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Wikipedia

Photogrammetry

February 10, 2023

Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena.[1]

Low altitude aerial photograph for use in photogrammetry. Location: Three Arch Bay, Laguna Beach, CA.

The term photogrammetry was coined by the Prussian architect Albrecht Meydenbauer,[2] which appeared in his 1867 article "Die Photometrographie."[3]

There are many variants of photogrammetry. One example is the extraction of three-dimensional measurements from two-dimensional data (i.e. images); for example, the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the image, if the scale of the image is known. Another is the extraction of accurate color ranges and values representing such quantities as albedo, specular reflection, metallicity, or ambient occlusion from photographs of materials for the purposes of physically based rendering.

Close-range photogrammetry refers to the collection of photography from a lesser distance than traditional aerial (or orbital) photogrammetry. Photogrammetric analysis may be applied to one photograph, or may use high-speed photography and remote sensing to detect, measure and record complex 2D and 3D motion fields by feeding measurements and imagery analysis into computational models in an attempt to successively estimate, with increasing accuracy, the actual, 3D relative motions.

From its beginning with the stereoplotters used to plot contour lines on topographic maps, it now has a very wide range of uses such as sonar, radar, and lidar.

Methods

 
A data model of photogrammetry[4]
 
Tuure Leppänen, Reconstruction I: 2D image from a 3D model built with photogrammetry methods from hundreds of ground-level photos of a japanese garden

Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines, including optics and projective geometry. Digital image capturing and photogrammetric processing includes several well defined stages, which allow the generation of 2D or 3D digital models of the object as an end product.[5] The data model on the right shows what type of information can go into and come out of photogrammetric methods.

The 3D coordinates define the locations of object points in the 3D space. The image coordinates define the locations of the object points' images on the film or an electronic imaging device. The exterior orientation[6] of a camera defines its location in space and its view direction. The inner orientation defines the geometric parameters of the imaging process. This is primarily the focal length of the lens, but can also include the description of lens distortions. Further additional observations play an important role: With scale bars, basically a known distance of two points in space, or known fix points, the connection to the basic measuring units is created.

Each of the four main variables can be an input or an output of a photogrammetric method.

Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the squares of errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference points. This minimization is known as bundle adjustment and is often performed using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm.

Stereophotogrammetry

"Stereophotogrammetry" redirects here. Not to be confused with Roentgen stereophotogrammetry.
Main article: 3D reconstruction from multiple images
Main category: Stereophotogrammetry
See also: Computer stereo vision

A special case, called stereophotogrammetry, involves estimating the three-dimensional coordinates of points on an object employing measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions (see stereoscopy). Common points are identified on each image. A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of these rays (triangulation) that determines the three-dimensional location of the point. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information about the scene that is known a priori, for example symmetries, in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3D coordinates from only one camera position. Stereophotogrammetry is emerging as a robust non-contacting measurement technique to determine dynamic characteristics and mode shapes of non-rotating[7][8] and rotating structures.[9][10] The collection of images for the purpose of creating photogrammetric models can be called more properly, polyoscopy, after Pierre Seguin [11]

Integration

Photogrammetric data can be complemented with range data from other techniques. Photogrammetry is more accurate in the x and y direction while range data are generally more accurate in the z direction[citation needed]. This range data can be supplied by techniques like LiDAR, laser scanners (using time of flight, triangulation or interferometry), white-light digitizers and any other technique that scans an area and returns x, y, z coordinates for multiple discrete points (commonly called "point clouds"). Photos can clearly define the edges of buildings when the point cloud footprint can not. It is beneficial to incorporate the advantages of both systems and integrate them to create a better product.

A 3D visualization can be created by georeferencing the aerial photos[12][13] and LiDAR data in the same reference frame, orthorectifying the aerial photos, and then draping the orthorectified images on top of the LiDAR grid. It is also possible to create digital terrain models and thus 3D visualisations using pairs (or multiples) of aerial photographs or satellite (e.g. SPOT satellite imagery). Techniques such as adaptive least squares stereo matching are then used to produce a dense array of correspondences which are transformed through a camera model to produce a dense array of x, y, z data which can be used to produce digital terrain model and orthoimage products. Systems which use these techniques, e.g. the ITG system, were developed in the 1980s and 1990s but have since been supplanted by LiDAR and radar-based approaches, although these techniques may still be useful in deriving elevation models from old aerial photographs or satellite images.

Applications

Video of a 3D model of Horatio Nelson bust in Monmouth Museum, produced using photogrammetry
Gibraltar 1 Neanderthal skull 3D wireframe model, created with 123d Catch

Photogrammetry is used in fields such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, police investigation, cultural heritage, and geology. Archaeologists use it to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites, and meteorologists use it to determine the wind speed of tornadoes when objective weather data cannot be obtained.

 
Photograph of person using controller to explore a 3D Photogrammetry experience, Future Cities by DERIVE, recreating Tokyo.

It is also used to combine live action with computer-generated imagery in movies post-production; The Matrix is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film (details are given in the DVD extras). Photogrammetry was used extensively to create photorealistic environmental assets for video games including The Vanishing of Ethan Carter as well as EA DICE's Star Wars Battlefront.[14] The main character of the game Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice was derived from photogrammetric motion-capture models taken of actress Melina Juergens.[15]

Photogrammetry is also commonly employed in collision engineering, especially with automobiles. When litigation for a collision occurs and engineers need to determine the exact deformation present in the vehicle, it is common for several years to have passed and the only evidence that remains is crash scene photographs taken by the police. Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question was deformed, which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that deformation. The energy can then be used to determine important information about the crash (such as the velocity at time of impact).

Mapping

Photomapping is the process of making a map with "cartographic enhancements"[16] that have been drawn from a photomosaic[17] that is "a composite photographic image of the ground," or more precisely, as a controlled photomosaic where "individual photographs are rectified for tilt and brought to a common scale (at least at certain control points)."

Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by "fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements. When these rectified, scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points, a good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements (which cannot be removed) are at a minimum."[16]

"It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future."[18] They go on to suggest[who?] that, "photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage" of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery. The highest resolution aerial photomaps on GoogleEarth are approximately 2.5 cm (0.98 in) spatial resolution images. The highest resolution photomap of ortho images was made in Hungary in 2012 with a 0.5 cm (0.20 in) spatial resolution.

Archaeology

 
Using a pentop computer to photomap an archaeological excavation in the field

Demonstrating the link between orthophotomapping and archaeology,[19] historic airphotos photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure's walls.

 
Pteryx UAV, a civilian UAV for aerial photography and photomapping with roll-stabilised camera head

Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites. Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included: War Balloons from World War I;[20] rubber meteorological balloons;[21] kites;[21][22] wooden platforms, metal frameworks, constructed over an excavation exposure;[21] ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks; three legged ladders; single and multi-section poles;[23][24] bipods;[25][26][27][28] tripods;[29] tetrapods,[30][31] and aerial bucket trucks ("cherry pickers").[32]

Handheld, near-nadir, overhead digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems (GIS) to record excavation exposures.[33][34][35][36][37]

Photogrammetry is increasingly being used in maritime archaeology because of the relative ease of mapping sites compared to traditional methods, allowing the creation of 3D maps which can be rendered in virtual reality.[38]

3D modeling

A somewhat similar application is the scanning of objects to automatically make 3D models of them. Since photogrammetry relies on images, there are physical limitations when those images are of an object that has dark, shiny or clear surfaces. In those cases, the produced model often still contains gaps, so additional cleanup with software like MeshLab, netfabb or MeshMixer is often still necessary.[39] Alternatively, spray painting such objects with matte finish can remove any transparent or shiny qualities.

Google Earth uses photogrammetry to create 3D imagery.[40]

There is also a project called Rekrei that uses photogrammetry to make 3D models of lost/stolen/broken artifacts that are then posted online.

Software

Main category: Photogrammetry software

There exist many software packages for photogrammetry; see comparison of photogrammetry software.

Apple introduced a photogrammetry API called Object Capture for macOS Monterey at the 2021 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference.[41] In order to use the software, however, "you need an iPhone or iPad with a dual-lens rear camera (and preferably a LiDAR scanner, although not required) to capture depth data," in addition to a MacBook running macOS Monterey.[42]

See also

Main category: Photogrammetry

References

  1. ^ ASPRS online May 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ https://www.cices.org/pdf/P&RSinformation.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  3. ^ Albrecht Meydenbauer: Die Photometrographie. In: Wochenblatt des Architektenvereins zu Berlin Jg. 1, 1867, Nr. 14, S. 125–126 (Digitalisat); Nr. 15, S. 139–140 (Digitalisat); Nr. 16, S. 149–150 (Digitalisat).
  4. ^ Wiora, Georg (2001). Optische 3D-Messtechnik : Präzise Gestaltvermessung mit einem erweiterten Streifenprojektionsverfahren (Doctoral dissertation). (Optical 3D-Metrology : Precise Shape Measurement with an extended Fringe Projection Method) (in German). Heidelberg: Ruprechts-Karls-Universität. p. 36. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  5. ^ Sužiedelytė-Visockienė J, Bagdžiūnaitė R, Malys N, Maliene V (2015). "Close-range photogrammetry enables documentation of environment-induced deformation of architectural heritage". Environmental Engineering and Management Journal. 14 (6): 1371–1381. doi:10.30638/eemj.2015.149.
  6. ^ Ina Jarve; Natalja Liba (2010). (PDF). Technologijos Mokslai. Estonia (86): 59–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
  7. ^ Sužiedelytė-Visockienė, Jūratė (1 March 2013). "Accuracy analysis of measuring close-range image points using manual and stereo modes". Geodesy and Cartography. 39 (1): 18–22. doi:10.3846/20296991.2013.786881.
  8. ^ Baqersad, Javad; Carr, Jennifer; et al. (April 26, 2012). Dynamic characteristics of a wind turbine blade using 3D digital image correlation. Proceedings of SPIE. Vol. 8348.
  9. ^ Lundstrom, Troy; Baqersad, Javad; Niezrecki, Christopher; Avitabile, Peter (1 January 2012). "Using High-Speed Stereophotogrammetry Techniques to Extract Shape Information from Wind Turbine/Rotor Operating Data". Topics in Modal Analysis II, Volume 6. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 269–275. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2419-2_26. ISBN 978-1-4614-2418-5.
  10. ^ Lundstrom, Troy; Baqersad, Javad; Niezrecki, Christopher (1 January 2013). "Using High-Speed Stereophotogrammetry to Collect Operating Data on a Robinson R44 Helicopter". Special Topics in Structural Dynamics, Volume 6. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 401–410. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6546-1_44. ISBN 978-1-4614-6545-4.
  11. ^ Robert-Houdin, Jean-Eugene (1885) _[Magie et Physique Amusante](https://archive.org/details/magieetphysique00hougoog/page/n167/mode/2up "iarchive:magieetphysique00hougoog/page/n167/mode/2up")._ Paris: Calmann Levy p. 112
  12. ^ A. Sechin. Digital Photogrammetric Systems: Trends and Developments. GeoInformatics. #4, 2014, pp. 32-34.
  13. ^ Ahmadi, FF; Ebadi, H (2009). "An integrated photogrammetric and spatial database management system for producing fully structured data using aerial and remote sensing images". Sensors. 9 (4): 2320–33. Bibcode:2009Senso...9.2320A. doi:10.3390/s90402320. PMC 3348797. PMID 22574014.
  14. ^ "How we used Photogrammetry to Capture Every Last Detail for Star Wars™ Battlefront™". 19 May 2015.
  15. ^ "The real-time motion capture behind 'Hellblade'". engadget.com.
  16. ^ a b Petrie (1977: 50)
  17. ^ Petrie (1977: 49)
  18. ^ Robinson et al. (1977:10)
  19. ^ Estes et al. (1977)
  20. ^ Capper (1907)
  21. ^ a b c Guy (1932)
  22. ^ Bascom (1941)
  23. ^ Schwartz (1964)
  24. ^ Wiltshire (1967)
  25. ^ Kriegler (1928)
  26. ^ Hampl (1957)
  27. ^ Whittlesey (1966)
  28. ^ Fant and Loy (1972)
  29. ^ Straffin (1971)
  30. ^ Simpson and Cooke (1967)
  31. ^ Hume (1969)
  32. ^ Sterud and Pratt (1975)
  33. ^ Craig (2000)
  34. ^ Craig (2002)
  35. ^ Craig and Aldenderfer (2003)
  36. ^ Craig (2005)
  37. ^ Craig et al. (2006)
  38. ^ . 2019-01-19. Archived from the original on 2019-01-19. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  39. ^ MAKE:3D printing by Anna Kaziunas France
  40. ^ Gopal Shah, Google Earth's Incredible 3D Imagery, Explained, 2017-04-18
  41. ^ "Apple's RealityKit 2 allows developers to create 3D models for AR using iPhone photos". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  42. ^ Espósito, Filipe (2021-06-09). "Hands-on: macOS 12 brings new 'Object Capture' API for creating 3D models using iPhone camera". 9to5Mac. Retrieved 2022-09-26.

Sources

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  • Bascom, W. R. (1941), "Possible Applications of Kite Photography to Archaeology and Ethnology", Illinois State Academy of Science, Transactions, vol. 34, pp. 62–63
  • Capper, J. E. (1907), "Photographs of Stonehenge as Seen from a War Balloon", Archaeologia, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 571–572, doi:10.1017/s0261340900005208
  • Craig, Nathan (2005), (PDF), Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara, Bibcode:2005PhDT.......140C, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011, retrieved 9 February 2007
  • Craig, Nathan (2002), "Recording Large-Scale Archaeological Excavations with GIS: Jiskairumoko--Near Peru's Lake Titicaca", ESRI ArcNews, vol. Spring, retrieved 9 February 2007
  • Craig, Nathan (2000), , Society for American Archaeology Buletin, vol. 18, no. 1, archived from the original on 19 February 2007, retrieved 9 February 2007
  • Craig, Nathan; Adenderfer, Mark (2003), "Preliminary Stages in the Development of a Real-Time Digital Data Recording System for Archaeological Excavation Using ArcView GIS 3.1" (PDF), Journal of GIS in Archaeology, vol. 1, pp. 1–22, retrieved 9 February 2007
  • Craig, N., Aldenderfer, M. & Moyes, H. (2006), (PDF), Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 1617–1627, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.018, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2007{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Estes, J. E., Jensen, J. R. & Tinney, L. R. (1977), "The Use of Historical Photography for Mapping Archaeological Sites", Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 441–447, doi:10.1179/009346977791490104{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Fant, J. E. & Loy, W. G. (1972), "Surveying and Mapping", The Minnesota Messenia Expedition
  • Guy, P. L. O. (1932), "Balloon Photography and Archaeological Excavation", Antiquity, vol. 6, pp. 148–155
  • Hampl, F. (1957), "Archäologische Feldphotographie", Archaeologia Austriaca, vol. 22, pp. 54–64
  • Hume, I. N. (1969), Historical Archaeology, New York
  • Kriegler, K. (1929), "Über Photographische Aufnahmen Prähistorischer Gräber", Mittheliungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. 58, pp. 113–116
  • Petrie, G. (1977), "Orthophotomaps", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 49–70, doi:10.2307/622193, JSTOR 622193
  • Robinson, A. H., Morrison, J. L. & Meuehrcke, P. C. (1977), "Cartography 1950-2000", Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–18, doi:10.2307/622190, JSTOR 622190{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Schwartz, G. T. (1964), "Stereoscopic Views Taken with an Ordinary Single Camera--A New Technique for Archaeologists", Archaeometry, vol. 7, pp. 36–42, doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1964.tb00592.x
  • Simpson, D. D. A. & Booke, F. M. B. (1967), "Photogrammetric Planning at Grantully Perthshire", Antiquity, vol. 41, pp. 220–221
  • Straffin, D. (1971), "A Device for Vertical Archaeological Photography", Plains Anthropologist, vol. 16, pp. 232–234
  • Wiltshire, J. R. (1967), "A Pole for High Viewpoint Photography", Industrial Commercial Photography, pp. 53–56

External links

 
Look up photogrammetry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photogrammetry.
  • History of Photogrammetry
  • Photogrammetry overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging web site

February 10, 2023
photogrammetry, this, article, unclear, citation, style, references, used, made, clearer, with, different, consistent, style, citation, footnoting, june, 2019, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, science, technology, obtaining, reliable, information,. This article has an unclear citation style The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting June 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Photogrammetry is the science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through the process of recording measuring and interpreting photographic images and patterns of electromagnetic radiant imagery and other phenomena 1 Low altitude aerial photograph for use in photogrammetry Location Three Arch Bay Laguna Beach CA The term photogrammetry was coined by the Prussian architect Albrecht Meydenbauer 2 which appeared in his 1867 article Die Photometrographie 3 There are many variants of photogrammetry One example is the extraction of three dimensional measurements from two dimensional data i e images for example the distance between two points that lie on a plane parallel to the photographic image plane can be determined by measuring their distance on the image if the scale of the image is known Another is the extraction of accurate color ranges and values representing such quantities as albedo specular reflection metallicity or ambient occlusion from photographs of materials for the purposes of physically based rendering Close range photogrammetry refers to the collection of photography from a lesser distance than traditional aerial or orbital photogrammetry Photogrammetric analysis may be applied to one photograph or may use high speed photography and remote sensing to detect measure and record complex 2D and 3D motion fields by feeding measurements and imagery analysis into computational models in an attempt to successively estimate with increasing accuracy the actual 3D relative motions From its beginning with the stereoplotters used to plot contour lines on topographic maps it now has a very wide range of uses such as sonar radar and lidar Contents 1 Methods 1 1 Stereophotogrammetry 2 Integration 3 Applications 3 1 Mapping 3 2 Archaeology 3 3 3D modeling 4 Software 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksMethods Edit A data model of photogrammetry 4 Tuure Leppanen Reconstruction I 2D image from a 3D model built with photogrammetry methods from hundreds of ground level photos of a japanese garden Photogrammetry uses methods from many disciplines including optics and projective geometry Digital image capturing and photogrammetric processing includes several well defined stages which allow the generation of 2D or 3D digital models of the object as an end product 5 The data model on the right shows what type of information can go into and come out of photogrammetric methods The 3D coordinates define the locations of object points in the 3D space The image coordinates define the locations of the object points images on the film or an electronic imaging device The exterior orientation 6 of a camera defines its location in space and its view direction The inner orientation defines the geometric parameters of the imaging process This is primarily the focal length of the lens but can also include the description of lens distortions Further additional observations play an important role With scale bars basically a known distance of two points in space or known fix points the connection to the basic measuring units is created Each of the four main variables can be an input or an output of a photogrammetric method Algorithms for photogrammetry typically attempt to minimize the sum of the squares of errors over the coordinates and relative displacements of the reference points This minimization is known as bundle adjustment and is often performed using the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm Stereophotogrammetry Edit Stereophotogrammetry redirects here Not to be confused with Roentgen stereophotogrammetry Main article 3D reconstruction from multiple images Main category Stereophotogrammetry See also Computer stereo vision A special case called stereophotogrammetry involves estimating the three dimensional coordinates of points on an object employing measurements made in two or more photographic images taken from different positions see stereoscopy Common points are identified on each image A line of sight or ray can be constructed from the camera location to the point on the object It is the intersection of these rays triangulation that determines the three dimensional location of the point More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information about the scene that is known a priori for example symmetries in some cases allowing reconstructions of 3D coordinates from only one camera position Stereophotogrammetry is emerging as a robust non contacting measurement technique to determine dynamic characteristics and mode shapes of non rotating 7 8 and rotating structures 9 10 The collection of images for the purpose of creating photogrammetric models can be called more properly polyoscopy after Pierre Seguin 11 Integration EditPhotogrammetric data can be complemented with range data from other techniques Photogrammetry is more accurate in the x and y direction while range data are generally more accurate in the z direction citation needed This range data can be supplied by techniques like LiDAR laser scanners using time of flight triangulation or interferometry white light digitizers and any other technique that scans an area and returns x y z coordinates for multiple discrete points commonly called point clouds Photos can clearly define the edges of buildings when the point cloud footprint can not It is beneficial to incorporate the advantages of both systems and integrate them to create a better product A 3D visualization can be created by georeferencing the aerial photos 12 13 and LiDAR data in the same reference frame orthorectifying the aerial photos and then draping the orthorectified images on top of the LiDAR grid It is also possible to create digital terrain models and thus 3D visualisations using pairs or multiples of aerial photographs or satellite e g SPOT satellite imagery Techniques such as adaptive least squares stereo matching are then used to produce a dense array of correspondences which are transformed through a camera model to produce a dense array of x y z data which can be used to produce digital terrain model and orthoimage products Systems which use these techniques e g the ITG system were developed in the 1980s and 1990s but have since been supplanted by LiDAR and radar based approaches although these techniques may still be useful in deriving elevation models from old aerial photographs or satellite images Applications Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Video of a 3D model of Horatio Nelson bust in Monmouth Museum produced using photogrammetry source source source source source source source source source source source source Gibraltar 1 Neanderthal skull 3D wireframe model created with 123d Catch Photogrammetry is used in fields such as topographic mapping architecture engineering manufacturing quality control police investigation cultural heritage and geology Archaeologists use it to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites and meteorologists use it to determine the wind speed of tornadoes when objective weather data cannot be obtained Photograph of person using controller to explore a 3D Photogrammetry experience Future Cities by DERIVE recreating Tokyo It is also used to combine live action with computer generated imagery in movies post production The Matrix is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film details are given in the DVD extras Photogrammetry was used extensively to create photorealistic environmental assets for video games including The Vanishing of Ethan Carter as well as EA DICE s Star Wars Battlefront 14 The main character of the game Hellblade Senua s Sacrifice was derived from photogrammetric motion capture models taken of actress Melina Juergens 15 Photogrammetry is also commonly employed in collision engineering especially with automobiles When litigation for a collision occurs and engineers need to determine the exact deformation present in the vehicle it is common for several years to have passed and the only evidence that remains is crash scene photographs taken by the police Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question was deformed which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that deformation The energy can then be used to determine important information about the crash such as the velocity at time of impact Mapping Edit This article contains too many quotations for an encyclopedic entry Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally worded summary with appropriate citations Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote or for entire works to Wikisource June 2019 Photomapping is the process of making a map with cartographic enhancements 16 that have been drawn from a photomosaic 17 that is a composite photographic image of the ground or more precisely as a controlled photomosaic where individual photographs are rectified for tilt and brought to a common scale at least at certain control points Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements When these rectified scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points a good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements which cannot be removed are at a minimum 16 It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future 18 They go on to suggest who that photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery The highest resolution aerial photomaps on GoogleEarth are approximately 2 5 cm 0 98 in spatial resolution images The highest resolution photomap of ortho images was made in Hungary in 2012 with a 0 5 cm 0 20 in spatial resolution Archaeology Edit Using a pentop computer to photomap an archaeological excavation in the field Demonstrating the link between orthophotomapping and archaeology 19 historic airphotos photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure s walls Pteryx UAV a civilian UAV for aerial photography and photomapping with roll stabilised camera head Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included War Balloons from World War I 20 rubber meteorological balloons 21 kites 21 22 wooden platforms metal frameworks constructed over an excavation exposure 21 ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks three legged ladders single and multi section poles 23 24 bipods 25 26 27 28 tripods 29 tetrapods 30 31 and aerial bucket trucks cherry pickers 32 Handheld near nadir overhead digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems GIS to record excavation exposures 33 34 35 36 37 Photogrammetry is increasingly being used in maritime archaeology because of the relative ease of mapping sites compared to traditional methods allowing the creation of 3D maps which can be rendered in virtual reality 38 3D modeling Edit A somewhat similar application is the scanning of objects to automatically make 3D models of them Since photogrammetry relies on images there are physical limitations when those images are of an object that has dark shiny or clear surfaces In those cases the produced model often still contains gaps so additional cleanup with software like MeshLab netfabb or MeshMixer is often still necessary 39 Alternatively spray painting such objects with matte finish can remove any transparent or shiny qualities Google Earth uses photogrammetry to create 3D imagery 40 There is also a project called Rekrei that uses photogrammetry to make 3D models of lost stolen broken artifacts that are then posted online Software EditMain category Photogrammetry software There exist many software packages for photogrammetry see comparison of photogrammetry software Apple introduced a photogrammetry API called Object Capture for macOS Monterey at the 2021 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference 41 In order to use the software however you need an iPhone or iPad with a dual lens rear camera and preferably a LiDAR scanner although not required to capture depth data in addition to a MacBook running macOS Monterey 42 See also EditMain category Photogrammetry Aime Laussedat French cartographer and photographer father of photogrammetry 3D data acquisition and object reconstruction Scanning of an object or environment to collect data on its shape 3D reconstruction from multiple images Creation of a 3D model from a set of images Aerial survey Method of collecting geophysical data from high altitude aircraft American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Collinearity equation Two equations relating 2D sensor plane coordinates to 3D object coordinates Computer vision Computerized information extraction from images Digital image correlation and tracking Edouard Deville Epipolar geometry Geometry of stereo vision Geoinformatics Application of information science methods in geography cartography and geosciences Geomatics engineering Geographic data discipline Geographic information system System to capture manage and present geographic data International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing international non governmental organizationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module Annotated link Mobile mapping process of collecting geospatial data from a mobile vehiclePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module Annotated link Periscope Instrument for observation from a concealed position Photoclinometry Photo interpretation Rangefinder Device used to measure distances to remote objects Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society British learned society Stereoplotter Simultaneous localization and mapping Computational navigational technique used by robots and autonomous vehicles Structure from motion Method of 3D reconstruction from moving objects Surveying Science of determining the positions of points and the distances and angles between them Unmanned aerial photogrammetric survey using UAVs to take aerial photosPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module Annotated link Videogrammetry Measurement technologyReferences Edit ASPRS online Archived May 20 2015 at the Wayback Machine https www cices org pdf P amp RSinformation pdf bare URL PDF Albrecht Meydenbauer Die Photometrographie In Wochenblatt des Architektenvereins zu Berlin Jg 1 1867 Nr 14 S 125 126 Digitalisat Nr 15 S 139 140 Digitalisat Nr 16 S 149 150 Digitalisat Wiora Georg 2001 Optische 3D Messtechnik Prazise Gestaltvermessung mit einem erweiterten Streifenprojektionsverfahren Doctoral dissertation Optical 3D Metrology Precise Shape Measurement with an extended Fringe Projection Method in German Heidelberg Ruprechts Karls Universitat p 36 Retrieved 20 October 2017 Suziedelyte Visockiene J Bagdziunaite R Malys N Maliene V 2015 Close range photogrammetry enables documentation of environment induced deformation of architectural heritage Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 14 6 1371 1381 doi 10 30638 eemj 2015 149 Ina Jarve Natalja Liba 2010 The Effect of Various Principles of External Orientation on the Overall Triangulation Accuracy PDF Technologijos Mokslai Estonia 86 59 64 Archived from the original PDF on 2016 04 22 Retrieved 2016 04 08 Suziedelyte Visockiene Jurate 1 March 2013 Accuracy analysis of measuring close range image points using manual and stereo modes Geodesy and Cartography 39 1 18 22 doi 10 3846 20296991 2013 786881 Baqersad Javad Carr Jennifer et al April 26 2012 Dynamic characteristics of a wind turbine blade using 3D digital image correlation Proceedings of SPIE Vol 8348 Lundstrom Troy Baqersad Javad Niezrecki Christopher Avitabile Peter 1 January 2012 Using High Speed Stereophotogrammetry Techniques to Extract Shape Information from Wind Turbine Rotor Operating Data Topics in Modal Analysis II Volume 6 Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Springer New York NY pp 269 275 doi 10 1007 978 1 4614 2419 2 26 ISBN 978 1 4614 2418 5 Lundstrom Troy Baqersad Javad Niezrecki Christopher 1 January 2013 Using High Speed Stereophotogrammetry to Collect Operating Data on a Robinson R44 Helicopter Special Topics in Structural Dynamics Volume 6 Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series Springer New York NY pp 401 410 doi 10 1007 978 1 4614 6546 1 44 ISBN 978 1 4614 6545 4 Robert Houdin Jean Eugene 1885 Magie et Physique Amusante https archive org details magieetphysique00hougoog page n167 mode 2up iarchive magieetphysique00hougoog page n167 mode 2up Paris Calmann Levy p 112 A Sechin Digital Photogrammetric Systems Trends and Developments GeoInformatics 4 2014 pp 32 34 Ahmadi FF Ebadi H 2009 An integrated photogrammetric and spatial database management system for producing fully structured data using aerial and remote sensing images Sensors 9 4 2320 33 Bibcode 2009Senso 9 2320A doi 10 3390 s90402320 PMC 3348797 PMID 22574014 How we used Photogrammetry to Capture Every Last Detail for Star Wars Battlefront 19 May 2015 The real time motion capture behind Hellblade engadget com a b Petrie 1977 50 Petrie 1977 49 Robinson et al 1977 10 Estes et al 1977 Capper 1907 a b c Guy 1932 Bascom 1941 Schwartz 1964 Wiltshire 1967 Kriegler 1928 Hampl 1957 Whittlesey 1966 Fant and Loy 1972 Straffin 1971 Simpson and Cooke 1967 Hume 1969 Sterud and Pratt 1975 Craig 2000 Craig 2002 Craig and Aldenderfer 2003 Craig 2005 Craig et al 2006 Photogrammetry Maritime Archaeology 2019 01 19 Archived from the original on 2019 01 19 Retrieved 2019 01 19 MAKE 3D printing by Anna Kaziunas France Gopal Shah Google Earth s Incredible 3D Imagery Explained 2017 04 18 Apple s RealityKit 2 allows developers to create 3D models for AR using iPhone photos TechCrunch Retrieved 2022 03 09 Esposito Filipe 2021 06 09 Hands on macOS 12 brings new Object Capture API for creating 3D models using iPhone camera 9to5Mac Retrieved 2022 09 26 Sources Edit Archaeological Photography Antiquity vol 10 pp 486 490 1936 Bascom W R 1941 Possible Applications of Kite Photography to Archaeology and Ethnology Illinois State Academy of Science Transactions vol 34 pp 62 63 Capper J E 1907 Photographs of Stonehenge as Seen from a War Balloon Archaeologia vol 60 no 2 pp 571 572 doi 10 1017 s0261340900005208 Craig Nathan 2005 The Formation of Early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave Lake Titicaca Basin Southern Peru PDF Ph D Dissertation University of California Santa Barbara Bibcode 2005PhDT 140C archived from the original PDF on 23 July 2011 retrieved 9 February 2007 Craig Nathan 2002 Recording Large Scale Archaeological Excavations with GIS Jiskairumoko Near Peru s Lake Titicaca ESRI ArcNews vol Spring retrieved 9 February 2007 Craig Nathan 2000 Real Time GIS Construction and Digital Data Recording of the Jiskairumoko Excavation Peru Society for American Archaeology Buletin vol 18 no 1 archived from the original on 19 February 2007 retrieved 9 February 2007 Craig Nathan Adenderfer Mark 2003 Preliminary Stages in the Development of a Real Time Digital Data Recording System for Archaeological Excavation Using ArcView GIS 3 1 PDF Journal of GIS in Archaeology vol 1 pp 1 22 retrieved 9 February 2007 Craig N Aldenderfer M amp Moyes H 2006 Multivariate Visualization and Analysis of Photomapped Artifact Scatters PDF Journal of Archaeological Science vol 33 no 11 pp 1617 1627 doi 10 1016 j jas 2006 02 018 archived from the original PDF on 4 October 2007 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Estes J E Jensen J R amp Tinney L R 1977 The Use of Historical Photography for Mapping Archaeological Sites Journal of Field Archaeology vol 4 no 4 pp 441 447 doi 10 1179 009346977791490104 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Fant J E amp Loy W G 1972 Surveying and Mapping The Minnesota Messenia Expedition Guy P L O 1932 Balloon Photography and Archaeological Excavation Antiquity vol 6 pp 148 155 Hampl F 1957 Archaologische Feldphotographie Archaeologia Austriaca vol 22 pp 54 64 Hume I N 1969 Historical Archaeology New York Kriegler K 1929 Uber Photographische Aufnahmen Prahistorischer Graber Mittheliungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien vol 58 pp 113 116 Petrie G 1977 Orthophotomaps Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers Wiley vol 2 no 1 pp 49 70 doi 10 2307 622193 JSTOR 622193 Robinson A H Morrison J L amp Meuehrcke P C 1977 Cartography 1950 2000 Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers Wiley vol 2 no 1 pp 3 18 doi 10 2307 622190 JSTOR 622190 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Schwartz G T 1964 Stereoscopic Views Taken with an Ordinary Single Camera A New Technique for Archaeologists Archaeometry vol 7 pp 36 42 doi 10 1111 j 1475 4754 1964 tb00592 x Simpson D D A amp Booke F M B 1967 Photogrammetric Planning at Grantully Perthshire Antiquity vol 41 pp 220 221 Straffin D 1971 A Device for Vertical Archaeological Photography Plains Anthropologist vol 16 pp 232 234 Wiltshire J R 1967 A Pole for High Viewpoint Photography Industrial Commercial Photography pp 53 56External links Edit Look up photogrammetry in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photogrammetry History of Photogrammetry Photogrammetry overview on the Cultural Heritage Imaging web site Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Photogrammetry amp oldid 1137466456, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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