chinese-American biochemist. Known for his role in the development of CRISPR technologies.
• Sun Yingsha, table tennis player.^[58]
• Zhao Tuo, Qin dynasty Chinese general. Founder of Triệu dynasty.
• Zhao Yun, military general who lived during the late Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period.
• Li Jiang, an official of Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xianzong.
• Li Deyu, a Chinese poet, politician, and writer of Tang dynasty.
• Han Shantong, one of leaders of the early Red Turban rebellion.
• Zhou Dongyu, actress considered one of the Four Dan actresses of the post 90's generation
• Zheng Yuanjie, Chinese fairy tale author, and founder and sole writer of a children's literature magazine known as the King of Fairy Tales.

Sports

Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C. (Chinese: 石家庄永昌; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng Yǒngchāng) is a Chinese football club based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, which competes in the Chinese Super League. It plays in the 37,000-seat Yutong International Sports Centre. The team changed to their current name on February 24, 2014.^[59][60]

Yutong International Sports Center (裕彤国际体育中心) is a multi-use stadium, used mostly for football matches. The capacity is 38,500.

Hospitals

 

Norman Bethune

• Hebei General Hospital^[61]
• The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang City^[62]
• The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University^[63]
• Bethune International Peace Hospital^[64] Chinese: 白求恩国际和平医院; pinyin: Báiqiú'ēn'Hépíng'Yīyuàn, namesake after Norman Bethune a Canadian thoracic surgeon who is honored for his humanitarian service in bringing modern medicine to rural China.

Education

Universities and colleges

Further information: List of universities in China § Hebei, and Hebei § Colleges and universities

• Shijiazhuang University
• Hebei GEO University
• Shijiazhuang Tiedao University
• Hebei Normal University
• Hebei Medical University

Twin towns and sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Shijiazhuang's twin towns and sister cities^[65] are:

  Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan (April 19, 1981)

  Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (May 31, 1985)

  Des Moines, Iowa, United States (August 8, 1986)

  Edison, New Jersey, United States (Date unknown)^[66]

  Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (September 22, 1987)

  Corby, England, United Kingdom (October 5, 1994)

  Ayagawa, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan (May 23, 1995)

  Solofra, Avellino, Italy (August 17, 1997)

  Cheonan, South Chungcheong, South Korea (August 26, 1997)

  Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico (September 2, 1997)

  Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada (July 9, 1998)

  Falkenberg, Halland County, Sweden (August 6, 2002)

  Nam Định, Nam Định Province, Vietnam (December 27, 2004)

  Nagykanizsa, Zala County, Hungary (2007)

See also

•  China portal

• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Yanzhao Evening News

References

1. "China: Hébĕi (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
2. . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021.
3. "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. from the original on June 19, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
4. "Distance from Beijing to Shijiazhuang". DistanceFromTo. from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
5. 最新中国城市人口数量排名(根据2010年第六次人口普查) (in Simplified Chinese). www.elivecity.cn. 2012. from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
6. 500多万人口！石家庄从小村庄变特大城市，70年变化翻天覆地 (in Simplified Chinese). Sohu. Retrieved December 22, 2020.
7. "石家庄三年大变样_百度知道". from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
8. 一大拨有关石家庄地名由来的争论汹涌而来. 燕赵都市报. February 20, 2014 – via Sina News.
9. "China Historical GIS". Harvard University and Fudan University. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
10. 休门. Shijiazhuang People's Government. April 26, 2017.
11. 1947年“石门市”为什么改为“石家庄市”. Sohu. February 20, 2017.
12. 历史沿革. Shijiazhuang People's Government. July 9, 2019.
13. 石家庄是如何成为"国际庄"的？. 163.com news. December 20, 2018.
14. 庄里人. 小鸡词典. April 18, 2018.
15. Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili. People's Press. pp. 92–93.
16. Kenneth Pomeranz (July 22, 2010), Musings on a Museum: A Trip to Xibaipo, from the original on July 25, 2010, retrieved August 7, 2010
17. 中国人民银行历史沿革. 中国人民银行. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
18. 城市概况. Shijiazhuang People's Government. July 9, 2019.
19. Rosenthal, Elisabeth (March 28, 2001). "Beijing Publishes Detailed Account of Bombings". New York Times.
20. 石家庄市长邓沛然落马：一天前登党报头版，曾出书谈反腐倡廉. NetEase News. December 23, 2020.
21. "China hits city of 11 million with tight restrictions as more than 100 COVID cases discovered". CBS News. January 6, 2021.
22. "A year after Wuhan, China locks down another city of 11 million people to contain a coronavirus flare-up". CNN. January 8, 2021.
23. "Coronavirus in China: instant noodles a godsend for residents caught out by Shijiazhuang lockdown". South China Morning Post. January 8, 2021.
24. 1981年-2010年（石家庄）月平均气温和降水 (in Simplified Chinese). National Meteorological Center of CMA. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
25. (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
26. "Weather & Extreme Events: 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China". January 16, 2013. Imaginechina/Corbis. http://news.discovery.com. from the original on September 8, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |agency= (help)
27. Bildner, Eli (February 27, 2013). . Global Voices China. http://newsmotion.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014. {{cite news}}: External link in |agency= (help)
28. "The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)". AQLI. Retrieved September 6, 2022.
29. "Smog Shrouds Eastern China". Earth Observatory. December 10, 2013. from the original on March 24, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
30. "Smog and fog hit east, north China". Xinhua News Agency. December 6, 2013. from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
31. 综合本报和新华社电. . People's Daily overseas edition. Archived from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2014 – via Xinhua.
32. . Greenpeace. December 6, 2013. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
33. . 人民网地方领导资料库. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
34. . 石家庄市人大网 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
35. . 人民网-地方领导资料库 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
36. . 石家庄政协网 (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on March 11, 2022.
37. . Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
38. . Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
39. 石家庄市统计局. 《石家庄市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报》.
40. . Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
41. . May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
42. . Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
43. 河北：石家庄市2011年GDP同比增长12.0%. www.chinacc.com (in Simplified Chinese). from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
44. "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2009. from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
45. "RightSite.asia – Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone". rightsite.asia. from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
46. McGregor, Richard (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-06-170876-3. from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
47. Klaudia Lee, "Tests find tainted baby milk at 21 more firms", Page A1, South China Morning Post (September 17, 2008)
48. Xinhua, "Officials, company manager sacked following baby milk powder scandal" January 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, chinaview.cn (September 16, 2008)
49. Lee Spears, China Revokes `Inspection-Free' Right as Milk Scandal Spreads, Bloomberg, (September 17, 2008)
50. Death toll rises to four in tainted baby formula scandal in China January 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua (September 18, 2008)
51. Hung, Wing-tat; Brunello, Lara; Bunker, Jonathan, Critical Issues of High Speed Rail Development in China (PDF), p. 4^{[permanent dead link]}
52. Meyer, Anna-Maria; Frühauf, Johannes; Gao, Jinfa (2011), "Inner-city construction of a new high-speed railway line in China - Shijiazhuang City Tunnel and new Terminal as part of the Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Wuhan PDL", Geotechnik, 34 (4): 285–290, doi:10.1002/gete.201100014, S2CID 110414802
53. Chinese high speed: in the wake of Wenzhou October 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, by Han Qiao, July 1, 2012
54. "3号线一期东段及二期工程今日开通运营！石家庄地铁首期建设顺利收官". April 6, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
55. "石家庄同时启动4条线路可研总承包招标 招标公告全文（1号线三期和5号线一期、4号线和6号线一期）". January 22, 2020.
56. [Air passengers can have their train tickets reimbursed: Air transportation industry's fight for survival]. guancha.cn. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on December 31, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
57. "ChinaHotel article". from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
58. . Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
59. 骏豪撤资石家庄永昌用新名 保加利亚国脚前腰加盟 (in Simplified Chinese). sports.sina.com.cn. December 27, 2013. from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
60. (in Simplified Chinese). fa.org.cn. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
61. "Hebei General Hospital". from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
62. "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2009. from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
63. . dun&bradstreet. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
64. "Bethune International Peace Hospital".
65. 89．对外、对内缔结友好城市 (in Chinese (China)). Shijiazhuang People's Government. September 17, 2004. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
66. "Position Paper on Sister State and Sister City Relations Between Australia and China", Australia-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry of New South Wales, dated November 14, 2001. Accessed August 30, 2015.

External links

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shijiazhuang.

 

Look up Shijiazhuang or Shih-chia-chuang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

 

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Shijiazhuang.

• Shijiazhuang Government official website