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The Matrix

January 28, 2023

This article is about the 1999 film. For the franchise it initiated, see The Matrix (franchise). For other uses, see Matrix.

The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction action film[5][6] written and directed by the Wachowskis.[a] It is the first installment in the Matrix film series, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano, and depicts a dystopian future in which humanity is unknowingly trapped inside the Matrix, a simulated reality that intelligent machines have created to distract humans while using their bodies as an energy source.[7] When computer programmer Thomas Anderson, under the hacker alias "Neo", uncovers the truth, he joins a rebellion against the machines along with other people who have been freed from the Matrix.

The Matrix
Theatrical release poster
Directed byThe Wachowskis[a]
Written byThe Wachowskis
Produced byJoel Silver
Starring
CinematographyBill Pope
Edited byZach Staenberg
Music byDon Davis
Production
companies
Distributed by
Release dates
  • March 24, 1999 (1999-03-24) (Mann Village Theater)
  • March 31, 1999 (1999-03-31) (United States)
  • April 8, 1999 (1999-04-08) (Australia)
Running time
136 minutes[1]
Countries
LanguageEnglish
Budget$63 million[5]
Box office$467.2 million[5]

The Matrix is an example of the cyberpunk subgenre of science fiction.[8] The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes was influenced by Japanese animation[9] and martial arts films, and the film's use of fight choreographers and wire fu techniques from Hong Kong action cinema influenced subsequent Hollywood action film productions. The film popularized a visual effect known as "bullet time", in which the heightened perception of certain characters is represented by allowing the action within a shot to progress in slow-motion while the camera appears to move through the scene at normal speed, allowing the sped-up movements of certain characters to be perceived normally.

The Matrix opened in theaters in the United States on March 31, 1999, to widespread acclaim from critics, who praised its innovative visual effects, action sequences, cinematography and entertainment value,[10][11] and was a massive success at the box office, grossing over $460 million on a $63 million budget, becoming the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film of 1999 and the fourth highest-grossing film of that year. At the 72nd Academy Awards, the film won all four categories it was nominated for, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Sound, and Best Sound Editing. The film was also the recipient of numerous other accolades, including Best Sound and Best Special Visual Effects at the 53rd British Academy Film Awards, and the Wachowskis were awarded Best Director and Best Science Fiction Film at the 26th Saturn Awards. The film is considered to be among the greatest science fiction films of all time,[12][13][14] and in 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant."[15]

The film's success led to two feature film sequels being released in 2003, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, which were also written and directed by the Wachowskis. The Matrix franchise was further expanded through the production of comic books, video games and animated short films, with which the Wachowskis were heavily involved. The franchise has also inspired books and theories expanding on some of the religious and philosophical ideas alluded to in the films. A fourth film, titled The Matrix Resurrections, was released on December 22, 2021.

Plot

At an abandoned hotel, a police squad corners Trinity, who overpowers them with superhuman abilities. She flees, pursued by the police and a group of suited Agents capable of similar superhuman feats. She answers a ringing public telephone and vanishes.

Computer programmer Thomas Anderson, known by his hacking alias "Neo", is puzzled by repeated online encounters with the phrase "the Matrix". Trinity contacts him and tells him a man named Morpheus has the answers Neo seeks. A team of Agents and police, led by Agent Smith, arrives at Neo's workplace in search of him. Though Morpheus attempts to guide Neo to safety, Neo surrenders rather than risk a dangerous escape. The Agents offer to erase Neo's criminal record in exchange for his help with locating Morpheus, who they claim is a terrorist. When Neo refuses to cooperate, they fuse his mouth shut, pin him down, and implant a robotic "bug" in his stomach. Neo wakes up from what he believes to be a nightmare. Soon after, Neo is taken by Trinity to meet Morpheus, and she removes the bug from Neo.

Morpheus offers Neo a choice between two pills: Taking the red pill, which will reveal the truth about the Matrix, or the blue, which will make Neo forget everything and return to his former life. Neo takes the red pill, and his reality begins to distort, awakening in a liquid-filled pod among countless other pods, containing other humans. He is then brought aboard Morpheus's flying ship, the Nebuchadnezzar. As Neo recuperates from a lifetime of physical inactivity in the pod, Morpheus explains the situation: In the early 21st century, a war broke out between humanity and intelligent machines. After humans blocked the machines' access to solar energy, the machines responded by enslaving humankind and harvesting their bioelectric power while keeping their minds pacified in the Matrix, a shared simulated reality modeled on the world as it was in 1999. In the years following, the remaining free humans took refuge in the underground city of Zion.

Morpheus and his crew are a group of rebels who hack into the Matrix to "unplug" enslaved humans and recruit them; their understanding of the Matrix's simulated nature allows them to bend its physical laws. Morpheus warns Neo that death within the Matrix kills the physical body too and explains that the Agents are sentient programs that eliminate threats to the system, while machines called Sentinels eliminate rebels in the real world. Neo's prowess during virtual training cements Morpheus's belief that Neo is "the One", a human prophesied to free humankind. The group enters the Matrix to visit the Oracle, a prophet-like program who predicted that the One would emerge. She implies to Neo that he is not the One and warns that he will have to choose between Morpheus's life and his own. Before they can leave the Matrix, Agents and police ambush the group, tipped off by Cypher, a disgruntled crew member who has betrayed Morpheus in exchange for a deal to be plugged back into the Matrix to live a comfortable life.

To buy time for the others, Morpheus fights Smith and is captured. Cypher exits the Matrix and murders the other crew members as they lie unconscious. Before Cypher can kill Neo and Trinity, crew member Tank regains consciousness and kills him before pulling Neo and Trinity from the Matrix. The Agents interrogate Morpheus to learn his access codes to the mainframe computer in Zion, which would allow them to destroy it. Neo resolves to return to the Matrix to rescue Morpheus, as the Oracle prophesied; Trinity insists she accompany him. While rescuing Morpheus, Neo gains confidence in his abilities, performing feats comparable to those of the Agents.

After Morpheus and Trinity safely exit the Matrix, Smith ambushes and kills Neo. While a group of Sentinels attack the Nebuchadnezzar, Trinity confesses her love for Neo and says the Oracle told her she would fall in love with the One. Neo is revived, with newfound abilities to perceive and control the Matrix; he easily defeats Smith, prompting the other Agents to flee and he leaves the Matrix just as the ship's electromagnetic pulse disables the Sentinels. Back in the Matrix, Neo makes a telephone call, promising the machines that he will show their prisoners "a world where anything is possible." He hangs up and flies away.

Cast

See also: List of Matrix series characters
  • Keanu Reeves as Thomas Anderson/Neo: A computer programmer, born Thomas A. Anderson, who secretly operates as a hacker named Neo. Reeves described his character as someone who felt that something was wrong, and was searching for Morpheus and the truth to break free.[16] Will Smith turned down the role of Neo to make Wild Wild West, because of skepticism over the film's ambitious bullet time special effects.[17] He later stated he was "not mature enough as an actor" at that time,[17] and that if given the role, he "would have messed it up".[18][19] Smith praised Reeves for his portrayal.[20] Nicolas Cage also turned down the part because of "family obligations".[21] Warner Bros. sought Brad Pitt or Val Kilmer for the role.[22] When both declined, Leonardo DiCaprio initially accepted the role, but ultimately turned it down because he did not want to do a visual effects film directly after Titanic.[23] The studio pushed for Reeves, who won the role over Johnny Depp, the Wachowskis' first choice.[22] Lorenzo di Bonaventura stated that the screenplay was also sent to Sandra Bullock, with the suggestion of rewriting Neo as a female.[23]
  • Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus: A human freed from the Matrix and captain of the Nebuchadnezzar. Fishburne stated that once he read the script, he did not understand why other people found it confusing. However, he doubted if the movie would ever be made, because it was "so smart".[16] The Wachowskis instructed Fishburne to base his performance on the character Morpheus in Neil Gaiman's Sandman comics.[24] Gary Oldman, Samuel L. Jackson and Val Kilmer were also considered for the part.[22]
  • Carrie-Anne Moss as Trinity: A human freed by Morpheus, a crewmember of the Nebuchadnezzar, and later Neo's romantic interest. After reading the script, Moss stated that at first, she did not believe she had to do the extreme acrobatic actions as described in the script. She also doubted how the Wachowskis would get to direct a movie with a budget so large, but after spending an hour with them going through the storyboard, she understood why some people would trust them.[16] Moss mentioned that she underwent a three-hour physical test during casting, so she knew what to expect subsequently.[25] The role made Moss, who later said, "I had no career before. None."[26] Janet Jackson was initially approached for the role but scheduling conflicts prevented her from accepting it.[27][28] In an interview, she stated that turning down the role was difficult for her, so she later referenced The Matrix in the 'Intro' and 'Outro' interludes on her tenth studio album Discipline.[29] Sandra Bullock, who was previously approached for the role of Neo, was also offered the role of Trinity, but she turned it down.[30] Salma Hayek and Jada Pinkett Smith (who would later play Niobe in the sequels) both auditioned for the role.[31][32]
  • Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith: A sentient "Agent" program of the Matrix whose purpose is to destroy Zion and stop humans from getting out of the Matrix. Unlike other Agents, he has ambitions to free himself from his duties. Weaving stated that he found the character amusing and enjoyable to play. He developed a neutral accent but with more specific character for the role. He wanted Smith to sound neither robotic nor human, and also said that the Wachowskis' voices had influenced his voice in the film. When filming began, Weaving mentioned that he was excited to be a part of something that would extend him.[33] Jean Reno was offered the role, but declined, unwilling to move to Australia for the production.[34]
  • Joe Pantoliano as Cypher: Another human freed by Morpheus, and a crewmember of the Nebuchadnezzar, but one who regrets taking the red pill and seeks to be returned to the Matrix, later betraying the rebels to Agent Smith. Pantoliano had worked with the Wachowskis prior to appearing in The Matrix, starring in their 1996 film Bound.
  • Marcus Chong as Tank: The "operator" of the Nebuchadnezzar and Dozer's brother; they are both "natural" (as opposed to bred) humans, born outside of the Matrix.
  • Anthony Ray Parker as Dozer: Pilot of the Nebuchadnezzar. He is Tank's brother, and like him was born outside of the Matrix.
  • Julian Arahanga as Apoc: A freed human and a crew member on the Nebuchadnezzar.
  • Matt Doran as Mouse: A freed human and a programmer on the Nebuchadnezzar.
  • Gloria Foster as The Oracle: A prophet who still resides in the Matrix, helping the freed humans with her foresight and wisdom.
  • Belinda McClory as Switch: A human freed by Morpheus, and a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar.
  • Paul Goddard as Agent Brown: One of two sentient "Agent" programs in the Matrix, who works with Agent Smith to destroy Zion and stop humans from escaping the system.
  • Robert Taylor as Agent Jones: One of two sentient "Agent" programs in the Matrix who works with Agent Smith to destroy Zion and stop humans from escaping the system.
  • Ada Nicodemou as DuJour: A reference to the White Rabbit in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

Production

Development

In 1994, the Wachowskis presented the script for the film Assassins to Warner Bros. Pictures. After Lorenzo di Bonaventura, the president of production of the company at the time, read the script, he decided to buy rights to it and included two more pictures, Bound and The Matrix, in the contract. The first movie the Wachowskis directed, Bound, then became a critical success. Using this momentum, they later asked to direct The Matrix.[35]

In 1996, the Wachowskis pitched the role of Neo to Will Smith. Smith explained on his YouTube channel that the idea was for him to be Neo, while Morpheus was to be played by Val Kilmer. He later explained that he did not quite understand the concept and he turned down the role to instead film Wild Wild West.[36]

Producer Joel Silver soon joined the project. Although the project had key supporters, including Silver and Di Bonaventura, to influence the company, The Matrix was still a huge investment for Warner Bros., which had to invest $60 million to create a movie with philosophical themes and difficult special effects.[35] The Wachowskis therefore hired underground comic book artists Geof Darrow and Steve Skroce to draw a 600-page, shot-by-shot storyboard for the entire film.[37][38] The storyboard eventually earned the studio's approval, and it was decided to film in Australia to make the most of the budget.[35] Soon, The Matrix became a co-production of Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow Pictures.[39] According to editor Zach Staenberg on the DVD audio commentary track, the production team sent an edit of the film's first minutes (featuring Trinity's encounter with police and Agents) to Warner executives, and secured Warner's "total support of the movie" from then on.[40]

Pre-production

The cast were required to be able to understand and explain The Matrix.[35] French philosopher Jean Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulation was required reading for most of the principal cast and crew.[41] In early 1997, the Wachowskis had Reeves read Simulacra and Simulation, Kevin Kelly's Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, and Dylan Evans's ideas on evolutionary psychology even before they opened up the script,[16] and eventually he was able to explain all the philosophical nuances involved.[35] Moss commented that she had difficulty with this process.[16]

The directors had long been admirers of Hong Kong action cinema, so they decided to hire the Chinese martial arts choreographer and film director Yuen Woo-ping to work on fight scenes. To prepare for the wire fu, the actors had to train hard for several months.[35] The Wachowskis first scheduled four months for training, beginning in October 1997.[42] Yuen was optimistic but then began to worry when he realized how unfit the actors were.[25]

Yuen let their body style develop and then worked with each actor's strength. He built on Reeves's diligence, Fishburne's resilience, Weaving's precision, and Moss's feminine grace.[25] Yuen designed Moss's moves to suit her deftness and lightness.[43] Prior to the pre-production, Reeves underwent a two-level fusion of his cervical (neck) spine due to spinal cord compression from a herniated disc ("I was falling over in the shower in the morning").[44] He was still recovering by the time of pre-production, but he insisted on training, so Yuen let him practice punches and lighter moves. Reeves trained hard and even requested training on days off. However, the surgery still made him unable to kick for two out of four months of training. As a result, Reeves did not kick much in the film.[25] Weaving had to undergo hip surgery after he sustained an injury during the training process.[35]

Filming

All but a few scenes were filmed at Fox Studios in Sydney, as well as in the city itself, although recognizable landmarks were not included in order to maintain the impression of a generic American city. The filming helped establish New South Wales as a major film production center.[45][46] Filming began in March 1998 and wrapped in August 1998; principal photography took 118 days.[47]

Due to Reeves's neck injury (see above), some of the action scenes had to be rescheduled to wait for his full recovery. As a result, the filming began with scenes that did not require much physical exertion,[48][49] such as the scene in Thomas Anderson's office, the interrogation room,[33] or the car ride in which Neo is taken to see the Oracle.[50] Locations for these scenes included Martin Place's fountain in Sydney, half-way between it and the adjacent Colonial Building, and the Colonial Building itself.[51] During the scene set on a government building rooftop, the team filmed extra footage of Neo dodging bullets in case the bullet time process did not work. The bullet-time fight scene was filmed on the roof of Symantec Corporation building in Kent Street, opposite Sussex Street.[52]

Moss performed the shots featuring Trinity at the beginning of the film and all the wire stunts herself.[43] The rooftop set that Trinity uses to escape from Agent Brown early in the film was left over from the production of Dark City, which has prompted comments due to the thematic similarities of the films.[53] During the rehearsal of the lobby scene, in which Trinity runs on a wall, Moss injured her leg and was ultimately unable to film the shot in one take. She stated that she was under a lot of pressure at the time and was devastated when she realized that she would be unable to do it.[54]

The dojo set was built well before the actual filming. During the filming of these action sequences, there was significant physical contact between the actors, earning them bruises. Reeves's injury and his insufficient training with wires prior to filming meant he was unable to perform the triple kicks satisfactorily and became frustrated with himself, causing the scene to be postponed. The scene was shot successfully a few days later, with Reeves using only three takes. Yuen altered the choreography and made the actors pull their punches in the last sequence of the scene, creating a training feel.[55]

The filmmakers originally planned to shoot the subway scene in an actual subway station, but the complexity of the fight and related wire work required shooting the scene on a set. The set was built around an existing train storage facility, which had real train tracks. Filming the scene when Neo slammed Smith into the ceiling, Chad Stahelski, Reeves's stunt double, sustained several injuries, including broken ribs, knees, and a dislocated shoulder. Another stuntman was injured by a hydraulic puller during a shot in which Neo was slammed into a booth.[56] The office building in which Smith interrogated Morpheus was a large set, and the outside view from inside the building was a large, three story high cyclorama. The helicopter was a full-scale light-weight mock-up suspended by a wire rope operated a tilting mechanism mounted to the studio roofbeams. The helicopter had a real minigun side-mounted to it, which was set to cycle at half its regular (3,000 rounds per min) firing rate.[57]

To prepare for the scene in which Neo wakes up in a pod, Reeves lost 15 pounds and shaved his whole body to give Neo an emaciated look. The scene in which Neo fell into the sewer system concluded the principal photography.[47] According to The Art of the Matrix, at least one filmed scene and a variety of short pieces of action were omitted from the final cut of the film.[58]

Sound effects and music

See also: The Matrix: Original Motion Picture Score and The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture

Dane A. Davis was responsible for creating the sound effects for the film. The fight scene sound effects, such as the whipping sounds of punches, were created using thin metal rods and recording them, then editing the sounds. The sound of the pod containing a human body closing required almost fifty sounds put together.[59]

The film's score was composed by Don Davis.[60][61] He noted that mirrors appear frequently in the film: reflections of the blue and red pills are seen in Morpheus's glasses; Neo's capture by Agents is viewed through the rear-view mirror of Trinity's motorcycle; Neo observes a broken mirror mending itself; reflections warp as a spoon is bent; the reflection of a helicopter is visible as it approaches a skyscraper. Davis focused on this theme of reflections when creating his score, alternating between sections of the orchestra and attempting to incorporate contrapuntal ideas. Davis' score combines orchestral, choral and synthesizer elements; the balance between these elements varies depending on whether humans or machines are the dominant subject of a given scene.[62] In addition to Davis' score, The Matrix soundtrack also features music from acts such as Rammstein, Rob Dougan, Rage Against the Machine, Propellerheads, Ministry, Lunatic Calm, Deftones, Monster Magnet, The Prodigy, Rob Zombie, Meat Beat Manifesto, and Marilyn Manson.[63][64][65]

Production design

See also: Matrix digital rain

In the film, the code that composes the Matrix itself is frequently represented as downward-flowing green characters.[66] This code uses a custom typeface designed by Simon Whiteley,[39] which includes mirror images of half-width kana characters and Western Latin letters and Arabic numerals.[67] In a 2017 interview at CNET, he attributed the design to his wife, who is from Japan, and added, "I like to tell everybody that The Matrix's code is made out of Japanese sushi recipes".[68] "The color green reflects the green tint commonly used on early monochrome computer monitors".[69] Lynne Cartwright, the Visual Effects Supervisor at Animal Logic, supervised the creation of the film's opening title sequence, as well as the general look of the Matrix code throughout the film, in collaboration with Lindsay Fleay and Justen Marshall.[39] The portrayal resembles the opening credits of the 1995 Japanese cyberpunk film, Ghost in the Shell, which had a strong influence on the Matrix series. It was also used in the subsequent films, on the related website, and in the game The Matrix: Path of Neo, and its drop-down effect is reflected in the design of some posters for the Matrix series. The code received the Runner-up Award in the 1999 Jesse Garson Award for In-film typography or opening credit sequence.[39]

The Matrix's production designer, Owen Paterson, used methods to distinguish the "real world" and the Matrix in a pervasive way. The production design team generally placed a bias towards the Matrix code's distinctive green color in scenes set within the simulation, whereas there is an emphasis on the color blue during scenes set in the "real world". In addition, the Matrix scenes' sets were slightly more decayed, monolithic, and grid-like, to convey the cold, logical and artificial nature of that environment. For the "real world", the actors' hair was less styled, their clothing had more textile content, and the cinematographers used longer lenses to soften the backgrounds and emphasize the actors.[67]

The Nebuchadnezzar was designed to have a patched-up look, instead of clean, cold and sterile space ship interior sets as used on productions such as Star Trek. The wires were made visible to show the ship's working internals, and each composition was carefully designed to convey the ship as "a marriage between Man and Machine".[70] For the scene when Neo wakes up in the pod connected to the Matrix, the pod was constructed to look dirty, used, and sinister. During the testing of a breathing mechanism in the pod, the tester suffered hypothermia in under eight minutes, so the pod had to be heated.[47]

Kym Barrett, costume designer, said that she defined the characters and their environment by their costume.[71] For example, Reeves's office costume was designed for Thomas Anderson to look uncomfortable, disheveled, and out of place.[48] Barrett sometimes used three types of fabric for each costume, and also had to consider the practicality of the acting. The actors needed to perform martial art actions in their costume, hang upside-down without people seeing up their clothing, and be able to work the wires while strapped into the harnesses.[71] For Trinity, Barrett experimented with how each fabric absorbed and reflected different types of light, and was eventually able to make Trinity's costume mercury-like and oil-slick to suit the character.[43] For the Agents, their costume was designed to create a secret service, undercover look, resembling the film JFK and classic men in black.[33]

The sunglasses, a staple of the film's aesthetics, were commissioned for the film by designer Richard Walker from sunglasses maker Blinde Design.[72]

Visual effects

The "bullet time" effect was created for the film. A scene would be computer-modeled to decide the positioning of the physical cameras. The actor then provided their performance in a chroma key setup, while the cameras were fired in rapid succession, with fractions of a second delay between each shot. The result was combined with CGI backgrounds to create the final effect at (0:33).

As for artistic inspiration for bullet time, I would credit Otomo Katsuhiro, who co-wrote and directed Akira, which definitely blew me away, along with director Michel Gondry. His music videos experimented with a different type of technique called view-morphing and it was just part of the beginning of uncovering the creative approaches toward using still cameras for special effects. Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion, and we were also able to create slow-motion events that 'virtual cameras' could move around – rather than the static action in Gondry's music videos with limited camera moves.

— John Gaeta[73]

The film is known for popularizing a visual effect[74] known as "bullet time", which allows a shot to progress in slow-motion while the camera appears to move through the scene at normal speed.[75] Bullet time has been described as "a visual analogy for privileged moments of consciousness within the Matrix",[76] and throughout the film, the effect is used to illustrate characters' exertion of control over time and space.[77] The Wachowskis first imagined an action sequence that slowed time while the camera pivoted rapidly around the subjects, and proposed the effect in their screenplay for the film. When John Gaeta read the script, he pleaded with an effects producer at Mass.Illusion to let him work on the project, and created a prototype that led to him becoming the film's visual effects supervisor.[78]

The method used for creating these effects involved a technically expanded version of an old art photography technique known as time-slice photography, in which an array of cameras are placed around an object and triggered simultaneously. Each camera captures a still picture, contributing one frame to the video sequence, which creates the effect of "virtual camera movement"; the illusion of a viewpoint moving around an object that appears frozen in time.[75]

The bullet time effect is similar but slightly more complicated, incorporating temporal motion so that rather than appearing totally frozen, the scene progresses in slow and variable motion.[73][78] The cameras' positions and exposures were previsualized using a 3D simulation. Instead of firing the cameras simultaneously, the visual effect team fired the cameras fractions of a second after each other, so that each camera could capture the action as it progressed, creating a super slow-motion effect.[75] When the frames were put together, the resulting slow-motion effects reached a frame frequency of 12,000 per second, as opposed to the normal 24 frames per second of film.[35] Standard movie cameras were placed at the ends of the array to pick up the normal speed action before and after. Because the cameras circle the subject almost completely in most of the sequences, computer technology was used to edit out the cameras that appeared in the background on the other side.[75] To create backgrounds, Gaeta hired George Borshukov, who created 3D models based on the geometry of buildings and used the photographs of the buildings themselves as texture.

The photo-realistic surroundings generated by this method were incorporated into the bullet time scene,[78] and algorithms based on optical flow were used to interpolate between the still images to produce a fluent dynamic motion;[79][80] the computer-generated "lead in" and "lead out" slides were filled in between frames in sequence to get an illusion of orbiting the scene.[81] Manex Visual Effects used a cluster farm running the Unix-like operating system FreeBSD to render many of the film's visual effects.[82][83]

Manex also handled creature effects, such as Sentinels and machines in real world scenes; Animal Logic created the code hallway and the exploding Agent at the end of the film. DFilm managed scenes that required heavy use of digital compositing, such as Neo's jump off a skyscraper and the helicopter crash into a building. The ripple effect in the latter scene was created digitally, but the shot also included practical elements, and months of extensive research were needed to find the correct kind of glass and explosives to use. The scene was shot by colliding a quarter-scale helicopter mock-up into a glass wall wired to concentric rings of explosives; the explosives were then triggered in sequence from the center outward, to create a wave of exploding glass.[84]

The photogrammetric and image-based computer-generated background approaches in The Matrix's bullet time evolved into innovations unveiled in the sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. The method of using real photographs of buildings as texture for 3D models eventually led the visual effect team to digitize all data, such as scenes, characters' motions and expressions. It also led to the development of "Universal Capture", a process which samples and stores facial details and expressions at high resolution. With these highly detailed collected data, the team were able to create virtual cinematography in which characters, locations, and events can all be created digitally and viewed through virtual cameras, eliminating the restrictions of real cameras.[78]

Release

Home media

The Matrix was released on DVD and Laserdisc in its original aspect ratio of 2.35:1 on September 21, 1999, in the US from Warner Home Video as well as in a cropped 1.33:1 aspect ratio in Hong Kong from ERA Home Entertainment. It was also released on VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen formats followed on December 7, 1999.[5] After its DVD release, it was the first DVD to sell more than one million copies in the US.[85] By 2000, the film went on to become the first to sell more than three million copies in the US.[35] At that point, it became the top-selling DVD release of all time, holding this record for a few months before being surpassed by Gladiator.[86] By November 10, 2003, one month after The Matrix Reloaded DVD was released, the sales of The Matrix DVD had exceeded 30 million copies.[87] It then debuted on both VHS and DVD formats in the UK on November 29, 1999. The Matrix sold more than 107,000 DVD copies in just two weeks, breaking Armageddon's record for becoming the country's best-selling DVD title.[88] The Ultimate Matrix Collection was released on HD DVD on May 22, 2007[85] and on Blu-ray on October 14, 2008.[89][90] The film was also released standalone in a 10th anniversary edition Blu-ray in the Digibook format on March 31, 2009, 10 years to the day after the film was released theatrically.[91] In 2010, the film had another DVD release along with the two sequels as The Complete Matrix Trilogy. It was also released on 4K HDR Blu-ray on May 22, 2018.[92] The film as part of The Matrix Trilogy was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 30, 2018.[93]

Other media

The franchise also contains three video games: Enter the Matrix (2003), which contains footage shot specifically for the game and chronicles events taking place before and during The Matrix Reloaded;[94] The Matrix Online (2004), an MMORPG which continued the story beyond The Matrix Revolutions;[95][96] and The Matrix: Path of Neo (2005), which focuses on Neo's journey through the trilogy of films.[97]

The franchise also includes The Matrix Comics, a series of comics and short stories set in the world of The Matrix, written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry. Most of the comics were originally presented for free on the official Matrix website;[98] they were later republished, along with some new material, in two printed trade paperback volumes, called The Matrix Comics, Vol 1 and Vol 2.[99]

Reception

Box office

The Matrix grossed $27.8 million during its opening weekend, as well as earning $34.7 million in its first five days. It surpassed Lost in Space and Indecent Proposal for having the biggest April and Easter opening weekends. The film also had the second-highest opening weekend for a spring starter film, trailing only behind Liar Liar.[100] Three years later in 2002, The Matrix's records for having the largest April and Easter opening weekends would be taken by The Scorpion King and Panic Room.[101][102] Upon its opening, it had the highest opening weekend of any 1999 film, easily topping Payback.[100] Additionally, this was the biggest opening weekend for a Keanu Reeves film since Speed in 1994.[103] It was also ranked number one at the box office ahead of Forces of Nature.[100] The film would remain at the top of the box office for two weeks until it was overtaken by Life. During its fourth weekend, The Matrix briefly returned to the number one spot.[104] The following week, the film would be displaced by Entrapment.[105]

In its original run, the film earned $171,479,930 (37.0%) in the United States and Canada and $292,037,453 (63.0%) in other countries, for a worldwide total of $463,517,383.[5] In North America, it went on to become the fifth highest-grossing film of 1999 and the highest-grossing R-rated film of that year. Worldwide, it was the fourth highest-grossing film of the year, after Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, The Sixth Sense and Toy Story 2.[5] The Matrix became the second-highest-grossing Warner Bros. film of all time, behind Twister.[106] Overall, it was the third-highest-grossing R-rated film at the time, just after Saving Private Ryan and Terminator 2: Judgment Day.[106] Following re-releases, the worldwide gross of the film is $466,621,824.[5] In 2012, it was placed 122nd on the list of highest-grossing films of all time, and the second highest-grossing film in the Matrix franchise after The Matrix Reloaded ($742.1 million).[5]

Critical response

The Matrix was praised by many critics, as well as filmmakers, and authors of science fiction,[11] especially for its "spectacular action" scenes and its "groundbreaking special effects". Some have described The Matrix as one of the best science fiction films of all time;[12][13] Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix "the most influential action movie of the generation".[26] There have also been those, including philosopher William Irwin, who have suggested that the film explores significant philosophical and spiritual themes. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 161 reviews, with an average score of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to the Wachowskis' imaginative vision, The Matrix is a smartly crafted combination of spectacular action and groundbreaking special effects".[10] At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received a score of 73 based on 35 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[11] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[107] It ranked 323rd among critics, and 546th among directors, in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made.[108]

Philip Strick commented in Sight & Sound, if the Wachowskis "claim no originality of message, they are startling innovators of method," praising the film's details and its "broadside of astonishing images".[109] Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four: he praised the film's visuals and premise, but disliked the third act's focus on action.[110] Similarly, Time Out praised the "entertainingly ingenious" switches between different realities, Hugo Weaving's "engagingly odd" performance, and the film's cinematography and production design, but concluded, "the promising premise is steadily wasted as the film turns into a fairly routine action pic ... yet another slice of overlong, high concept hokum."[111]

Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader reviewed the film negatively, criticizing it as "simpleminded fun for roughly the first hour, until the movie becomes overwhelmed by its many sources ... There's not much humor to keep it all life-size, and by the final stretch it's become bloated, mechanical, and tiresome."[112]

Ian Nathan of Empire described Carrie-Anne Moss as "a major find", praised the "surreal visual highs" enabled by the bullet time (or "flo-mo") effect, and described the film as "technically mind-blowing, style merged perfectly with content and just so damn cool". Nathan remarked that although the film's "looney plot" would not stand up to scrutiny, that was not a big flaw because "The Matrix is about pure experience".[113] Maitland McDonagh said in her review for TV Guide, the Wachowskis' "through-the-looking-glass plot... manages to work surprisingly well on a number of levels: as a dystopian sci-fi thriller, as a brilliant excuse for the film's lavish and hyperkinetic fight scenes, and as a pretty compelling call to the dead-above-the-eyeballs masses to unite and cast off their chains... This dazzling pop allegory is steeped in a dark, pulpy sensibility that transcends nostalgic pastiche and stands firmly on its own merits."[114]

Salon's reviewer Andrew O'Hehir acknowledged that although The Matrix is in his view a fundamentally immature and unoriginal film ("It lacks anything like adult emotion... all this pseudo-spiritual hokum, along with the over-ramped onslaught of special effects—some of them quite amazing—will hold 14-year-old boys in rapture, not to mention those of us of all ages and genders who still harbor a 14-year-old boy somewhere inside"), he concluded, "as in Bound, there's an appealing scope and daring to the Wachowskis' work, and their eagerness for more plot twists and more crazy images becomes increasingly infectious. In a limited and profoundly geeky sense, this might be an important and generous film. The Wachowskis have little feeling for character or human interaction, but their passion for movies—for making them, watching them, inhabiting their world—is pure and deep."[115]

Filmmakers and science fiction creators alike generally took a complimentary perspective of The Matrix. William Gibson, a key figure in cyberpunk fiction, called the film "an innocent delight I hadn't felt in a long time," and stated, "Neo is my favourite-ever science fiction hero, absolutely."[116] Joss Whedon called the film "my number one" and praised its storytelling, structure and depth, concluding, "It works on whatever level you want to bring to it."[117] Darren Aronofsky commented, "I walked out of The Matrix ... and I was thinking, 'What kind of science fiction movie can people make now?' The Wachowskis basically took all the great sci-fi ideas of the 20th century and rolled them into a delicious pop culture sandwich that everyone on the planet devoured."[118] M. Night Shyamalan expressed admiration for the Wachowskis, stating, "Whatever you think of The Matrix, every shot is there because of the passion they have! You can see they argued it out!".[119] Simon Pegg said that The Matrix provided "the excitement and satisfaction that The Phantom Menace failed to inspire. The Matrix seemed fresh and cool and visually breathtaking; making wonderful, intelligent use of CGI to augment the on-screen action, striking a perfect balance of the real and the hyperreal. It was possibly the coolest film I had ever seen."[120] Quentin Tarantino counted The Matrix as one of his twenty favorite movies from 1992 to 2009.[121] James Cameron called it "one of the most profoundly fresh science fiction films ever made".[122] Christopher Nolan described it as "an incredibly palpable mainstream phenomenon that made people think, Hey, what if this isn't real?"[123]

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by the Matrix franchise

The Matrix received Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound Editing, Best Visual Effects and Best Sound.[124] The filmmakers were competing against other films with established franchises, like Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, yet they won all four of their nominations.[125][126] The Matrix also received BAFTA awards for Best Sound and Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects, in addition to nominations in the cinematography, production design and editing categories.[127] In 1999, it won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film and Best Direction.[128] In February 2022, the film was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' "Oscars Fan Favorite" contest, for the "bullet time" scene, finishing in fifth place.[129][130]

Awards and nominations

Award Category Name Outcome
Academy Awards Best Film Editing Zach Staenberg Won
Best Sound John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, David Campbell, David Lee Won
Best Sound Effects Editing Dane A. Davis Won
Best Visual Effects John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, Jon Thum Won
British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Bill Pope Nominated
Best Editing Zach Staenberg Nominated
Best Production Design Owen Paterson Nominated
Best Sound David Lee, John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, David Campbell, Dane A. Davis Won
Best Special Visual Effects John Gaeta, Steve Courtley, Janek Sirrs, Jon Thum Won
Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film — Won
Best Director The Wachowskis[a] Won
Best Writer Nominated
Best Actor Keanu Reeves Nominated
Best Actress Carrie-Anne Moss Nominated
Best Supporting Actor Laurence Fishburne Nominated
Best Costumes Kym Barrett Nominated
Best Make-Up Nikki Gooley, Bob McCarron, Wendy Sainsbury Nominated
Best Special Effects John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, Jon Thum Nominated

Thematic analysis

The Matrix is arguably the ultimate cyberpunk artifact.

—William Gibson[8]

See also: The Matrix (franchise) § Influences and interpretations, and The Wachowskis § Personal lives

The Matrix draws from and alludes to numerous cinematic and literary works, and concepts from mythology, religion and philosophy, including the ideas of Buddhism, Christianity, Gnosticism, Hinduism, and Judaism.[131]

Film and television

The pods in which the machines keep humans have been compared to images in Metropolis, and the work of M. C. Escher.[132] A resemblance to the eery worlds of Swiss artist H.R. Giger was also recognized.[133][134] The pods can be seen in Welcome to Paradox Episode 4 "News from D Street" from a 1986 short story[135] of the same name by Andrew Weiner which aired on September 7, 1998, on the SYFY Channel and has a remarkably similar concept. In this episode the hero is unaware he is living in virtual reality until he is told so by "the code man" who created the simulation and enters it knowingly. The Wachowskis have described Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey as a formative cinematic influence, and as a major inspiration on the visual style they aimed for when making The Matrix.[136][137][138] Rainer Werner Fassbinders German TV Miniseries World on a Wire from 1973, an adaption of the novel Simulacron-3, served as inspirational source for some details of The Matrix, such as the transfer between the real world and the Matrix-simulation via telephone / phonebooth.[citation needed] Reviewers have also commented on similarities between The Matrix and other late-1990s films such as Strange Days, Dark City, and The Truman Show.[110][139][140][141][142] The similarity of the film's central concept to a device in the long-running series Doctor Who has also been noted. As in the film, the Matrix of that series (introduced in the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin) is a massive computer system which one enters using a device connecting to the head, allowing users to see representations of the real world and change its laws of physics; but if killed there, they will die in reality.[143] The action scenes of The Matrix were also strongly influenced by live-action films such as those of director John Woo.[144] The martial arts sequences were inspired by Fist of Legend, a critically acclaimed 1995 martial arts film starring Jet Li. The fight scenes in Fist of Legend led to the hiring of Yuen as fight choreographer.[145][146]

The Wachowskis' approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for Japanese animation such as Ninja Scroll and Akira.[9] Director Mamoru Oshii's 1995 animated film Ghost in the Shell was a particularly strong influence;[9] producer Joel Silver has stated that the Wachowskis first described their intentions for The Matrix by showing him that anime and saying, "We wanna do that for real".[147][148] Mitsuhisa Ishikawa of Production I.G, which produced Ghost in the Shell, noted that the anime's high-quality visuals were a strong source of inspiration for the Wachowskis. He also commented, "... cyberpunk films are very difficult to describe to a third person. I'd imagine that The Matrix is the kind of film that was very difficult to draw up a written proposal for to take to film studios". He stated that since Ghost in the Shell had gained recognition in America, the Wachowskis used it as a "promotional tool".[149]

Literary works

The film makes several references to Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.[115] Comparisons have also been made to Grant Morrison's comic series The Invisibles, with Morrison describing it in 2011 as "(it) seemed to me (to be) my own combination of ideas enacted on the screen".[150] Comparisons have also been made between The Matrix and the books of Carlos Castaneda.[151]

The Matrix belongs to the cyberpunk genre of science fiction, and draws from earlier works in the genre such as the 1984 novel Neuromancer by William Gibson.[8] For example, the film's use of the term "Matrix" is adopted from Gibson's novel,[152] though L. P. Davies had already used the term "Matrix" fifteen years earlier for a similar concept in his 1969 novel The White Room ("It had been tried in the States some years earlier, but their 'matrix' as they called it hadn't been strong enough to hold the fictional character in place").[153] After watching The Matrix, Gibson commented that the way that the film's creators had drawn from existing cyberpunk works was "exactly the kind of creative cultural osmosis" he had relied upon in his own writing;[8] however, he noted that the film's Gnostic themes distinguished it from Neuromancer, and believed that The Matrix was thematically closer to the work of science fiction author Philip K. Dick, particularly Dick's speculative Exegesis.[8] Other writers have also commented on the similarities between The Matrix and Dick's work;[144][154][155] one example of such influence is a Philip K. Dick's 1977 conference, in which he stated: "We are living in a computer-programmed reality, and the only clue we have to it is when some variable is changed, and some alteration in our reality occurs".[156][157][158][159]

Philosophy

In The Matrix, a copy of Jean Baudrillard's philosophical work Simulacra and Simulation, which was published in French in 1981, is visible on-screen as "the book used to conceal disks",[7][41] and Morpheus quotes the phrase "desert of the real" from it.[160] "The book was required reading"[7] for the actors prior to filming.[41][161] However, Baudrillard himself said that The Matrix misunderstands and distorts his work.[160][162] Some interpreters of The Matrix mention Baudrillard's philosophy to support their claim "that the [film] is an allegory for contemporary experience in a heavily commercialized, media-driven society, especially in developed countries".[7] "The influence of [Baudrillard] was brought to the public's attention through the writings of art historians such as Griselda Pollock and film theorists such as Heinz-Peter Schwerfel".[7] In addition to Baudrillard, the Wachowskis were also significantly influenced by Kevin Kelly's Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World, and Dylan Evans’s ideas on evolutionary psychology.[16]

Philosopher William Irwin suggests that the idea of the "Matrix" – a generated reality invented by malicious machines – is an allusion to Descartes' "First Meditation", and his idea of an evil demon. The Meditation hypothesizes that the perceived world might be a comprehensive illusion created to deceive us.[163] The same premise can be found in Hilary Putnam's brain in a vat scenario proposed in the 1980s.[163] A connection between the premise of The Matrix and Plato's Allegory of the Cave has also been suggested. The allegory is related to Plato's theory of Forms, which holds that the true essence of an object is not what we perceive with our senses, but rather its quality, and that most people perceive only the shadow of the object and are thus limited to false perception.[35]

The philosophy of Immanuel Kant has also been claimed as another influence on the film, and in particular how individuals within the Matrix interact with one another and with the system. Kant states in his Critique of Pure Reason that people come to know and explore our world through synthetic means (language, etc.), and thus this makes it rather difficult to discern truth from falsely perceived views. This means people are their own agents of deceit, and so in order for them to know truth, they must choose to openly pursue truth. This idea can be examined in Agent Smith's monologue about the first version of the Matrix, which was designed as a human utopia, a perfect world without suffering and with total happiness. Agent Smith explains that, "it was a disaster. No one accepted the program. Entire crops [of people] were lost." The machines had to amend their choice of programming in order to make people subservient to them, and so they conceived the Matrix in the image of the world in 1999. The world in 1999 was far from a utopia, but still humans accepted this over the suffering-less utopia. According to William Irwin this is Kantian, because the machines wished to impose a perfect world on humans in an attempt to keep people content, so that they would remain completely submissive to the machines, both consciously and subconsciously, but humans were not easy to make content.[164]

Religion and mythology

Andrew Godoski sees allusions to Christ, including Neo's "virgin birth", his doubt in himself, the prophecy of his coming, along with many other Christian references.[35] Amongst these possible allusions, it is suggested that the name of the character Trinity refers to Christianity's doctrine of the Trinity.[165] It has also been noted that the character Morpheus paraphrases the Chinese taoist philosopher Zhuangzi when he asks Neo, "Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real? What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference from the real world and the dream world?"[166]

Matrixism is a fan-based possibly satirical religion created as "the matrix religion".

Transgender themes

Years after the release of The Matrix, both the Wachowskis came out as transgender women, and some viewers have seen transgender themes in the film before it was officially confirmed.[167] The red pill has been compared with red estrogen pills.[168] Morpheus's description of the Matrix creating a sense that something is fundamentally wrong, "like a splinter in your mind", has been compared to gender dysphoria.[168] In the original script, Switch was a woman in the Matrix and a man in the real world, but this idea was ultimately dropped.[169]

In a 2016 GLAAD Media Awards speech, Lilly Wachowski said: "There’s a critical eye being cast back on Lana and I's (sic) work through the lens of our transness. This is a cool thing because it's an excellent reminder that art is never static."[170] She spoke in 2020 about the film as an allegory for transgender identity, and compromises they had to make at the time.[171] In an interview with Variety, Reeves said he did not know the film was an allegory for transgender identity during production.[172]

Legacy

Filmmaking

Following The Matrix, films made abundant use of slow-motion, spinning cameras, and, often, the bullet time effect of a character freezing or slowing down and the camera dollying around them.[74] The ability to slow down time enough to distinguish the motion of bullets was used as a central gameplay mechanic of several video games, including Max Payne, in which the feature was explicitly referred to as "bullet time".[173][174] It was also the defining game mechanic of the game Superhot and its sequels. The Matrix's signature special effect, and other aspects of the film, have been parodied numerous times,[26] in comedy films such as Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999),[175] Scary Movie (2000),[176] Shrek (2001),[173] Kung Pow! Enter the Fist (2002),[177] Lastikman (2003); Marx Reloaded in which the relationship between Neo and Morpheus is represented as an imaginary encounter between Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky;[178] and in video games such as Conker's Bad Fur Day.[179] It also inspired films featuring a black-clad hero, a sexy yet deadly heroine, and bullets ripping slowly through the air;[26] these included Charlie's Angels (2000) featuring Cameron Diaz floating through the air while the cameras flo-mo around her; Equilibrium (2002), starring Christian Bale, whose character wore long black leather coats like Reeves' Neo;[173] Night Watch (2004), a Russian megahit heavily influenced by The Matrix and directed by Timur Bekmambetov, who later made Wanted (2008), which also features bullets ripping through air; and Inception (2010), which centers on a team of sharply dressed rogues who are able to enter other people's dreams by "wiring in". The original Tron (1982) paved the way for The Matrix, and The Matrix, in turn, inspired Disney to make its own Matrix with a Tron sequel, Tron: Legacy (2010).[180] Also, the film's lobby shootout sequence was recreated in the 2002 Indian action comedy Awara Paagal Deewana.[181]

Choreographers and actors

The Matrix had a strong effect on action filmmaking in Hollywood. The film's incorporation of wire fu techniques, including the involvement of fight choreographer Yuen Woo-ping and other personnel with a background in Hong Kong action cinema, affected the approaches to fight scenes taken by subsequent Hollywood action films,[182] moving them towards more Eastern approaches.[35] The success of The Matrix created high demand for those choreographers and their techniques from other filmmakers, who wanted fights of similar sophistication: for example, wire work was employed in X-Men (2000)[182] and Charlie's Angels (2000),[180] and Yuen Woo-ping's brother Yuen Cheung-yan was choreographer on Daredevil (2003).[183] The Matrix's Asian approach to action scenes also created an audience for Asian action films such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) that they might not otherwise have had.[173]

Chad Stahelski, who had been a stunt double on The Matrix prior to directing Reeves in the John Wick series, acknowledged the film's strong influence on the Wick films,[184] and commented, "The Matrix literally changed the industry. The influx of martial-arts choreographers and fight coordinators now make more, and are more prevalent and powerful in the industry, than stunt coordinators. The Matrix revolutionized that. Today, action movies want their big sequences designed around the fights."[185]

Carrie-Anne Moss asserted that prior to being cast in The Matrix, she had "no career". It launched Moss into international recognition and transformed her career; in a New York Daily News interview, she stated, "The Matrix gave me so many opportunities. Everything I've done since then has been because of that experience. It gave me so much".[186] The film also created one of the most devoted movie fan-followings since Star Wars.[26] The combined success of the Matrix trilogy, the Lord of the Rings films and the Star Wars prequels made Hollywood interested in creating trilogies.[35] Stephen Dowling from the BBC noted that The Matrix's success in taking complex philosophical ideas and presenting them in ways palatable for impressionable minds might be its most influential aspect.[173]

Cultural impact

The Matrix was also influential for its impact on superhero films. John Kenneth Muir in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television called the film a "revolutionary" reimagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films, and credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip" and effectively demonstrating the concept of "faster than a speeding bullet" with its bullet time effect.[187] Adam Sternbergh of Vulture.com credits The Matrix with reinventing and setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters, and inspiring the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century.[188]

Modern reception

In 2001, The Matrix placed 66th in the American Film Institute's "100 Years...100 Thrills" list.[189] In 2007, Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix the best science-fiction piece of media for the past 25 years.[14] In 2009, the film was ranked 39th on Empire's reader-, actor- and critic-voted list of "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time".[190] The Matrix was voted as the fourth best science fiction film in the 2011 list Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, based on a poll conducted by ABC and People. In 2012, the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant."[15] In 2022, The Matrix was determined the most popular tech-themed movie in the United States using search volume data.[191]

Conspiracy theories and fringe groups

Main article: Red pill and blue pill

The premise of The Matrix has been repurposed for multiple conspiracy theories and alt-right fringe groups. For example, some online men's rights groups use the term "redpill" to mean men realizing that they are supposedly being subjugated by feminism.[192][193] The term has been used in discussion forums for right-wing topics such as Gamergate, white supremacy, incel subculture and Qanon.[194] As of 2021, the verb "pill" and adjective "pilled" had entered more mainstream use and had come to mean developing a sudden interest in something.[195]

Sequels and adaptations

Main article: The Matrix (franchise)

The film's mainstream success led to the making of two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions, both directed by the Wachowskis. These were filmed back-to-back in one shoot and released on separate dates in 2003.[196] The first film's introductory tale is succeeded by the story of the impending attack on the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army.[197][198] The sequels also incorporate longer and more ambitious action scenes, as well as improvements in bullet time and other visual effects.[198][199]

Also released was The Animatrix, a collection of nine animated short films, many of which were created in the same Japanese animation style[200] that was a strong influence on the live action trilogy. The Animatrix was overseen and approved by the Wachowskis, who only wrote four of the segments themselves but did not direct any of them; much of the project was developed by notable figures from the world of anime.[200]

In March 2017, Warner Bros. was in early stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment and interest in getting Michael B. Jordan attached to star. According to The Hollywood Reporter neither the Wachowskis nor Joel Silver were involved with the endeavor, although the studio would like to get at minimum the blessing of the Wachowskis.[201] On August 20, 2019, Warner Bros. Pictures Group chairman Toby Emmerich officially announced that a fourth Matrix film was in the works, with Keanu Reeves and Carrie-Anne Moss set to reprise their roles as Neo and Trinity respectively.[202] The Matrix Resurrections was released on December 22, 2021, in theaters and on HBO Max.

In September 2022, Danny Boyle was announced to be directing a dance adaptation of the film, titled "Free Your Mind", and it is set to debut in October 2023 in Manchester, U.K.[203]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Credited as The Wachowski Brothers.

References

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  2. ^ a b "Film: The Matrix". Lumiere. Retrieved March 21, 2017.
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  4. ^ a b "The Matrix". British Film Institute. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Matrix (1999)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
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  8. ^ a b c d e Gibson, William (January 28, 2003). . williamgibsonbooks.com. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
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  23. ^ a b Williams, Trey (March 26, 2019). "'The Matrix' Wanted Sandra Bullock as Neo Before Keanu Reeves Took the Role". TheWrap. Retrieved September 9, 2021. We went to Sandy Bullock and said 'We'll change Neo to a girl.' [Producer] Joel Silver and I worked with Sandy on 'Demolition Man' and she was and continues to be a very good friend of mine. It was pretty simple. We sent her the script to see if she was interested in it. And if she was interested in it we would try to make the change."..."The first movie star who says yes is Brad Pitt, he's doing 'Seven Years in Tibet' and then he's coming out of it and he's like 'I'm way too exhausted to take this on,' so he's gone," di Bonaventura said. "Then we go to Leonardo [DiCaprio]. He says yes, we have meetings with him and then he goes, 'You know, I can't go do another visual effects movie having just finished 'Titanic,' and he drops out. Then Will Smith joins it and he drops out.
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Bibliography

External links

January 28, 2023
matrix, this, article, about, 1999, film, franchise, initiated, franchise, other, uses, matrix, 1999, science, fiction, action, film, written, directed, wachowskis, first, installment, matrix, film, series, starring, keanu, reeves, laurence, fishburne, carrie,. This article is about the 1999 film For the franchise it initiated see The Matrix franchise For other uses see Matrix The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction action film 5 6 written and directed by the Wachowskis a It is the first installment in the Matrix film series starring Keanu Reeves Laurence Fishburne Carrie Anne Moss Hugo Weaving and Joe Pantoliano and depicts a dystopian future in which humanity is unknowingly trapped inside the Matrix a simulated reality that intelligent machines have created to distract humans while using their bodies as an energy source 7 When computer programmer Thomas Anderson under the hacker alias Neo uncovers the truth he joins a rebellion against the machines along with other people who have been freed from the Matrix The MatrixTheatrical release posterDirected byThe Wachowskis a Written byThe WachowskisProduced byJoel SilverStarringKeanu Reeves Laurence Fishburne Carrie Anne Moss Hugo Weaving Joe PantolianoCinematographyBill PopeEdited byZach StaenbergMusic byDon DavisProductioncompaniesWarner Bros Village Roadshow Pictures Groucho II Film Partnership Silver PicturesDistributed byWarner Bros worldwide Roadshow Entertainment Australia Release datesMarch 24 1999 1999 03 24 Mann Village Theater March 31 1999 1999 03 31 United States April 8 1999 1999 04 08 Australia Running time136 minutes 1 CountriesUnited States 2 3 4 Australia 2 3 4 LanguageEnglishBudget 63 million 5 Box office 467 2 million 5 The Matrix is an example of the cyberpunk subgenre of science fiction 8 The Wachowskis approach to action scenes was influenced by Japanese animation 9 and martial arts films and the film s use of fight choreographers and wire fu techniques from Hong Kong action cinema influenced subsequent Hollywood action film productions The film popularized a visual effect known as bullet time in which the heightened perception of certain characters is represented by allowing the action within a shot to progress in slow motion while the camera appears to move through the scene at normal speed allowing the sped up movements of certain characters to be perceived normally The Matrix opened in theaters in the United States on March 31 1999 to widespread acclaim from critics who praised its innovative visual effects action sequences cinematography and entertainment value 10 11 and was a massive success at the box office grossing over 460 million on a 63 million budget becoming the highest grossing Warner Bros film of 1999 and the fourth highest grossing film of that year At the 72nd Academy Awards the film won all four categories it was nominated for Best Visual Effects Best Film Editing Best Sound and Best Sound Editing The film was also the recipient of numerous other accolades including Best Sound and Best Special Visual Effects at the 53rd British Academy Film Awards and the Wachowskis were awarded Best Director and Best Science Fiction Film at the 26th Saturn Awards The film is considered to be among the greatest science fiction films of all time 12 13 14 and in 2012 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally historically and aesthetically significant 15 The film s success led to two feature film sequels being released in 2003 The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions which were also written and directed by the Wachowskis The Matrix franchise was further expanded through the production of comic books video games and animated short films with which the Wachowskis were heavily involved The franchise has also inspired books and theories expanding on some of the religious and philosophical ideas alluded to in the films A fourth film titled The Matrix Resurrections was released on December 22 2021 Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3 1 Development 3 2 Pre production 3 3 Filming 3 4 Sound effects and music 3 5 Production design 3 6 Visual effects 4 Release 4 1 Home media 4 2 Other media 5 Reception 5 1 Box office 5 2 Critical response 5 3 Accolades 5 4 Awards and nominations 6 Thematic analysis 6 1 Film and television 6 2 Literary works 6 3 Philosophy 6 4 Religion and mythology 6 5 Transgender themes 7 Legacy 7 1 Filmmaking 7 2 Choreographers and actors 7 3 Cultural impact 7 4 Modern reception 7 5 Conspiracy theories and fringe groups 7 6 Sequels and adaptations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External linksPlot EditAt an abandoned hotel a police squad corners Trinity who overpowers them with superhuman abilities She flees pursued by the police and a group of suited Agents capable of similar superhuman feats She answers a ringing public telephone and vanishes Computer programmer Thomas Anderson known by his hacking alias Neo is puzzled by repeated online encounters with the phrase the Matrix Trinity contacts him and tells him a man named Morpheus has the answers Neo seeks A team of Agents and police led by Agent Smith arrives at Neo s workplace in search of him Though Morpheus attempts to guide Neo to safety Neo surrenders rather than risk a dangerous escape The Agents offer to erase Neo s criminal record in exchange for his help with locating Morpheus who they claim is a terrorist When Neo refuses to cooperate they fuse his mouth shut pin him down and implant a robotic bug in his stomach Neo wakes up from what he believes to be a nightmare Soon after Neo is taken by Trinity to meet Morpheus and she removes the bug from Neo Morpheus offers Neo a choice between two pills Taking the red pill which will reveal the truth about the Matrix or the blue which will make Neo forget everything and return to his former life Neo takes the red pill and his reality begins to distort awakening in a liquid filled pod among countless other pods containing other humans He is then brought aboard Morpheus s flying ship the Nebuchadnezzar As Neo recuperates from a lifetime of physical inactivity in the pod Morpheus explains the situation In the early 21st century a war broke out between humanity and intelligent machines After humans blocked the machines access to solar energy the machines responded by enslaving humankind and harvesting their bioelectric power while keeping their minds pacified in the Matrix a shared simulated reality modeled on the world as it was in 1999 In the years following the remaining free humans took refuge in the underground city of Zion Morpheus and his crew are a group of rebels who hack into the Matrix to unplug enslaved humans and recruit them their understanding of the Matrix s simulated nature allows them to bend its physical laws Morpheus warns Neo that death within the Matrix kills the physical body too and explains that the Agents are sentient programs that eliminate threats to the system while machines called Sentinels eliminate rebels in the real world Neo s prowess during virtual training cements Morpheus s belief that Neo is the One a human prophesied to free humankind The group enters the Matrix to visit the Oracle a prophet like program who predicted that the One would emerge She implies to Neo that he is not the One and warns that he will have to choose between Morpheus s life and his own Before they can leave the Matrix Agents and police ambush the group tipped off by Cypher a disgruntled crew member who has betrayed Morpheus in exchange for a deal to be plugged back into the Matrix to live a comfortable life To buy time for the others Morpheus fights Smith and is captured Cypher exits the Matrix and murders the other crew members as they lie unconscious Before Cypher can kill Neo and Trinity crew member Tank regains consciousness and kills him before pulling Neo and Trinity from the Matrix The Agents interrogate Morpheus to learn his access codes to the mainframe computer in Zion which would allow them to destroy it Neo resolves to return to the Matrix to rescue Morpheus as the Oracle prophesied Trinity insists she accompany him While rescuing Morpheus Neo gains confidence in his abilities performing feats comparable to those of the Agents After Morpheus and Trinity safely exit the Matrix Smith ambushes and kills Neo While a group of Sentinels attack the Nebuchadnezzar Trinity confesses her love for Neo and says the Oracle told her she would fall in love with the One Neo is revived with newfound abilities to perceive and control the Matrix he easily defeats Smith prompting the other Agents to flee and he leaves the Matrix just as the ship s electromagnetic pulse disables the Sentinels Back in the Matrix Neo makes a telephone call promising the machines that he will show their prisoners a world where anything is possible He hangs up and flies away Cast EditSee also List of Matrix series characters Keanu Reeves as Thomas Anderson Neo A computer programmer born Thomas A Anderson who secretly operates as a hacker named Neo Reeves described his character as someone who felt that something was wrong and was searching for Morpheus and the truth to break free 16 Will Smith turned down the role of Neo to make Wild Wild West because of skepticism over the film s ambitious bullet time special effects 17 He later stated he was not mature enough as an actor at that time 17 and that if given the role he would have messed it up 18 19 Smith praised Reeves for his portrayal 20 Nicolas Cage also turned down the part because of family obligations 21 Warner Bros sought Brad Pitt or Val Kilmer for the role 22 When both declined Leonardo DiCaprio initially accepted the role but ultimately turned it down because he did not want to do a visual effects film directly after Titanic 23 The studio pushed for Reeves who won the role over Johnny Depp the Wachowskis first choice 22 Lorenzo di Bonaventura stated that the screenplay was also sent to Sandra Bullock with the suggestion of rewriting Neo as a female 23 Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus A human freed from the Matrix and captain of the Nebuchadnezzar Fishburne stated that once he read the script he did not understand why other people found it confusing However he doubted if the movie would ever be made because it was so smart 16 The Wachowskis instructed Fishburne to base his performance on the character Morpheus in Neil Gaiman s Sandman comics 24 Gary Oldman Samuel L Jackson and Val Kilmer were also considered for the part 22 Carrie Anne Moss as Trinity A human freed by Morpheus a crewmember of the Nebuchadnezzar and later Neo s romantic interest After reading the script Moss stated that at first she did not believe she had to do the extreme acrobatic actions as described in the script She also doubted how the Wachowskis would get to direct a movie with a budget so large but after spending an hour with them going through the storyboard she understood why some people would trust them 16 Moss mentioned that she underwent a three hour physical test during casting so she knew what to expect subsequently 25 The role made Moss who later said I had no career before None 26 Janet Jackson was initially approached for the role but scheduling conflicts prevented her from accepting it 27 28 In an interview she stated that turning down the role was difficult for her so she later referenced The Matrix in the Intro and Outro interludes on her tenth studio album Discipline 29 Sandra Bullock who was previously approached for the role of Neo was also offered the role of Trinity but she turned it down 30 Salma Hayek and Jada Pinkett Smith who would later play Niobe in the sequels both auditioned for the role 31 32 Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith A sentient Agent program of the Matrix whose purpose is to destroy Zion and stop humans from getting out of the Matrix Unlike other Agents he has ambitions to free himself from his duties Weaving stated that he found the character amusing and enjoyable to play He developed a neutral accent but with more specific character for the role He wanted Smith to sound neither robotic nor human and also said that the Wachowskis voices had influenced his voice in the film When filming began Weaving mentioned that he was excited to be a part of something that would extend him 33 Jean Reno was offered the role but declined unwilling to move to Australia for the production 34 Joe Pantoliano as Cypher Another human freed by Morpheus and a crewmember of the Nebuchadnezzar but one who regrets taking the red pill and seeks to be returned to the Matrix later betraying the rebels to Agent Smith Pantoliano had worked with the Wachowskis prior to appearing in The Matrix starring in their 1996 film Bound Marcus Chong as Tank The operator of the Nebuchadnezzar and Dozer s brother they are both natural as opposed to bred humans born outside of the Matrix Anthony Ray Parker as Dozer Pilot of the Nebuchadnezzar He is Tank s brother and like him was born outside of the Matrix Julian Arahanga as Apoc A freed human and a crew member on the Nebuchadnezzar Matt Doran as Mouse A freed human and a programmer on the Nebuchadnezzar Gloria Foster as The Oracle A prophet who still resides in the Matrix helping the freed humans with her foresight and wisdom Belinda McClory as Switch A human freed by Morpheus and a crew member of the Nebuchadnezzar Paul Goddard as Agent Brown One of two sentient Agent programs in the Matrix who works with Agent Smith to destroy Zion and stop humans from escaping the system Robert Taylor as Agent Jones One of two sentient Agent programs in the Matrix who works with Agent Smith to destroy Zion and stop humans from escaping the system Ada Nicodemou as DuJour A reference to the White Rabbit in Alice s Adventures in Wonderland Production EditDevelopment Edit In 1994 the Wachowskis presented the script for the film Assassins to Warner Bros Pictures After Lorenzo di Bonaventura the president of production of the company at the time read the script he decided to buy rights to it and included two more pictures Bound and The Matrix in the contract The first movie the Wachowskis directed Bound then became a critical success Using this momentum they later asked to direct The Matrix 35 In 1996 the Wachowskis pitched the role of Neo to Will Smith Smith explained on his YouTube channel that the idea was for him to be Neo while Morpheus was to be played by Val Kilmer He later explained that he did not quite understand the concept and he turned down the role to instead film Wild Wild West 36 Producer Joel Silver soon joined the project Although the project had key supporters including Silver and Di Bonaventura to influence the company The Matrix was still a huge investment for Warner Bros which had to invest 60 million to create a movie with philosophical themes and difficult special effects 35 The Wachowskis therefore hired underground comic book artists Geof Darrow and Steve Skroce to draw a 600 page shot by shot storyboard for the entire film 37 38 The storyboard eventually earned the studio s approval and it was decided to film in Australia to make the most of the budget 35 Soon The Matrix became a co production of Warner Bros and Village Roadshow Pictures 39 According to editor Zach Staenberg on the DVD audio commentary track the production team sent an edit of the film s first minutes featuring Trinity s encounter with police and Agents to Warner executives and secured Warner s total support of the movie from then on 40 Pre production Edit The cast were required to be able to understand and explain The Matrix 35 French philosopher Jean Baudrillard s Simulacra and Simulation was required reading for most of the principal cast and crew 41 In early 1997 the Wachowskis had Reeves read Simulacra and Simulation Kevin Kelly s Out of Control The New Biology of Machines Social Systems and the Economic World and Dylan Evans s ideas on evolutionary psychology even before they opened up the script 16 and eventually he was able to explain all the philosophical nuances involved 35 Moss commented that she had difficulty with this process 16 The directors had long been admirers of Hong Kong action cinema so they decided to hire the Chinese martial arts choreographer and film director Yuen Woo ping to work on fight scenes To prepare for the wire fu the actors had to train hard for several months 35 The Wachowskis first scheduled four months for training beginning in October 1997 42 Yuen was optimistic but then began to worry when he realized how unfit the actors were 25 Yuen let their body style develop and then worked with each actor s strength He built on Reeves s diligence Fishburne s resilience Weaving s precision and Moss s feminine grace 25 Yuen designed Moss s moves to suit her deftness and lightness 43 Prior to the pre production Reeves underwent a two level fusion of his cervical neck spine due to spinal cord compression from a herniated disc I was falling over in the shower in the morning 44 He was still recovering by the time of pre production but he insisted on training so Yuen let him practice punches and lighter moves Reeves trained hard and even requested training on days off However the surgery still made him unable to kick for two out of four months of training As a result Reeves did not kick much in the film 25 Weaving had to undergo hip surgery after he sustained an injury during the training process 35 Filming Edit All but a few scenes were filmed at Fox Studios in Sydney as well as in the city itself although recognizable landmarks were not included in order to maintain the impression of a generic American city The filming helped establish New South Wales as a major film production center 45 46 Filming began in March 1998 and wrapped in August 1998 principal photography took 118 days 47 Due to Reeves s neck injury see above some of the action scenes had to be rescheduled to wait for his full recovery As a result the filming began with scenes that did not require much physical exertion 48 49 such as the scene in Thomas Anderson s office the interrogation room 33 or the car ride in which Neo is taken to see the Oracle 50 Locations for these scenes included Martin Place s fountain in Sydney half way between it and the adjacent Colonial Building and the Colonial Building itself 51 During the scene set on a government building rooftop the team filmed extra footage of Neo dodging bullets in case the bullet time process did not work The bullet time fight scene was filmed on the roof of Symantec Corporation building in Kent Street opposite Sussex Street 52 Moss performed the shots featuring Trinity at the beginning of the film and all the wire stunts herself 43 The rooftop set that Trinity uses to escape from Agent Brown early in the film was left over from the production of Dark City which has prompted comments due to the thematic similarities of the films 53 During the rehearsal of the lobby scene in which Trinity runs on a wall Moss injured her leg and was ultimately unable to film the shot in one take She stated that she was under a lot of pressure at the time and was devastated when she realized that she would be unable to do it 54 The dojo set was built well before the actual filming During the filming of these action sequences there was significant physical contact between the actors earning them bruises Reeves s injury and his insufficient training with wires prior to filming meant he was unable to perform the triple kicks satisfactorily and became frustrated with himself causing the scene to be postponed The scene was shot successfully a few days later with Reeves using only three takes Yuen altered the choreography and made the actors pull their punches in the last sequence of the scene creating a training feel 55 The filmmakers originally planned to shoot the subway scene in an actual subway station but the complexity of the fight and related wire work required shooting the scene on a set The set was built around an existing train storage facility which had real train tracks Filming the scene when Neo slammed Smith into the ceiling Chad Stahelski Reeves s stunt double sustained several injuries including broken ribs knees and a dislocated shoulder Another stuntman was injured by a hydraulic puller during a shot in which Neo was slammed into a booth 56 The office building in which Smith interrogated Morpheus was a large set and the outside view from inside the building was a large three story high cyclorama The helicopter was a full scale light weight mock up suspended by a wire rope operated a tilting mechanism mounted to the studio roofbeams The helicopter had a real minigun side mounted to it which was set to cycle at half its regular 3 000 rounds per min firing rate 57 To prepare for the scene in which Neo wakes up in a pod Reeves lost 15 pounds and shaved his whole body to give Neo an emaciated look The scene in which Neo fell into the sewer system concluded the principal photography 47 According to The Art of the Matrix at least one filmed scene and a variety of short pieces of action were omitted from the final cut of the film 58 Sound effects and music Edit See also The Matrix Original Motion Picture Score and The Matrix Music from the Motion Picture Dane A Davis was responsible for creating the sound effects for the film The fight scene sound effects such as the whipping sounds of punches were created using thin metal rods and recording them then editing the sounds The sound of the pod containing a human body closing required almost fifty sounds put together 59 The film s score was composed by Don Davis 60 61 He noted that mirrors appear frequently in the film reflections of the blue and red pills are seen in Morpheus s glasses Neo s capture by Agents is viewed through the rear view mirror of Trinity s motorcycle Neo observes a broken mirror mending itself reflections warp as a spoon is bent the reflection of a helicopter is visible as it approaches a skyscraper Davis focused on this theme of reflections when creating his score alternating between sections of the orchestra and attempting to incorporate contrapuntal ideas Davis score combines orchestral choral and synthesizer elements the balance between these elements varies depending on whether humans or machines are the dominant subject of a given scene 62 In addition to Davis score The Matrix soundtrack also features music from acts such as Rammstein Rob Dougan Rage Against the Machine Propellerheads Ministry Lunatic Calm Deftones Monster Magnet The Prodigy Rob Zombie Meat Beat Manifesto and Marilyn Manson 63 64 65 Production design Edit See also Matrix digital rain In the film the code that composes the Matrix itself is frequently represented as downward flowing green characters 66 This code uses a custom typeface designed by Simon Whiteley 39 which includes mirror images of half width kana characters and Western Latin letters and Arabic numerals 67 In a 2017 interview at CNET he attributed the design to his wife who is from Japan and added I like to tell everybody that The Matrix s code is made out of Japanese sushi recipes 68 The color green reflects the green tint commonly used on early monochrome computer monitors 69 Lynne Cartwright the Visual Effects Supervisor at Animal Logic supervised the creation of the film s opening title sequence as well as the general look of the Matrix code throughout the film in collaboration with Lindsay Fleay and Justen Marshall 39 The portrayal resembles the opening credits of the 1995 Japanese cyberpunk film Ghost in the Shell which had a strong influence on the Matrix series It was also used in the subsequent films on the related website and in the game The Matrix Path of Neo and its drop down effect is reflected in the design of some posters for the Matrix series The code received the Runner up Award in the 1999 Jesse Garson Award for In film typography or opening credit sequence 39 The Matrix s production designer Owen Paterson used methods to distinguish the real world and the Matrix in a pervasive way The production design team generally placed a bias towards the Matrix code s distinctive green color in scenes set within the simulation whereas there is an emphasis on the color blue during scenes set in the real world In addition the Matrix scenes sets were slightly more decayed monolithic and grid like to convey the cold logical and artificial nature of that environment For the real world the actors hair was less styled their clothing had more textile content and the cinematographers used longer lenses to soften the backgrounds and emphasize the actors 67 The Nebuchadnezzar was designed to have a patched up look instead of clean cold and sterile space ship interior sets as used on productions such as Star Trek The wires were made visible to show the ship s working internals and each composition was carefully designed to convey the ship as a marriage between Man and Machine 70 For the scene when Neo wakes up in the pod connected to the Matrix the pod was constructed to look dirty used and sinister During the testing of a breathing mechanism in the pod the tester suffered hypothermia in under eight minutes so the pod had to be heated 47 Kym Barrett costume designer said that she defined the characters and their environment by their costume 71 For example Reeves s office costume was designed for Thomas Anderson to look uncomfortable disheveled and out of place 48 Barrett sometimes used three types of fabric for each costume and also had to consider the practicality of the acting The actors needed to perform martial art actions in their costume hang upside down without people seeing up their clothing and be able to work the wires while strapped into the harnesses 71 For Trinity Barrett experimented with how each fabric absorbed and reflected different types of light and was eventually able to make Trinity s costume mercury like and oil slick to suit the character 43 For the Agents their costume was designed to create a secret service undercover look resembling the film JFK and classic men in black 33 The sunglasses a staple of the film s aesthetics were commissioned for the film by designer Richard Walker from sunglasses maker Blinde Design 72 Visual effects Edit source source source source source source The bullet time effect was created for the film A scene would be computer modeled to decide the positioning of the physical cameras The actor then provided their performance in a chroma key setup while the cameras were fired in rapid succession with fractions of a second delay between each shot The result was combined with CGI backgrounds to create the final effect at 0 33 As for artistic inspiration for bullet time I would credit Otomo Katsuhiro who co wrote and directed Akira which definitely blew me away along with director Michel Gondry His music videos experimented with a different type of technique called view morphing and it was just part of the beginning of uncovering the creative approaches toward using still cameras for special effects Our technique was significantly different because we built it to move around objects that were themselves in motion and we were also able to create slow motion events that virtual cameras could move around rather than the static action in Gondry s music videos with limited camera moves John Gaeta 73 The film is known for popularizing a visual effect 74 known as bullet time which allows a shot to progress in slow motion while the camera appears to move through the scene at normal speed 75 Bullet time has been described as a visual analogy for privileged moments of consciousness within the Matrix 76 and throughout the film the effect is used to illustrate characters exertion of control over time and space 77 The Wachowskis first imagined an action sequence that slowed time while the camera pivoted rapidly around the subjects and proposed the effect in their screenplay for the film When John Gaeta read the script he pleaded with an effects producer at Mass Illusion to let him work on the project and created a prototype that led to him becoming the film s visual effects supervisor 78 The method used for creating these effects involved a technically expanded version of an old art photography technique known as time slice photography in which an array of cameras are placed around an object and triggered simultaneously Each camera captures a still picture contributing one frame to the video sequence which creates the effect of virtual camera movement the illusion of a viewpoint moving around an object that appears frozen in time 75 The bullet time effect is similar but slightly more complicated incorporating temporal motion so that rather than appearing totally frozen the scene progresses in slow and variable motion 73 78 The cameras positions and exposures were previsualized using a 3D simulation Instead of firing the cameras simultaneously the visual effect team fired the cameras fractions of a second after each other so that each camera could capture the action as it progressed creating a super slow motion effect 75 When the frames were put together the resulting slow motion effects reached a frame frequency of 12 000 per second as opposed to the normal 24 frames per second of film 35 Standard movie cameras were placed at the ends of the array to pick up the normal speed action before and after Because the cameras circle the subject almost completely in most of the sequences computer technology was used to edit out the cameras that appeared in the background on the other side 75 To create backgrounds Gaeta hired George Borshukov who created 3D models based on the geometry of buildings and used the photographs of the buildings themselves as texture The photo realistic surroundings generated by this method were incorporated into the bullet time scene 78 and algorithms based on optical flow were used to interpolate between the still images to produce a fluent dynamic motion 79 80 the computer generated lead in and lead out slides were filled in between frames in sequence to get an illusion of orbiting the scene 81 Manex Visual Effects used a cluster farm running the Unix like operating system FreeBSD to render many of the film s visual effects 82 83 Manex also handled creature effects such as Sentinels and machines in real world scenes Animal Logic created the code hallway and the exploding Agent at the end of the film DFilm managed scenes that required heavy use of digital compositing such as Neo s jump off a skyscraper and the helicopter crash into a building The ripple effect in the latter scene was created digitally but the shot also included practical elements and months of extensive research were needed to find the correct kind of glass and explosives to use The scene was shot by colliding a quarter scale helicopter mock up into a glass wall wired to concentric rings of explosives the explosives were then triggered in sequence from the center outward to create a wave of exploding glass 84 The photogrammetric and image based computer generated background approaches in The Matrix s bullet time evolved into innovations unveiled in the sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions The method of using real photographs of buildings as texture for 3D models eventually led the visual effect team to digitize all data such as scenes characters motions and expressions It also led to the development of Universal Capture a process which samples and stores facial details and expressions at high resolution With these highly detailed collected data the team were able to create virtual cinematography in which characters locations and events can all be created digitally and viewed through virtual cameras eliminating the restrictions of real cameras 78 Release EditHome media Edit The Matrix was released on DVD and Laserdisc in its original aspect ratio of 2 35 1 on September 21 1999 in the US from Warner Home Video as well as in a cropped 1 33 1 aspect ratio in Hong Kong from ERA Home Entertainment It was also released on VHS in both fullscreen and widescreen formats followed on December 7 1999 5 After its DVD release it was the first DVD to sell more than one million copies in the US 85 By 2000 the film went on to become the first to sell more than three million copies in the US 35 At that point it became the top selling DVD release of all time holding this record for a few months before being surpassed by Gladiator 86 By November 10 2003 one month after The Matrix Reloaded DVD was released the sales of The Matrix DVD had exceeded 30 million copies 87 It then debuted on both VHS and DVD formats in the UK on November 29 1999 The Matrix sold more than 107 000 DVD copies in just two weeks breaking Armageddon s record for becoming the country s best selling DVD title 88 The Ultimate Matrix Collection was released on HD DVD on May 22 2007 85 and on Blu ray on October 14 2008 89 90 The film was also released standalone in a 10th anniversary edition Blu ray in the Digibook format on March 31 2009 10 years to the day after the film was released theatrically 91 In 2010 the film had another DVD release along with the two sequels as The Complete Matrix Trilogy It was also released on 4K HDR Blu ray on May 22 2018 92 The film as part of The Matrix Trilogy was released on 4K Ultra HD Blu ray on October 30 2018 93 Other media Edit The franchise also contains three video games Enter the Matrix 2003 which contains footage shot specifically for the game and chronicles events taking place before and during The Matrix Reloaded 94 The Matrix Online 2004 an MMORPG which continued the story beyond The Matrix Revolutions 95 96 and The Matrix Path of Neo 2005 which focuses on Neo s journey through the trilogy of films 97 The franchise also includes The Matrix Comics a series of comics and short stories set in the world of The Matrix written and illustrated by figures from the comics industry Most of the comics were originally presented for free on the official Matrix website 98 they were later republished along with some new material in two printed trade paperback volumes called The Matrix Comics Vol 1 and Vol 2 99 Reception EditBox office Edit The Matrix grossed 27 8 million during its opening weekend as well as earning 34 7 million in its first five days It surpassed Lost in Space and Indecent Proposal for having the biggest April and Easter opening weekends The film also had the second highest opening weekend for a spring starter film trailing only behind Liar Liar 100 Three years later in 2002 The Matrix s records for having the largest April and Easter opening weekends would be taken by The Scorpion King and Panic Room 101 102 Upon its opening it had the highest opening weekend of any 1999 film easily topping Payback 100 Additionally this was the biggest opening weekend for a Keanu Reeves film since Speed in 1994 103 It was also ranked number one at the box office ahead of Forces of Nature 100 The film would remain at the top of the box office for two weeks until it was overtaken by Life During its fourth weekend The Matrix briefly returned to the number one spot 104 The following week the film would be displaced by Entrapment 105 In its original run the film earned 171 479 930 37 0 in the United States and Canada and 292 037 453 63 0 in other countries for a worldwide total of 463 517 383 5 In North America it went on to become the fifth highest grossing film of 1999 and the highest grossing R rated film of that year Worldwide it was the fourth highest grossing film of the year after Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace The Sixth Sense and Toy Story 2 5 The Matrix became the second highest grossing Warner Bros film of all time behind Twister 106 Overall it was the third highest grossing R rated film at the time just after Saving Private Ryan and Terminator 2 Judgment Day 106 Following re releases the worldwide gross of the film is 466 621 824 5 In 2012 it was placed 122nd on the list of highest grossing films of all time and the second highest grossing film in the Matrix franchise after The Matrix Reloaded 742 1 million 5 Critical response Edit The Matrix was praised by many critics as well as filmmakers and authors of science fiction 11 especially for its spectacular action scenes and its groundbreaking special effects Some have described The Matrix as one of the best science fiction films of all time 12 13 Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix the most influential action movie of the generation 26 There have also been those including philosopher William Irwin who have suggested that the film explores significant philosophical and spiritual themes On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 88 based on 161 reviews with an average score of 7 8 10 The site s critical consensus reads Thanks to the Wachowskis imaginative vision The Matrix is a smartly crafted combination of spectacular action and groundbreaking special effects 10 At Metacritic which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics the film received a score of 73 based on 35 reviews indicating generally favorable reviews 11 Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of A on an A to F scale 107 It ranked 323rd among critics and 546th among directors in the 2012 Sight amp Sound polls of the greatest films ever made 108 Philip Strick commented in Sight amp Sound if the Wachowskis claim no originality of message they are startling innovators of method praising the film s details and its broadside of astonishing images 109 Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four he praised the film s visuals and premise but disliked the third act s focus on action 110 Similarly Time Out praised the entertainingly ingenious switches between different realities Hugo Weaving s engagingly odd performance and the film s cinematography and production design but concluded the promising premise is steadily wasted as the film turns into a fairly routine action pic yet another slice of overlong high concept hokum 111 Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader reviewed the film negatively criticizing it as simpleminded fun for roughly the first hour until the movie becomes overwhelmed by its many sources There s not much humor to keep it all life size and by the final stretch it s become bloated mechanical and tiresome 112 Ian Nathan of Empire described Carrie Anne Moss as a major find praised the surreal visual highs enabled by the bullet time or flo mo effect and described the film as technically mind blowing style merged perfectly with content and just so damn cool Nathan remarked that although the film s looney plot would not stand up to scrutiny that was not a big flaw because The Matrix is about pure experience 113 Maitland McDonagh said in her review for TV Guide the Wachowskis through the looking glass plot manages to work surprisingly well on a number of levels as a dystopian sci fi thriller as a brilliant excuse for the film s lavish and hyperkinetic fight scenes and as a pretty compelling call to the dead above the eyeballs masses to unite and cast off their chains This dazzling pop allegory is steeped in a dark pulpy sensibility that transcends nostalgic pastiche and stands firmly on its own merits 114 Salon s reviewer Andrew O Hehir acknowledged that although The Matrix is in his view a fundamentally immature and unoriginal film It lacks anything like adult emotion all this pseudo spiritual hokum along with the over ramped onslaught of special effects some of them quite amazing will hold 14 year old boys in rapture not to mention those of us of all ages and genders who still harbor a 14 year old boy somewhere inside he concluded as in Bound there s an appealing scope and daring to the Wachowskis work and their eagerness for more plot twists and more crazy images becomes increasingly infectious In a limited and profoundly geeky sense this might be an important and generous film The Wachowskis have little feeling for character or human interaction but their passion for movies for making them watching them inhabiting their world is pure and deep 115 Filmmakers and science fiction creators alike generally took a complimentary perspective of The Matrix William Gibson a key figure in cyberpunk fiction called the film an innocent delight I hadn t felt in a long time and stated Neo is my favourite ever science fiction hero absolutely 116 Joss Whedon called the film my number one and praised its storytelling structure and depth concluding It works on whatever level you want to bring to it 117 Darren Aronofsky commented I walked out of The Matrix and I was thinking What kind of science fiction movie can people make now The Wachowskis basically took all the great sci fi ideas of the 20th century and rolled them into a delicious pop culture sandwich that everyone on the planet devoured 118 M Night Shyamalan expressed admiration for the Wachowskis stating Whatever you think of The Matrix every shot is there because of the passion they have You can see they argued it out 119 Simon Pegg said that The Matrix provided the excitement and satisfaction that The Phantom Menace failed to inspire The Matrix seemed fresh and cool and visually breathtaking making wonderful intelligent use of CGI to augment the on screen action striking a perfect balance of the real and the hyperreal It was possibly the coolest film I had ever seen 120 Quentin Tarantino counted The Matrix as one of his twenty favorite movies from 1992 to 2009 121 James Cameron called it one of the most profoundly fresh science fiction films ever made 122 Christopher Nolan described it as an incredibly palpable mainstream phenomenon that made people think Hey what if this isn t real 123 Accolades Edit Main article List of accolades received by the Matrix franchise The Matrix received Academy Awards for Best Film Editing Best Sound Editing Best Visual Effects and Best Sound 124 The filmmakers were competing against other films with established franchises like Star Wars Episode I The Phantom Menace yet they won all four of their nominations 125 126 The Matrix also received BAFTA awards for Best Sound and Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects in addition to nominations in the cinematography production design and editing categories 127 In 1999 it won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film and Best Direction 128 In February 2022 the film was named one of the five finalists for Oscars Cheer Moment as part of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Oscars Fan Favorite contest for the bullet time scene finishing in fifth place 129 130 Awards and nominations Edit Award Category Name OutcomeAcademy Awards Best Film Editing Zach Staenberg WonBest Sound John Reitz Gregg Rudloff David Campbell David Lee WonBest Sound Effects Editing Dane A Davis WonBest Visual Effects John Gaeta Janek Sirrs Steve Courtley Jon Thum WonBritish Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Bill Pope NominatedBest Editing Zach Staenberg NominatedBest Production Design Owen Paterson NominatedBest Sound David Lee John Reitz Gregg Rudloff David Campbell Dane A Davis WonBest Special Visual Effects John Gaeta Steve Courtley Janek Sirrs Jon Thum WonSaturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film WonBest Director The Wachowskis a WonBest Writer NominatedBest Actor Keanu Reeves NominatedBest Actress Carrie Anne Moss NominatedBest Supporting Actor Laurence Fishburne NominatedBest Costumes Kym Barrett NominatedBest Make Up Nikki Gooley Bob McCarron Wendy Sainsbury NominatedBest Special Effects John Gaeta Janek Sirrs Steve Courtley Jon Thum NominatedThematic analysis EditThe Matrix is arguably the ultimate cyberpunk artifact William Gibson 8 See also The Matrix franchise Influences and interpretations and The Wachowskis Personal lives The Matrix draws from and alludes to numerous cinematic and literary works and concepts from mythology religion and philosophy including the ideas of Buddhism Christianity Gnosticism Hinduism and Judaism 131 Film and television Edit The pods in which the machines keep humans have been compared to images in Metropolis and the work of M C Escher 132 A resemblance to the eery worlds of Swiss artist H R Giger was also recognized 133 134 The pods can be seen in Welcome to Paradox Episode 4 News from D Street from a 1986 short story 135 of the same name by Andrew Weiner which aired on September 7 1998 on the SYFY Channel and has a remarkably similar concept In this episode the hero is unaware he is living in virtual reality until he is told so by the code man who created the simulation and enters it knowingly The Wachowskis have described Stanley Kubrick s 2001 A Space Odyssey as a formative cinematic influence and as a major inspiration on the visual style they aimed for when making The Matrix 136 137 138 Rainer Werner Fassbinders German TV Miniseries World on a Wire from 1973 an adaption of the novel Simulacron 3 served as inspirational source for some details of The Matrix such as the transfer between the real world and the Matrix simulation via telephone phonebooth citation needed Reviewers have also commented on similarities between The Matrix and other late 1990s films such as Strange Days Dark City and The Truman Show 110 139 140 141 142 The similarity of the film s central concept to a device in the long running series Doctor Who has also been noted As in the film the Matrix of that series introduced in the 1976 serial The Deadly Assassin is a massive computer system which one enters using a device connecting to the head allowing users to see representations of the real world and change its laws of physics but if killed there they will die in reality 143 The action scenes of The Matrix were also strongly influenced by live action films such as those of director John Woo 144 The martial arts sequences were inspired by Fist of Legend a critically acclaimed 1995 martial arts film starring Jet Li The fight scenes in Fist of Legend led to the hiring of Yuen as fight choreographer 145 146 The Wachowskis approach to action scenes drew upon their admiration for Japanese animation such as Ninja Scroll and Akira 9 Director Mamoru Oshii s 1995 animated film Ghost in the Shell was a particularly strong influence 9 producer Joel Silver has stated that the Wachowskis first described their intentions for The Matrix by showing him that anime and saying We wanna do that for real 147 148 Mitsuhisa Ishikawa of Production I G which produced Ghost in the Shell noted that the anime s high quality visuals were a strong source of inspiration for the Wachowskis He also commented cyberpunk films are very difficult to describe to a third person I d imagine that The Matrix is the kind of film that was very difficult to draw up a written proposal for to take to film studios He stated that since Ghost in the Shell had gained recognition in America the Wachowskis used it as a promotional tool 149 Literary works Edit The film makes several references to Lewis Carroll s Alice s Adventures in Wonderland 115 Comparisons have also been made to Grant Morrison s comic series The Invisibles with Morrison describing it in 2011 as it seemed to me to be my own combination of ideas enacted on the screen 150 Comparisons have also been made between The Matrix and the books of Carlos Castaneda 151 The Matrix belongs to the cyberpunk genre of science fiction and draws from earlier works in the genre such as the 1984 novel Neuromancer by William Gibson 8 For example the film s use of the term Matrix is adopted from Gibson s novel 152 though L P Davies had already used the term Matrix fifteen years earlier for a similar concept in his 1969 novel The White Room It had been tried in the States some years earlier but their matrix as they called it hadn t been strong enough to hold the fictional character in place 153 After watching The Matrix Gibson commented that the way that the film s creators had drawn from existing cyberpunk works was exactly the kind of creative cultural osmosis he had relied upon in his own writing 8 however he noted that the film s Gnostic themes distinguished it from Neuromancer and believed that The Matrix was thematically closer to the work of science fiction author Philip K Dick particularly Dick s speculative Exegesis 8 Other writers have also commented on the similarities between The Matrix and Dick s work 144 154 155 one example of such influence is a Philip K Dick s 1977 conference in which he stated We are living in a computer programmed reality and the only clue we have to it is when some variable is changed and some alteration in our reality occurs 156 157 158 159 Philosophy Edit In The Matrix a copy of Jean Baudrillard s philosophical work Simulacra and Simulation which was published in French in 1981 is visible on screen as the book used to conceal disks 7 41 and Morpheus quotes the phrase desert of the real from it 160 The book was required reading 7 for the actors prior to filming 41 161 However Baudrillard himself said that The Matrix misunderstands and distorts his work 160 162 Some interpreters of The Matrix mention Baudrillard s philosophy to support their claim that the film is an allegory for contemporary experience in a heavily commercialized media driven society especially in developed countries 7 The influence of Baudrillard was brought to the public s attention through the writings of art historians such as Griselda Pollock and film theorists such as Heinz Peter Schwerfel 7 In addition to Baudrillard the Wachowskis were also significantly influenced by Kevin Kelly s Out of Control The New Biology of Machines Social Systems and the Economic World and Dylan Evans s ideas on evolutionary psychology 16 Philosopher William Irwin suggests that the idea of the Matrix a generated reality invented by malicious machines is an allusion to Descartes First Meditation and his idea of an evil demon The Meditation hypothesizes that the perceived world might be a comprehensive illusion created to deceive us 163 The same premise can be found in Hilary Putnam s brain in a vat scenario proposed in the 1980s 163 A connection between the premise of The Matrix and Plato s Allegory of the Cave has also been suggested The allegory is related to Plato s theory of Forms which holds that the true essence of an object is not what we perceive with our senses but rather its quality and that most people perceive only the shadow of the object and are thus limited to false perception 35 The philosophy of Immanuel Kant has also been claimed as another influence on the film and in particular how individuals within the Matrix interact with one another and with the system Kant states in his Critique of Pure Reason that people come to know and explore our world through synthetic means language etc and thus this makes it rather difficult to discern truth from falsely perceived views This means people are their own agents of deceit and so in order for them to know truth they must choose to openly pursue truth This idea can be examined in Agent Smith s monologue about the first version of the Matrix which was designed as a human utopia a perfect world without suffering and with total happiness Agent Smith explains that it was a disaster No one accepted the program Entire crops of people were lost The machines had to amend their choice of programming in order to make people subservient to them and so they conceived the Matrix in the image of the world in 1999 The world in 1999 was far from a utopia but still humans accepted this over the suffering less utopia According to William Irwin this is Kantian because the machines wished to impose a perfect world on humans in an attempt to keep people content so that they would remain completely submissive to the machines both consciously and subconsciously but humans were not easy to make content 164 Religion and mythology Edit Andrew Godoski sees allusions to Christ including Neo s virgin birth his doubt in himself the prophecy of his coming along with many other Christian references 35 Amongst these possible allusions it is suggested that the name of the character Trinity refers to Christianity s doctrine of the Trinity 165 It has also been noted that the character Morpheus paraphrases the Chinese taoist philosopher Zhuangzi when he asks Neo Have you ever had a dream Neo that you were so sure was real What if you were unable to wake from that dream How would you know the difference from the real world and the dream world 166 Matrixism is a fan based possibly satirical religion created as the matrix religion Transgender themes Edit Years after the release of The Matrix both the Wachowskis came out as transgender women and some viewers have seen transgender themes in the film before it was officially confirmed 167 The red pill has been compared with red estrogen pills 168 Morpheus s description of the Matrix creating a sense that something is fundamentally wrong like a splinter in your mind has been compared to gender dysphoria 168 In the original script Switch was a woman in the Matrix and a man in the real world but this idea was ultimately dropped 169 In a 2016 GLAAD Media Awards speech Lilly Wachowski said There s a critical eye being cast back on Lana and I s sic work through the lens of our transness This is a cool thing because it s an excellent reminder that art is never static 170 She spoke in 2020 about the film as an allegory for transgender identity and compromises they had to make at the time 171 In an interview with Variety Reeves said he did not know the film was an allegory for transgender identity during production 172 Legacy EditFilmmaking Edit Following The Matrix films made abundant use of slow motion spinning cameras and often the bullet time effect of a character freezing or slowing down and the camera dollying around them 74 The ability to slow down time enough to distinguish the motion of bullets was used as a central gameplay mechanic of several video games including Max Payne in which the feature was explicitly referred to as bullet time 173 174 It was also the defining game mechanic of the game Superhot and its sequels The Matrix s signature special effect and other aspects of the film have been parodied numerous times 26 in comedy films such as Deuce Bigalow Male Gigolo 1999 175 Scary Movie 2000 176 Shrek 2001 173 Kung Pow Enter the Fist 2002 177 Lastikman 2003 Marx Reloaded in which the relationship between Neo and Morpheus is represented as an imaginary encounter between Karl Marx and Leon Trotsky 178 and in video games such as Conker s Bad Fur Day 179 It also inspired films featuring a black clad hero a sexy yet deadly heroine and bullets ripping slowly through the air 26 these included Charlie s Angels 2000 featuring Cameron Diaz floating through the air while the cameras flo mo around her Equilibrium 2002 starring Christian Bale whose character wore long black leather coats like Reeves Neo 173 Night Watch 2004 a Russian megahit heavily influenced by The Matrix and directed by Timur Bekmambetov who later made Wanted 2008 which also features bullets ripping through air and Inception 2010 which centers on a team of sharply dressed rogues who are able to enter other people s dreams by wiring in The original Tron 1982 paved the way for The Matrix and The Matrix in turn inspired Disney to make its own Matrix with a Tron sequel Tron Legacy 2010 180 Also the film s lobby shootout sequence was recreated in the 2002 Indian action comedy Awara Paagal Deewana 181 Choreographers and actors Edit The Matrix had a strong effect on action filmmaking in Hollywood The film s incorporation of wire fu techniques including the involvement of fight choreographer Yuen Woo ping and other personnel with a background in Hong Kong action cinema affected the approaches to fight scenes taken by subsequent Hollywood action films 182 moving them towards more Eastern approaches 35 The success of The Matrix created high demand for those choreographers and their techniques from other filmmakers who wanted fights of similar sophistication for example wire work was employed in X Men 2000 182 and Charlie s Angels 2000 180 and Yuen Woo ping s brother Yuen Cheung yan was choreographer on Daredevil 2003 183 The Matrix s Asian approach to action scenes also created an audience for Asian action films such as Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon 2000 that they might not otherwise have had 173 Chad Stahelski who had been a stunt double on The Matrix prior to directing Reeves in the John Wick series acknowledged the film s strong influence on the Wick films 184 and commented The Matrix literally changed the industry The influx of martial arts choreographers and fight coordinators now make more and are more prevalent and powerful in the industry than stunt coordinators The Matrix revolutionized that Today action movies want their big sequences designed around the fights 185 Carrie Anne Moss asserted that prior to being cast in The Matrix she had no career It launched Moss into international recognition and transformed her career in a New York Daily News interview she stated The Matrix gave me so many opportunities Everything I ve done since then has been because of that experience It gave me so much 186 The film also created one of the most devoted movie fan followings since Star Wars 26 The combined success of the Matrix trilogy the Lord of the Rings films and the Star Wars prequels made Hollywood interested in creating trilogies 35 Stephen Dowling from the BBC noted that The Matrix s success in taking complex philosophical ideas and presenting them in ways palatable for impressionable minds might be its most influential aspect 173 Cultural impact Edit The Matrix was also influential for its impact on superhero films John Kenneth Muir in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television called the film a revolutionary reimagination of movie visuals paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films and credits it with helping to make comic book superheroes hip and effectively demonstrating the concept of faster than a speeding bullet with its bullet time effect 187 Adam Sternbergh of Vulture com credits The Matrix with reinventing and setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters and inspiring the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century 188 Modern reception Edit In 2001 The Matrix placed 66th in the American Film Institute s 100 Years 100 Thrills list 189 In 2007 Entertainment Weekly called The Matrix the best science fiction piece of media for the past 25 years 14 In 2009 the film was ranked 39th on Empire s reader actor and critic voted list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 190 The Matrix was voted as the fourth best science fiction film in the 2011 list Best in Film The Greatest Movies of Our Time based on a poll conducted by ABC and People In 2012 the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being culturally historically and aesthetically significant 15 In 2022 The Matrix was determined the most popular tech themed movie in the United States using search volume data 191 Conspiracy theories and fringe groups Edit Main article Red pill and blue pill The premise of The Matrix has been repurposed for multiple conspiracy theories and alt right fringe groups For example some online men s rights groups use the term redpill to mean men realizing that they are supposedly being subjugated by feminism 192 193 The term has been used in discussion forums for right wing topics such as Gamergate white supremacy incel subculture and Qanon 194 As of 2021 the verb pill and adjective pilled had entered more mainstream use and had come to mean developing a sudden interest in something 195 Sequels and adaptations Edit Main article The Matrix franchise The film s mainstream success led to the making of two sequels The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions both directed by the Wachowskis These were filmed back to back in one shoot and released on separate dates in 2003 196 The first film s introductory tale is succeeded by the story of the impending attack on the human enclave of Zion by a vast machine army 197 198 The sequels also incorporate longer and more ambitious action scenes as well as improvements in bullet time and other visual effects 198 199 Also released was The Animatrix a collection of nine animated short films many of which were created in the same Japanese animation style 200 that was a strong influence on the live action trilogy The Animatrix was overseen and approved by the Wachowskis who only wrote four of the segments themselves but did not direct any of them much of the project was developed by notable figures from the world of anime 200 In March 2017 Warner Bros was in early stages of developing a relaunch of the franchise with Zak Penn in talks to write a treatment and interest in getting Michael B Jordan attached to star According to The Hollywood Reporter neither the Wachowskis nor Joel Silver were involved with the endeavor although the studio would like to get at minimum the blessing of the Wachowskis 201 On August 20 2019 Warner Bros Pictures Group chairman Toby Emmerich officially announced that a fourth Matrix film was in the works with Keanu Reeves and Carrie Anne Moss set to reprise their roles as Neo and Trinity respectively 202 The Matrix Resurrections was released on December 22 2021 in theaters and on HBO Max In September 2022 Danny Boyle was announced to be directing a dance adaptation of the film titled Free Your Mind and it is set to debut in October 2023 in Manchester U K 203 See also EditMetaverse Virtual world Virtual reality Simulated reality Simulated reality in fiction Cyberspace Henosis Know thyself Later usage Thought experiment Tron 1982 film Existenz 1999 film Computer Boy 2000 parody The Meatrix 2003 parody Code Lyoko 2003 French animated series Infinity Train 2019 American animated seriesNotes Edit a b c Credited as The Wachowski Brothers References Edit The Matrix British Board of Film Classification Retrieved May 12 2013 a b Film The Matrix Lumiere Retrieved March 21 2017 a b The Matrix American Film Institute Retrieved June 22 2021 a b The Matrix British Film Institute Retrieved June 22 2021 a b c d e f g h The Matrix 1999 Box Office Mojo Amazon Retrieved December 19 2021 The Matrix laid the template for the gritty gravity defying self seriously cerebral modern blockbuster Vulture com February 4 2019 a b c d e Allen Jamie November 28 2012 The Matrix and Postmodernism Prezi com a b c d e Gibson William January 28 2003 The Matrix Fair Cop williamgibsonbooks com Archived from the original on May 30 2012 Retrieved August 13 2012 a b c Matrix Virtual Theatre Warnervideo com Warner Bros Pictures November 6 1999 Interview with the Wachowski Brothers Archived from the original on October 6 2012 Retrieved November 29 2012 We liked Ghost in the Shell and the Ninja Scroll and Akira in anime One thing that they do that we tried to bring to our film was a juxtaposition of time and space in action beats a b The Matrix 1999 Rotten Tomatoes Fandango Retrieved July 5 2019 a b c The Matrix 1999 Reviews Metacritic CBS Interactive Retrieved July 11 2008 a b Heritage Stuart October 21 2010 The Matrix No 13 best sci fi and fantasy film of all time Guardian co uk London Guardian Media Group a b Top 25 Sci Fi Movies of All Time IGN Retrieved January 29 2012 a b Jensen Jeff May 7 2007 The Sci Fi 25 The Genre s Best Since 82 Entertainment Weekly Archived from the original on May 8 2007 Retrieved May 7 2007 a b King Susan December 19 2012 National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation Los Angeles Times Retrieved December 21 2012 a b c d e f Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Screenplay The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Lawrence Will February 2007 The Empire Interview In conversation with Will Smith Empire No 212 Emap p 109 Honestly I didn t think they could do it it was too ambitious I saw Bound and I loved it The Matrix is exactly what they pitched but they were designing those cameras to get those freeze frames and I was like If that doesn t work the movie looks ridiculous I didn t feel comfortable with the level of importance placed on that effect working properly That s probably the only one that I turned down that I shouldn t have but when you see somebody do it like Keanu you think Thank God I don t think I was mature enough as an actor at that point to get out of the way and just let it be and allow the directors to make the movie I would have been trying to make jokes Now I would have loved to take a shot and see what I would have done with it and I know now I could absolutely have been mature enough to get out the way But back then I don t think I was Hillner Jennifer July 2004 I Robocop Wired Riggs Ransom October 20 2008 5 million dollar mistakes by movie stars CNN Retrieved January 4 2013 Makuch Eddie February 14 2019 Will Smith Reveals He Turned Down the Matrix and Here s Why Gamespot Carroll Larry December 7 2007 Will Smith Snagged I Am Legend From Schwarzenegger But Can You Imagine Nicolas Cage In The Matrix MTV Retrieved December 8 2007 a b c Redpill July 2000 Don Davis Composer whatisthematrix warnerbros com Archived from the original on April 22 2004 Retrieved September 9 2021 As far as casting goes Keanu Reeves wasn t Larry and Andy s first choice Johnny Depp was their first choice for Neo Warner Bros was going for this thing where they didn t want Johnny Depp they wanted Brad Pitt or Val Kilmer They told Larry and Andy if Brad Pitt would do the picture they d green light it right then After Kilmer and Brad Pitt said no Warner Bros was willing to consider Johnny Depp so it sort of came down to between Johnny Depp and Keanu Reeves who Warner Bros was pushing Keanu was always really tuned in to the concept and that made a big difference for Larry and Andy I think it was a brilliant choice Gary Oldman was considered as Morpheus at one point and Samuel Jackson as well For Trinity I think they were generally looking at lesser known names for that character a b Williams Trey March 26 2019 The Matrix Wanted Sandra Bullock as Neo Before Keanu Reeves Took the Role TheWrap Retrieved September 9 2021 We went to Sandy Bullock and said We ll change Neo to a girl Producer Joel Silver and I worked with Sandy on Demolition Man and she was and continues to be a very good friend of mine It was pretty simple We sent her the script to see if she was interested in it And if she was interested in it we would try to make the change The first movie star who says yes is Brad Pitt he s doing Seven Years in Tibet and then he s coming out of it and he s like I m way too exhausted to take this on so he s gone di Bonaventura said Then we go to Leonardo DiCaprio He says yes we have meetings with him and then he goes You know I can t go do another visual effects movie having just finished Titanic and he drops out Then Will Smith joins it and he drops out Gaiman Neil June 10 2003 Neil Gaiman s Journal You must be this tall to ride this website neilgaiman com Retrieved December 30 2012 a b c d Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Training The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c d e Fierman Daniel May 12 2003 EW hacks into The Matrix Reloaded Entertainment Weekly Time Warner Archived from the original on June 2 2013 Retrieved December 22 2012 The Matrix is the most influential action movie of its generation since the movie s release in March 1999 every 360 degree sweep of a camera every black clad hero every sexy yet deadly heroine every bullet rippling slowly through the air is a rip off that can be traced back to writer directors Andy and Larry Wachowski They triggered countless pale imitations and dull witted parodies Wonderland Magazine February 2010 page 148 Janet Jackson I was in Matrix talks Digital Spy February 2 2010 Retrieved September 20 2013 The Janet Jackson Interview The Daily Voice February 28 2008 Archived from the original on May 16 2008 Retrieved September 20 2013 America asks Sandra Bullock answers Nolfi Joey Lenker Maureen Lee June 22 2021 Salma Hayek recalls bombing her athletic audition for The Matrix I m lazy Entertainment Weekly Retrieved October 17 2021 How The Matrix Built a Bullet Proof Legacy Wired March 29 2019 Retrieved December 6 2022 a b c Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Interrogation Room The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link WENN May 12 2006 Reno Said No To The Matrix Contactmusic com Retrieved August 15 2013 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Godoski Andrew Under The Influence The Matrix Screened com Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved December 22 2012 Why I Turned Down The Matrix STORYTIME retrieved September 29 2021 Miller Mark November 2003 Matrix Revelations The Wachowski Brothers FAQ Wired Archived from the original on November 20 2012 Retrieved December 4 2012 Vary Adam B February 5 2015 The Wachowskis Refuse To Take No For An Answer BuzzFeed Retrieved December 6 2022 a b c d Powerhouse Museum The Matrix film poster Powerhouse Museum Australia Retrieved December 24 2012 The Matrix DVD Audio Commentary featuring actress Carrie Ann Moss film editor Zach Staenberg and visual effects supervisor John Gaeta At time 3 30 5 11 a b c Rothstein Edward May 24 2003 Philosophers Draw on a Film Drawing on Philosophers The New York Times Retrieved December 5 2012 The Mind Bending Story of How The Matrix Came to Be Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved March 15 2021 a b c Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Trinity The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Heath Chris August 31 2000 The Quiet Man The Riddle of Keanu Reeves Rolling Stone HBO First Look Making the Matrix Cable TV documentary United States HBO https www vulture com 2021 12 the matrix timeline html a b c Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 The Power Plant The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 The Shooting Begins The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link https ew com movies 1999 04 09 how matrix made it big screen Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Car Ride to the Oracle The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Delaney Colin April 26 2011 5 Sydney film sites you didn t know you knew CNN Retrieved December 24 2012 Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Government Roof The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ebert Roger November 6 2005 Great Movies Dark City Chicago Sun Times Sun Times Media Group Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved December 18 2006 Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Government Lobby The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Construct Kung Fu The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 El Fighting The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Helicopter Rescue The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wachowski Larry Wachowski Andy Darrow Geof Skroce Steve Kunitake Tani Manser Warren Grant Colin Staenberg Zach Oesterhouse Phil Gibson William 2000 Lamm Spencer ed The Art of The Matrix Titan Books Ltd published November 24 2000 ISBN 978 1 84023 173 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Sound effects The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The Matrix Score at AllMusic The Matrix Original Motion Picture Score at Discogs list of releases Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 The Score The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Coleman Christopher Essence of Cool Tracksounds com Archived from the original on May 15 2013 Retrieved December 28 2012 The Matrix Music From and Inspired by the Motion Picture at AllMusic The Matrix Music from the Motion Picture at Discogs list of releases The Matrix cactus black Black Cactus cactus black a b Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Look of the Matrix The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bisset Jennifer October 19 2017 Creator of The Matrix code reveals its mysterious origins CNET Retrieved November 5 2018 Clover Joshua 2004 The Matrix London BFI Publishing pp 8 9 ISBN 978 1 84457 045 4 In the denouement of The Thirteenth Floor Douglas Hall simply crests a hill to discover that what he had thought was the real world has beyond this point yet to be constructed In lieu of landscape only crude phosphor green polygons the basic units of video graphics rendering in the primal monochrome of an old CRT The raw material of the simulation is even more basic in The Matrix machine language itself in the same familiar green Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 The Nebuchadnezzar The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Costume The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Navratil Wendy May 4 2003 Neo s cool and so are his shades Chicago Tribune Tribune Company Retrieved July 7 2012 a b 200 Things That Rocked Our World Bullet Time Empire 200 136 February 2006 a b Lane Anthony January 20 2003 The Current Cinema Trouble in the Streets The New Yorker Retrieved December 4 2012 What I think of as the Matrix shot a lone figure frozen while the camera circles around him has travelled quickly from novelty to cliche but Meirelles just about keeps it alive by using it to track the passage of time a b c d Green Dave June 5 1999 Better than SFX Guardian co uk London Guardian Media Group Retrieved December 18 2009 Clover Joshua 2004 The Matrix London BFI Publishing p 35 ISBN 978 1 84457 045 4 Wood Aylish April 17 2007 Digital Encounters New ed Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 41066 3 a b c d Silberman Steve May 2003 Matrix2 Wired Retrieved December 25 2012 Seymour Mike February 28 2006 Art of Optical Flow fxguide Retrieved March 25 2019 Buckley Robert Film Essay on The Bullet Time Scene In The Matrix PDF Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences Nova Southeastern University Archived from the original PDF on May 15 2013 Retrieved December 27 2012 Tiwari Abhishek Bullet Time Technique Voice Mumbai School of Broadcasting and Communication Archived from the original on September 15 2012 Retrieved December 27 2012 Comment about the use of FreeBSD 5 50 YouTube January 23 2008 Archived from the original on December 11 2021 Retrieved January 29 2012 FreeBSD Used to Generate Spectacular Special Effects April 22 1999 Retrieved July 19 2012 Oreck Josh Director Wachowski Larry Matthies Eric Producers November 20 2001 Post production The Matrix Revisited DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Warner Home Video March 23 2007 The Matrix is Coming to HD DVD Comingsoon net CraveOnline Media Retrieved March 23 2007 Gladiator Hits DVD Highs The Los Angeles Times January 10 2001 p 64 Archived from the original on August 2 2022 Retrieved August 2 2022 via Newspapers com Holson Laura November 10 2003 An Elf and a Bear Trip Up the Final Matrix The New York Times Retrieved December 21 2012 Boehm Erich December 13 1999 Matrix DVD breaks sales records in U K Variety Retrieved May 26 2022 Warner Home Video July 25 2008 Ultimate Matrix Blu ray Coming in October highdefdigest com Retrieved August 18 2008 The Matrix DVD Release Date DVDs Release Dates Retrieved May 21 2018 Warner Home Video sends over details on a 10th Anniversary Blu ray release Dvdactive com Retrieved December 13 2009 The Matrix 4K Ultra HD Blu ray German Import ultrahd highdefdigest com Retrieved May 21 2018 The Matrix Trilogy 4K Ultra HD Blu ray Ultra HD Review High Def Digest ultrahd highdefdigest com Retrieved January 24 2019 Gerstmann Jeff May 20 2003 Enter the Matrix Review Gamespot Archived from the original on October 18 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Butts Steve April 15 2005 The Matrix Online I changed my mind I want the blue pill IGN News Corporation Archived from the original on February 24 2014 Retrieved November 29 2012 Kasavin Greg April 4 2005 The Matrix Online Review Gamespot Archived from the original on September 8 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Dunham Jeremy November 17 2005 The Matrix Path of Neo There s a difference between knowing the path and walking the path IGN News Corporation Archived from the original on November 16 2012 Retrieved November 29 2012 Comics whatisthematrix warnerbros com Archived from the original on August 15 2007 Retrieved April 11 2012 The Matrix Comics Vol 1 Burlyman Entertainment November 2003 ISBN 978 1 84023 806 8 a b c Matrix Shows Its Muscle Los Angeles Times April 5 1999 Scorpion King dominates US box office United Press International April 21 2002 Archived from the original on March 6 2022 Retrieved March 6 2022 Room dominates US box office United Press International March 31 2002 Archived from the original on May 11 2022 Retrieved May 11 2022 Matrix tops weekend box office The Cincinnati Enquirer April 5 1999 p 33 Archived from the original on November 6 2022 Retrieved November 6 2022 via Newspapers com Gray Brandon Forecast Matrix Reclaims 1 Box Office Mojo Archived from the original on May 19 2022 Retrieved May 19 2022 Entrapment Snares Top Spot With Charismatic Stars Help Los Angeles Times May 3 1999 a b How The Matrix Resurrections Can Make R Rated Box Office History Forbes CinemaScore cinemascore com Votes for The Matrix 1999 Sight amp Sound British Film Institute Retrieved November 26 2018 Strick Philip Sight amp Sound The Matrix 1999 Sight amp Sound British Film Institute Archived from the original on October 3 2018 Retrieved October 30 2012 a b Ebert Roger March 31 1999 The Matrix RogerEbert com Retrieved September 17 2012 The Matrix recycles the premises of Dark City and Strange Days Time Out Film Review The Matrix Time Out Film Guide Time Out Retrieved January 16 2012 Rosenbaum Jonathan The Matrix Chicago Reader Sun Times Media Group Archived from the original on April 21 2006 Retrieved November 15 2012 Nathan Ian January 1 1999 The Matrix Review Empire Bauer Consumer Media Retrieved November 15 2012 McDonagh Maitland The Matrix Review TV Guide Retrieved December 3 2012 a b O Hehir Andrew April 2 1999 Short attention spawn Salon Archived from the original on May 23 2009 Retrieved November 15 2012 Wachowski Larry Wachowski Andy Darrow Geof Skroce Steve Kunitake Tani Manser Warren Grant Colin Staenberg Zach Oesterhouse Phil Gibson William 2000 Lamm Spencer ed The Art of The Matrix Titan Books Ltd published November 24 2000 p 451 ISBN 978 1 84023 173 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The 201 Greatest Movies of all Time Empire No 201 Emap March 2006 p 98 Silberman Steve November 2006 The Outsider Wired Vol 14 no 11 Conde Nast Publications p 224 Archived from the original on January 3 2007 Retrieved January 4 2013 Malanowski Jamie March 12 2000 Oscar films First timers A Director With a Sense of Where He s Going The New York Times Retrieved January 4 2012 Pegg Simon 2010 Nerd Do Well London Random House p 323 ISBN 978 1 84605 811 0 Brown Lane Team America Anything Else Among the Best Movies of the Past Seventeen Years Claims Quentin Tarantino Vulture New York Media LLC Retrieved May 25 2013 Boucher Geoff August 29 2019 Terminator Dark Fate James Cameron On Rewired Franchise Possible New Trilogy Itzkoff Dave June 30 2010 A Man and His Dream Christopher Nolan and Inception The New York Times Oscar winners in full BBC March 27 2000 Archived from the original on March 29 2014 Retrieved March 12 2009 The 72nd Academy Awards 2000 Nominees and Winners oscars org Retrieved November 19 2011 The Wachowski Brothers biography Tribute Tribute Entertainment Media Group Retrieved December 31 2006 BAFTA Film Winners 1990 1999 PDF BAFTA org Archived from the original PDF on February 2 2007 Retrieved December 31 2006 Saturn Awards SaturnAwards org Archived from the original on February 9 2010 Retrieved December 31 2006 Oscars Fan Favorite Oscars Fan Favorite Retrieved February 26 2022 Zack Snyder s Justice League Tops Oscars Cheer Moment List CBR March 28 2022 Retrieved March 28 2022 Stucky Mark October 2005 He is the One The Matrix Trilogy s Postmodern Movie Messiah The Journal of Religion and Film 9 2 Retrieved February 21 2018 Jones Steven Edward 2006 Simulacra in the Matrix Against Technology From the Luddites to Neo Luddism CRC Press p 131 ISBN 978 0 415 97868 2 Calia Michael We Are All Living in H R Giger s Nightmare Wall Street Journal Retrieved December 23 2021 The Pop Mythologist May 14 2014 Of sex death and biomachinery H R Giger s legacy in pop culture Title The News from D Street www isfdb org Retrieved July 14 2019 Ebert Roger October 2 2008 The Wachowskis From 2001 to The Godfather to The Matrix RogerEbert com Ebert Digital LLC Archived from the original on March 6 2021 Retrieved September 11 2021 Hemon Aleksandar September 3 2012 Beyond the Matrix The New Yorker Retrieved September 4 2012 Ebert Roger September 9 2012 Toronto 3 Cloud Atlas and a new silent film RogerEbert com Ebert Digital LLC Archived from the original on January 25 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Dark City vs The Matrix RetroJunk August 17 2015 Retrieved September 18 2015 Tyridal Simon January 28 2005 Matrix City A Photographic Comparison of The Matrix and Dark City ElectroLund Retrieved September 18 2015 The Matrix 1999 Film Review from FilmFour Film4 Channel Four Television Corporation Archived from the original on May 25 2010 Retrieved September 17 2012 The film is a perfect product of its time It is a very modern conspiracy thriller a film based like The Truman Show on the appealingly terrifying notion of a universal conspiracy that life itself and everything that we know and take for granted are lies It s also a film steeped in the traditionals of Japanese anime and megamixed philosophy and semiotics spot the Baudrillard references kids Rowley Stephen June 18 2003 What Was the Matrix sterow com Retrieved January 9 2012 The Matrix was the third in a cycle of movies to arrive in the late nineties with a strikingly similar theme Like its predecessors from the previous year Dark City and The Truman Show it tells the story of a seemingly ordinary man who suddenly finds that his whole life is faked he is trapped in an artificially created environment designed to keep him in submission Like the heroes of those earlier movies Keanu Reeves Neo starts to realise that he is somehow special and tries to escape the confines of his prison Condon Paul July 26 2003 The Matrix Unlocked Contender Books pp 141 3 ISBN 978 1 84357 093 6 a b Rose Frank December 2003 The Second Coming of Philip K Dick Wired Retrieved December 4 2012 His influence is pervasive in The Matrix and its sequels which present the world we know as nothing more than an information grid Dick articulated the concept in a 1977 speech in which he posited the existence of multiple realities overlapping the matrix world that most of us experience They probably don t realize that the Matrixseries sic contains almost as many references to Woo as to Dick Fluttering pigeons heralding a fight a shooter with two guns blazing pure Woo Fist of Legend Bigbearacademy com Retrieved December 13 2012 Colman Dan October 7 2011 The Matrix What Went Into The Mix Open Culture Retrieved December 13 2012 Jones Andrew Morimoto Koji Maeda Mahiro Chung Peter Watanabe Shinichiro June 3 2003 The Animatrix DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wachowski Larry Director Wachowski Andy Director September 21 1999 The Matrix DVD United States Warner Bros Pictures a href Template Cite AV media html title Template Cite AV media cite AV media a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Manga Mania The South Bank Show February 19 2006 ITV Morrison Grant 2011 Supergods Our World in the Age of the Superhero London Random House Jonathan Cape p 315 I was taken to see The Matrix and saw what seemed to me my own combination of ideas enacted on the screen fetish clothes bald heads kung fu and magic witnessing the Gnostic invasion of the Hollywood mainstream Matrix and Carlos Castaneda Consciencia org December 4 2006 Retrieved January 29 2012 Leiren Young Mark January 6 2012 Is William Gibson s Neuromancer the Future of Movies The Tyee Retrieved January 16 2012 One of the obstacles in the selling of this movie to the industry at large is that everyone says Oh well The Matrix did it already Because The Matrix the very word matrix is taken from Neuromancer they stole that word I can t use it in our movie L P Davies The White Room Garden City NY Doubleday and Company 1969 Page 168 Zenko Darren April 29 2007 Not another Philip K Dick movie The Toronto Star Retrieved May 25 2010 Axmaker Sean June 25 2002 Philip K Dick s dark dreams still fodder for films Seattle Post Intelligencer Even the seeds of his concepts however sprout resonant ideas that the biggest special effects can t destroy and they have pollinated the creative ground of many other films from the moral quandaries posed by technology in The 6th Day to the paranoia and sanity threatening conspiracies of The Truman Show and The Matrix South Berkshire Research Institute August 23 2015 AUTHOR Philip K Dick We are living in a computer programmed reality Retrieved March 15 2017 via YouTube theduderinok2 June 26 2010 Did Philip K Dick disclose the real Matrix in 1977 Archived from the original on October 22 2011 Retrieved March 15 2017 via YouTube Philip K Dick Theorizes The Matrix in 1977 Declares That We Live in A Computer Programmed Reality openculture com Retrieved March 15 2017 Wagner David February 11 2014 Building A Digital Worm Is Harder And More Important Than You Might Think kpbs org Retrieved March 15 2017 a b Poole Steven March 7 2007 Obituary Jean Baudrillard Guardian co uk Guardian Media Group Retrieved November 15 2012 The term desert of the real first originated from Jorge Luis Borges short story On Exactitude in Science 1946 which Baudrillard references in his essay Jobs Post March 14 2007 Remember Baudrillard Inside Higher Ed Retrieved January 29 2012 Le Nouvel Observateur with Baudrillard Le Nouvel Observateur Archived from the original on January 13 2008 Retrieved January 31 2010 a b Miller Laura December 5 2002 The Matrix and Philosophy by William Irwin ed Salon Retrieved November 15 2012 Irwin William We Are the One The Matrix and Philosophy Welcome to the Desert of the Real Chicago Open Court 2002 138 54 Print Babenko Yelyzaveta 2011 Analysis of the film The Matrix Munich GRIN Verlag p 6 ISBN 978 3 640 91285 8 Toropov Brandon 2002 The Complete Idiot s Guide to Taoism The Penguin Group p 241 ISBN 978 0 02 864262 8 Pitre Jake March 27 2019 How The Matrix Has Gone from Men s Rights Dream to Formative Trans Masterpiece SyFy Wire Retrieved April 1 2019 a b Chu Andrea Long February 7 2019 What We Can Learn About Gender From The Matrix www vulture com Retrieved April 1 2019 Guida Matthew January 7 2018 The Matrix 15 Dark Behind The Scenes Secrets ScreenRant Retrieved April 1 2019 Lachenal April 4 2016 lilly wachowski encourages viewers to reconsider the matrix through the lens of transness Retrieved May 28 2019 The Matrix is a trans metaphor Lilly Wachowski says BBC News August 7 2020 Retrieved November 25 2020 Keanu Reeves and Alex Winter on How the Beatles Secretly Helped Bill amp Ted Face the Music Watch Variety August 26 2020 Retrieved August 5 2020 a b c d e Dowling Stephen May 21 2003 Under The Matrix influence BBC co uk BBC Retrieved December 22 2012 The Game World Bullet Time Max Payne Official Police Dossier game manual PC CD ROM version 2001 p 19 When pressed into a tight spot Max can activate Bullet Time which will slow the action around him while allowing him to aim his weapons in real time This even allows Max to dodge oncoming bullets Deuce Bigalow Male Gigolo Total Film May 26 2000 Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Dinning Mark January 2000 Scary Movie Empire Online Bauer Consumer Media Retrieved December 26 2012 Schwarzbaum Lisa January 30 2002 Kung Pow Enter the Fist Entertainment Weekly Time Warner Archived from the original on February 18 2020 Retrieved September 10 2021 Korsic Nemanja May 26 2011 Marx Enters the Matrix Greek Left Project Archived from the original on April 18 2015 Retrieved September 10 2021 Casamassina Matt March 2 2001 Conker s Bad Fur Day IGN Archived from the original on February 22 2013 Retrieved December 30 2012 a b Vary Adam April 1 2011 The Matrix A Groundbreaking Cyberthriller Entertainment Weekly Retrieved June 7 2020 20 Years Of The Matrix 5 Times Bollywood Got Inspired By It News18 March 31 2019 a b Jensen Jeff July 21 2000 Generating X Entertainment Weekly Time Warner Archived from the original on May 5 2015 Retrieved December 31 2008 There was also debate over the style of the film s fight sequences thanks to the new standard set by The Matrix which hit while X Men was in pre production Hence the movie features some high flying Matrix y martial arts choreography by Corey Yuen Romeo Must Die Reid Craig From Angels to Devils Kung Fu Magazine TC Media Inc Archived from the original on July 8 2021 Retrieved September 10 2021 Vineyard Jennifer March 25 2019 The Matrix s stunt coordinators and choreographers reveal how the iconic fight scenes were made Syfy Wire Retrieved October 9 2019 Ebiri Bilge February 4 2019 Neo s Stunt Guy Chad Stahelski on How The Matrix Changed Movie Action Forever Vulture New York Media LLC Retrieved October 9 2019 She s walked with a zombie New York Daily News June 8 2007 Retrieved June 11 2018 Muir John Kenneth 2008 The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television 2d ed McFarland amp Company p 26 ISBN 978 0 7864 3755 9 Sternbergh Adam February 4 2019 The Matrix Taught Superheroes to Fly The Matrix laid the template for the gritty gravity defying self seriously cerebral modern blockbuster Vulture com Vox Media Retrieved May 27 2020 AFI s 100 Years 100 Thrills PDF Press release American Film Institute June 21 2001 Archived from the original PDF on August 13 2005 Retrieved April 14 2011 Empire Features Empire Online Bauer Consumer Media Retrieved December 13 2009 Norton Lily February 18 2022 Most Popular Tech Movie in Every State SimpleTexting Retrieved May 16 2022 Andrew Tate arrest TikTok and Twitter under fire over false posts from fans the Guardian January 1 2023 Retrieved January 1 2023 Marche Stephen April 14 2016 Swallowing the Red Pill a journey to the heart of modern misogyny The Guardian Retrieved January 1 2023 Tiffany Kaitlyn April 13 2021 The Alt Right Has Lost Control of Redpill The Atlantic Retrieved January 1 2023 Tiffany Kaitlyn April 13 2021 The Alt Right Has Lost Control of Redpill The Atlantic Retrieved January 1 2023 Ojumu Akin May 18 2003 Observer Profile Andy and Larry Wachowski Guardian co uk Guardian Media Group Retrieved November 28 2012 The Matrix Reloaded which opens here on Friday Andy and Larry Wachowski were apparently busy working on the third part of the trilogy The Matrix Revolutions which will be released in November With the resources of Warner Bros at their disposal the siblings indulged themselves on the next two which were shot back to back in Australia Ebert Roger May 14 2003 The Matrix Reloaded Chicago Sun Times Sun Times Media Group Archived from the original on February 5 2013 Retrieved November 29 2012 a b Pierce Nev May 22 2003 The Matrix Reloaded 2003 BBC co uk BBC Archived from the original on July 28 2012 Retrieved November 29 2012 Taub Eric June 3 2003 The Matrix Invented A World of Special Effects The New York Times Retrieved December 5 2012 a b Conrad Jeremy May 23 2003 The Animatrix IGN News Corporation Archived from the original on May 29 2014 Retrieved November 29 2012 Borys Kit Kim Masters Rebecca Ford March 14 2017 The Matrix Reboot in the Works at Warner Bros Exclusive The Hollywood Reporter Retrieved March 15 2017 Whoa The Matrix 4 is Happening With Keanu Reeves Carrie Anne Moss and Lana Wachowski Returning Film August 20 2019 Retrieved August 23 2019 Yossman K J September 29 2022 Danny Boyle to Direct Dance Adaptation of The Matrix Variety Retrieved September 30 2022 Bibliography EditBabenko Yelyzaveta 2011 Analysis of the Film the Matrix GRIN Verlag ISBN 978 3 640 91285 8 Clover Joshua 2004 The Matrix BFI ISBN 978 1 84457 045 4 Condon Paul 2003 The Matrix Unlocked An Unauthorized Review of the Matrix Phenomenon Contender Books ISBN 978 1 84357 093 6 Irwin William 2002 The Matrix and Philosophy Welcome to the Desert of the Real Open Court ISBN 978 0 8126 9502 1 Jones Steven E 2006 Against Technology From the Luddites to Neo Luddism Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 97868 2 Pegg Simon 2010 Nerd Do Well Century ISBN 978 1 84605 811 0 Toropov Brandon Hansen Chad 2002 The Complete Idiot s Guide to Taoism Penguin ISBN 978 0 02 864262 8 Wachowski Larry Wachowski Andy 2000 The Art of The Matrix Titan ISBN 978 1 84023 173 1 Wood Aylish 2007 Digital Encounters Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 41066 3 External links EditOfficial website whatisthematrix com the first and original Matrix website The Matrix at IMDb The Matrix at the Internet Movie Firearms Database The Matrix at AllMovie Portals 1990s Film United States Australia Science fictionThe Matrix at Wikipedia s sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Matrix amp oldid 1135908694, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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