fbpx
Wikipedia

Transgender

November 27, 2023

Not to be confused with Transsexual.

A transgender person (often shortened to trans) is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.[1] Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as transsexual.[2][3] Transgender is an umbrella term; in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer.[4][5][6] Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender, or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender.[7][8] The term transgender may be defined very broadly to include cross-dressers.[9]

Transgender
ClassificationGender identity
AbbreviationsTG
Other terms
Associated termsTranssexual

Being transgender is distinct from sexual orientation.[10] Transgender people may identify as heterosexual (straight), homosexual (gay or lesbian), bisexual, asexual, or otherwise, or may decline to label their sexual orientation. The opposite of transgender is cisgender, which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.[11] Accurate statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely,[12] in part due to different definitions of what constitutes being transgender.[13] Some countries, such as Canada, collect census data on transgender people.[14] Generally, fewer than 1% of the worldwide population are transgender, with figures ranging from <0.1% to 0.6%.[15][16][17]

The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity has been called gender congruence.[18] Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria, and some seek medical treatments such as hormone replacement therapy, sex reassignment surgery, or psychotherapy.[19] Not all transgender people desire these treatments, and some cannot undergo them for financial or medical reasons.[19][20]

Many transgender people face discrimination in the workplace[21] and in accessing public accommodations[22] and healthcare.[23] In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.[24]

Transgender friends in Washington, D.C.[25][26]

Terminology

Before the mid-20th century various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled transsexual, and later transgender from mid-century onward.[5][27] Imported from the German and ultimately modeled after German Transsexualismus (coined in 1923),[28] the English term transsexual has enjoyed international acceptability, though transgender has been increasingly preferred over transsexual.[29] The word transgender acquired its modern umbrella term meaning in the 1990s.[30][31]

Transgender

Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University used the term transgenderism in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology,[32][33][34] writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism, "is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism."[35][36] The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including Virginia Prince,[2] who used transgenderal[37] in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia, a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.[38] By the mid-1970s both trans-gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms,[note 1] while transgenderist and transgenderal were used to refer to people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery (SRS).[39] By 1976, transgenderist was abbreviated as TG in educational materials.[40][verification needed]

By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term.[41] In 1985, Richard Elkins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the University of Ulster.[38] By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone transitioning.[42] Leslie Feinberg's pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer.[43] In 1994, gender theorist Susan Stryker defined transgender as encompassing "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries", including, but not limited to, "transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, butch lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American berdache or the Indian Hijra".[44]

Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have been superseded by "trans man" and "trans woman", respectively.[45] This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans man") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.[45]

Transgender can also refer specifically to a person whose gender identity is opposite (rather than different from) the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth.[46][47][48][49]

Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation.[50]

Transmasculine refers to a person assigned female at birth who has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.[50]

Transgendered is a common term in older literature. Many within the transgender community deprecate it on the basis that transgender is an adjective, not a verb.[51] Organizations such as GLAAD and The Guardian also state that transgender should never be used as a noun (e.g., "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man", not "Max is a transgender").[5][52] "Transgender" is also a noun for the broader topic of transgender identity and experience.[53]

Although the term "transgenderism" was once considered acceptable, it has come to be viewed as offensive, according to GLAAD.[54] In 2020 the International Journal of Transgenderism changed its name to the International Journal of Transgender Health "to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field."[55]

Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.[56][57]

In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called cisgender.[58]

Transsexual

See also: Transsexual § Terminology

Inspired by Magnus Hirschfeld's 1923 term seelischer Transsexualismus, the term transsexual was introduced to English in 1949 by David Oliver Cauldwell[note 2] and popularized by Harry Benjamin in 1966, around the same time transgender was coined and began to be popularized.[2] Since the 1990s, transsexual has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people[2][59][60] who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this.

Distinctions between the terms transgender and transsexual are commonly based on distinctions between gender and sex.[61][62] Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one's sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one's psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.[63] Many transgender people reject the term transsexual.[3][64][5] Christine Jorgensen publicly rejected transsexual in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as trans-gender, saying, "gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."[65][66] Some have objected to the term transsexual on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than sexuality.[67][better source needed][note 3][failed verification] Some transsexual people object to being included in the transgender umbrella.[68][69][70]

In his 2007 book Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, anthropologist David Valentine asserts that transgender was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term transgender should not be included in the transgender spectrum.[68] Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that transgender is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.[69] According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at Fenway Health in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may have since been deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term transsexual unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.[67][undue weight? – discuss]

Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the Sex Orientation Scale (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.[71] Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin's original opinions.[72] Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin's scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men's identities do not align with its categories.[73]

Sexual orientation

Main article: Transgender sexuality

Gender, gender identity, and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation.[74] Sexual orientation is an individual's enduring pattern of attraction, or lack thereof, to others (being straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, etc.), whereas gender identity is a person's innate knowledge of their own gender (being a man, woman, non-binary, etc.).[54] Transgender people can have any orientation, and generally use labels corresponding to their gender, rather than assigned sex at birth. For example, trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians, and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight.[54] Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as queer, in addition to or instead of, other terms.[75][76][77]

For much of the 20th century, transgender identity was conflated with homosexuality and transvestism.[78][79] In earlier academic literature, sexologists used the labels homosexual and heterosexual transsexual to categorize transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.[80] Critics consider these terms "heterosexist",[81] "archaic",[82] and demeaning.[83] Newer literature often uses terms such as attracted to men (androphilic), attracted to women (gynephilic), attracted to both (bisexual), or attracted to neither (asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.[84] Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.[85]

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey reported that of the 27,715 transgender and non-binary respondents, 21% said queer best described their sexual orientation, 18% said pansexual, 16% said gay, lesbian, or same-gender-loving, 15% said straight, 14% said bisexual, and 10% said asexual.[76] A 2019 Canadian survey of 2,873 trans and non-binary people found that 51% described their sexual orientation as queer, 13% as asexual, 28% as bisexual, 13% as gay, 15% as lesbian, 31% as pansexual, 8% as straight or heterosexual, 4% as two-spirit, and 9% as unsure or questioning.[77]

Related identities and practices

Non-binary identity

Main articles: Non-binary gender and Androgyny

Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They can be agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid,[86] and exist outside of cisnormativity.[87][88] Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders (genderfluid), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).[89] Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.[90][91]

Transvestism and cross-dressing

Main article: Transvestism

A transvestite is a person who cross-dresses, or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.[92][93] The term transvestite is used as a synonym for the term cross-dresser,[94][95] although cross-dresser is generally considered the preferred term.[95][96] The term cross-dresser is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex."[97] This definition excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons", such as "those female impersonators who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers."[98] Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.[99]

The term transvestite and the associated outdated term transvestism are conceptually different from the term transvestic fetishism, as transvestic fetishist refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.[100][101] In medical terms, transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)[101] and F65.1 in the ICD.[100][needs update]

Drag

See also: Drag king, Drag queen, and Faux queen
 
A drag queen performer

Drag is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.[102] Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by second-wave feminism. Drag artists have a long tradition in LGBT culture.

Generally the term drag queen covers men doing female drag, drag king covers women doing male drag, and faux queen covers women doing female drag.[103][104] Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently transgender. Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically derived term tranny for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; this term is widely considered an offensive slur if applied to transgender people.

History

Main articles: Transgender history and Third gender

A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to assess because the modern concept of being transgender, and of gender in general in relation to transgender identity, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical depictions, records and understandings are inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical and (often outsider) anthropological lens until the late 1900s.[105][106]

Some historians consider the Roman emperor Elagabalus to have been transgender. Elagabalus was reported to have dressed in a feminine manner, preferred to be called "Lady" instead of "Lord" and may have even sought a primitive form of gender-affirming surgery.[107][108][109][110][111][excessive citations]

Worldwide, a number of societies have had traditional third gender roles, some of which continue in some form into the present day.[112]The Hippocratic Corpus (interpreting the writing of Herodotus) describes the "disease of the Scythians" (regarding the Enaree), which it attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. This reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s–1700s. Pierre Petit writing in 1596 viewed the "Scythian disease" as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a "melancholy", or "hysterical" psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrates' idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both trans women and trans men were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. One of the earliest recorded transgender people in America was Thomas(ine) Hall, a seventeenth century colonial servant.[113] The most complete account of the time came from the life of the Chevalier d'Éon (1728–1810), a French diplomat. As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800s, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.[105]

William A. Hammond wrote an 1882 account of transgender Pueblo "shamans" [sic] (mujerados), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond's associates in the American Neurological Association) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.[105]

Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld coined the term "transvestite" in 1910 as the scope of transgender study grew. His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin. Though Hirscheld's legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings.[114] Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a forensic psychology approach, unlike the more sexological that had been employed in the lost German research.[105][115]

Healthcare

Main article: Transgender health care
Further information: Gender transition

Mental healthcare

People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth. While individuals may find counseling or psychotherapy helpful, it is no longer recommended as a prerequisite for further transition steps.[116] Research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues, is relatively new.[117][needs update?] The term gender incongruence is listed in the ICD by the WHO. In the American (DSM), the term gender dysphoria is listed under code F64.0 for adolescents and adults, and F64.2 for children.[118] (Further information: Causes of gender incongruence.)

France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,[119][120] but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.[121] In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The DSM-5 refers to the topic as gender dysphoria (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.[122]

Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability."[123] This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviours of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.[117]

Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.[124] Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.[117] This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.[18]

Research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians' experiences instead of transgender clients' experiences.[125] Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the Standards of Care (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.[126]

The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing transphobia pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life, as one trans woman reflected: "Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they've had to hide, they've had to lie, and they've felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!"[125] Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.[125] Rarely, some choose to detransition.[127]

Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people's mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: "Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that's it. I don't think I've had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs ... I don't think most [therapists] know. Most therapists – Master's degree, PhD level – they've had ... one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle."[125] Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.[125] Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.[128] In February 2010, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.[129][130]

A 2014 study carried out by the Williams Institute (a UCLA think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.[131] A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender-affirming medical care had substantially lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.[132] However, a study on the impact of parental support on trans youth found that among trans children with supportive parents, only 4% attempted suicide, a 93% decrease.[133]

Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.[134][better source needed]

Physical healthcare

Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. Hormone replacement therapy for trans men induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. Hormone replacement therapy for trans women feminizes fat distribution and breasts, as well as diminishes muscle mass and strength. Laser hair removal or electrolysis removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the voice, skin, face, Adam's apple, breasts, waist, buttocks, and genitals. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the chest and genitals and remove the womb, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The acronyms "Gender-affirming surgery (GAS)" and "sex reassignment surgery" (SRS) refer to genital surgery. The term "sex reassignment therapy" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Use of the term "sex change" has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term "transition" is preferred.[5][135] Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,[136] and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction.

Trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone are at increased risk for endometrial cancer because androstenedione, which is made from testosterone in the body, can be converted into estrogen, and external estrogen is a risk factor for endometrial cancer.[137]

Detransition

Main article: Detransition

Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition. Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[138] of disputed quality,[139] and politically controversial.[140] Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1% to as high as 13%.[141] Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret.[127][142][143][144]

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, with responses from 27,715 individuals who identified as "transgender, trans, genderqueer, [or] non-binary", found that 8% of respondents reported some kind of detransition. "Most of those who de-transitioned did so only temporarily: 62% of those who had de-transitioned reported that they were currently living full time in a gender different than the gender they were thought to be at birth."[76] Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth, nonbinary gender identity, and bisexual orientation, among other cohorts.[143] Only 5% of detransitioners (or 0.4% of total respondents) reported doing so because gender transition was "not for them"; 82% cited external reason(s), including pressure from others, the difficulties of transition, and discrimination. "The most common reason cited for de-transitioning was pressure from a parent (36%)."[145][146][76]

Law

 
Camille Cabral, a French transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris, October 1, 2005
Main article: Transgender rights
Further information: Legal recognition of non-binary gender

Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of transsexualism, to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual's gender transition or having established a different gender role.[147] In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from "Transsexual" to "Gender Identity Disorder". In 2013, the DSM V removed "Gender Identity Disorder" and published "Gender Dysphoria" in its place.[148] In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.[24] A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender people faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population,[22] and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.[22] Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.[149]

Europe

A Welsh Government advisory video on transgender hate crimes

36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation.[150] In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.[151]

Canada

Main article: Transgender rights in Canada

Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, Bill C-16, having passed the legislative process in the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada, became law upon receiving Royal Assent, which put it into immediate force.[152][153][154] The law updated the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code to include "gender identity and gender expression" as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating transgender genocide. The bill also added "gender identity and expression" to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.[155]

United States

Main article: Transgender rights in the United States

In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.[156] In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[157]

Nicole Maines, a trans girl, took a case to Maine's supreme court in June 2013. She argued that being denied access to her high school's women's restroom was a violation of Maine's Human Rights Act; one state judge has disagreed with her,[158] but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.[159] On May 14, 2016, the United States Department of Education and Department of Justice issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.[160]

On June 30, 2016, the United States Department of Defense removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.[161] On July 27, 2017, President Donald Trump tweeted that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve "in any capacity" in the United States Armed Forces.[162] Later that day, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Joseph Dunford announced, "there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president's direction has been received by the Secretary of Defense and the secretary has issued implementation guidance."[163] Joe Biden later reversed Trump's policy when he became president in 2021.[164][165]

India

Main article: LGBT rights in India § Transgender rights
 
Jogappa is a transgender community in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. They are traditional folk singers and dancers.

In April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be a 'third gender' in Indian law.[166][167][168] The transgender community in India (made up of Hijras and others) has a long history in India and in Hindu mythology.[169][170] Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex".[171] Hijras have faced structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.[172]

Sociocultural relationships

LGBT community

See also: LGBT, LGBT community, and LGBT culture § Transgender culture

Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history gay, lesbian and bisexual subcultures were often the only places where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the gender role they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the gay community in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBT rights is often overlooked.[173]

According to a study done at University of California, Los Angeles in 2011, conducted in part by Gary J. Gates, 3.5% of adults across the United States identify as either gay, lesbian, or bisexuals whereas only 0.3% of adults identify as transgender.[174] Transgender individuals have been part of various LGBT movements throughout history, with significant contributions dating back to the early days of the gay liberation movement.[175]

The LGBT community is not a monolithic group, and there are different modes of thought on who is a part of this diverse community. The changes that came with the Gay Liberation Movement and Civil Rights movement saw many gay, lesbian, and bisexual people making headway within the public sphere, and gaining support from the wider public, throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The trans community only experienced a similar surge in activism during the start of the twenty-first century.[176][175] Due to the many different groups that make up the broader LGBT movement, there are those within the larger community who do not believe that the trans community has a place within the LGBT space.[176][177]

Religion

Main article: Transgender people and religion

The Vatican’s doctrine department has issued a recent ruling that allows Catholic baptism for transgender individuals and infants born to same-sex couples. Dated October 31, 2024, these new regulations stem from questions submitted by Brazilian bishop Giuseppe Negri to the dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF). The responses, addressing specific sacraments, were published on the Vatican’s website in Italy. Concerning transgender individuals, the document states that they can undergo baptism like any other adult, as long as there is no potential for causing scandal or disorientation among other Catholics.

If children identifying as transgender are adequately prepared and willing, they can receive baptism, according to the document. Additionally, it mentions that transgender individuals, including those who have undergone gender reassignment, can serve as godparents and witnesses in Catholic weddings under appropriate conditions. The document also allows the baptism of children from same-sex couples, provided there is a well-founded hope that they will receive Catholic religious education. The document emphasizes that individuals in same-sex relationships are regarded as committing a sin, and baptism is conditional upon repentance for such actions. Several sermons by Pope Francis are referenced in the document to support this ruling.[178]

The Church of England passed a motion at the 2017 General Synod, which would ensure Anglican churches accepted transgender people, even suggesting on their website that transgender people could be gifted a Bible with their new name inscribed to support them.[179]

Feminism

Main articles: Feminist views on transgender topics and Transfeminism

Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more positive. Second-wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as "true" women, and as invading women-only spaces.[180][181] Though second-wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction, some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.[182] By the emergence of third-wave feminism (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.[183][184] Fourth-wave feminism (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.[185][183][186] Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" (TERFs) or gender-critical feminists by opponents.[187][188]

Discrimination and support

See also: Transphobia

Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. Approximately 90% of trans people have encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. Moreover, 47% have experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.[189]

Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.[190][191][192][193]

The start of the twenty-first century saw the rise in transgender activism and with it an increase in support.[175] Within the United States, groups such as the Trevor Project have been serving the wider LGBT community including people who identify with the term transgender. The group offers support in the form of educational resources including research, advocacy, and crisis services.[194] The American Civil Liberties Unions (ACLU) is another group that fights legal battles in support of many different groups including those in the trans community.[195]

Other groups within the United States specifically advocate for transgender rights. One of these groups directly related to transgender support is the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), which is committed to advocating for policy changes that protect transgender people and promote equality. Through their research, education, and advocacy efforts, the NCTE works to address issues such as healthcare access, employment discrimination, and legal recognition for transgender individuals.[196] One prominent organization within Europe is Transgender Europe (TGEU), a network of organizations and individuals committed to promoting equality and human rights for transgender people within European borders. TGEU works to challenge discrimination, improve transgender healthcare access, advocate for legal recognition of gender identity, and support the well-being of transgender communities.[197]

Population figures and prevalence

See also: Transsexual § Prevalence

Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable definitions of transgender.[198] According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.[198] These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of "transsexualism", "gender identity disorder", or "gender dysphoria", none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.[198] Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted.

A study in 2020 found that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.[199]

Asia

 
Nong Tum, a Kathoey internationally recognized for her portrayal in the film Beautiful Boxer

In Thailand and Laos,[200] the term kathoey is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people[201] and effeminate gay men.[202] However, many transgender people in Thailand do not identify as kathoey.[203] Transgender people have also been documented in Iran,[204] Japan,[205] Nepal,[206] Indonesia,[207] Vietnam,[208] South Korea,[209] Jordan,[210] Singapore,[211] and the greater Chinese region, including Hong Kong,[212][213] Taiwan,[214] and the People's Republic of China.[215][216]

The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as hijra in Hindi. In India, the Supreme Court on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."[217] In 1998, Shabnam Mausi became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.[218]

Europe

According to Amnesty International, 1.5 million transgender people live in the European Union (as at 2017), making up 0.3% of the population.[219] A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).[220] In the England and Wales section of the 2021 United Kingdom census, 0.5% of respondents aged 16 and over indicated that their gender identity was different from their sex assigned at birth.[221]

North America

The 2021 Canadian census released by Statistics Canada found that 59,460 Canadians (0.19% of the population) identified as transgender.[222] According to the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces by Statistics Canada in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals.[223]

The Social Security Administration has tracked the sex of United States citizens since 1936.[224] A 1968 estimate, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.[225] One effort to quantify the modern population in 2011 gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3% of adults in the US are transgender.[226][227] More recent studies released in 2016 estimate the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%. This would put the total number of transgender Americans at approximately 1.4 million adults (as of 2016).[228][229][230][231]

In the United States and Canada, some Native American and First Nations cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,[232] such as the Zuni male-bodied lhamana,[233] the Lakota male-bodied winkte,[234] and the Mohave male-bodied alyhaa and female-bodied hwamee.[235] These traditional people, along with those from other North American Indigenous cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, pan-Indian two-spirit community.[234] Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise gender variant, they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.[235] In Mexico, the Zapotec culture includes a third gender in the form of the Muxe.[236] Mahu is a traditional third gender in Hawai'i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as Kapaemahu. Diné (Navajo) have Nádleehi.[112]

Latin America

In Latin American cultures, a travesti is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or "femme" gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes"), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender"). They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women, who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth.[237]

Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.[238] These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",[238] along with the older travesti term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the obsolete label of "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of transgender, but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.[239]

Culture

Coming out

Main article: Coming out

Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination and violence against transgender persons can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood.[citation needed] Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a "phase" or making efforts to change their children back to "normal" by utilizing mental health services to alter the child's gender identity.[240][better source needed]

The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people. Some come out in an online identity first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world.[241]

Visibility

Main articles: Transgender Awareness Week, International Transgender Day of Visibility, and Transgender Day of Remembrance
See also: Media portrayals of transgender people and Trans march
 
Actress Laverne Cox, who is trans, in July 2014

In 2014, the United States reached a "transgender tipping point", according to Time.[242][243] At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.[244]

 
Trans March "Existrans" 2017

Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local Pride parades for LGBT people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address human rights struggles, and create visibility.[245][246][247][248] International Transgender Day of Visibility is an annual holiday occurring on March 31[249][250] dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist[251] Rachel Crandall in 2009.[252]

Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998. Her murder remains unsolved, but was described in 2022 as "a result of transphobia and anti-trans violence" by the Office of the Mayor of Boston, Michelle Wu.[253] TDOR memorializes victims of hate crimes and prejudice and raises awareness of hate crimes committed upon living transgender people.[254] Transgender Awareness Week is a one-week celebration leading up to TDOR, dedicated to educating about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.[255]

Pride symbols

Main article: LGBT symbols § Transgender
See also: Transgender flag and Gendered associations of pink and blue

A common symbol for the transgender community is the Transgender Pride Flag, which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue[256] Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis),[257] and a pink/light blue yin and yang symbol.[258] Several gender symbols have been used to represent transgender people, including ⚥ and ⚧.[259][260]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ * In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."("Sunday Highlights". TV Guide. April 26, 1970. from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. [R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom's sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal's transgendered "Myra Breckinridge"...)
    • In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions, transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.(Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions (3rd ed.). Lippincott. "Transgender deviance" p 110, "Transgender research" p 484, "transgender deviates" p 485, Transvestites not welcome at "Transgender Center" p 487. ISBN 9780397503292. OCLC 563898062. from the original on 2015-12-05.), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon (Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. from the original on 2015-09-26.)
    • A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."(Novello, Joseph R. (1974). A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas. p. 176. ISBN 9780398028688. OCLC 643581864. from the original on 2015-09-19.)
  2. ^ Magnus Hirschfeld coined the German term Transsexualismus in 1923, which Cauldwell translated into English.
  3. ^ The recurring concern that transsexual implies sexuality stems from the tendency of many informal speakers to ignore the sex and gender distinction and use gender for any male/female difference and sex for sexual activity. (Liberman, Mark. "Single-X Education". Language Log. from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.)

References

  1. ^ "A glossary: Defining transgender terms". American Psychological Association. 49 (8): 32. September 2018. from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  2. ^ a b c d Bevan, Dana J. (17 November 2014). The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio/Greenwood Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781440831270. OCLC 1021404840. from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince.
  3. ^ a b Polly, Ryan; Nicole, Julie (March 2011). "Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice". Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961. from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-05-14. The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history.
  4. ^ Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). . SAGE Publications. p. 740. ISBN 978-1483364698. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex that they were assigned at birth.
  5. ^ a b c d e "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender". Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). 9 September 2011. from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2020. An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth [...] Transgender should be used as an adjective, not as a noun. Do not say, 'Tony is a transgender,' or 'The parade included many transgenders.' [...] The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous '-ed' tacked onto the end. An '-ed' suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. You would not say that Elton John is 'gayed' or Ellen DeGeneres is 'lesbianed,' therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is 'transgendered.'
  6. ^ Bilodeau, Brent (21 October 2008). "Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. Routledge. 3 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05. S2CID 144070536. from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender.
  7. ^ Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen; Aizura, Aren Z. (18 October 2013). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge; Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 666. ISBN 978-1135398842. OCLC 1120816658. from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term 'third gender' is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term 'transgender.'
  8. ^ Chrisler, Joan C.; McCreary, Donald R. (12 March 2010). Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 1. New York; London: Springer Publishing. p. 486. ISBN 9781441914651. OCLC 647897357. from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity [...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative.
  9. ^ Reisner, S. L.; Conron, K.; Scout, N.; Mimiaga, M. J.; Haneuse, S.; Austin, S. B. (13 March 2014). "Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research". LGBT Health. 1 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. PMID 26789619. from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and…
  10. ^ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons". CDC. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 29, 2020. from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  11. ^ Blank, Paula (2014-09-24). "Will the Word "Cisgender" Ever Go Mainstream?". The Atlantic. from the original on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  12. ^ Factsheet: Trans People in the UK (PDF) (Report). gov.uk. 3 July 2018. ISBN 9781786556738. (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  13. ^ "Transgender". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
  14. ^ Easton, Rob (27 April 2022). "'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for the first time". CBC.ca. from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  15. ^ "Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries". The Economist. from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  16. ^ "What Percentage of the Population is Transgender 2022". worldpopulationreview.com. from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  17. ^ "Counting Trans Populations | Division of Prevention Science". prevention.ucsf.edu. from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  18. ^ a b Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. (2012). "Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale". Psychology of Women Quarterly. SAGE Publications. 36 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161. S2CID 10564167. from the original on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  19. ^ a b Maizes, Victoria; Low Dog, Tieraona (19 November 2015). Integrative Women's Health. Oxford University Press. p. 745. ISBN 978-0190214807. Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria – distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender. Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all.
  20. ^ "Understanding Transgender People FAQ". National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 May 2009. from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  21. ^ Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana (October 2008). "Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination". Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05. PMID 11991568. S2CID 34886642.
  22. ^ a b c . Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
  23. ^ Bradford, Judith; Reisner, Sari L.; Honnold, Julie A.; Xavier, Jessica (2013). "Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (10): 1820–1829. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796. PMC 3780721. PMID 23153142.
  24. ^ a b Whittle, Stephen (2002). Respect and equality : transsexual and transgender rights. London Portland, OR: Cavendish Pub. ISBN 978-1-85941-743-0. OCLC 810082841.
  25. ^ DiGuglielmo, Joey (11 May 2016). "Querry: Bianca Rey". Washington Blade. from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  26. ^ Griggs, Brandon (1 June 2015). "America's transgender moment". CNN. from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2020. Hayden Mora, deputy chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign and a transgender man....
  27. ^ Polly, Nicole J (2011). "Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice". Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961.
  28. ^ Hirschfeld, Magnus (1923). "Die Intersexuelle Konstitution" [The Intersexual Constitution]. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen [Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types] (in German).
  29. ^ "Answers to your questions about transgender people". www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. 2014. from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022. According to the APA Style guide, the term "transsexual" is largely outdated...
  30. ^ Mills, Robert (2015). Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226169262. Indeed, it is arguably only since the 1990s, with the coining of the umbrella term "transgender," that gender variance has come to be understood, in certain activist and institutional settings, as being ontologically different from homosexuality.
  31. ^ Transgender rights. Phyllis Randolph Frye, Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8166-4311-3. OCLC 68221085. from the original on 2020-06-12. Retrieved 2023-01-17. From signifying a subject position between cross-dresser and transsexual, the meaning of transgender expanded radically in the early 1990s to include them, along with other cross-gender practices and identities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  32. ^ Thomas E. Bevan, The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism (2014, ISBN 1440831270, pages 42, 61: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and was popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism....Oliven, J. (1965, June). Transgenderism = transsexualism. Sexual Hygiene and Pathology, 514.
  33. ^ Simon, Ray (2017). . Erie Gay News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2021. "According to scholars, the word first appeared in print in John F. Oliven's 1965 book, "Sexual Hygiene and Pathology." Oliven writes:
    Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ('sex') change, transvestism becomes 'transsexualism.' The term is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism.
    Although Oliven's understanding of "transgender"is not the same as our understanding of it today, his use of it is still significant. As K.J. Rawson and Cristan Williams note in their book, "Transgender*: The Rhetorical Landscape of a Term," Oliven didn't use the word in the book's 1955 edition; it was added later, when the second edition was revised and published.
    Gradually, some members of this marginalized community began to apply the word "transgender"to themselves. For example, Virginia Charles Prince, publisher of the long-running periodical "Transvestia," occasionally used a variation of the word, "transgenderal.""
  34. ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott. from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
  35. ^ Oliven, John F. (1965). "Sexual Hygiene and Pathology". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 250 (2): 235. doi:10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054. S2CID 71768943.: "Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.", p. 514
  36. ^ Rawson, K. J.; Williams, Cristan (2014). "Transgender: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term". Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society. 3 (2). from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  37. ^ Prince, Virginia (1969). . Transvestia. Chevalier Publications. IX (60): 65. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.: "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former. If a word is necessary, I should be termed a “transgenderal.”"
  38. ^ a b Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. from the original on 2015-09-26.
  39. ^ Ekins, Richard; King, Dave (1999). "Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies". The Sociological Review. 47 (3): 580–602. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00185. S2CID 144738527. Virginia Prince pioneered the term 'transgenderist' and 'transgenderal' (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the 'transgender community' came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers.
  40. ^ Rayner, Claire (2 June 1979). "Crossing Over". Radio Times. BBC Radio 4 (published 6 June 1979). from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  41. ^ Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E (1984). "The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior". The TV-TS Tapestry. No. 2. from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  42. ^ "First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)". organizational pamphlet. ICTLEP/. 1992. from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.
  43. ^ Stryker, Susan (1 January 2008). "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review. 2008 (100): 145–157. doi:10.1215/01636545-2007-026. from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023.
  44. ^ Currah, Paisley (2006). "Gender Pluralisms under the Transgender Umbrella". In Currah, P.; Juang, R.M.; Minter, S. (eds.). Transgender Rights. University of Minnesota Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8166-4312-7. from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
  45. ^ a b Myers, Alex (14 May 2018). "Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing". Slate Magazine. from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  46. ^ Mallon, Gerald P. (1998). "Appendix: Definitions of Key Terms". In Gerald P. Mallon (ed.). Foundations of Social Work Practice with Lesbian and Gay Persons. Harrington Park Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 1-56023-101-7. LCCN 97-13382. OCLC 37361633. "Transgender: Is a person whose gender identity is different from her/his biological gender. Many transgender individuals are persons who report feeling trapped in the wrong body. These people psychologically identify themselves with the opposite biological gender and desire to be a person of that gender."
  47. ^ . Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2017. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. "especially : of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth"
  48. ^ . France 24. 19 June 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. "Transgender people, who identify as the opposite gender to the one they were born with,"
  49. ^ Gazzaniga, Michael S. (2018). "Human Development". Psychological Science (6th ed.). W. W. Norton. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-393-64040-3. OCLC 992709311. "A transgender person was born as one biological sex but feels that her true gender identity is that of the other sex."
  50. ^ a b Mardell, Ashley (2016). The ABC's of LGBT+. Coral Gables, Florida: Mango Media Inc. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-63353-408-7. from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  51. ^ Vincent, Ben (2020). Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare. Bristol, UK: Policy Press. p. 17, note 10. doi:10.2307/j.ctv138wrbg. ISBN 978-1-4473-5192-4. JSTOR j.ctv138wrbg. S2CID 225850961.
  52. ^ "Guardian and Observer style guide: T". London: Guardian News & Media. 20 November 2015. from the original on 2017-07-09. [U]se transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never 'transgendered person' or 'a transgender'.
  53. ^ "transgender, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. March 2003. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  54. ^ a b c "GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender Terms". GLAAD. 2022-02-22. from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  55. ^ Bouman, Walter Pierre (8 January 2020). "Sumamus exordio: International Journal of Transgender Health". International Journal of Transgender Health. 21 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1080/15532739.2020.1709316. PMC 7430473. PMID 33015654. See paragraph 5.
  56. ^ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). "Transgender terminology: It's complicated". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. 44 (4): 39. from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers
  57. ^ "Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility" (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-09-17. Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity
  58. ^ Martin, Katherine. . Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  59. ^ Transgender Rights (2006, ISBN 0-8166-4312-1), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter
  60. ^ Alegria, Christine Aramburu (April 2011). "Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation: Transgender identity and health care". Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 23 (4): 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00595.x. PMID 21489011. S2CID 205909330. from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023. Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)
  61. ^ For example, Virginia Prince used transgender to distinguish cross-dressers from transsexual people (. glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-11.), writing in Men Who Choose to Be Women (in Sexology, February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."
  62. ^ "Sex -- Medical Definition". medilexicon.com. from the original on 2014-02-22.: defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".
  63. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 21, 2014.
  64. ^ A Swenson, Medical Care of the Transgender Patient, in Family Medicine (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."
  65. ^ Parker, Jerry (October 18, 1979). "Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx". Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press. from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity.
  66. ^ "News From California: 'Transgender'". Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press. May 11, 1982. pp. A–10. from the original on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. she describes people who have had such operations' "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained
  67. ^ a b (PDF). Boston, Mass.: Fenway Health. January 2010. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013.
  68. ^ a b Valentine, David. Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, Duke University, 2007
  69. ^ a b Stryker, Susan. "Introduction". In Stryker and S. Whittle (eds.), The Transgender Studies Reader, New York: Routledge, 2006. pp. 1–17. ISBN 1-135-39884-4.
  70. ^ Winters, Kelley (2008). Gender Madness in American Psychiatry : essays from the struggle for dignity. Dillon, Colorado: GID Reform Advocates. p. 198. ISBN 9781439223888. Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not.
  71. ^ Benjamin, H. (1966). The transsexual phenomenon. New York: Julian Press, page 23.
  72. ^ Ekins, Richard (2005). Science, politics and clinical intervention: Harry Benjamin, transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity Sexualities July 2005 vol. 8 no. 3 306-328 doi:10.1177/1363460705049578
  73. ^ Hansbury, Griffin (2008). The Middle Men: An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities. Studies in Gender and Sexuality Volume 6, Issue 3, 2005 doi:10.1080/15240650609349276
  74. ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?"
  75. ^ Bockting, Walter; Benner, Autumn; Coleman, Eli (28 March 2009). "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 38 (5): 688–701. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9489-3. PMID 19330439. S2CID 27207925.
  76. ^ a b c d "The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey" (PDF). National Center for Transgender Equality. (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  77. ^ a b "Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10". 10 March 2020. from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  78. ^ Haefele-Thomas, Ardel (5 February 2019). Introduction to transgender studies. Combs, Thatcher,, Rains, Cameron,, Stryker, Susan,, Clifford, Jo, 1950-. New York, NY, US. pp. 107–110. ISBN 978-1-939594-28-0. OCLC 1048658263.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  79. ^ Gill-Peterson, Julian (23 October 2018). Histories of the transgender child. Minneapolis. pp. 80–90. ISBN 978-1-4529-5815-6. OCLC 1027732161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  80. ^ Blanchard, Ray (1989). "The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 18 (4): 315–334. doi:10.1007/BF01541951. PMID 2673136. S2CID 43151898.
  81. ^ Bagemihl, B. (1997). "Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry: A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity". In Livia, Anna; Hall, Kira (eds.). Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195104714.
  82. ^ Wahng SJ (2004). Double Cross: Transmasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood. in Aldama AJ (ed.) Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State. Indiana University Press. ISBN 025334171X
  83. ^ Leiblum SR, Rosen RC (2000). Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, Third Edition. ISBN 1-57230-574-6, Guilford Press of New York, c2000.
  84. ^ APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
  85. ^ Goethals, S.C. and Schwiebert, V.L. (2005) "...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons..." Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 27, No. 3, September 2005. Retrieved via SpringerLink 2012-01-22 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
  86. ^ McCrea, Amy. Under the Transgender Umbrella: Improving ENDA's Protections, in the Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law (2013): "This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people, highlighting the experience of a subset of non-binary individuals, bigender people, ..."
  87. ^ Wilchins, Riki Anne (2002) 'It's Your Gender, Stupid', pp.23–32 in Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins (eds.) Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002.
  88. ^ Nestle, J. (2002) "...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities..." from Genders on My Mind, pp.3–10 in Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary, edited by Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins, published by Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002:9. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
  89. ^ Lindqvist, Anna (18 Feb 2020). "What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender". Psychology & Sexuality. 12 (4): 332–344. doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844.
  90. ^ "Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions". from the original on 2019-04-30. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
  91. ^ Adams, Cydney (March 24, 2017). "The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity". CBS News. Viacom CBS. from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  92. ^ E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in Definition of the word "transvestite" 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine from The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition August 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  93. ^ various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in Definition of the word "transvestite" 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine from the Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition) April 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  94. ^ Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved 2007-08-13. September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  95. ^ a b Hall, B. et al. (2007) "...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." and "...transvestite (TV) – same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." in Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from the Ontario Human Rights Commission 2007-08-13 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  96. ^ Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) "...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England..." in LGBTTSQI Terminology 2013-09-05 at the Wayback Machine from Trans-Academics.org 2007-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  97. ^ Gilbert, Michael A. (2000). "The Transgendered Philosopher". International Journal of Transgenderism. from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  98. ^ Gilbert, Michael 'Miqqi Alicia' (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in Special Issue on What is Transgender? 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-10-09.
  99. ^ Docter, Richard F.; Prince, Virginia (1997). "Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 26 (6): 589–605. doi:10.1023/a:1024572209266. PMID 9415796. S2CID 43816859.
  100. ^ a b World Health Organization (1992) "...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines...." in ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1 2009-04-22 at the Wayback Machine published by the World Health Organization 2016-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  101. ^ a b APA task force (1994) "...The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.3 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  102. ^ "Understanding Drag". National Center For Transgender Equality. 28 April 2017. from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  103. ^ "The Many Styles Of Drag Kings, Photographed In And Out Of Drag". HuffPost. 2019-11-12. from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  104. ^ "How Drag Queens Work". HowStuffWorks. 2012-11-12. from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  105. ^ a b c d Janssen, Diederik F. (2020-04-21). "Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 49 (5): 1415–1425. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w. ISSN 0004-0002. PMID 32319033. S2CID 216073926.
  106. ^ Stryker, Susan (2008). Transgender history. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press. ISBN 978-1-58005-690-8. OCLC 1162214303.
  107. ^ Abbie E. Goldberg, Genny Beemyn, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies (2021), page 32
  108. ^ M. Nugent, Helios 35 (2008) pages 171-172
  109. ^ Varner, Eric (2008). "Transcending Gender: Assimilation, Identity, and Roman Imperial Portraits". Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volume. Ann Arbor, Michigan, US: University of Michigan Press. 7: 200–201. ISSN 1940-0977. JSTOR 40379354. OCLC 263448435. Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman's vagina by means of a surgical incision.
  110. ^ Godbout, Louis (2004). "Elagabalus" (PDF). GLBTQ: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. Chicago: glbtq, Inc. (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  111. ^ Benjamin, Harry (1966). . Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York: The Julian Press Inc. 29 (4): 428–430. doi:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02273.x. ISBN 978-0-446-82426-2. PMID 5233741. Archived from the original on 24 April 2005. Retrieved 27 April 2005.
  112. ^ a b "The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools". YES! Magazine. from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  113. ^ Hickman, H.; Porfilio, B.J. (2012). The New Politics of the Textbook: Problematizing the Portrayal of Marginalized Groups in Textbooks. Constructing Knowledge: Curriculum Studies in Action. SensePublishers. p. 235. ISBN 978-94-6091-912-1. from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  114. ^ "Holocaust Memorial Day Trust | 6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology". from the original on 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  115. ^ "Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality". The Washington Post. from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  116. ^ Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; et al. (WPATH) (19 August 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (Suppl 1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN 2689-5269. PMC 9553112. PMID 36238954.
  117. ^ a b c Brown, M.L. & Rounsley, C.A. (1996) True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals Jossey-Bass: San Francisco ISBN 0-7879-6702-5
  118. ^ American Psychiatric Association (18 March 2022). "Gender Dysphoria". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev. ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x14_Gender_Dysophoria. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6.
  119. ^ Atwill, Nicole (2010-02-17). . www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  120. ^ "La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique" [Transsexuality will no longer be classified as a psychiatric condition]. Le Monde. May 16, 2009. from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  121. ^ "La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels". Libération (in French). 2011-05-17. from the original on 2014-11-30. En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé.
  122. ^ Garloch, Karen (9 May 2016). "What it means to be transgender: Answers to 5 key questions". Charlotte Observer. from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  123. ^ Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "Is being transgender a mental disorder?"
  124. ^ Carroll, L.; Gilroy, P.J.; Ryan, J. (2002). "Transgender issues in counselor education". Counselor Education and Supervision. 41 (3): 233–242. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x.
  125. ^ a b c d e Benson, Kristen E (2013). "Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 25 (1): 17–40. doi:10.1080/08952833.2013.755081. S2CID 144491629. from the original on 2022-03-09. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
  126. ^ (PDF). The World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  127. ^ a b Detransition estimates:
    • "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
    • "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
  128. ^ Hanssmann, C.; Morrison, D.; Russian, E. (2008). "Talking, gawking, or getting it done: Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 5: 5–23. doi:10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5. S2CID 52025741.
  129. ^ . ilga.org. Archived from the original on 2013-09-10.
  130. ^ "Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France" [Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France]. Le Monde.fr (in French). December 2, 2010. from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  131. ^ Haas, Ann P.; Rodgers, Philip L.; Herman, Jody L. (2014). (PDF). American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy. pp. 2–3, 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  132. ^ Herman, Jody L.; Brown, Taylor N.T.; Haas, Ann P. (September 2019). (PDF). Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  133. ^ Travers, Robb; Bauer, Greta; Pyne, Jake; Bradley, Kaitlin; Gale, Lorraine; Papadimitriou, Maria (2 October 2012). "Impacts of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth" (PDF). TransPulse Canada. (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  134. ^ Urquhart, Evan (March 21, 2018). "A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?". Slate. from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  135. ^ Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
  136. ^ APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via Mental Health Matters 2007-04-07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007-04-06.
  137. ^ Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women (2011). "Committee Opinion No. 512". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 118 (6): 1454–1458. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823ed1c1. PMID 22105293.
  138. ^
    • "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
    • "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
  139. ^ "The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." Marchiano 2017
  140. ^ "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
  141. ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
  142. ^ Hall, R.; Mitchell, L.; Sachdeva, J. (1 October 2021). "Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review". BJPsych Open. 7 (6): e184. doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1022. ISSN 2056-4724. PMC 8503911. PMID 34593070. Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.
  143. ^ a b Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2021-06-01). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
  144. ^ Bustos, Valeria P.; Bustos, Samyd S.; Mascaro, Andres; Del Corral, Gabriel; Forte, Antonio J.; Ciudad, Pedro; Kim, Esther A.; Langstein, Howard N.; Manrique, Oscar J. (2021-03-19). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
  145. ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
  146. ^ Boslaugh, Sarah (3 August 2018). Transgender Health tIssues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9781440858888. OCLC 1031430413. from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
  147. ^ Currah, Paisley; M. Juang, Richard; Minter, Shannon Price, eds. (2006). Transgender Rights. Minnesota University Press. pp. 51–73. ISBN 978-0-8166-4312-7. from the original on 2021-05-04. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  148. ^ Nokoff, Natalie J. (2022-01-19). "Table 2. [DSM-5 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria ()]". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  149. ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. "IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare" 2011-08-04 at the Wayback Machine, "GLAAD", US, November 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
  150. ^ "– Trans Rights Europe Map & Index 2017". tgeu.org. 18 May 2017. from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  151. ^ "HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights". hudoc.echr.coe.int. from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  152. ^ . www.parl.ca. Archived from the original on May 22, 2016.
  153. ^ . www.parl.ca. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016.
  154. ^ Tasker, John Paul (June 16, 2017). "Canada enacts protections for transgender community". CBC News. from the original on June 17, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
  155. ^ "Overview of Human Rights Codes by Province and Territory in Canada" (PDF). Canadian Center for Diversity and Inclusion. January 2018. (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  156. ^ . finduslaw. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
  157. ^ Neidig, Harper (June 15, 2020). "Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules". The Hill. from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  158. ^ June, Daniel (13 June 2013). "Transgender Girl in Maine Seeks Supreme Court's Approval to Use School's Girls Room". JD Journal. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  159. ^ Sharp, David (January 31, 2014). "Maine Court Rules In Favor Of Transgender Pupil". The Huffington Post. from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  160. ^ Grinberg, Emanuella (May 14, 2016). "Feds issue guidance on transgender access to school bathrooms". CNN. from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  161. ^ "Transgender Service Members Can Now Serve Openly, Carter Announces". June 30, 2016. from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  162. ^ "Trump: Transgender people 'can't serve' in US military". BBC News. July 26, 2017. from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
  163. ^ "The Joint Chiefs say there'll be no transgender policy changes until Trump clarifies his Tweets". NBC News. 2017-07-26. from the original on 2017-08-09. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
  164. ^ Kate Sullivan (25 January 2021). "Biden lifts transgender military ban". CNN. from the original on 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  165. ^ "Biden to transgender Americans: 'Your president has your back'". NBC News. from the original on 2021-08-18. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  166. ^ "India recognises transgender people as third gender". The Guardian. 15 April 2014. from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  167. ^ McCoy, Terrence (15 April 2014). "India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender'". The Washington Post. from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  168. ^ "Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'". The Times of India. 15 April 2014. from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  169. ^ "Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC". The Times of India. 15 June 2015. from the original on 2015-12-03.
  170. ^ "Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC". The Economic Times. 2015-06-15. from the original on 2016-01-25.
  171. ^ "In the Supreme Court of India Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition (Civil) No.400 of 2012" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  172. ^ . 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  173. ^ Retro Report (2015-06-15). "Transforming History". Retro Report. from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  174. ^ thisisloyal.com, Loyal |. "How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender?". Williams Institute. (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-25. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  175. ^ a b c Morris, Bonnie J. (July 21, 2017). "A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements". www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  176. ^ a b Jazayeri, Naveed. "Transgender Exclusion within the LGBTQ Movement: An Introductory Analysis" (PDF). University of Florida. (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  177. ^ Gamson, Joshua (1995). "Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma". Social Problems. 42 (3): 390–407. doi:10.2307/3096854. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 3096854. from the original on 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  178. ^ Nadeau, Barbie Latza; CNN (2023-11-09). "Vatican rules some transgender people and babies of same-sex couples can be baptized". CNN. Retrieved 2023-11-09. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  179. ^ "Guidance for welcoming transgender people published". The Church of England. from the original on 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  180. ^ "What Is a Woman?". The New Yorker. 2014-07-28. from the original on 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  181. ^ Marcus, Eric (2002). Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights. New York: Harper. p. 156. ISBN 9780060933913. OCLC 1082454306.
  182. ^ Hines, Sally (2007). TransForming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy and Care. Bristol: Policy Press. pp. 85–101. ISBN 978-1861349163.
  183. ^ a b Grady, Constance (20 June 2018). "The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained". Vox. from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  184. ^ Yenor, Scott (31 July 2017). "The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History". Public Discourse. Witherspoon Institute. from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  185. ^ Flaherty, Colleen (2018-06-06). "By Any Other Name". Inside Higher Ed. from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
  186. ^ Lewis, Sophie (7 February 2019). "Opinion | How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  187. ^ Stryker, Susan; Bettcher, Talia (2016). "Introduction: Trans/Feminisms". Transgender Studies Quarterly. Duke University Press. 3 (1–2). doi:10.1215/23289252-3334127. from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  188. ^ Zanghellini, Aleardo (April 2020). "Philosophical Problems With the Gender-Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion" (PDF). SAGE Open. 10 (2): 215824402092702. doi:10.1177/2158244020927029. S2CID 219733494. (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2022-06-19.
  189. ^ "Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment". Generation Progress. 2011-06-03. from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-03-23.
  190. ^ Carrera-Fernández, María Victoria; Almeida, Ana; Cid-Fernández, Xosé Manuel; Vallejo-Medina, Pablo; Rodríguez-Castro, Yolanda (18 December 2019). "Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender: Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents". International Journal of Sexual Health. 32 (1): 40–56. doi:10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170. S2CID 214355852. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  191. ^ Konopka, Karolina; Prusik, Monika; Szulawski, Michał (2020). "Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland". Sex Roles. 82 (9–10): 600–621. doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01071-7. S2CID 199862108.
  192. ^ Landau, Nitsan; Hamiel, Uri; Latzer, Itay Tokatly; Mauda, Elinor; Levek, Noah; Tripto-Shkolnik, Liana; Pinhas-Hamiel, Orit (2020). "Paediatricians' attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people: a cross-sectional survey in Israel". BMJ Open. 10 (4): e031569. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031569. PMC 7204925. PMID 32341041. from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  193. ^ Hackimer, Laura; Chen, Cliff Y.-C.; Verkuilen, Jay (5 March 2021). "Individual factors and cisgender college students' attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals". Journal of Community Psychology. 49 (6): 2023–2039. doi:10.1002/jcop.22546. ISSN 0090-4392. PMID 33667012. S2CID 232121524. from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  194. ^ Trevor Project. "Guiding Principles". from the original on 2023-05-14. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  195. ^ "Transgender Rights". American Civil Liberties Union. from the original on 2023-05-20. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  196. ^ "National Center for Transgender Equality". transequality.org. National Center for Transgender Equality. 2023-05-12. from the original on October 18, 2009. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
  197. ^ "About us". TGEU. from the original on 2023-05-18. Retrieved 2023-05-20.
  198. ^ a b c Collin, Lindsay; Reisner, Sari L.; Tangpricha, Vin; Goodman, Michael (2016). "Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 13 (4): 613–626. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001. PMC 4823815. PMID 27045261.
  199. ^ Leinung, Matthew C (2020). "Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy: Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men?". Transgender Health. 11 (5): 241–245. doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0070. PMC 7906237. PMID 33644314.
  200. ^ Doussantousse, S. (2005) "...The Lao Kathoey's characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region..." in Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia – Exploring a gender minority 2007-08-19 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  201. ^ Jackson, P. (2003) Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine in Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 9, August 2003.
  202. ^ Winter, S. and Udomsak, N. (2002) Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand in the International Journal of Transgender, Volume 6, Number 1, January – March 2002. February 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  203. ^ Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003. Article online 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  204. ^ Harrison, F. (2005) "...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader..." in Iran's sex-change operations 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine, from the BBC 1999-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  205. ^ Mitsuhashi, J. (2006). Translated by Hasegawa, K. "The transgender world in contemporary Japan: the male to female cross‐dressers' community in Shinjuku". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 202–227. doi:10.1080/14649370600673847. S2CID 143080943. "...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live..."
  206. ^ Haviland, C. (2005) "...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes..." in Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal 2007-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, from the BBC 1999-04-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  207. ^ Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  208. ^ Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  209. ^ Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose 2007-08-17 at the Wayback Machine from the Yonhap News Agency 2007-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  210. ^ "News reporting an average of 2-3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender". Ammon News (in Arabic). from the original on 2018-06-16. Retrieved 2020-08-31.
  211. ^ Heng, R. (2005) "...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them...." in Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore 2007-10-11 at the Wayback Machine from IndigNation. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  212. ^ Emerton, R. (2006). "Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 243–269. doi:10.1080/14649370600673896. S2CID 145122793. "...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement..."
  213. ^ Hung, L. (2007) "...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence..." in Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine from the Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  214. ^ Ho, J. (2006). "Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 7 (2): 228–242. doi:10.1080/14649370600673888. S2CID 43951816. from the original on 2022-01-25. Retrieved 2019-11-27. "...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it..."
  215. ^ Hahn, L. (2005) "...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society..." in Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript – June 13, 2005 October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from CNN 2001-09-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  216. ^ Goldkorn, J. (2006) "...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it..." in Transsexuals in the Chinese media again 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine from Danwei 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  217. ^ "Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court". NDTV. April 15, 2014. from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  218. ^ "Telangana assembly elections 2018: Chandramukhi eyes Goshamahal glory, ready for tryst with 1st transgender party". The Times of India. November 22, 2018. from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2018.
  219. ^ M.H. (1 September 2017). "Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries". The Economist. from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  220. ^ Glen, Fiona; Hurrell, Karen (2012). (PDF). Equality and Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  221. ^ "Gender identity, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. 6 January 2023. from the original on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  222. ^ Easton, Rob (2022-04-27). "'Historic' census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for first time". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on 2022-04-27. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  223. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 20, 2020). "Sex at birth and gender: Technical report on changes for the 2021 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  224. ^ Harris, Benjamin Cerf (2015). "Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census" (PDF). Census.gov. (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
  225. ^ Pauly, Ira B. (1968). "The Current Status of the Change of Sex Operation". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 147 (5): 460–471. doi:10.1097/00005053-196811000-00003. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 5726920. S2CID 42050429.
  226. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (June 8, 2015). . Archived from the original on February 24, 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
  227. ^ thisisloyal.com, Loyal. (PDF). Williams Institute. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015.
  228. ^ Steinmetz, Katy (30 June 2016). "1.4 Million Americans Identify as Transgender, Study Finds". Time. from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  229. ^ "How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States" (PDF). The Williams Institute. June 2016. (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  230. ^ Crissman, Halley P.; Berger, Mitchell B.; Graham, Louis F.; Dalton, Vanessa K. (2016). "Transgender Demographics: A Household Probability Sample of US Adults, 2014". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (2): 213–215. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303571. PMC 5227939. PMID 27997239.
  231. ^ FAAD, Marie Benz MD. . Archived from the original on January 3, 2017.
  232. ^ Fulton, Robert; Anderson, Steven W. (1992). "The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity". Current Anthropology. 33 (5): 603–10. doi:10.1086/204124. ISSN 1537-5382. JSTOR 2743927. S2CID 145077361.
  233. ^ Parsons, Elsie Clews (1916). "The Zuñi Ła'mana". American Anthropologist. 18 (4): 521–8. doi:10.1525/aa.1916.18.4.02a00060. ISSN 1548-1433. JSTOR 660121. Of these 'men-women' ....
  234. ^ a b Medicine, B. (2002) Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories 2003-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Unit 3, Chapter 2, Western Washington University.
  235. ^ a b Parker, H. N. (2001). "The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists". Arethusa. 34 (3): 313–362. doi:10.1353/are.2001.0016. S2CID 161526282.
  236. ^ Stephen, Lynn (2002). "Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca". Latin American Perspectives. 29 (2): 41–59. doi:10.1177/0094582x0202900203. ISSN 0094-582X. JSTOR 3185126. S2CID 145808692.
  237. ^ Kulick, Don (1998). Travesti : Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46099-1. OCLC 38842085. from the original on 2009-05-16. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  238. ^ a b . Folha online. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014.
  239. ^ João W. Nery: Viagem solitária: Memórias de um transexual 30 anos depois; São Paulo: Leya, 2012, p. 293.(in Portuguese)
  240. ^ Campaign, Human Rights. "Transgender Children & Youth: Understanding the Basics | Human Rights Campaign". Human Rights Campaign. from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  241. ^ Marciano, A. (2014). "Living the VirtuReal: Negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 19 (4): 824–838. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12081. S2CID 206022665.
  242. ^ Steinmetz, K. (May 28, 2014). "The transgender tipping point". Time. from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  243. ^ Snow, N. (May 8, 2015). "Laverne Cox: 'Time' magazine's 'transgender tipping point' cover girl". Huffington Post. from the original on 2017-05-20. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  244. ^ Townsend, M. (November 3, 2016). "GLAAD's 'Where We Are on TV' report finds progress in LGBTQ representation on TV, but much work still to be done". GLAAD. from the original on 2017-08-16. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  245. ^ "Trans March on Friday". Jun 21, 2006. from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  246. ^ "Transgender and Intersex Community Marks 20 Years of Marching in Paris (Video)". www.advocate.com. 2016-10-19. from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  247. ^ Paul, Gallant (June 18, 2009). "Trans march 'overdue'". Toronto Star. from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  248. ^ "London's first Trans Pride support 'overwhelming'". bbc.com. 14 September 2019. from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  249. ^ "Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. from the original on April 4, 2013. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
  250. ^ . KSPR News. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  251. ^ "A time to celebrate". The Hamilton Spectator. 27 March 2014. from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  252. ^ Carreras, Jessica. . PrideSource. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
  253. ^ "Rita Hester's murder and legacy are important to Boston, so she's getting a mural in Allston". Boston.com. 2022-06-22. from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-10-15.
  254. ^ . Transgenderdor.org. 1998-11-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-07-06.
  255. ^ "Transgender Awareness Week". GLAAD. from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  256. ^ Ford, Zack (August 27, 2014). "Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection". ThinkProgress. United States of America. from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  257. ^ "I'm Scared to Be a Woman". Human Rights Watch. 24 September 2014. from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015. a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly – a transgender symbol signifying transformation
  258. ^ Sperry, Len (2016). Mental health and mental disorders : an encyclopedia of conditions, treatments, and well-being. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 1150. ISBN 9781440803826. OCLC 915943054.
  259. ^ . glbtq.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008.
  260. ^ Petronzio, Matt (June 13, 2014). "A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols". Mashable. from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.

Sources

  • Clark-Flory, Tracy (15 June 2015). "Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again". Vocativ. from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  • Danker, Sara; Narayan, Sasha K.; Bluebond-Langner, Rachel; Schechter, Loren S.; Berli, Jens U. (August 2018). "A Survey Study of Surgeons' Experience with Regret and/or Reversal of Gender-Confirmation Surgeries". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open. 6: 189. doi:10.1097/01.GOX.0000547077.23299.00. ISSN 2169-7574.
  • Dhejne, Cecilia; Öberg, Katarina; Arver, Stefan; Landén, Mikael (November 2014). "An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden, 1960–2010: Prevalence, Incidence, and Regrets". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 43 (8): 1535–45. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0300-8. PMID 24872188. S2CID 24755434.
  • James, Sandy E.; Herman, Jody L.; Rankin, Susan; Keisling, Mara; Mottet, Lisa; Anafi, Ma'ayan (2016). "De-Transitioning" (PDF). The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey (Report). Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-21. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
  • Marchiano, Lisa (6 Oct 2017). "Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics". Psychological Perspectives. 60 (3): 345–366. doi:10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804.
  • Zucker, Kenneth J. (2019). "Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 48 (7): 1983–1992. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8. PMID 31321594. S2CID 197663705.

Further reading

  • Bettcher, Talia Mae; Lombardi, Emilia (2005). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual Individuals". In Levy, Barry; Sidel, Victor (eds.). Social Injustice and Public Health. Oxford University Press.
  • Sellers, Mitchell D. (2011). . Applied Research Projects. Texas State University-San Marcos. Archived from the original on 2012-03-11.
  • Thanem, Torkild; Wallenberg, Louise (2016). "Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work". Organization. 23 (2): 250–271. doi:10.1177/1350508414547559. S2CID 144150015.
  • Lerario, Z Paige, "Voice Training for Transgender People: Speech therapy and language strategies can help save lives", Scientific American, vol. 328, no. 1 (January 2023), p. 55. "Voice training is less costly and invasive than a throat operation... Through sessions with a licensed speech-language pathologist, transgender people learn to control pitch, resonance, word choice and other vocal behaviors.... Such training can improve quality of life, reduce voice-related disability and boost self-confidence."

November 27, 2023
transgender, confused, with, transsexual, template, infobox, gender, sexual, identity, being, considered, deletion, transgender, person, often, shortened, trans, someone, whose, gender, identity, differs, from, that, typically, associated, with, they, were, as. Not to be confused with Transsexual The template Infobox gender and sexual identity is being considered for deletion A transgender person often shortened to trans is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth 1 Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from one sex to another identify as transsexual 2 3 Transgender is an umbrella term in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex trans men and trans women it may also include people who are non binary or genderqueer 4 5 6 Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender 7 8 The term transgender may be defined very broadly to include cross dressers 9 TransgenderThe Helms transgender flagClassificationGender identityAbbreviationsTGOther termsAssociated termsTranssexualBeing transgender is distinct from sexual orientation 10 Transgender people may identify as heterosexual straight homosexual gay or lesbian bisexual asexual or otherwise or may decline to label their sexual orientation The opposite of transgender is cisgender which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex 11 Accurate statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely 12 in part due to different definitions of what constitutes being transgender 13 Some countries such as Canada collect census data on transgender people 14 Generally fewer than 1 of the worldwide population are transgender with figures ranging from lt 0 1 to 0 6 15 16 17 The degree to which individuals feel genuine authentic and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity has been called gender congruence 18 Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria and some seek medical treatments such as hormone replacement therapy sex reassignment surgery or psychotherapy 19 Not all transgender people desire these treatments and some cannot undergo them for financial or medical reasons 19 20 Many transgender people face discrimination in the workplace 21 and in accessing public accommodations 22 and healthcare 23 In many places they are not legally protected from discrimination 24 Transgender friends in Washington D C 25 26 Contents 1 Terminology 1 1 Transgender 1 2 Transsexual 1 3 Sexual orientation 2 Related identities and practices 2 1 Non binary identity 2 2 Transvestism and cross dressing 2 3 Drag 3 History 4 Healthcare 4 1 Mental healthcare 4 2 Physical healthcare 4 3 Detransition 5 Law 5 1 Europe 5 2 Canada 5 3 United States 5 4 India 6 Sociocultural relationships 6 1 LGBT community 6 2 Religion 6 3 Feminism 6 4 Discrimination and support 7 Population figures and prevalence 7 1 Asia 7 2 Europe 7 3 North America 7 4 Latin America 8 Culture 8 1 Coming out 8 2 Visibility 8 3 Pride symbols 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further readingTerminologyBefore the mid 20th century various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled transsexual and later transgender from mid century onward 5 27 Imported from the German and ultimately modeled after German Transsexualismus coined in 1923 28 the English term transsexual has enjoyed international acceptability though transgender has been increasingly preferred over transsexual 29 The word transgender acquired its modern umbrella term meaning in the 1990s 30 31 Transgender Psychiatrist John F Oliven of Columbia University used the term transgenderism in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology 32 33 34 writing that the term which had previously been used transsexualism is misleading actually transgenderism is meant because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism 35 36 The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender transsexual and transvestite people including Virginia Prince 2 who used transgenderal 37 in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia a national magazine for cross dressers she founded 38 By the mid 1970s both trans gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms note 1 while transgenderist and transgenderal were used to refer to people who wanted to live cross gender without sex reassignment surgery SRS 39 By 1976 transgenderist was abbreviated as TG in educational materials 40 verification needed By 1984 the concept of a transgender community had developed in which transgender was used as an umbrella term 41 In 1985 Richard Elkins established the Trans Gender Archive at the University of Ulster 38 By 1992 the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including transsexuals transgenderists cross dressers and anyone transitioning 42 Leslie Feinberg s pamphlet Transgender Liberation A Movement Whose Time has Come circulated in 1992 identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer 43 In 1994 gender theorist Susan Stryker defined transgender as encompassing all identities or practices that cross over cut across move between or otherwise queer socially constructed sex gender boundaries including but not limited to transsexuality heterosexual transvestism gay drag butch lesbianism and such non European identities as the Native American berdache or the Indian Hijra 44 Between the mid 1990s and the early 2000s the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were female to male FtM for men who transitioned from female to male and male to female MtF for women who transitioned from male to female These terms have been superseded by trans man and trans woman respectively 45 This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex transsexual FtM to terms highlighting gender identity and expression transgender trans man reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people s sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community 45 Transgender can also refer specifically to a person whose gender identity is opposite rather than different from the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth 46 47 48 49 Transfeminine is a term for any person binary or non binary who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation 50 Transmasculine refers to a person assigned female at birth who has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation 50 Transgendered is a common term in older literature Many within the transgender community deprecate it on the basis that transgender is an adjective not a verb 51 Organizations such as GLAAD and The Guardian also state that transgender should never be used as a noun e g Max is transgender or Max is a transgender man not Max is a transgender 5 52 Transgender is also a noun for the broader topic of transgender identity and experience 53 Although the term transgenderism was once considered acceptable it has come to be viewed as offensive according to GLAAD 54 In 2020 the International Journal of Transgenderism changed its name to the International Journal of Transgender Health to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field 55 Health practitioner manuals professional journalistic style guides and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question including present references to the transgender person s past 56 57 In contrast people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth that is those who are neither transgender nor non binary or genderqueer are called cisgender 58 Transsexual See also Transsexual Terminology Inspired by Magnus Hirschfeld s 1923 term seelischer Transsexualismus the term transsexual was introduced to English in 1949 by David Oliver Cauldwell note 2 and popularized by Harry Benjamin in 1966 around the same time transgender was coined and began to be popularized 2 Since the 1990s transsexual has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people 2 59 60 who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance for example sex reassignment surgery with this Distinctions between the terms transgender and transsexual are commonly based on distinctions between gender and sex 61 62 Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one s sex while transgender considerations deal more with one s psychological gender disposition or predisposition as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role 63 Many transgender people reject the term transsexual 3 64 5 Christine Jorgensen publicly rejected transsexual in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as trans gender saying gender doesn t have to do with bed partners it has to do with identity 65 66 Some have objected to the term transsexual on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than sexuality 67 better source needed note 3 failed verification Some transsexual people object to being included in the transgender umbrella 68 69 70 In his 2007 book Imagining Transgender An Ethnography of a Category anthropologist David Valentine asserts that transgender was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term transgender should not be included in the transgender spectrum 68 Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that transgender is not a self identifier for some people but a category imposed by observers to understand other people 69 According to the Transgender Health Program THP at Fenway Health in Boston there are no universally accepted definitions and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may have since been deemed offensive The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer and avoid the term transsexual unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it 67 undue weight discuss Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites called the Sex Orientation Scale SOS in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross dressing and the relative urgency of their need if any for sex reassignment surgery 71 Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin s original opinions 72 Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis or for distinction between transsexuality transvestism and other forms of gender variant behavior and expression Benjamin s scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women and trans men s identities do not align with its categories 73 Sexual orientation Main article Transgender sexuality Gender gender identity and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation 74 Sexual orientation is an individual s enduring pattern of attraction or lack thereof to others being straight lesbian gay bisexual asexual etc whereas gender identity is a person s innate knowledge of their own gender being a man woman non binary etc 54 Transgender people can have any orientation and generally use labels corresponding to their gender rather than assigned sex at birth For example trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight 54 Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as queer in addition to or instead of other terms 75 76 77 For much of the 20th century transgender identity was conflated with homosexuality and transvestism 78 79 In earlier academic literature sexologists used the labels homosexual and heterosexual transsexual to categorize transgender individuals sexual orientation based on their birth sex 80 Critics consider these terms heterosexist 81 archaic 82 and demeaning 83 Newer literature often uses terms such as attracted to men androphilic attracted to women gynephilic attracted to both bisexual or attracted to neither asexual to describe a person s sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity 84 Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients gender identities and preferences 85 The 2015 U S Transgender Survey reported that of the 27 715 transgender and non binary respondents 21 said queer best described their sexual orientation 18 said pansexual 16 said gay lesbian or same gender loving 15 said straight 14 said bisexual and 10 said asexual 76 A 2019 Canadian survey of 2 873 trans and non binary people found that 51 described their sexual orientation as queer 13 as asexual 28 as bisexual 13 as gay 15 as lesbian 31 as pansexual 8 as straight or heterosexual 4 as two spirit and 9 as unsure or questioning 77 Related identities and practicesNon binary identity Main articles Non binary gender and Androgyny Some non binary or genderqueer people identify as transgender These identities are not specifically male or female They can be agender androgynous bigender pangender or genderfluid 86 and exist outside of cisnormativity 87 88 Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles genderfluid or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously androgynous and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless agender between genders intergender moving across genders genderfluid or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders pangender 89 Non binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation 90 91 Transvestism and cross dressing Main article Transvestism A transvestite is a person who cross dresses or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth 92 93 The term transvestite is used as a synonym for the term cross dresser 94 95 although cross dresser is generally considered the preferred term 95 96 The term cross dresser is not exactly defined in the relevant literature Michael A Gilbert professor at the Department of Philosophy York University Toronto offers this definition A cross dresser is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex and who has and certainly has been birth designated as belonging to that sex but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex 97 This definition excludes people who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons such as those female impersonators who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood actors undertaking roles individual males and females enjoying a masquerade and so on These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers 98 Cross dressers may not identify with want to be or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically The majority of cross dressers identify as heterosexual 99 The term transvestite and the associated outdated term transvestism are conceptually different from the term transvestic fetishism as transvestic fetishist refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes 100 101 In medical terms transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross dressing by use of the separate codes 302 3 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM 101 and F65 1 in the ICD 100 needs update Drag See also Drag king Drag queen and Faux queen nbsp A drag queen performerDrag is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining unlike those who are transgender or who cross dress for other reasons 102 Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup Drag can be theatrical comedic or grotesque Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by second wave feminism Drag artists have a long tradition in LGBT culture Generally the term drag queen covers men doing female drag drag king covers women doing male drag and faux queen covers women doing female drag 103 104 Nevertheless there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons Drag performers are not inherently transgender Some drag performers transvestites and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically derived term tranny for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross dressing this term is widely considered an offensive slur if applied to transgender people HistoryMain articles Transgender history and Third gender A precise history of the global occurrence of transgender people is difficult to assess because the modern concept of being transgender and of gender in general in relation to transgender identity did not develop until the mid 1900s Historical depictions records and understandings are inherently filtered through modern principles and were largely viewed through a medical and often outsider anthropological lens until the late 1900s 105 106 Some historians consider the Roman emperor Elagabalus to have been transgender Elagabalus was reported to have dressed in a feminine manner preferred to be called Lady instead of Lord and may have even sought a primitive form of gender affirming surgery 107 108 109 110 111 excessive citations Worldwide a number of societies have had traditional third gender roles some of which continue in some form into the present day 112 The Hippocratic Corpus interpreting the writing of Herodotus describes the disease of the Scythians regarding the Enaree which it attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups This reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s 1700s Pierre Petit writing in 1596 viewed the Scythian disease as natural variation but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a melancholy or hysterical psychiatric disease By the early 1800s being transgender separate from Hippocrates idea of it was claimed to be widely known but remained poorly documented Both trans women and trans men were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s One of the earliest recorded transgender people in America was Thomas ine Hall a seventeenth century colonial servant 113 The most complete account of the time came from the life of the Chevalier d Eon 1728 1810 a French diplomat As cross dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender Much study came out of Germany and was exported to other Western audiences Cross dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose But in the latter half of the 1800s cross dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger 105 William A Hammond wrote an 1882 account of transgender Pueblo shamans sic mujerados comparing them to the Scythian disease Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s including Hammond s associates in the American Neurological Association had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples Explanations varied but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense Native groups provided much study on the subject and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII 105 Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld Hirschfeld coined the term transvestite in 1910 as the scope of transgender study grew His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the Institut fur Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin Though Hirscheld s legacy is disputed he revolutionized the field of study The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings 114 Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II Even when they re emerged they reflected a forensic psychology approach unlike the more sexological that had been employed in the lost German research 105 115 HealthcareMain article Transgender health care Further information Gender transition Mental healthcare People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth While individuals may find counseling or psychotherapy helpful it is no longer recommended as a prerequisite for further transition steps 116 Research on gender identity with regard to psychology and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues is relatively new 117 needs update The term gender incongruence is listed in the ICD by the WHO In the American DSM the term gender dysphoria is listed under code F64 0 for adolescents and adults and F64 2 for children 118 Further information Causes of gender incongruence France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010 119 120 but according to French trans rights organizations beyond the impact of the announcement itself nothing changed 121 In 2017 the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders The DSM 5 refers to the topic as gender dysphoria GD while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness 122 Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria only if being transgender causes distress or disability 123 This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD Moreover GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviours of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD GD does not imply an opinion of immorality the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality this solution often but not always consists of undergoing a gender transition 117 Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals 124 Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help 117 This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people particularly non binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity Instead therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance 18 Research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians experiences instead of transgender clients experiences 125 Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs Prior to the seventh version of the Standards of Care SOC an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual transgender and all gender nonconforming people 126 The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing transphobia pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life as one trans woman reflected Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do specifically with being transgendered It has to do because they ve had to hide they ve had to lie and they ve felt all of this guilt and shame unfortunately usually for years 125 Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality of life issues 125 Rarely some choose to detransition 127 Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people s mental health experiences One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender but maybe that s it I don t think I ve had any formal training just going through clinical programs I don t think most therapists know Most therapists Master s degree PhD level they ve had one diversity class on GLBT issues One class out of the huge diversity training One class And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle 125 Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition and numerous people are under or uninsured which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need 125 Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population 128 In February 2010 France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases 129 130 A 2014 study carried out by the Williams Institute a UCLA think tank found that 41 of transgender people had attempted suicide with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare harassment physical or sexual assault or rejection by family 131 A 2019 follow up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender affirming medical care had substantially lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts 132 However a study on the impact of parental support on trans youth found that among trans children with supportive parents only 4 attempted suicide a 93 decrease 133 Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric It is not known whether there is a biological basis This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others 134 better source needed Physical healthcare Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments Hormone replacement therapy for trans men induces beard growth and masculinizes skin hair voice and fat distribution Hormone replacement therapy for trans women feminizes fat distribution and breasts as well as diminishes muscle mass and strength Laser hair removal or electrolysis removes excess hair for trans women Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the voice skin face Adam s apple breasts waist buttocks and genitals Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the chest and genitals and remove the womb ovaries and fallopian tubes The acronyms Gender affirming surgery GAS and sex reassignment surgery SRS refer to genital surgery The term sex reassignment therapy SRT is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition Use of the term sex change has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery and the term transition is preferred 5 135 Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria presence or absence of gender identity disorder 136 and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction Trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone are at increased risk for endometrial cancer because androstenedione which is made from testosterone in the body can be converted into estrogen and external estrogen is a risk factor for endometrial cancer 137 Detransition Main article Detransition Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition Formal studies of detransition have been few in number 138 of disputed quality 139 and politically controversial 140 Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1 to as high as 13 141 Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret 127 142 143 144 The 2015 U S Transgender Survey with responses from 27 715 individuals who identified as transgender trans genderqueer or non binary found that 8 of respondents reported some kind of detransition Most of those who de transitioned did so only temporarily 62 of those who had de transitioned reported that they were currently living full time in a gender different than the gender they were thought to be at birth 76 Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth nonbinary gender identity and bisexual orientation among other cohorts 143 Only 5 of detransitioners or 0 4 of total respondents reported doing so because gender transition was not for them 82 cited external reason s including pressure from others the difficulties of transition and discrimination The most common reason cited for de transitioning was pressure from a parent 36 145 146 76 Law nbsp Camille Cabral a French transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris October 1 2005Main article Transgender rights Further information Legal recognition of non binary gender Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of transsexualism to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder to a letter from a physician that attests the individual s gender transition or having established a different gender role 147 In 1994 the DSM IV entry was changed from Transsexual to Gender Identity Disorder In 2013 the DSM V removed Gender Identity Disorder and published Gender Dysphoria in its place 148 In many places transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations 24 A report released in February 2011 found that 90 of transgender people faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population 22 and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services 22 Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care 149 Europe source source source source source source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track A Welsh Government advisory video on transgender hate crimes36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation 150 In April 2017 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights 151 Canada Main article Transgender rights in Canada Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories This includes legal change of gender classification On June 19 2017 Bill C 16 having passed the legislative process in the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada became law upon receiving Royal Assent which put it into immediate force 152 153 154 The law updated the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code to include gender identity and gender expression as protected grounds from discrimination hate publications and advocating transgender genocide The bill also added gender identity and expression to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories 155 United States Main article Transgender rights in the United States In the United States transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Exceptions apply to certain types of employers for example employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations 156 In 2020 the U S Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case R G amp G R Harris Funeral Homes Inc v Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 157 Nicole Maines a trans girl took a case to Maine s supreme court in June 2013 She argued that being denied access to her high school s women s restroom was a violation of Maine s Human Rights Act one state judge has disagreed with her 158 but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court 159 On May 14 2016 the United States Department of Education and Department of Justice issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities 160 On June 30 2016 the United States Department of Defense removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military 161 On July 27 2017 President Donald Trump tweeted that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve in any capacity in the United States Armed Forces 162 Later that day Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Joseph Dunford announced there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president s direction has been received by the Secretary of Defense and the secretary has issued implementation guidance 163 Joe Biden later reversed Trump s policy when he became president in 2021 164 165 India Main article LGBT rights in India Transgender rights nbsp Jogappa is a transgender community in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh They are traditional folk singers and dancers In April 2014 the Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be a third gender in Indian law 166 167 168 The transgender community in India made up of Hijras and others has a long history in India and in Hindu mythology 169 170 Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that Seldom our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex 171 Hijras have faced structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits It is also common for them to be banished from communities 172 Sociocultural relationshipsThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2023 LGBT community See also LGBT LGBT community and LGBT culture Transgender culture Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender throughout history gay lesbian and bisexual subcultures were often the only places where gender variant people were socially accepted in the gender role they felt they belonged to especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible This acceptance has had a complex history Like the wider world the gay community in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s and the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBT rights is often overlooked 173 According to a study done at University of California Los Angeles in 2011 conducted in part by Gary J Gates 3 5 of adults across the United States identify as either gay lesbian or bisexuals whereas only 0 3 of adults identify as transgender 174 Transgender individuals have been part of various LGBT movements throughout history with significant contributions dating back to the early days of the gay liberation movement 175 The LGBT community is not a monolithic group and there are different modes of thought on who is a part of this diverse community The changes that came with the Gay Liberation Movement and Civil Rights movement saw many gay lesbian and bisexual people making headway within the public sphere and gaining support from the wider public throughout the latter half of the twentieth century The trans community only experienced a similar surge in activism during the start of the twenty first century 176 175 Due to the many different groups that make up the broader LGBT movement there are those within the larger community who do not believe that the trans community has a place within the LGBT space 176 177 Religion Main article Transgender people and religion The Vatican s doctrine department has issued a recent ruling that allows Catholic baptism for transgender individuals and infants born to same sex couples Dated October 31 2024 these new regulations stem from questions submitted by Brazilian bishop Giuseppe Negri to the dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith DDF The responses addressing specific sacraments were published on the Vatican s website in Italy Concerning transgender individuals the document states that they can undergo baptism like any other adult as long as there is no potential for causing scandal or disorientation among other Catholics If children identifying as transgender are adequately prepared and willing they can receive baptism according to the document Additionally it mentions that transgender individuals including those who have undergone gender reassignment can serve as godparents and witnesses in Catholic weddings under appropriate conditions The document also allows the baptism of children from same sex couples provided there is a well founded hope that they will receive Catholic religious education The document emphasizes that individuals in same sex relationships are regarded as committing a sin and baptism is conditional upon repentance for such actions Several sermons by Pope Francis are referenced in the document to support this ruling 178 The Church of England passed a motion at the 2017 General Synod which would ensure Anglican churches accepted transgender people even suggesting on their website that transgender people could be gifted a Bible with their new name inscribed to support them 179 Feminism Main articles Feminist views on transgender topics and Transfeminism Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time but have generally become more positive Second wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women since they were not seen as true women and as invading women only spaces 180 181 Though second wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause e g they believed that male to female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes 182 By the emergence of third wave feminism around 1990 opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities 183 184 Fourth wave feminism starting around 2012 has been widely trans inclusive but trans exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority though one that is especially prominent in the UK 185 183 186 Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled trans exclusionary radical feminists TERFs or gender critical feminists by opponents 187 188 Discrimination and support See also Transphobia Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination Approximately 90 of trans people have encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace Moreover 47 have experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender of this figure 44 were passed over for a job 23 were denied a promotion and 26 were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender 189 Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men 190 191 192 193 The start of the twenty first century saw the rise in transgender activism and with it an increase in support 175 Within the United States groups such as the Trevor Project have been serving the wider LGBT community including people who identify with the term transgender The group offers support in the form of educational resources including research advocacy and crisis services 194 The American Civil Liberties Unions ACLU is another group that fights legal battles in support of many different groups including those in the trans community 195 Other groups within the United States specifically advocate for transgender rights One of these groups directly related to transgender support is the National Center for Transgender Equality NCTE which is committed to advocating for policy changes that protect transgender people and promote equality Through their research education and advocacy efforts the NCTE works to address issues such as healthcare access employment discrimination and legal recognition for transgender individuals 196 One prominent organization within Europe is Transgender Europe TGEU a network of organizations and individuals committed to promoting equality and human rights for transgender people within European borders TGEU works to challenge discrimination improve transgender healthcare access advocate for legal recognition of gender identity and support the well being of transgender communities 197 Population figures and prevalenceSee also Transsexual Prevalence Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable definitions of transgender 198 According to a recent systematic review an estimated 9 2 out of every 100 000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy 6 8 out of every 100 000 people have received a transgender specific diagnoses and 355 out of every 100 000 people self identify as transgender 198 These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of transsexualism gender identity disorder or gender dysphoria none of which may relate with those that assess self reported identity 198 Common terminology across studies does not yet exist so population numbers may be inconsistent depending on how they are being counted A study in 2020 found that since 1990 of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men such that they equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment 199 Asia nbsp Nong Tum a Kathoey internationally recognized for her portrayal in the film Beautiful BoxerIn Thailand and Laos 200 the term kathoey is used to refer to male to female transgender people 201 and effeminate gay men 202 However many transgender people in Thailand do not identify as kathoey 203 Transgender people have also been documented in Iran 204 Japan 205 Nepal 206 Indonesia 207 Vietnam 208 South Korea 209 Jordan 210 Singapore 211 and the greater Chinese region including Hong Kong 212 213 Taiwan 214 and the People s Republic of China 215 216 The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender referred to as hijra in Hindi In India the Supreme Court on April 15 2014 recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female stating Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue 217 In 1998 Shabnam Mausi became the first transgender person to be elected in India in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh 218 Europe According to Amnesty International 1 5 million transgender people live in the European Union as at 2017 making up 0 3 of the population 219 A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that of 10 026 respondents 1 4 would be classified into a gender minority group The survey also showed that 1 had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process including thoughts or actions 220 In the England and Wales section of the 2021 United Kingdom census 0 5 of respondents aged 16 and over indicated that their gender identity was different from their sex assigned at birth 221 North America The 2021 Canadian census released by Statistics Canada found that 59 460 Canadians 0 19 of the population identified as transgender 222 According to the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces by Statistics Canada in 2018 0 24 of the Canadian population identified as transgender men women or non binary individuals 223 The Social Security Administration has tracked the sex of United States citizens since 1936 224 A 1968 estimate by Ira B Pauly estimated that about 2 500 transsexual people were living in the United States with four times as many trans women as trans men 225 One effort to quantify the modern population in 2011 gave a rough estimate that 0 3 of adults in the US are transgender 226 227 More recent studies released in 2016 estimate the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0 5 to 0 6 This would put the total number of transgender Americans at approximately 1 4 million adults as of 2016 update 228 229 230 231 In the United States and Canada some Native American and First Nations cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders 232 such as the Zuni male bodied lhamana 233 the Lakota male bodied winkte 234 and the Mohave male bodied alyhaa and female bodied hwamee 235 These traditional people along with those from other North American Indigenous cultures are sometimes part of the contemporary pan Indian two spirit community 234 Historically in most cultures who have alternate gender roles if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise gender variant they have not generally been regarded as other gendered themselves simply for being in a same sex relationship 235 In Mexico the Zapotec culture includes a third gender in the form of the Muxe 236 Mahu is a traditional third gender in Hawai i and Tahiti Mahu are valued as teachers caretakers of culture and healers such as Kapaemahu Dine Navajo have Nadleehi 112 Latin America In Latin American cultures a travesti is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine transfeminine or femme gender identity Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex and might use breast implants but they are not offered or do not desire sex reassignment surgery Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself a third gender a mix between man and woman intergender androgynes or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person bigender They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth 237 Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world 238 These newer identities sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term genderqueer 238 along with the older travesti term are known as non binary and go along with binary transgender identities those traditionally diagnosed under the obsolete label of transsexualism under the single umbrella of transgender but are distinguished from cross dressers and drag queens and kings that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made 239 CultureComing out Main article Coming out Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when whether and how to disclose their transgender status to family close friends and others The prevalence of discrimination and violence against transgender persons can make coming out a risky decision Fear of retaliatory behavior such as being removed from the parental home while underage is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood citation needed Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a phase or making efforts to change their children back to normal by utilizing mental health services to alter the child s gender identity 240 better source needed The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people Some come out in an online identity first providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world 241 Visibility Main articles Transgender Awareness Week International Transgender Day of Visibility and Transgender Day of Remembrance See also Media portrayals of transgender people and Trans march nbsp Actress Laverne Cox who is trans in July 2014In 2014 the United States reached a transgender tipping point according to Time 242 243 At this time the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before Since then the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated 244 nbsp Trans March Existrans 2017Annual marches protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues often taking place during the time of local Pride parades for LGBT people These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community address human rights struggles and create visibility 245 246 247 248 International Transgender Day of Visibility is an annual holiday occurring on March 31 249 250 dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide The holiday was founded by Michigan based transgender activist 251 Rachel Crandall in 2009 252 Transgender Day of Remembrance TDOR is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester who was killed on November 28 1998 Her murder remains unsolved but was described in 2022 as a result of transphobia and anti trans violence by the Office of the Mayor of Boston Michelle Wu 253 TDOR memorializes victims of hate crimes and prejudice and raises awareness of hate crimes committed upon living transgender people 254 Transgender Awareness Week is a one week celebration leading up to TDOR dedicated to educating about transgender and gender non conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity 255 Pride symbols Main article LGBT symbols Transgender See also Transgender flag and Gendered associations of pink and blueA common symbol for the transgender community is the Transgender Pride Flag which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999 and was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix Arizona in 2000 The flag consists of five horizontal stripes light blue pink white pink and light blue 256 Other transgender symbols include the butterfly symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis 257 and a pink light blue yin and yang symbol 258 Several gender symbols have been used to represent transgender people including and 259 260 See also nbsp Transgender portal nbsp LGBT portalTransgender at Wikipedia s sister projects nbsp Definitions from Wiktionary nbsp Media from Commons nbsp Quotations from Wikiquote nbsp Texts from Wikisource List of transgender and transsexual fictional characters List of transgender people List of transgender publications List of transgender related topics List of transgender rights organizations List of people killed for being transgender Transgender historyNotes In April 1970 TV Guide published an article which referenced a post operative transsexual movie character as being transgendered Sunday Highlights TV Guide April 26 1970 Archived from the original on 4 June 2012 Retrieved 28 May 2012 R aquel Welch left moviedom s sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine hero of Gore Vidal s transgendered Myra Breckinridge In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality A Manual for the Physician and the Professions transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 National TV TS Conference held in Leeds West Yorkshire UK used trans gender and trans people as umbrella terms Oliven John F 1974 Clinical sexuality A Manual for the Physician and the Professions 3rd ed Lippincott Transgender deviance p 110 Transgender research p 484 transgender deviates p 485 Transvestites not welcome at Transgender Center p 487 ISBN 9780397503292 OCLC 563898062 Archived from the original on 2015 12 05 2006 The Transgender Phenomenon Elkins Richard King Dave 2006 The Transgender Phenomenon Sage p 13 ISBN 978 0 7619 7163 4 Archived from the original on 2015 09 26 A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry 1974 references transgender surgery noting The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman Novello Joseph R 1974 A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry Springfield Illinois C C Thomas p 176 ISBN 9780398028688 OCLC 643581864 Archived from the original on 2015 09 19 Magnus Hirschfeld coined the German term Transsexualismus in 1923 which Cauldwell translated into English The recurring concern that transsexual implies sexuality stems from the tendency of many informal speakers to ignore the sex and gender distinction and use gender for any male female difference and sex for sexual activity Liberman Mark Single X Education Language Log Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 Retrieved 28 June 2012 References A glossary Defining transgender terms American Psychological Association 49 8 32 September 2018 Archived from the original on 2023 07 12 Retrieved 2023 07 24 a b c d Bevan Dana J 17 November 2014 The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism Santa Barbara California ABC Clio Greenwood Publishing p 42 ISBN 9781440831270 OCLC 1021404840 Archived from the original on 15 May 2022 Retrieved 14 May 2022 The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell 1949 and popularized by Harry Benjamin 1966 The term transgender was coined by John Oliven 1965 and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince 1976 popularized the term but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince a b Polly Ryan Nicole Julie March 2011 Understanding transsexual patients culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 33 1 55 64 doi 10 1097 TME 0b013e3182080ef4 PMID 21317698 S2CID 2481961 Archived from the original on 2022 03 11 Retrieved 2022 05 14 The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self identify varies As aforementioned many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender or simply trans as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas There are some transsexual individuals however who reject the term transgender these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition Following medical and or surgical transition they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history Forsyth Craig J Copes Heith 2014 Encyclopedia of Social Deviance SAGE Publications p 740 ISBN 978 1483364698 Archived from the original on December 1 2016 Retrieved April 12 2016 Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities gender expressions and or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex that they were assigned at birth a b c d e GLAAD Media Reference Guide Transgender Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation GLAAD 9 September 2011 Archived from the original on 13 May 2019 Retrieved 25 November 2020 An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth Transgender should be used as an adjective not as a noun Do not say Tony is a transgender or The parade included many transgenders The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous ed tacked onto the end An ed suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian gay bisexual and queer You would not say that Elton John is gayed or Ellen DeGeneres is lesbianed therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is transgendered Bilodeau Brent 21 October 2008 Beyond the Gender Binary A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University Journal of Gay amp Lesbian Issues in Education Routledge 3 1 29 44 doi 10 1300 J367v03n01 05 S2CID 144070536 Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 14 May 2022 Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research individuals who express a non binary construction of gender Stryker Susan Whittle Stephen Aizura Aren Z 18 October 2013 The Transgender Studies Reader New York Routledge Hoboken Taylor amp Francis p 666 ISBN 978 1135398842 OCLC 1120816658 Archived from the original on 15 May 2022 Retrieved 14 May 2022 The authors note that increasingly in social science literature the term third gender is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term transgender Chrisler Joan C McCreary Donald R 12 March 2010 Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology Volume 1 New York London Springer Publishing p 486 ISBN 9781441914651 OCLC 647897357 Archived from the original on 15 May 2022 Retrieved 14 May 2022 Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity For example some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender thereby treating this phenomenon as normative Reisner S L Conron K Scout N Mimiaga M J Haneuse S Austin S B 13 March 2014 Comparing In Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U S National Transgender Discrimination Survey Implications for Transgender Health Research LGBT Health 1 2 98 106 doi 10 1089 lgbt 2013 0018 PMID 26789619 Archived from the original on 23 October 2021 Retrieved 14 May 2022 Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially medically or legally fully transition including cross dressers people who consider themselves to be genderqueer androgynous and Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Health Transgender Persons CDC U S Department of Health and Human Services September 29 2020 Archived from the original on 18 February 2021 Retrieved 21 November 2020 Blank Paula 2014 09 24 Will the Word Cisgender Ever Go Mainstream The Atlantic Archived from the original on 2018 05 13 Retrieved 2021 08 14 Factsheet Trans People in the UK PDF Report gov uk 3 July 2018 ISBN 9781786556738 Archived PDF from the original on 8 April 2022 Retrieved 29 May 2022 Transgender Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 2022 06 14 Retrieved 2022 06 14 Easton Rob 27 April 2022 Historic census data sheds light on number of trans and non binary people for the first time CBC ca Archived from the original on 27 April 2022 Retrieved 29 May 2022 Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries The Economist Archived from the original on 2018 03 22 Retrieved 2022 05 22 What Percentage of the Population is Transgender 2022 worldpopulationreview com Archived from the original on 2022 05 22 Retrieved 2022 05 22 Counting Trans Populations Division of Prevention Science prevention ucsf edu Archived from the original on 2022 05 13 Retrieved 2022 05 22 a b Kozee H B Tylka T L Bauerband L A 2012 Measuring transgender individuals comfort with gender identity and appearance Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale Psychology of Women Quarterly SAGE Publications 36 2 179 196 doi 10 1177 0361684312442161 S2CID 10564167 Archived from the original on 2021 03 05 Retrieved 2019 11 27 a b Maizes Victoria Low Dog Tieraona 19 November 2015 Integrative Women s Health Oxford University Press p 745 ISBN 978 0190214807 Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender Treatment for gender dysphoria considered to be highly effective includes physical medical and or surgical treatments some transgender people may not choose to transition at all Understanding Transgender People FAQ National Center for Transgender Equality 1 May 2009 Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 Retrieved 20 April 2016 Lombardi Emilia L Anne Wilchins Riki Priesing Dana Malouf Diana October 2008 Gender Violence Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination Journal of Homosexuality 42 1 89 101 doi 10 1300 J082v42n01 05 PMID 11991568 S2CID 34886642 a b c Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation February 4 2011 Archived from the original on August 3 2011 Retrieved December 14 2021 Bradford Judith Reisner Sari L Honnold Julie A Xavier Jessica 2013 Experiences of Transgender Related Discrimination and Implications for Health Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study American Journal of Public Health 103 10 1820 1829 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2012 300796 PMC 3780721 PMID 23153142 a b Whittle Stephen 2002 Respect and equality transsexual and transgender rights London Portland OR Cavendish Pub ISBN 978 1 85941 743 0 OCLC 810082841 DiGuglielmo Joey 11 May 2016 Querry Bianca Rey Washington Blade Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 28 November 2020 Griggs Brandon 1 June 2015 America s transgender moment CNN Archived from the original on 9 March 2022 Retrieved 28 November 2020 Hayden Mora deputy chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign and a transgender man Polly Nicole J 2011 Understanding the transsexual patient culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal 33 1 55 64 doi 10 1097 TME 0b013e3182080ef4 PMID 21317698 S2CID 2481961 Hirschfeld Magnus 1923 Die Intersexuelle Konstitution The Intersexual Constitution Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types in German Answers to your questions about transgender people www apa org American Psychological Association 2014 Archived from the original on 15 September 2022 Retrieved 21 September 2022 According to the APA Style guide the term transsexual is largely outdated Mills Robert 2015 Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages The University of Chicago Press ISBN 9780226169262 Indeed it is arguably only since the 1990s with the coining of the umbrella term transgender that gender variance has come to be understood in certain activist and institutional settings as being ontologically different from homosexuality Transgender rights Phyllis Randolph Frye Paisley Currah Richard M Juang Shannon Minter Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press 2006 ISBN 0 8166 4311 3 OCLC 68221085 Archived from the original on 2020 06 12 Retrieved 2023 01 17 From signifying a subject position between cross dresser and transsexual the meaning of transgender expanded radically in the early 1990s to include them along with other cross gender practices and identities a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Thomas E Bevan The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism 2014 ISBN 1440831270 pages 42 61 The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell 1949 and popularized by Harry Benjamin 1966 The term transgender was coined by John Oliven 1965 and was popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism Oliven J 1965 June Transgenderism transsexualism Sexual Hygiene and Pathology 514 Simon Ray 2017 Stirring up the origin of the alphabet soup Erie Gay News Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 According to scholars the word first appeared in print in John F Oliven s 1965 book Sexual Hygiene and Pathology Oliven writes Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments and becomes an urge for gender sex change transvestism becomes transsexualism The term is misleading actually transgenderism is what is meant because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism Although Oliven s understanding of transgender is not the same as our understanding of it today his use of it is still significant As K J Rawson and Cristan Williams note in their book Transgender The Rhetorical Landscape of a Term Oliven didn t use the word in the book s 1955 edition it was added later when the second edition was revised and published Gradually some members of this marginalized community began to apply the word transgender to themselves For example Virginia Charles Prince publisher of the long running periodical Transvestia occasionally used a variation of the word transgenderal Oliven John F 1965 Sexual hygiene and pathology a manual for the physician and the professions Lippincott Archived from the original on 2020 10 02 Retrieved 2020 08 22 Oliven John F 1965 Sexual Hygiene and Pathology The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 250 2 235 doi 10 1097 00000441 196508000 00054 S2CID 71768943 Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments and becomes an urge for gender sex change transvestism becomes transsexualism The term is misleading actually transgenderism is what is meant because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism Psychologically the transsexual often differs from the simple cross dresser he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman and the urge can be truly consuming p 514 Rawson K J Williams Cristan 2014 Transgender The Rhetorical Landscape of a term Present Tense A Journal of Rhetoric in Society 3 2 Archived from the original on 2017 05 15 Retrieved 2017 05 18 Prince Virginia 1969 Change of Sex or Gender Transvestia Chevalier Publications IX 60 65 Archived from the original on December 28 2021 I at least know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former If a word is necessary I should be termed a transgenderal a b Elkins Richard King Dave 2006 The Transgender Phenomenon Sage pp 13 14 ISBN 978 0 7619 7163 4 Archived from the original on 2015 09 26 Ekins Richard King Dave 1999 Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies The Sociological Review 47 3 580 602 doi 10 1111 1467 954X 00185 S2CID 144738527 Virginia Prince pioneered the term transgenderist and transgenderal Prince 1976 145 to refer to people who lived full time in the gender opposite their biological sex but did not seek sex gender re assignment surgery Richard Ekins established the Trans Gender Archive at the University of Ulster in 1986 Ekins 1988 The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex sexuality and gender not just gender including the binary divide all have socially constructed components Not long afterwards the transgender community came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals transvestites transgenderists drag queens and so on as well as in some uses to include their partners and friends and professional service providers Rayner Claire 2 June 1979 Crossing Over Radio Times BBC Radio 4 published 6 June 1979 Archived from the original on 7 June 2023 Retrieved 6 June 2023 Peo TV TS Tapestry Board of Advisors Roger E 1984 The Origins and Cures for Transgender Behavior The TV TS Tapestry No 2 Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 Retrieved 28 May 2012 First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy 1992 organizational pamphlet ICTLEP 1992 Archived from the original on 30 March 2012 Retrieved 28 May 2012 Transgendered persons include transsexuals transgenderists and other crossdressers of both sexes transitioning in either direction male to female or female to male of any sexual orientation and of all races creeds religions ages and degrees of physical impediment Stryker Susan 1 January 2008 Transgender History Homonormativity and Disciplinarity Radical History Review 2008 100 145 157 doi 10 1215 01636545 2007 026 Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Currah Paisley 2006 Gender Pluralisms under the Transgender Umbrella In Currah P Juang R M Minter S eds Transgender Rights University of Minnesota Press p 4 ISBN 978 0 8166 4312 7 Archived from the original on 2021 05 04 Retrieved 2021 03 22 a b Myers Alex 14 May 2018 Trans Terminology Seems Like It s Changing All the Time And That s a Good Thing Slate Magazine Archived from the original on 15 May 2018 Retrieved 15 May 2018 Mallon Gerald P 1998 Appendix Definitions of Key Terms In Gerald P Mallon ed Foundations of Social Work Practice with Lesbian and Gay Persons Harrington Park Press pp 275 276 ISBN 1 56023 101 7 LCCN 97 13382 OCLC 37361633 Transgender Is a person whose gender identity is different from her his biological gender Many transgender individuals are persons who report feeling trapped in the wrong body These people psychologically identify themselves with the opposite biological gender and desire to be a person of that gender transgender Merriam Webster Dictionary 2017 Archived from the original on 13 April 2017 especially of relating to or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth Transgenderism no longer a mental illness WHO France 24 19 June 2018 Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 Transgender people who identify as the opposite gender to the one they were born with Gazzaniga Michael S 2018 Human Development Psychological Science 6th ed W W Norton p 367 ISBN 978 0 393 64040 3 OCLC 992709311 A transgender person was born as one biological sex but feels that her true gender identity is that of the other sex a b Mardell Ashley 2016 The ABC s of LGBT Coral Gables Florida Mango Media Inc p 96 ISBN 978 1 63353 408 7 Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 Retrieved 14 December 2019 Vincent Ben 2020 Non Binary Genders Navigating Communities Identities and Healthcare Bristol UK Policy Press p 17 note 10 doi 10 2307 j ctv138wrbg ISBN 978 1 4473 5192 4 JSTOR j ctv138wrbg S2CID 225850961 Guardian and Observer style guide T London Guardian News amp Media 20 November 2015 Archived from the original on 2017 07 09 U se transgender only as an adjective transgender person trans person never transgendered person or a transgender transgender adj and n Oxford English Dictionary 3rd ed Oxford University Press March 2003 Subscription or participating institution membership required a b c GLAAD Media Reference Guide Transgender Terms GLAAD 2022 02 22 Archived from the original on 2023 09 28 Retrieved 2022 07 28 Bouman Walter Pierre 8 January 2020 Sumamus exordio International Journal of Transgender Health International Journal of Transgender Health 21 1 1 2 doi 10 1080 15532739 2020 1709316 PMC 7430473 PMID 33015654 See paragraph 5 Glicksman Eve April 2013 Transgender terminology It s complicated Monitor on Psychology American Psychological Association 44 4 39 Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 Retrieved 17 September 2013 Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender LGBT People The End to LGBT Invisibility PowerPoint Presentation The Fenway Institute p 24 Archived from the original on 2013 10 20 Retrieved 2013 09 17 Use the pronoun that matches the person s gender identity Martin Katherine New words notes June 2015 Oxford English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 14 August 2015 Retrieved 2 August 2015 Transgender Rights 2006 ISBN 0 8166 4312 1 edited by Paisley Currah Richard M Juang Shannon Minter Alegria Christine Aramburu April 2011 Transgender identity and health care Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation Transgender identity and health care Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 23 4 175 182 doi 10 1111 j 1745 7599 2010 00595 x PMID 21489011 S2CID 205909330 Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 Retrieved 4 April 2023 Transgender Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and or behavior Meyerowitz 2002 Transsexual Subset of transgenderism persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity Meyerowitz 2002 For example Virginia Prince used transgender to distinguish cross dressers from transsexual people glbtq gt social sciences gt gt Prince Virginia Charles glbtq com Archived from the original on 2015 02 11 writing in Men Who Choose to Be Women in Sexology February 1969 that I at least know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former Sex Medical Definition medilexicon com Archived from the original on 2014 02 22 defines sex as a biological or physiological quality while gender is a psychological category to which an individual is assigned by self or others UNCW Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality PDF Archived from the original PDF on February 21 2014 A Swenson Medical Care of the Transgender Patient in Family Medicine 2014 While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual Parker Jerry October 18 1979 Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx Newsday Winnipeg Free Press Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 Retrieved 28 May 2012 If you understand trans genders she says the word she prefers to transsexuals then you understand that gender doesn t have to do with bed partners it has to do with identity News From California Transgender Appeal Democrat Associate Press May 11 1982 pp A 10 Archived from the original on 12 April 2012 Retrieved 28 May 2012 she describes people who have had such operations transgender rather than transsexual Sexuality is who you sleep with but gender is who you are she explained a b Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms PDF Boston Mass Fenway Health January 2010 p 15 Archived from the original PDF on 19 October 2013 a b Valentine David Imagining Transgender An Ethnography of a Category Duke University 2007 a b Stryker Susan Introduction In Stryker and S Whittle eds The Transgender Studies Reader New York Routledge 2006 pp 1 17 ISBN 1 135 39884 4 Winters Kelley 2008 Gender Madness in American Psychiatry essays from the struggle for dignity Dillon Colorado GID Reform Advocates p 198 ISBN 9781439223888 Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community others do not Benjamin H 1966 The transsexual phenomenon New York Julian Press page 23 Ekins Richard 2005 Science politics and clinical intervention Harry Benjamin transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity Sexualities July 2005 vol 8 no 3 306 328 doi 10 1177 1363460705049578 Hansbury Griffin 2008 The Middle Men An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities Studies in Gender and Sexuality Volume 6 Issue 3 2005 doi 10 1080 15240650609349276 Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity Archived 2010 06 15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation Bockting Walter Benner Autumn Coleman Eli 28 March 2009 Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female to Male Transsexuals in North America Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality Archives of Sexual Behavior 38 5 688 701 doi 10 1007 s10508 009 9489 3 PMID 19330439 S2CID 27207925 a b c d The Report of the 2015 U S Transgender Survey PDF National Center for Transgender Equality Archived PDF from the original on 9 December 2016 Retrieved 6 March 2016 a b Trans PULSE Canada Report No 1 or 10 10 March 2020 Archived from the original on 14 March 2020 Retrieved 10 March 2020 Haefele Thomas Ardel 5 February 2019 Introduction to transgender studies Combs Thatcher Rains Cameron Stryker Susan Clifford Jo 1950 New York NY US pp 107 110 ISBN 978 1 939594 28 0 OCLC 1048658263 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Gill Peterson Julian 23 October 2018 Histories of the transgender child Minneapolis pp 80 90 ISBN 978 1 4529 5815 6 OCLC 1027732161 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Blanchard Ray 1989 The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias Archives of Sexual Behavior 18 4 315 334 doi 10 1007 BF01541951 PMID 2673136 S2CID 43151898 Bagemihl B 1997 Surrogate phonology and transsexual faggotry A linguistic analogy for uncoupling sexual orientation from gender identity In Livia Anna Hall Kira eds Queerly Phrased Language Gender and Sexuality Oxford University Press ISBN 0195104714 Wahng SJ 2004 Double Cross Transmasculinity Asian American Gendering in Trappings of Transhood in Aldama AJ ed Violence and the Body Race Gender and the State Indiana University Press ISBN 025334171X Leiblum SR Rosen RC 2000 Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy Third Edition ISBN 1 57230 574 6 Guilford Press of New York c2000 APA task force 1994 For sexually mature individuals the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual s sexual orientation Sexually Attracted to Males Sexually Attracted to Females Sexually Attracted to Both and Sexually Attracted to Neither in DSM IV Sections 302 6 and 302 85 Archived 2007 02 11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association Retrieved via Mental Health Matters Archived 2007 04 07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007 04 06 Goethals S C and Schwiebert V L 2005 counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender sexuality and sexual orientation In addition they supported counselors need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons Counseling as a Critique of Gender On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Vol 27 No 3 September 2005 Retrieved via SpringerLink Archived 2012 01 22 at the Wayback Machine on 2007 04 06 McCrea Amy Under the Transgender Umbrella Improving ENDA s Protections in the Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 2013 This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people highlighting the experience of a subset of non binary individuals bigender people Wilchins Riki Anne 2002 It s Your Gender Stupid pp 23 32 in Joan Nestle Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins eds Genderqueer Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary Los Angeles Alyson Publications 2002 Nestle J 2002 pluralistic challenges to the male female woman man gay straight butch femme constructions and identities from Genders on My Mind pp 3 10 in Genderqueer Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary edited by Joan Nestle Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins published by Los Angeles Alyson Publications 2002 9 Retrieved 2007 04 07 Lindqvist Anna 18 Feb 2020 What is gender anyway a review of the options for operationalising gender Psychology amp Sexuality 12 4 332 344 doi 10 1080 19419899 2020 1729844 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions Archived from the original on 2019 04 30 Retrieved 2020 07 10 Adams Cydney March 24 2017 The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity CBS News Viacom CBS Archived from the original on 9 March 2022 Retrieved 21 November 2020 E D Hirsch Jr E D Kett J F Trefil J 2002 Transvestite Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex in Definition of the word transvestite Archived 2007 10 12 at the Wayback Machine from The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third Edition Archived August 18 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 08 13 various 2006 trans ves tite plural trans ves tites noun Definition somebody who dresses like opposite sex in Definition of the word transvestite Archived 2007 11 09 at the Wayback Machine from the Encarta World English Dictionary North American Edition Archived April 10 2011 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 08 13 Raj R 2002 transvestite TV n Synonym crossdresser CD in Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6 2 Retrieved 2007 08 13 Archived September 27 2007 at the Wayback Machine a b Hall B et al 2007 Many say this term crossdresser is preferable to transvestite which means the same thing and transvestite TV same as cross dresser Most feel cross dresser is the preferred term in Discussion Paper Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine from the Ontario Human Rights Commission Archived 2007 08 13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 08 13 Green E Peterson E N 2006 The preferred term is cross dresser but the term transvestite is still used in a positive sense in England in LGBTTSQI Terminology Archived 2013 09 05 at the Wayback Machine from Trans Academics org Archived 2007 04 24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 08 13 Gilbert Michael A 2000 The Transgendered Philosopher International Journal of Transgenderism Archived from the original on January 26 2016 Retrieved December 16 2015 Gilbert Michael Miqqi Alicia 2000 The Transgendered Philosopher in Special Issue on What is Transgender Archived 2007 10 11 at the Wayback Machine from The International Journal of Transgenderism Special Issue July 2000 Archived 2007 10 11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 10 09 Docter Richard F Prince Virginia 1997 Transvestism A survey of 1032 cross dressers Archives of Sexual Behavior 26 6 589 605 doi 10 1023 a 1024572209266 PMID 9415796 S2CID 43816859 a b World Health Organization 1992 Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines in ICD 10 Gender Identity Disorder category F65 1 Archived 2009 04 22 at the Wayback Machine published by the World Health Organization Archived 2016 07 05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 08 13 a b APA task force 1994 The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross dressing Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross dress While cross dressed he usually masturbates in DSM IV Sections 302 3 Archived 2007 02 11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association Retrieved 2007 08 13 Understanding Drag National Center For Transgender Equality 28 April 2017 Archived from the original on 10 March 2018 Retrieved 3 September 2020 The Many Styles Of Drag Kings Photographed In And Out Of Drag HuffPost 2019 11 12 Archived from the original on 2021 03 08 Retrieved 2020 06 03 How Drag Queens Work HowStuffWorks 2012 11 12 Archived from the original on 2021 02 25 Retrieved 2020 06 03 a b c d Janssen Diederik F 2020 04 21 Transgenderism Before Gender Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid Twentieth Century Archives of Sexual Behavior 49 5 1415 1425 doi 10 1007 s10508 020 01715 w ISSN 0004 0002 PMID 32319033 S2CID 216073926 Stryker Susan 2008 Transgender history Berkeley CA Seal Press ISBN 978 1 58005 690 8 OCLC 1162214303 Abbie E Goldberg Genny Beemyn The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies 2021 page 32 M Nugent Helios 35 2008 pages 171 172 Varner Eric 2008 Transcending Gender Assimilation Identity and Roman Imperial Portraits Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome Supplementary Volume Ann Arbor Michigan US University of Michigan Press 7 200 201 ISSN 1940 0977 JSTOR 40379354 OCLC 263448435 Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well endowed Aurelius Zoticus when Zoticus addressed the emperor as my lord Elagabalus responded Don t call me lord I am a lady Dio concludes his anecdote by having Elagabalus asking his physicians to give him the equivalent of a woman s vagina by means of a surgical incision Godbout Louis 2004 Elagabalus PDF GLBTQ An Encyclopedia of Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender and Queer Culture Chicago glbtq Inc Archived PDF from the original on 17 November 2015 Retrieved 6 August 2007 Benjamin Harry 1966 The Transsexual Phenomenon Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences New York The Julian Press Inc 29 4 428 430 doi 10 1111 j 2164 0947 1967 tb02273 x ISBN 978 0 446 82426 2 PMID 5233741 Archived from the original on 24 April 2005 Retrieved 27 April 2005 a b The Trans History You Weren t Taught in Schools YES Magazine Archived from the original on 2022 01 23 Retrieved 2022 01 23 Hickman H Porfilio B J 2012 The New Politics of the Textbook Problematizing the Portrayal of Marginalized Groups in Textbooks Constructing Knowledge Curriculum Studies in Action SensePublishers p 235 ISBN 978 94 6091 912 1 Archived from the original on 2023 01 10 Retrieved 2023 01 10 Holocaust Memorial Day Trust 6 May 1933 Looting of the Institute of Sexology Archived from the original on 2022 03 07 Retrieved 2022 03 20 Queer Science The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality The Washington Post Archived from the original on 2017 12 13 Retrieved 2022 11 17 Coleman E Radix A E et al WPATH 19 August 2022 Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People Version 8 International Journal of Transgender Health 23 Suppl 1 S1 S259 doi 10 1080 26895269 2022 2100644 ISSN 2689 5269 PMC 9553112 PMID 36238954 a b c Brown M L amp Rounsley C A 1996 True Selves Understanding Transsexualism For Families Friends Coworkers and Helping Professionals Jossey Bass San Francisco ISBN 0 7879 6702 5 American Psychiatric Association 18 March 2022 Gender Dysphoria Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed text rev ed American Psychiatric Association Publishing doi 10 1176 appi books 9780890425787 x14 Gender Dysophoria ISBN 978 0 89042 575 6 Atwill Nicole 2010 02 17 France Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses Global Legal Monitor www loc gov Archived from the original on 2017 05 11 Retrieved 2017 10 18 La transsexualite ne sera plus classee comme affectation psychiatrique Transsexuality will no longer be classified as a psychiatric condition Le Monde May 16 2009 Archived from the original on February 26 2018 Retrieved March 14 2018 La France est tres en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels Liberation in French 2011 05 17 Archived from the original on 2014 11 30 En realite ce decret n a ete rien d autre qu un coup mediatique un tres bel effet d annonce Sur le terrain rien n a change Garloch Karen 9 May 2016 What it means to be transgender Answers to 5 key questions Charlotte Observer Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 18 December 2016 Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity Archived 2010 06 15 at the Wayback Machine report from the website of the American Psychological Association Is being transgender a mental disorder Carroll L Gilroy P J Ryan J 2002 Transgender issues in counselor education Counselor Education and Supervision 41 3 233 242 doi 10 1002 j 1556 6978 2002 tb01286 x a b c d e Benson Kristen E 2013 Seeking support Transgender client experiences with mental health services Journal of Feminist Family Therapy 25 1 17 40 doi 10 1080 08952833 2013 755081 S2CID 144491629 Archived from the original on 2022 03 09 Retrieved 2019 11 27 Standards of care for the health of transsexual transgender and gender nonconforming people 7th version PDF The World Professional Association for Transgender Health Archived from the original PDF on 3 March 2012 Retrieved 30 November 2014 a b Detransition estimates Detransitioning after surgical interventions is exceedingly rare Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2 Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery when people are still exploring their options There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones says Randi Ettner a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health That is not uncommon Clark Flory 2015 There were 15 5 female to male and 10 male to female regret applications corresponding to a 2 2 regret rate for both sexes There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period Dhejne et al define regret as application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned which gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years Dhejne et al 2014 Hanssmann C Morrison D Russian E 2008 Talking gawking or getting it done Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender nonconforming patients and clients Sexuality Research and Social Policy 5 5 23 doi 10 1525 srsp 2008 5 1 5 S2CID 52025741 France Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France ilga org Archived from the original on 2013 09 10 Le transsexualisme n est plus une maladie mentale en France Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France Le Monde fr in French December 2 2010 Archived from the original on February 13 2010 Retrieved February 12 2010 Haas Ann P Rodgers Philip L Herman Jody L 2014 Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non Conforming Adults Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey PDF American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy pp 2 3 11 Archived from the original PDF on October 8 2017 Retrieved October 9 2017 Herman Jody L Brown Taylor N T Haas Ann P September 2019 Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults PDF Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy Archived from the original PDF on May 13 2020 Retrieved May 13 2020 Travers Robb Bauer Greta Pyne Jake Bradley Kaitlin Gale Lorraine Papadimitriou Maria 2 October 2012 Impacts of Strong Parental Support for Trans Youth PDF TransPulse Canada Archived PDF from the original on 16 June 2023 Retrieved 7 June 2023 Urquhart Evan March 21 2018 A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender Why Slate Archived from the original on March 21 2018 Retrieved January 10 2018 Pfafflin F Junge A 1998 This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient to take the patient seriously in Sex Reassignment Thirty Years of International Follow Up Studies A Comprehensive Review 1961 1991 from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism Retrieved 2007 09 06 APA task force 1994 preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics in DSM IV Sections 302 6 and 302 85 Archived 2007 02 11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association Retrieved via Mental Health Matters Archived 2007 04 07 at the Wayback Machine on 2007 04 06 Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women 2011 Committee Opinion No 512 Obstetrics amp Gynecology 118 6 1454 1458 doi 10 1097 AOG 0b013e31823ed1c1 PMID 22105293 There is a paucity of literature Danker et al 2018 We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care Zucker 2019 The research on outcomes post transition is mixed at best Marchiano 2017 R esearch in this field is extremely controversial Danker et al 2018 Detransitioning after surgical interventions is exceedingly rare Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery when people are still exploring their options Clark Flory 2015 Hall R Mitchell L Sachdeva J 1 October 2021 Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic retrospective case note review BJPsych Open 7 6 e184 doi 10 1192 bjo 2021 1022 ISSN 2056 4724 PMC 8503911 PMID 34593070 Rates of detransitioning are unknown with estimates ranging from less than 1 to 8 a b Turban Jack L Loo Stephanie S Almazan Anthony N Keuroghlian Alex S 2021 06 01 Factors Leading to Detransition Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States A Mixed Methods Analysis LGBT Health 8 4 273 280 doi 10 1089 lgbt 2020 0437 ISSN 2325 8292 PMC 8213007 PMID 33794108 Bustos Valeria P Bustos Samyd S Mascaro Andres Del Corral Gabriel Forte Antonio J Ciudad Pedro Kim Esther A Langstein Howard N Manrique Oscar J 2021 03 19 Regret after Gender affirmation Surgery A Systematic Review and Meta analysis of Prevalence Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 9 3 e3477 doi 10 1097 GOX 0000000000003477 ISSN 2169 7574 PMC 8099405 PMID 33968550 Boslaugh 2018 p 43 James et al 2016 pp 111 292 294 Boslaugh Sarah 3 August 2018 Transgender Health tIssues ABC CLIO pp 43 44 ISBN 9781440858888 OCLC 1031430413 Archived from the original on 3 April 2023 Retrieved 20 March 2023 Currah Paisley M Juang Richard Minter Shannon Price eds 2006 Transgender Rights Minnesota University Press pp 51 73 ISBN 978 0 8166 4312 7 Archived from the original on 2021 05 04 Retrieved 2020 11 07 Nokoff Natalie J 2022 01 19 Table 2 DSM 5 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria www ncbi nlm nih gov Archived from the original on 2023 03 31 Retrieved 2023 03 26 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare Archived 2011 08 04 at the Wayback Machine GLAAD US November 3 2010 Retrieved 2011 02 24 Trans Rights Europe Map amp Index 2017 tgeu org 18 May 2017 Archived from the original on 2017 10 19 Retrieved 2017 10 18 HUDOC European Court of Human Rights hudoc echr coe int Archived from the original on 2017 10 19 Retrieved 2017 10 18 LEGISinfo www parl ca Archived from the original on May 22 2016 LEGISinfo House Government Bill C 16 42 1 www parl ca Archived from the original on December 24 2016 Tasker John Paul June 16 2017 Canada enacts protections for transgender community CBC News Archived from the original on June 17 2017 Retrieved June 16 2017 Overview of Human Rights Codes by Province and Territory in Canada PDF Canadian Center for Diversity and Inclusion January 2018 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 09 19 Retrieved 2020 09 03 Civil Rights Act of 1964 CRA Title VII Equal Employment Opportunities 42 US Code Chapter 21 finduslaw Archived from the original on October 21 2010 Retrieved June 6 2010 Neidig Harper June 15 2020 Workers can t be fired for being gay or transgender Supreme Court rules The Hill Archived from the original on June 15 2020 Retrieved June 15 2020 June Daniel 13 June 2013 Transgender Girl in Maine Seeks Supreme Court s Approval to Use School s Girls Room JD Journal Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 Retrieved 13 June 2013 Sharp David January 31 2014 Maine Court Rules In Favor Of Transgender Pupil The Huffington Post Archived from the original on December 12 2015 Retrieved December 16 2015 Grinberg Emanuella May 14 2016 Feds issue guidance on transgender access to school bathrooms CNN Archived from the original on May 18 2016 Retrieved May 19 2016 Transgender Service Members Can Now Serve Openly Carter Announces June 30 2016 Archived from the original on August 10 2017 Retrieved August 9 2017 Trump Transgender people can t serve in US military BBC News July 26 2017 Archived from the original on July 29 2017 Retrieved August 9 2017 The Joint Chiefs say there ll be no transgender policy changes until Trump clarifies his Tweets NBC News 2017 07 26 Archived from the original on 2017 08 09 Retrieved 2017 08 09 Kate Sullivan 25 January 2021 Biden lifts transgender military ban CNN Archived from the original on 2021 11 03 Retrieved 2021 08 18 Biden to transgender Americans Your president has your back NBC News Archived from the original on 2021 08 18 Retrieved 2021 08 18 India recognises transgender people as third gender The Guardian 15 April 2014 Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 Retrieved 15 April 2014 McCoy Terrence 15 April 2014 India now recognizes transgender citizens as third gender The Washington Post Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 Retrieved 15 April 2014 Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as third gender The Times of India 15 April 2014 Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 Retrieved 15 April 2014 Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form HC The Times of India 15 June 2015 Archived from the original on 2015 12 03 Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form HC The Economic Times 2015 06 15 Archived from the original on 2016 01 25 In the Supreme Court of India Civil Original Jurisdiction Writ Petition Civil No 400 of 2012 PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2017 06 25 Retrieved 2019 06 19 Hijras The Battle for Equality 29 January 2014 Archived from the original on 23 June 2019 Retrieved 23 June 2019 Retro Report 2015 06 15 Transforming History Retro Report Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 Retrieved 15 July 2015 thisisloyal com Loyal How Many People are Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Williams Institute Archived PDF from the original on 2015 04 25 Retrieved 2023 05 19 a b c Morris Bonnie J July 21 2017 A brief history of lesbian gay bisexual and transgender social movements www apa org American Psychological Association Archived from the original on 2023 05 19 Retrieved 26 May 2023 a b Jazayeri Naveed Transgender Exclusion within the LGBTQ Movement An Introductory Analysis PDF University of Florida Archived PDF from the original on 2023 05 19 Retrieved 2023 05 19 Gamson Joshua 1995 Must Identity Movements Self Destruct A Queer Dilemma Social Problems 42 3 390 407 doi 10 2307 3096854 ISSN 0037 7791 JSTOR 3096854 Archived from the original on 2023 05 19 Retrieved 2023 05 19 Nadeau Barbie Latza CNN 2023 11 09 Vatican rules some transgender people and babies of same sex couples can be baptized CNN Retrieved 2023 11 09 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a last2 has generic name help Guidance for welcoming transgender people published The Church of England Archived from the original on 2022 08 04 Retrieved 2022 08 04 What Is a Woman The New Yorker 2014 07 28 Archived from the original on 2019 11 13 Retrieved 2022 01 23 Marcus Eric 2002 Making Gay History The Half Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights New York Harper p 156 ISBN 9780060933913 OCLC 1082454306 Hines Sally 2007 TransForming Gender Transgender Practices of Identity Intimacy and Care Bristol Policy Press pp 85 101 ISBN 978 1861349163 a b Grady Constance 20 June 2018 The waves of feminism and why people keep fighting over them explained Vox Archived from the original on 5 April 2019 Retrieved 26 April 2019 Yenor Scott 31 July 2017 The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender A History Public Discourse Witherspoon Institute Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 Retrieved 21 April 2019 Flaherty Colleen 2018 06 06 By Any Other Name Inside Higher Ed Archived from the original on 19 May 2019 Retrieved 2019 05 06 Lewis Sophie 7 February 2019 Opinion How British Feminism Became Anti Trans The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 15 November 2019 Retrieved 5 May 2019 Stryker Susan Bettcher Talia 2016 Introduction Trans Feminisms Transgender Studies Quarterly Duke University Press 3 1 2 doi 10 1215 23289252 3334127 Archived from the original on 5 April 2019 Retrieved 17 September 2020 Zanghellini Aleardo April 2020 Philosophical Problems With the Gender Critical Feminist Argument Against Trans Inclusion PDF SAGE Open 10 2 215824402092702 doi 10 1177 2158244020927029 S2CID 219733494 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 11 03 Retrieved 2022 06 19 Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment Generation Progress 2011 06 03 Archived from the original on 2021 04 21 Retrieved 2021 03 23 Carrera Fernandez Maria Victoria Almeida Ana Cid Fernandez Xose Manuel Vallejo Medina Pablo Rodriguez Castro Yolanda 18 December 2019 Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender Beliefs Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents International Journal of Sexual Health 32 1 40 56 doi 10 1080 19317611 2019 1701170 S2CID 214355852 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Konopka Karolina Prusik Monika Szulawski Michal 2020 Two Sexes Two Genders Only Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland Sex Roles 82 9 10 600 621 doi 10 1007 s11199 019 01071 7 S2CID 199862108 Landau Nitsan Hamiel Uri Latzer Itay Tokatly Mauda Elinor Levek Noah Tripto Shkolnik Liana Pinhas Hamiel Orit 2020 Paediatricians attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people a cross sectional survey in Israel BMJ Open 10 4 e031569 doi 10 1136 bmjopen 2019 031569 PMC 7204925 PMID 32341041 Archived from the original on 2021 06 10 Retrieved 2021 08 21 Hackimer Laura Chen Cliff Y C Verkuilen Jay 5 March 2021 Individual factors and cisgender college students attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals Journal of Community Psychology 49 6 2023 2039 doi 10 1002 jcop 22546 ISSN 0090 4392 PMID 33667012 S2CID 232121524 Archived from the original on 10 June 2021 Retrieved 21 August 2021 Trevor Project Guiding Principles Archived from the original on 2023 05 14 Retrieved 2023 05 20 Transgender Rights American Civil Liberties Union Archived from the original on 2023 05 20 Retrieved 2023 05 20 National Center for Transgender Equality transequality org National Center for Transgender Equality 2023 05 12 Archived from the original on October 18 2009 Retrieved 2023 05 26 About us TGEU Archived from the original on 2023 05 18 Retrieved 2023 05 20 a b c Collin Lindsay Reisner Sari L Tangpricha Vin Goodman Michael 2016 Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the Case Definition A Systematic Review The Journal of Sexual Medicine 13 4 613 626 doi 10 1016 j jsxm 2016 02 001 PMC 4823815 PMID 27045261 Leinung Matthew C 2020 Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men Transgender Health 11 5 241 245 doi 10 1089 trgh 2019 0070 PMC 7906237 PMID 33644314 Doussantousse S 2005 The Lao Kathoey s characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region in Male Sexual Health Kathoeys in the Lao PDR South East Asia Exploring a gender minority Archived 2007 08 19 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007 08 23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Jackson P 2003 Performative Genders Perverse Desires A Bio History of Thailand s Same Sex and Transgender Cultures Archived 2007 04 03 at the Wayback Machine in Intersections Gender History and Culture in the Asian Context Issue 9 August 2003 Winter S and Udomsak N 2002 Male Female and Transgender Stereotypes and Self in Thailand in the International Journal of Transgender Volume 6 Number 1 January March 2002 Archived February 28 2007 at the Wayback Machine Winter Sam 2003 Research and discussion paper Language and identity in transgender gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences Waikiki June 2003 Article online Archived 29 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Harrison F 2005 He shows me the book in Arabic in which 41 years ago Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change says Hojatulislam Kariminia The Ayatollah s ruling that sex change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran s current spiritual leader in Iran s sex change operations Archived 2007 08 17 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC Archived 1999 04 21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Mitsuhashi J 2006 Translated by Hasegawa K The transgender world in contemporary Japan the male to female cross dressers community in Shinjuku Inter Asia Cultural Studies 7 2 202 227 doi 10 1080 14649370600673847 S2CID 143080943 the male to female cross dressing MTFCD community in Shinjuku Tokyo which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live Haviland C 2005 The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis who dance in female clothes in Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal Archived 2007 08 28 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC Archived 1999 04 21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Graham S 2002 Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para gender identity In addition to male men oroane and female women makunrai there are calalai masculine females calabai feminine males and bissu in Priests and gender in South Sulawesi Indonesia Archived 2007 10 11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007 08 23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Walters I 2006 In Vietnam male to female MtF transgender people are categorised as lai cai bong cai bong lai cai dong co or be de in Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters Archived 2007 10 11 at the Wayback Machine from the Transgender ASIA Research Centre Archived 2007 08 23 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Shim S 2006 Rush catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders is a cafe owned by a 46 year old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho rong Many people in South Korea don t really understand the difference between gay and transgender I m not gay I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful said Lee in S Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose Archived 2007 08 17 at the Wayback Machine from the Yonhap News Agency Archived 2007 07 17 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 News reporting an average of 2 3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender Ammon News in Arabic Archived from the original on 2018 06 16 Retrieved 2020 08 31 Heng R 2005 Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point we should remember that cross dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere Across Asia there is a tradition of cross dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them in Where queens ruled a history of gay venues in Singapore Archived 2007 10 11 at the Wayback Machine from IndigNation Retrieved 2007 07 22 Emerton R 2006 Finding a voice fighting for rights the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong Inter Asia Cultural Studies 7 2 243 269 doi 10 1080 14649370600673896 S2CID 145122793 Hong Kong s transgender movement at its current stage with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement Hung L 2007 there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female to male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained dashing iconic presence in Trans Boy Fashion or How to Tailor Make a King Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine from the Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Ho J 2006 Embodying gender transgender body subject formations in Taiwan Inter Asia Cultural Studies 7 2 228 242 doi 10 1080 14649370600673888 S2CID 43951816 Archived from the original on 2022 01 25 Retrieved 2019 11 27 specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body and subject formations in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self fashioning but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it Hahn L 2005 Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995 a daring move in a conservative Chinese society in Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript June 13 2005 Archived October 11 2007 at the Wayback Machine from CNN Archived 2001 09 11 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Goldkorn J 2006 At one point in 2003 there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it in Transsexuals in the Chinese media again Archived 2007 08 27 at the Wayback Machine from Danwei Archived 2007 07 05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2007 07 22 Transgenders are the third gender rules Supreme Court NDTV April 15 2014 Archived from the original on April 15 2014 Retrieved April 15 2014 Telangana assembly elections 2018 Chandramukhi eyes Goshamahal glory ready for tryst with 1st transgender party The Times of India November 22 2018 Archived from the original on November 22 2018 Retrieved November 22 2018 M H 1 September 2017 Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries The Economist Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 Retrieved 2 September 2017 Glen Fiona Hurrell Karen 2012 Technical note Measuring Gender Identity PDF Equality and Human Rights Commission Archived from the original PDF on 2 August 2019 Retrieved 30 May 2019 Gender identity England and Wales Census 2021 Office for National Statistics 6 January 2023 Archived from the original on 19 May 2023 Retrieved 21 May 2023 Easton Rob 2022 04 27 Historic census data sheds light on number of trans and non binary people for first time Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 2022 04 27 Retrieved 2022 04 28 Government of Canada Statistics Canada July 20 2020 Sex at birth and gender Technical report on changes for the 2021 Census www12 statcan gc ca Archived from the original on July 17 2021 Retrieved September 27 2021 Harris Benjamin Cerf 2015 Likely Transgender Individuals in U S Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census PDF Census gov Archived PDF from the original on 2019 08 23 Retrieved 2019 08 23 Pauly Ira B 1968 The Current Status of the Change of Sex Operation The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 147 5 460 471 doi 10 1097 00005053 196811000 00003 ISSN 0022 3018 PMID 5726920 S2CID 42050429 Miller Claire Cain June 8 2015 The Search for the Best Estimate of the Transgender Population Archived from the original on February 24 2017 via NYTimes com thisisloyal com Loyal How Many People are Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender PDF Williams Institute Archived from the original on April 25 2015 Steinmetz Katy 30 June 2016 1 4 Million Americans Identify as Transgender Study Finds Time Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States PDF The Williams Institute June 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 07 18 Retrieved 2016 08 25 Crissman Halley P Berger Mitchell B Graham Louis F Dalton Vanessa K 2016 Transgender Demographics A Household Probability Sample of US Adults 2014 American Journal of Public Health 107 2 213 215 doi 10 2105 AJPH 2016 303571 PMC 5227939 PMID 27997239 FAAD Marie Benz MD About 1 in 189 US Americans Identify as Transgender Archived from the original on January 3 2017 Fulton Robert Anderson Steven W 1992 The Amerindian Man Woman Gender Liminality and Cultural Continuity Current Anthropology 33 5 603 10 doi 10 1086 204124 ISSN 1537 5382 JSTOR 2743927 S2CID 145077361 Parsons Elsie Clews 1916 The Zuni La mana American Anthropologist 18 4 521 8 doi 10 1525 aa 1916 18 4 02a00060 ISSN 1548 1433 JSTOR 660121 Of these men women a b Medicine B 2002 Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies Two Spirits and Other Categories Archived 2003 03 30 at the Wayback Machine taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross Cultural Research Unit 3 Chapter 2 Western Washington University a b Parker H N 2001 The Myth of the Heterosexual Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists Arethusa 34 3 313 362 doi 10 1353 are 2001 0016 S2CID 161526282 Stephen Lynn 2002 Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca Latin American Perspectives 29 2 41 59 doi 10 1177 0094582x0202900203 ISSN 0094 582X JSTOR 3185126 S2CID 145808692 Kulick Don 1998 Travesti Sex Gender and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 46099 1 OCLC 38842085 Archived from the original on 2009 05 16 Retrieved 2021 09 27 a b Folha de S Paulo Ilustrissima A nova geracao gay nas universidades dos EUA 17 02 2013 Folha online Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Joao W Nery Viagem solitaria Memorias de um transexual 30 anos depois Sao Paulo Leya 2012 p 293 in Portuguese Campaign Human Rights Transgender Children amp Youth Understanding the Basics Human Rights Campaign Human Rights Campaign Archived from the original on 2017 09 10 Retrieved 2017 08 23 Marciano A 2014 Living the VirtuReal Negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 19 4 824 838 doi 10 1111 jcc4 12081 S2CID 206022665 Steinmetz K May 28 2014 The transgender tipping point Time Archived from the original on 2017 08 13 Retrieved August 13 2017 Snow N May 8 2015 Laverne Cox Time magazine s transgender tipping point cover girl Huffington Post Archived from the original on 2017 05 20 Retrieved August 13 2017 Townsend M November 3 2016 GLAAD s Where We Are on TV report finds progress in LGBTQ representation on TV but much work still to be done GLAAD Archived from the original on 2017 08 16 Retrieved August 13 2017 Trans March on Friday Jun 21 2006 Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 Retrieved 10 July 2020 Transgender and Intersex Community Marks 20 Years of Marching in Paris Video www advocate com 2016 10 19 Archived from the original on 2020 08 08 Retrieved 10 June 2020 Paul Gallant June 18 2009 Trans march overdue Toronto Star Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 Retrieved 11 June 2020 London s first Trans Pride support overwhelming bbc com 14 September 2019 Archived from the original on 9 March 2022 Retrieved 11 June 2020 Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on April 4 2013 Retrieved April 4 2013 Model Why I came out as transgender KSPR News 31 March 2014 Archived from the original on 3 April 2014 Retrieved 31 March 2014 A time to celebrate The Hamilton Spectator 27 March 2014 Archived from the original on 3 April 2014 Retrieved 31 March 2014 Carreras Jessica Transgender Day of Visibility plans erupt locally nationwide PrideSource Archived from the original on March 27 2013 Retrieved April 3 2013 Rita Hester s murder and legacy are important to Boston so she s getting a mural in Allston Boston com 2022 06 22 Archived from the original on 2023 05 30 Retrieved 2023 10 15 About TDOR at Transgender Day of Remembrance Transgenderdor org 1998 11 28 Archived from the original on 2011 07 23 Retrieved 2011 07 06 Transgender Awareness Week GLAAD Archived from the original on 3 April 2019 Retrieved 3 April 2019 Ford Zack August 27 2014 Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection ThinkProgress United States of America Archived from the original on November 17 2015 Retrieved December 4 2015 I m Scared to Be a Woman Human Rights Watch 24 September 2014 Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 Retrieved 8 September 2015 a 22 year old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly a transgender symbol signifying transformation Sperry Len 2016 Mental health and mental disorders an encyclopedia of conditions treatments and well being Santa Barbara California Greenwood p 1150 ISBN 9781440803826 OCLC 915943054 Symbols glbtq com Archived from the original on August 4 2008 Petronzio Matt June 13 2014 A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols Mashable Archived from the original on April 3 2019 Retrieved April 3 2019 SourcesClark Flory Tracy 15 June 2015 Detransitioning Going From Male To Female To Male Again Vocativ Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 Retrieved 1 September 2017 Danker Sara Narayan Sasha K Bluebond Langner Rachel Schechter Loren S Berli Jens U August 2018 A Survey Study of Surgeons Experience with Regret and or Reversal of Gender Confirmation Surgeries Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 6 189 doi 10 1097 01 GOX 0000547077 23299 00 ISSN 2169 7574 Dhejne Cecilia Oberg Katarina Arver Stefan Landen Mikael November 2014 An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden 1960 2010 Prevalence Incidence and Regrets Archives of Sexual Behavior 43 8 1535 45 doi 10 1007 s10508 014 0300 8 PMID 24872188 S2CID 24755434 James Sandy E Herman Jody L Rankin Susan Keisling Mara Mottet Lisa Anafi Ma ayan 2016 De Transitioning PDF The Report of the 2015 U S Transgender Survey Report Washington DC National Center for Transgender Equality Archived PDF from the original on 2018 01 21 Retrieved 2019 03 18 Marchiano Lisa 6 Oct 2017 Outbreak On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics Psychological Perspectives 60 3 345 366 doi 10 1080 00332925 2017 1350804 Zucker Kenneth J 2019 Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues Archives of Sexual Behavior 48 7 1983 1992 doi 10 1007 s10508 019 01518 8 PMID 31321594 S2CID 197663705 Further readingBettcher Talia Mae Lombardi Emilia 2005 Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender Transsexual Individuals In Levy Barry Sidel Victor eds Social Injustice and Public Health Oxford University Press Sellers Mitchell D 2011 Discrimination and the Transgender Population A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression Applied Research Projects Texas State University San Marcos Archived from the original on 2012 03 11 Thanem Torkild Wallenberg Louise 2016 Just doing gender Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work Organization 23 2 250 271 doi 10 1177 1350508414547559 S2CID 144150015 Lerario Z Paige Voice Training for Transgender People Speech therapy and language strategies can help save lives Scientific American vol 328 no 1 January 2023 p 55 Voice training is less costly and invasive than a throat operation Through sessions with a licensed speech language pathologist transgender people learn to control pitch resonance word choice and other vocal behaviors Such training can improve quality of life reduce voice related disability and boost self confidence Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Transgender amp oldid 1187023079, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.