fbpx
Wikipedia

Blu-ray

February 05, 2023

The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20, 2006 worldwide. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and capable of storing several hours of high-definition video (HDTV 720p and 1080p). The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X. The name "Blu-ray" refers to the blue laser (which is actually a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.

Reverse side of a Blu-ray. Unlike CD and DVD, the reflection has a blue hue. Different brands of disc can have different colors, such as silver, gold, or grey.
Media typeHigh-density optical disc
Encoding
Capacity
  • 25 GB (single-layer)
  • 50, 66 GB (dual-layer)
  • 100, 128 GB (BDXL)
  • (Up to four layers are possible in a standard form BD)
Block size2 KB sector,[1] 64 KB ECC-block[2]
Read mechanism405 nm diode laser, 36 Mbit/s
Write mechanism405 nm diode laser with a focused beam using more power than for reading
Developed by
Dimensions
  • 12 cm (4.7 in) diameter
  • 1.2 mm (0.047 in) thickness[4][a]
Usage
Extended fromDVD
Extended to
ReleasedJune 20, 2006; 16 years ago (2006-06-20)

The polycarbonate disc is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter and 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.[5] Conventional or pre-BD-XL Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual-layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple-layer discs (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.[6]

High-definition (HD) video may be stored on Blu-ray Discs with up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution, at 24& 50/60 progressive or 50/60 interlaced frames per second. DVD discs were limited to a maximum resolution of 480 (NTSC, 720×480 pixels) or 576 lines (CCIR 625/50, 720×576 pixels, commonly used with PAL).[7] Besides these hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.

The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray Disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in Japan in April 2003. Afterward, it continued to be developed until its official worldwide release on June 20, 2006, beginning the high-definition optical disc format war, where Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the main company supporting HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[8] and later released its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[9] According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand (VOD) and the continued sale of DVDs.[11] In January 2016, 44% of U.S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player.[12] For playback of 4K content, the BDA introduced a variant of Blu-ray called Ultra HD Blu-ray.

History

 
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE)
 
Kees Schouhamer Immink received a personal Emmy award for his pioneering contributions to the DVD and the Blu-ray Disc.

Early history

The information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, allowing for development of a denser storage format that could hold higher-definition media, with prototype discs made with diodes at a slightly longer wavelength of 407 nanometers in October 1998.[13][14] Sony commenced two projects in collaboration with Panasonic, Philips, and TDK,[15] applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical),[16] and DVR Blue (together with Pioneer),[17] a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE). The core technologies of the formats are similar. The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled by Sony at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.[18] A trademark for the "Blue Disc" logo was filed on February 9, 2001.[19] On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc,[20][21] and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10, 2003: the Sony BDZ-S77, a US$3,800 BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan.[22] However, there was no standard for pre-recorded video, and no movies were released for this player. Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with digital rights management before they would release movies for the new format, and they wanted a new DRM system that would be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System (CSS) used on DVDs. On October 4, 2004, the name "Blu-ray Disc Founders" was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.[23] The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004.[24]

In January 2005, TDK announced that it had developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating ("Durabis") for Blu-ray Discs; this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD, while technically Blu-ray Disc required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher-frequency blue laser.[25] Cartridges, originally used for scratch protection, were no longer necessary and were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006.[26]

Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator (AACS LA), a consortium founded in 2004,[27] had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard was delayed,[28] and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group voiced concerns.[29] At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba, Pioneer, and Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features, such as managed copy.[30]

Launch and sales developments

The first BD-ROM players (Samsung BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006, though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months.[31][32] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released on June 20, 2006: 50 First Dates, The Fifth Element, Hitch, House of Flying Daggers, Underworld: Evolution, xXx (all from Sony), and MGM's The Terminator.[33] The earliest releases used MPEG-2 video compression, the same method used on standard DVDs. The first releases using the newer VC-1 and AVC formats were introduced in September 2006.[34] The first movies using 50 GB dual-layer discs were introduced in October 2006.[35] The first audio-only albums were released in May 2008.[36][37]

By June 2008, over 2,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 3,500 in the United States and Canada.[38] In Japan, over 3,300 titles had been released as of July 2010.[39]

Competition from HD DVD

Main article: High-definition optical disc format war

The DVD Forum, chaired by Toshiba, was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology. In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal, which was endorsed by Warner Bros. and other motion picture studios. The proposal involved compressing high-definition video onto dual-layer standard DVD-9 discs.[40][41] In spite of this decision, however, the DVD Forum's Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue-laser high-definition video solution. In August, Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard, the Advanced Optical Disc.[42] It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year,[43] after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu-ray Disc Association members—a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice.[44]

HD DVD had a head start in the high-definition video market, as Blu-ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share. The first Blu-ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy, and there were few titles available.[45]

The Sony PlayStation 3, which contained a Blu-ray Disc player for primary storage, helped support Blu-ray.[46] Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format.[47] AVCHD camcorders were also introduced in 2006. These recordings can be played back on many Blu-ray Disc players without re-encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players. By January 2007, Blu-ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs,[48] and during the first three quarters of 2007, BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one. At CES 2007, Warner proposed Total Hi Def—a hybrid disc containing Blu-ray on one side and HD DVD on the other, but it was never released.

On June 28, 2007, 20th Century Fox cited Blu-ray Discs' adoption of the BD+ anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu-ray Disc format.[49][50]

On January 4, 2008, a day before CES 2008, Warner Bros., the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc format, announced that it would release only in Blu-ray after May 2008.[51] This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella, such as New Line Cinema and HBO—though in Europe, HBO's distribution partner, the BBC, announced it would continue to release product on both formats while keeping an eye on market forces. This led to a chain reaction in the industry, with major American retailers such as Best Buy, Walmart, and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores. Woolworths, then a major European retailer, dropped HD DVD from its inventory.[52] Major DVD rental companies Netflix and Blockbuster said they would no longer carry HD DVD.

Following these new developments, on February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices,[53] allowing Blu-ray Disc to become the industry standard for high-density optical discs. Universal Studios, the sole major studio to back HD DVD since its inception, said shortly after Toshiba's announcement: "While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba, it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu-ray Disc."[54] Paramount Pictures, which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007, also said it would start releasing on Blu-ray Disc. Both studios announced initial Blu-ray lineups in May 2008. With this, all major Hollywood studios supported Blu-ray.[55]

Future scope and market trends

According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales.[10] 16.3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years (1997–1998) compared to 8.3 million high-definition software units (2006–2007).[10][56] One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace (26.5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998).[56] Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft did not make a Blu-ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360.[57] The 360's successor Xbox One features a Blu-ray drive, as does the PS4, with both supporting 3D Blu-ray after later firmware updates.[58][59]

Shortly after the "format war" ended, Blu-ray Disc sales began to increase. A study by the NPD Group found that awareness of Blu-ray Disc had reached 60% of households in the United States. Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles, such as 20th Century Fox's Hitman, up to 14% of total disc sales were from Blu-ray, although the average Blu-ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5%. In December 2008, the Blu-ray Disc version of Warner Bros.' The Dark Knight sold 600,000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.[60] A week after the launch, The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1.7 million copies worldwide, making it the first Blu-ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release.[61]

Blu-ray Disc sales in United States and Canada
Year Cumulative sales (millions)
2006 1.2[62]
2007 19.2[62]
2008 82.9[62]
2009 177.2[62]
2010 350[63]

According to Singulus Technologies AG, Blu-ray was adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development. This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies received orders for 21 Blu-ray dual-layer replication machines during the first quarter of 2008, while 17 DVD replication machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997.[64] According to GfK Retail and Technology, in the first week of November 2008, sales of Blu-ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan.[65] According to the Digital Entertainment Group, the number of Blu-ray Disc playback devices (both set-top box and game console) sold in the United States had reached 28.5 million by the end of 2010.[63]

Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand[66] and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device, such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney's Keychest.[67] Some commentators suggested that renting Blu-ray would play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward.[68] In an effort to increase sales, studios began releasing films in combo packs with Blu-ray Discs and DVDs, as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices. Some are released on "flipper" discs with Blu-ray on one side and DVD on the other. Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu-ray Discs and none on DVDs.

Blu-ray Discs cost no more to produce than DVD discs.[69] However, reading and writing mechanisms are more complicated, making Blu-ray recorders, drives and players more expensive than their DVD counterparts.[70][71][72] Adoption is also limited due to the widespread use of streaming media.[73][74][75][76] Blu-ray Discs are used to distribute PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X games, and the aforementioned game consoles can play back regular Blu-ray Discs.

Beyond Blu-ray

 
Blu-ray case (often blue-tinted)

Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016, having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB.[77][78]

The Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD), described in the ECMA-377 standard, was in development by the Holography System Development (HSD) Forum using a green writing/reading laser (532 nm) and a red positioning/addressing laser (650 nm). It was to offer MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), HEVC (H.265), and VC-1 encoding, supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6TB.[79] No systems conforming to the Ecma International HVD standard have been released.[80] The company responsible for HVD went bankrupt in 2010, making any releases unlikely.[81]

Ongoing development

2005–2010
 
Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu-ray Disc

Although the Blu-ray Disc specification has been finalized, engineers continue to work on advancing the technology. By 2005, quad-layer (100 GB)[82] discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics[83] and standard unaltered optics.[84] Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit/s video (HDTV) or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit/s video (ultra-high-definition television). In April 2006, TDK canceled plans to produce 8-layer 200 GB Blu-ray Discs.[85] In August 2006, TDK announced that it had created a working experimental Blu-ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side, using six 33 GB data layers.[86] In 2007, Hitachi was reported to have plans to produce 200 GB disks by 2009.[87]

Behind closed doors at CES 2007, Ritek revealed that it had successfully developed a high-definition optical disc process that extended the disc capacity to ten layers, increasing the capacity of the discs to 250 GB. However, it noted the major obstacle was that current read/write technology did not allow additional layers.[88] JVC developed a three-layer technology that allows putting both standard-definition DVD data and HD data on a BD/(standard) DVD combination.[89] This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player.[90] Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first "hybrid" Blu-ray Disc/(standard) DVD combo, to be released February 18, 2009. This disc set of the TV series "Code Blue" featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu-ray Disc layer (25 GB) and two DVD layers (9 GB) on the same side of the disc.[91]

In January 2007, Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu-ray Disc, consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each.[92] It claimed that, unlike TDK's and Panasonic's 100 GB discs, this disc would be readable on standard Blu-ray Disc drives that were currently in circulation, and it was believed that a firmware update was the only requirement to make it readable by then-current players and drives.[93] In October 2007 they revealed a 100GB Blu-ray Disc drive.[94] In December 2008, Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu-ray Disc (containing 16 data layers, 25 GB each) compatible with current players after a firmware update. Its planned launch was in the 2009–10 time frame for ROM and 2010–13 for rewritable discs. Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 TB Blu-ray Disc.[95]

At CES 2009, Panasonic unveiled the DMP-B15, the first portable Blu-ray Disc player, and Sharp introduced the LC-BD60U and LC-BD80U series, the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc players. Sharp also announced that it would sell HDTVs with integrated Blu-ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009. Set-top box recorders were not being sold in the U.S. for fear of unauthorized copying. However, personal computers with Blu-ray recorder drives were available. In October 2009, TDK demonstrated a 10-layer 320 GB Blu-ray Disc.[96] On January 1, 2010, Sony, in association with Panasonic, announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu-ray Discs from 25 GB to 33.4 GB via a technology called i-MLSE (Maximum likelihood Sequence Estimation). The higher-capacity discs, according to Sony, would be readable on existing Blu-ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade.[97] This technology was later used on BDXL discs.[98]

On July 20, 2010, the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue-violet laser,[99] to help create Blu-ray Discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers (and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering). By comparison, the first blue laser was invented in 1996, with the first prototype discs coming four years later.

2011–present
 
Early 4K Blu-ray release at Best Buy. A 4K Blu-ray Disc player was also released.

On January 7, 2013, Sony announced that it would release "Mastered in 4K" Blu-ray Disc titles sourced at 4K and encoded at 1080p.[100] "Mastered in 4K" Blu-ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu-ray Disc players and have a larger color space using xvYCC.[100][101] On January 14, 2013, Blu-ray Disc Association president Andy Parsons stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu-ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K Ultra HD video.[102][103]

On August 5, 2015, the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) announced it would commence licensing the Ultra HD Blu-ray format starting on August 24, 2015. The Ultra HD Blu-ray format delivered high dynamic range content that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements, expanded color range, high frame rate (up to 60fps) and up to 3840×2160 resolution, object-based sound formats, and an optional "digital bridge" feature. New players were required to play this format, which were able to play both DVDs, traditional Blu-rays and the new format. New Ultra HD Blu-ray Discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual- and triple-layer discs, respectively.[104]

Blu-ray's physical and file system specifications are publicly available on the Blu-ray Disc association's website.[105]

Physical media

 
Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks (not to scale); green denotes start and red denotes end.
* Some CD-R(W) and DVD-R(W)/DVD+R(W) recorders operate in ZCLV, CAA or CAV modes.
 
Comparison of various optical storage media
Type Diameter
(cm) 		Layers Capacity
Bytes
Standard disc size, single layer 12 1 25,025,314,816
Standard disc size, dual layer 12 2 50,050,629,632
Standard disc size, XL 3 layer[106] 12 3 100,103,356,416
Standard disc size, XL 4 layer[106] 12 4 128,001,769,472
Mini disc size, single layer 8 1 7,791,181,824
Mini disc size, dual layer 8 2 15,582,363,648

Laser and optics

While a DVD uses a 650 nm red laser, Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm "blue" laser diode. Although the laser is called "blue", its color is actually in the violet range. The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area, thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD, and can consequently be spaced more closely, resulting in a shorter track pitch, enabling a Blu-ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD. The lasers are GaN (gallium nitride) laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly, that is, without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms.[107][14] CDs use 780 nm near-infrared lasers.

The minimum "spot size" on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it. By decreasing the wavelength, increasing the numerical aperture from 0.60 to 0.85, and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects, designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot, which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area.[108] For a Blu-ray Disc, the spot size is 580 nm.[109] This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu-ray Disc, and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm.[108] See compact disc for information on optical discs' physical structure. In addition to the optical improvements, Blu-ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored.[110]

Hard-coating technology

Given that the Blu-ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD standard, it was found in early designs to be more vulnerable to scratches.[111][112] The first discs were therefore housed in cartridges for protection, resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003. Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium, and would increase the size of Blu-ray Disc drives, so designers chose hard-coating of the pickup surface instead. TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch-protection coating for Blu-ray Discs, naming it Durabis. In addition, both Sony's and Panasonic's replication methods include proprietary hard-coat technologies. Sony's rewritable media are spin-coated, using a scratch-resistant acrylic and antistatic coating.[113] Verbatim's recordable and rewritable Blu-ray Discs use their own proprietary technology, called Hard Coat.[114] Colloidal silica-dispersed UV-curable resins are used for the hard coating, given that, according to the Blu-ray Disc Association, they offer the best tradeoff between scratch resistance, optical properties, and productivity.[113]

The Blu-ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by mechanical abrasion.[108] In contrast, DVD media are not required to be scratch-resistant, but since development of the technology, some companies, such as Verbatim, implemented hard-coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs.

Drive speeds

BD drive speeds
Drive speed Data rate ~Write time (minutes) ~CAV Rotation speed (RPM)[115]
Mbit/s MB/s Single-Layer Dual-Layer
1× 36 4.5 90 180 810
2× 72 9 45 90 1,620
4× 144 18 22.5 45 3,240
6× 216 27 15 30 4,860
8× 288 36 11.25 22.5 6,480
10× 360 45 9 18 8,100
12× 432 54 7.5 15 9,720
14× 504 63 6.5 13 11,340
16× 576 72 5.7 11.5 12,960

The table shows the speeds available. Even the lowest speed (1×) is sufficient to play and record real-time 1080p video; the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video. BD discs are designed to cope with at least 5,000 rpm of rotational speed.

The usable data rate of a Blu-ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive's data interface. With a USB 2.0 interface, the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 Mbit/s or 36 MB/s (also called 8× speed).[116] A USB 3.0 interface (with proper cabling) does not have this limitation,[117] nor do even the oldest version of Serial ATA (SATA, 150 MB/s)[118] nor the latest Parallel ATA (133 MB/s) standards. Internal Blu-ray drives that are integrated into a computer (as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable) typically have a SATA interface.[119]

More recent half-height Blu-Ray writers have reached writing speeds of up to 16× (constant angular velocity) on single-layer BD-R media, while the highest reading speeds are 12×, presumably to prevent repeated physical stress on the disc. Slim type drives are limited to 6× speeds (constant angular velocity) due to spacial and power limitations.[120][121][122]

Media quality and data integrity

Main article: Optical disc § Surface error scanning

The quality and data integrity of optical media can be determined by measuring the rate of errors, of which higher rates may be an indication for deteriorating media, low-quality media, physical damage such as scratches, dust, and/or media written using a defective optical drive.

Errors on Blu-Ray media is measured using the so-called LDC (Long Distance Codes) and BIS (Burst Indication Subcodes) error parameters, of which rates below 13 and 15 respectively can be considered healthy.

Not all vendors and models of optical drives have error scanning functionality implemented.[123][124][14]

Packaging

Pre-recorded Blu-ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller (18.5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner: 135 mm × 171.5 mm × 13 mm[125]), as well as more rounded than a standard DVD keep case, generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case (translucent blue for Blu-ray video discs, clear for Blu-ray 3D video releases, red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games, transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games, transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 games, transparent green for Xbox One and Xbox Series X games and black for Ultra HD Blu-ray video releases). Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group, LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu-ray versus HD DVD market adoption choice.[126] Because Blu-ray cases are smaller than DVD cases, more Blu-rays than DVDs can fit on a shelf.

Types

Mini Blu-ray Disc

The "Mini Blu-ray Disc" (also, "Mini-BD" and "Mini Blu-ray") is a compact 8-centimetre-diameter (3.1 in) variant of the Blu-ray Disc that can store 7.8 GB of data in its single-layer configuration, or 15.6 GB on a dual-layer disc.[127] It is similar in concept to the MiniDVD and Mini CD. Recordable (BD-R) and rewritable (BD-RE) versions of Mini Blu-ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices.[128]

Blu-ray Disc recordable

Main article: Blu-ray Disc recordable

"Blu-ray Disc recordable" (BD-R) refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder. BD-Rs can be written to once, whereas Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-REs) can be erased and re-recorded multiple times. The current practical maximum speed for Blu-ray Discs is about 12× (54 MB/s).[129]: 1.7  Higher speeds of rotation (5,000+ rpm[113]) cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly,[130][131] as with the 24× (33.2 MB/s) and 56× (8.2 MB/s, 11,200 rpm) maximum speeds, respectively, of standard DVDs and CDs. Since September 2007, BD-RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu-ray Disc size.[128][132]

On September 18, 2007, Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD-R LTH ("Low to High" in groove recording), which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD-R and DVD-R production equipment, significantly reducing manufacturing costs.[133] In February 2008, Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi, and Maxell released the first BD-R LTH Discs,[134] and in March 2008, Sony's PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD-R LTH Discs with the 2.20 firmware update.[135] In May 2009 Verbatim/Mitsubishi announced the industry's first 6X BD-R LTH media, which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes.[136] Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs (i.e. CDs and standard DVDs), Blu-ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu-ray's debut.

BD9 and BD5

The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu-ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost-effective alternative to the 25/50 GB BD-ROM discs. The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu-ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8.5 GB dual-layer DVD. This red-laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25/50 GB Blu-ray media.[137]

Usage of BD9 for releasing content on "pressed" discs never caught on. With the end of the format war, manufacturers ramped production of Blu-ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs. On the other hand, the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users. A lower-capacity version of this format that uses single-layer 4.7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5. Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high-definition content in Blu-ray format onto recordable DVD media.[138][139] Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD-ROM basic format, none of the existing Blu-ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it. Consequently, the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu-ray Disc players. AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs, but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity, codec types, and data rates. As of March 2011, BD9 was removed as an official BD-ROM disc.[140]

BDXL

 
128 GB BDXL quadruple-layer disc manufactured by Sony Corporation

The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write-once discs,[141][142] and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications. The BDXL specification was finalised in June 2010.[143][144] BD-R 3.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100/128 GB and usage of UDF2.5/2.6.[145] BD-RE 4.0 Format Specification (BDXL) defined a multi-layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2× and 4×, capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2.5 as file system.[146] Although the 66 GB and 100 GB BD-ROM discs used for Ultra HD Blu-ray use the same linear density as BDXL, the two formats are not compatible with each other, therefore it is not possible to use a triple layer BDXL disc to burn an Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc playable in an Ultra HD Blu-ray player, although standard 50GB BD-R DL discs can be burned in the Ultra HD format.

IH-BD

The IH-BD (Intra-Hybrid Blu-ray) format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer (BD-RE) and a 25 GB write-once layer (BD-ROM), designed to work with existing Blu-ray Discs.[141][142]

Data format standards

Filesystem

Blu-ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format (UDF) 2.50 as a convergent-friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments. It is used in the latest specifications of BD-ROM, BD-RE, and BD-R.[147][148][149] In the first BD-RE specification (defined in 2002), the BDFS (Blu-ray Disc File System) was used. The BD-RE 1.0 specification was defined mainly for the digital recording of high-definition television (HDTV) broadcast television. The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2.50 in the second BD-RE specification in 2005, in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu-ray recorders and personal computer systems. These optical disc recording technologies enabled PC recording and playback of BD-RE.[149][150][151] BD-R can use UDF 2.50/2.60.[152]

The Blu-ray Disc application for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed as System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications (BDAV). The requirements related with computer file system have been specified in System Description Blu-ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (BDFS).[153] Initially, the BD-RE version 1.0 (BDFS) was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu-ray Disc application (BDAV application). But these requirements are superseded by the Blu-ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. RE 2.0) and Blu-ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) (a.k.a. R 1.0). Additionally, a new application format, BDMV (System Description Blu-ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications) for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD-ROM. The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu-ray Read-Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1.0 (UDF) which defines the requirements for UDF 2.50.[149][153]

Application format

  • BDAV or BD-AV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual):[149][153][154][155] a consumer-oriented Blu-ray video format used for audio/video recording (defined in 2002).
  • BDMV or BD-MV (Blu-ray Disc Movie):[147][148][149][153][155][156] a Blu-ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases.
  • BDMV Recording specification (defined in September 2006 for BD-RE and BD-R).[148][157]
  • RREF (Realtime Recording and Editing Format): a subset of BDMV designed for real-time recording and editing applications.[157]
  • HFPA (High Fidelity Pure Audio): A high definition audio disc using the Blu-ray format

Directory and file structure

All BDMV application files are stored under a "BDMV" directory.[158][159][160][161]

  • BDMV directory: contains the PLAYLIST, CLIPINF, STREAM, AUXDATA and BACKUP directories.
    • PLAYLIST directory: contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists.
      • xxxxx.mpls files: store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists. One file is created for each Movie PlayList. The filenames of these files are in the form "xxxxx.mpls", where "xxxxx" is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList.
    • CLIPINF directory: contains the Database files for Clips.
      • zzzzz.clpi files: store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file. The filenames of these files are in the form "zzzzz.clpi", where "zzzzz" is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip.
    • STREAM directory: contains AV stream files.
      • zzzzz.m2ts file: contains a BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream. The names of these files are in the form "zzzzz.m2ts", where "zzzzz" is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Clip. The same 5-digit number "zzzzz" is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file.
      • SSIF directory: If used, Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory.
        • zzzzz.ssif file: is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG-2 transport streams. Both of the streams include an MPEG-4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively. This file is used only when 3D video is played back. The 5-digit number "zzzzz" is the same as the number used for the AV stream file "zzzzz.m2ts" that includes the MPEG-4 MVC Base view video stream.
    • AUXDATA directory: contains Sound data files and Font files.
      • sound.bdmv file: stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications. This file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory. If it exists, there shall be only one sound.bdmv file.
      • aaaaa.otf file: stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications. The names of these files are in the form "aaaaa.otf", where "aaaaa" is a 5-digit number corresponding to the Font.
    • BACKUP directory: contains copies of the "index.bdmv" file, the "MovieObject.bdmv" file, all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in the CLIPINF directory.
    • index.bdmv file: stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory. There is only one index.bdmv file under the BDMV directory.
    • MovieObject.bdmv file: stores information for one or more Movie Objects. There is only one MovieObject.bdmv under the BDMV directory.

Media format

Container format

Audio, video, and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu-ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream. It is also known as BDAV MPEG-2 transport stream and can use filename extension .m2ts.[158][162] Blu-ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other streams in BDAV container.[163][164] There is also the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) format, the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases. The BDAV format is used on BD-REs and BD-Rs for audio/video recording.[164] BDMV format was later defined also for BD-RE and BD-R (in September 2006, in the third revision of BD-RE specification and second revision of BD-R specification).[147][148]

Blu-ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method. That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast, without altering the format.[165] It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream. Although it is quite natural, a function for high-speed and easy-to-use retrieval is built in.[165][166] Blu-ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams, compared to DVD's MPEG program streams. An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams, so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously (e.g. with "picture-in-picture" effect).

Codecs

The BD-ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders (players) and movie software (content).[162][167] Windows Media Player does not come with the codecs required to play Blu-ray Discs.[168]

Video

Originally, BD-ROMs stored video up to 1920×1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) fields per second. Currently, with UHD BD-ROM, videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840×2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 (59.94) frames per second, progressively scanned. While most current Blu-ray players and recorders can read and write 1920×1080 video at the full 59.94p and 50p progressive format, new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840×2160 video at either 59.94p and 50p formats.

Supported video formats[169][170]
Format Resolution and
frame rate		 Display aspect ratio
4K UHD[b] 3840×2160 60p 16:9
3840×2160 59.94p 16:9
3840×2160 50p 16:9
3840×2160 25p 16:9
3840×2160 24p 16:9
3840×2160 23.976p 16:9
HD[b] 1920×1080 60p 16:9
1920×1080 59.94p 16:9
1920×1080 50p 16:9
1920×1080 25p 16:9
HD 1920×1080 29.97i 16:9
1920×1080 25i 16:9
1920×1080 24p 16:9
1920×1080 23.976p 16:9
1440×1080 29.97i[c] 16:9[d]
1440×1080 25i[c] 16:9[d]
1440×1080 24p[c] 16:9[d]
1440×1080 23.976p[c] 16:9[d]
1280×720 59.94p 16:9
1280×720 50p 16:9
1280×720 24p 16:9
1280×720 23.976p 16:9
SD 720×480 29.97i 4:3 or 16:9[d]
720×576 25i 4:3 or 16:9[d]

For video, all players are required to process H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10: AVC, and SMPTE VC-1.[172] BD-ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats; multiple formats on a single title are allowed. Blu-ray Disc allows video with a bit depth of 8-bits per color YCbCr with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.[173][174] The choice of formats affects the producer's licensing/royalty costs as well as the title's maximum run time, due to differences in compression efficiency. Discs encoded in MPEG-2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high-definition content on a single-layer (25 GB) BD-ROM. The more-advanced video formats (VC-1 and MPEG-4 AVC) typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG-2, with comparable quality. MPEG-2, however, does have the advantage that it is available without licensing costs, as all MPEG-2 patents have expired.

MPEG-2 was used by many studios (including Paramount Pictures, which initially used the VC-1 format for HD DVD releases) for the first series of Blu-ray Discs, which were launched throughout 2006.[175] Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG-4 AVC or VC-1, allowing film studios to place all content on one disc, reducing costs and improving ease of use. Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD (1080i/p), as opposed to the SD (480i/p) typically used for most titles. Some studios, such as Warner Bros., have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title. For example, the Blu-ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC-1 for the feature film and MPEG-2 for some of its bonus content.[176] Today[when?], Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature.[citation needed]

Audio

For audio, BD-ROM players are required to implement Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS, and linear PCM. Players may optionally implement Dolby Digital Plus and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio as well as lossless 5.1 and 7.1 surround sound formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio.[177] BD-ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack. A secondary audiotrack, if present, may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs.[citation needed]

Specification of BD-ROM Primary audio streams[178]
LPCM (Uncompressed) Dolby Digital Dolby Digital Plus Dolby TrueHD (Lossless) DTS Digital Surround DTS-HD Master Audio (Lossless) DRA DRA extension
Max. bitrate 27.648 Mbit/s 640 kbit/s 4.736 Mbit/s 18.64 Mbit/s 1.524 Mbit/s 24.5 Mbit/s 1.5 Mbit/s 3.0 Mbit/s
Max. channel 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) 5.1 7.1 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) 5.1 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), 6 (192 kHz) 5.1 7.1
Bits/sample 16, 20, 24 16, 24 16, 24 16, 24 16, 20, 24 16, 24 16 16
Sample frequency 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz, 96 kHz, 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz, 96 kHz

Bit rate

For users recording digital television programming, the recordable Blu-ray Disc standard's initial data rate of 36 Mbit/s is more than adequate to record high-definition broadcasts from any source (IPTV, cable/satellite, or terrestrial). BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit/s (for both audio and video data), and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit/s. This compares to HD DVD movies, which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit/s, a maximum AV bitrate of 30.24 Mbit/s, and a maximum video bitrate of 29.4 Mbit/s.[179]

Java software interface

Main article: BD-J

At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-platform software environment would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard.[180] Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD-video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless. At the conference, Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine, as well as network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time.[181] This Java Version is called BD-J and is built on a profile of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard; GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard.[citation needed]

Player profiles

The BD-ROM specification defines four Blu-ray Disc player profiles, including an audio-only player profile (BD-Audio) that does not require video decoding or BD-J. All of the video-based player profiles (BD-Video) are required to have a full implementation of BD-J.[citation needed]

Feature BD-Audio BD-Video
Grace Period[e] Bonus View BD-Live[f] Blu-ray 3D
Profile 3.0[g] Profile 1.0 Profile 1.1 Profile 2.0 Profile 5.0
Built-in persistent memory Unneeded 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB?
Local storage capability[h] Unneeded Optional 256 MB 1 GB 1 GB
Secondary video decoder (PiP) No video Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
Secondary audio decoder[i] Optional Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
Virtual file system Unneeded Optional Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory
Internet connection capability No No No Mandatory Mandatory

On November 2, 2007, the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD-Video players released to the market.[184] When Blu-ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD-Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1.0 players, it is able to play the main feature of the disc, but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability.[185]

BD-Live

The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD-Live is that BD-Live requires the Blu-ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet-based content. BD-Live features have included Internet chats, scheduled chats with the director, Internet games, downloadable featurettes, downloadable quizzes, and downloadable movie trailers.[186][187][188] While some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port, it is used for firmware updates and is not used for Internet-based content.[189] In addition, Profile 2.0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content.[citation needed]

Profile 1.0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD-Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades, with the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3. Internet is required to use.[190][191][192]

Region codes

 
Regions for the Blu-ray Disc standard:[193]
  Region A/1
  Region B/2
  Region C/3

As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, television production company etc.) to enact regional price discrimination and/or exclusive content licensing. According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, all Blu-ray Disc players and Blu-ray Disc-equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding. However, content providers need not use region playback codes.[194] Some current estimates suggest 70% of available movie Blu-ray Discs from the major studios are region-free and can therefore be played on any Blu-ray Disc player in any region.[195]

Movie distributors have different region coding policies. Among major U.S. studios, Walt Disney Pictures, Warner Bros., Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Sony Pictures have released most of their titles free of region coding.[196][j][197][198][199][200] MGM and Lionsgate have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles.[201][202] 20th Century Fox released most of their titles region-coded pre-Disney merger.[203] Most of their post-Disney merger content is region-free, however. Vintage film restoration and distribution company The Criterion Collection uses US region coding in all Blu-ray releases, with their releases in the UK market using UK region coding.[204][205]

The Blu-ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into three regions, labeled A, B, and C.

Region Area
A Americas, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Macau SAR, Singapore, Taiwan, Oceania (excluding Australia and New Zealand), Southeast Asia.
B Africa, Middle East, Southwest Asia, most of Europe (excluding Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova), Australia, New Zealand.
C Central Asia, mainland China, Mongolia, Indian subcontinent, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Moldova.
FREE Informal term meaning "worldwide". Region free is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set. Discs with no flags set may not play in some non-compliant players.
A/B/C

A new form of Blu-ray region coding tests not only the region of the player/player software, but also its country code[citation needed], repurposing a user setting intended for localization (PSR19) as a new form of regional lockout. This means, for example, while both the US and Japan are Region A, some American discs will not play on devices/software configured for Japan or vice versa, since the two countries have different country codes. (For example, the United States is "US" (21843 or hex 0x5553), Japan is "JP" (19024 or hex 0x4a50), and Canada is "CA" (17217 or hex 0x4341).[citation needed]) Although there are only three Blu-ray regions, the country code allows much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu-ray Discs than the six (or eight) DVD regions. With Blu-ray Discs, there are no "special regions" such as the regions 7 and 8 for DVDs.

In circumvention of region coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray Discs (and DVDs) with any region code.[206] Instructions ("hacks") describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray region codes are verified only by the player software, not by the optical drive's firmware.

The latest types of Blu-ray players, suitable for UltraHD content, are not region-free; however; the UHD discs for which they are designed have not been coded to be locked to any region, and will work worldwide.[207]

Digital rights management

The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management (DRM) which restrict the usage of the discs.[208][209] This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM, such as the Free Software Foundation,[210] and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback.[211][212]

High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection

Main article: High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection

Blu-ray equipment is required to implement the High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections. This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables. Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token (ICT), a Blu-ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP-compliant link is not used. In order to ease the transition to high definition formats, the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011.[213]

Advanced Access Content System

Main article: Advanced Access Content System
 
The AACS decryption process

The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on it. The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in newer releases,[214] this is only a temporary attack, and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs.[citation needed]

BD+

Main article: BD+

BD+ was developed by Cryptography Research Inc. and is based on their concept of Self-Protecting Digital Content.[215] BD+, effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players, allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu-ray Discs. Such programs can:[208]

  • Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with. Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD+ licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices.
  • Verify that the player's keys have not been changed
  • Execute native code, possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system
  • Transform the audio and video output. Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD+ program unscramble it.

If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked, it can potentially release BD+ code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability. These programs can then be included in all new content releases.[216] The specifications of the BD+ virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers. A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the

The first titles using BD+ were released in October 2007. Since November 2007, versions of BD+ protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program.[217][218] Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD+ protection are DumpHD (versions 0.6 and above, along with some supporting software),[219] MakeMKV,[220] and two applications from DVDFab (Passkey and HD Decrypter).[221]

BD-ROM Mark

Main article: BD-ROM Mark

ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu-ray Disc data, aiming to prevent replication of the discs. The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS.[222] A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM Mark into the media during mastering. During replication, this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc. In consequence, any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players.[citation needed]

Backward compatibility

The Blu-ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu-ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs, for backward compatibility.[223] Most Blu-ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs; however, a few of the early Blu-ray Disc players released in 2006, such as the Sony BDP-S1, could play DVDs but not CDs.[224][225][226] In addition, with the exception of some early models from LG and Samsung, Blu-ray players cannot play HD DVDs, and HD DVD players cannot play Blu-ray Discs. Some Blu-ray players can also play Video CDs, Super Audio CDs, and/or DVD-Audio discs. All Ultra HD Blu-ray players can play regular Blu-ray Discs, and most can play DVDs and CDs. The PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 do not support CDs.[227]

Variations

High Fidelity Pure Audio (BD-A)

Main article: High Fidelity Pure Audio

High Fidelity Pure Audio (HFPA) is a marketing initiative, spearheaded by the Universal Music Group, for audio-only Blu-ray optical discs. Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the compact disc, it has been compared with DVD-A and SACD, which had similar aims.[citation needed]

AVCHD

Main article: AVCHD
 
A Panasonic Blu-ray player DMP-BD60 (late 2009) compatible with AVCHD

AVCHD was originally developed as a high-definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders. Derived from the Blu-ray Disc specification, AVCHD shares a similar random access directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates, simpler interactivity, and the use of AVC-video and Dolby AC-3 (or linear PCM) audio. Being primarily an acquisition format, AVCHD playback is not universally recognized among devices that play Blu-ray Discs. Nevertheless, many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media, such as DVDs, SD/SDHC memory cards, "Memory Stick" cards, and hard disk drives.[228]

AVCREC

Main article: AVCREC

AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high-definition content on conventional DVDs.[229] Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan. AVCREC is used primarily in set-top digital video recorders and in this regard it is comparable to HD REC.[citation needed]

Blu-ray 3D

 
The Blu-ray 3D logo

The Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA) created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu-ray Disc.[230] On December 17, 2009, the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu-ray Disc, allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray players,[231] though compatibility is limited by the fact that the longer 3D discs are triple-layer, which normal (2D only) players cannot read. The BDA has said, "The Blu-ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the "Stereo High" profile defined by Multiview Video Coding (MVC), an extension to the ITU-T H.264 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) codec currently implemented by all Blu-ray Disc players. MPEG4-MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50% overhead compared to equivalent 2D content, and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu-ray Disc players."[232] This means the MVC (3D) stream is backward compatible with H.264/AVC (2D) stream, allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams, ignoring additional information for the second view. However, some 3D discs have a user limitation set preventing the disc from being viewed in 2D (though a 2D disc is often included in the packaging).[citation needed]

Sony added Blu-ray 3D support to its PlayStation 3 console via a firmware upgrade on September 21, 2010.[233] The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on April 21, 2010.[234] Since the version 3.70 software update on August 9, 2011, the PlayStation 3 can play DTS-HD Master Audio and DTS-HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu-ray.[235] Dolby TrueHD is used on a small minority of Blu-ray 3D releases, and bitstreaming implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only (original "fat" PS3 models decode internally and send audio as LPCM).[236] The PlayStation VR can also be used to watch these movies in 3D on a PlayStation 4.[237] As of 2018, most major home entertainment studios, such as Walt Disney Studios, Sony Pictures, MGM, and Universal Pictures had discontinued the Blu-ray 3D format in North America, but continued to produce and sell them in other regions such as South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Paramount Pictures has ceased sales and productions of 3D Blu-ray Discs all over the world, its last 3D releases being Ghost in the Shell and Transformers: The Last Knight, while Warner Bros. still continues to sell and produce 3D Blu-ray Discs to this day in all regions, notable titles including: Wonder Woman, Blade Runner 2049, Justice League, Tomb Raider, Rampage, Aquaman, The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part, Shazam!, and Godzilla: King of the Monsters.[citation needed]

Ultra HD Blu-ray

Main article: Ultra HD Blu-ray

Ultra HD Blu-ray Discs are incompatible with existing standard Blu-ray players. They support 4K UHD (3840 × 2160 pixel resolution) video at frame rates up to 60 progressive frames per second,[238] encoded using High-Efficiency Video Coding.[238] The discs support both high dynamic range (HDR) by increasing the color depth to 10-bit per color and a greater color gamut than supported by conventional Blu-ray video by using the Rec. 2020 color space.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ This is the same as previous optical media formats compact disc and DVD. Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article.
  2. ^ a b Only supported on UltraHD Blu-ray with HEVC video compression standard.
  3. ^ a b c d MPEG-2 at 1440×1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005.[171]
  4. ^ a b c d e f These resolutions are stored anamorphically, i.e. they are stretched to the display aspect ratio by the player or display.
  5. ^ Also known as Initial Standard profile.
  6. ^ Also known as Final Standard profile.
  7. ^ Profile 3.0 is a separate audio-only player profile. The first Blu-ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti, by record label Lindberg Lyd, and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3.[182][183]
  8. ^ This is used for storing audio/video and title updates. It can either be built-in memory or removable media, such as a memory card or USB flash memory.
  9. ^ A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary.
  10. ^ Although titles released by Warner's New Line Cinema division were initially region-coded, but subsequently have been released without region-coding. Titles released by other labels on behalf of New Line are still subject to region-coding.

References

  1. ^ "White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. December 2012. (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  2. ^ "Data" (PDF). sutlib2.sut.ac.th. (PDF) from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  3. ^ Blu-ray FAQ October 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Blu-ray.com. Retrieved on December 22, 2010.
  4. ^ "Blu-ray FAQ". Blu-ray.com. from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  5. ^ "6JSC/ALA/16/LC response" (PDF). rda-jsc.org. September 13, 2012. (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
  6. ^ Butler, Harry (February 23, 2011). "Pioneer BDXL BDR-206MBK Review". bit-tech.net. from the original on April 6, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  7. ^ . Jim Taylor. June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 22, 2009.
  8. ^ "Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses" (Press release). Toshiba. February 19, 2008. from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
  9. ^ Yomiuri Shimbun. Page 1. July 19, 2009. Ver. 13S.
  10. ^ a b c "Blu-ray Discs reach 1.5 million sold, HDM still trails DVD's first two years". Engadget. AOL Inc. February 16, 2008. from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  11. ^ "Sony Buys a Facebook Spinoff to Give New Life to Blu-ray". Wired. May 27, 2015. from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  12. ^ Morris, Chris (January 8, 2016). "Blu-ray Struggles in the Streaming Age". Fortune. from the original on January 9, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2018.
  13. ^ . Nikkei Business Daily. October 29, 1998. Archived from the original on November 13, 1999. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c "White paper Blu-ray Disc Format" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Founders. August 2004. (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on November 16, 2011.
  16. ^ "Sony Develops Next Generation Optical Disk Storage System For the Data Server Market". Sony. November 1, 2000. from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  17. ^ Williams, Martyn (October 5, 2000). . PCWorld. Archived from the original on June 1, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  18. ^ "Sony Shows 'DVR-Blue' Prototype". CD R Info. October 11, 2000. from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  19. ^ "Blue Disc B — Trademark by Blu-ray Disc Association Universal City, CA — Serial Number: 76207670". Trademarkia. from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved September 19, 2010.
  20. ^ Fox, Barry (February 19, 2002). "Replacement for DVD unveiled". New Scientist. from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  21. ^ "Disclosure of Specifications for Large Capacity Optical Disc Recording Format Utilizing Blue-Violet Laser "Blu-ray Disc" Begins". Sony. May 20, 2002. from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  22. ^ Liadov, Maxim. "Sony BDZ-S77 Recorder Review". Pricenfees. from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  23. ^ "Fox trots towards Blu-ray". ITworld. October 4, 2002. from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  24. ^ Williams, Martyn (August 5, 2004). "New Blu-ray Details Emerge". PCWorld. from the original on July 17, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  25. ^ "Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge-Free, Ultra-Durable Blu-ray Discs a Reality". Phys.Org. January 9, 2005. from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  26. ^ Smith, Tony (January 6, 2006). "Blu-ray Disc developers complete specification". The Register. from the original on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  27. ^ Dean, Katie (July 15, 2004). "Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates?". Wired. from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  28. ^ Williams, Martyn (December 14, 2005). "Toshiba Hints at HD DVD Delay". PCWorld. from the original on October 5, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  29. ^ Morris, Craig (February 14, 2006). . Heise. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  30. ^ Perenson, Melissa J. (March 21, 2006). "Burning Questions: No Copying From First High-Def Players". PCWorld. from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  31. ^ . foxnews.com. March 31, 2006. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 17, 2007.
  32. ^ Costa, Dan (June 15, 2006). "Samsung Ships the First Blu-ray Player". PCMag.com. Retrieved October 17, 2007.[dead link]
  33. ^ Sony Rearranges Blu-ray Release Schedule June 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. High-Def Digest, June 15, 2006.
  34. ^ Full Specs in for Warner's September 26 Lineup; Studio to Go VC-1 for Blu-ray? September 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, BLU-RAY NEWS, High-Def Digest, August 30, 2006.
  35. ^ Bracke, Peter M. (October 10, 2006). "Click: Blu-ray Disc review". High-Def Digest. from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
  36. ^ Trondheimsolistene – in folk style September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, 2L the Nordic sound website May 2008, Trondheim Soloists Wiki
  37. ^ HTForum web review, Ghosts I-IV Deluxe Edition Package (HALO Twenty Six DE) August 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine NIN order site May 1, 2008 Ghosts I-IV Wiki
  38. ^ "Now Available". Blu-ray.com. from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008.
  39. ^ . AV Watch. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
  40. ^ Yoshida, Junko (March 1, 2002). "Picture's fuzzy for DVD". EE Times. from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  41. ^ Yoshida, Junko (December 12, 2001). "Forum to weigh Microsoft's Corona as DVD encoder". EE Times. from the original on April 5, 2004. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
  42. ^ . PCWorld. August 29, 2002. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  43. ^ . The Inquirer. Incisive Financial Publishing Limited. November 28, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  44. ^ Sweeting, Paul (July 6, 2007). . Archived from the original on August 4, 2007.
  45. ^ Katzmaier, David (June 30, 2006). "Samsung BD-P1000 Review". CNET. from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  46. ^ Beaumont, Claudine (February 23, 2008). . The Telegraph (UK). London. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
  47. ^ Smale, Will (February 19, 2008). "How the PS3 led Blu-ray's triumph". BBC News. from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2008.
  48. ^ Prange, Stephanie (February 23, 2007). . Home Media Magazine. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  49. ^ "BD+ Technologies Launches Content Protection Licensing Program". BD+ Technologies, LLC. June 28, 2007. from the original on March 7, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
  50. ^ Singel, Ryan (February 26, 2008). "How Crypto Won the DVD War". Wired. from the original on March 1, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
  51. ^ Carnoy, David. "Warner goes Blu-ray exclusively, delivering crushing blow to HD DVD". CBS Interactive Inc. from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  52. ^ Bangeman, Eric (January 29, 2008). "Consumers, analysts, retailers give HD DVD the cold shoulder". Ars Technica. from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
  53. ^ "Toshiba drops out of the HD DVD war". BBC News. February 19, 2008. from the original on February 23, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  54. ^ Chmielewski, Dawn C.; Wallace, Bruce (February 20, 2008). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 24, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2008.
  55. ^ "All Hollywood studios now lined up behind Blu-ray". Reuters (the Hollywood Reporter). February 21, 2008. from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2008.
  56. ^ a b Gallagher, Brian (February 20, 2008). "High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years". MovieWeb. Watchr Media. from the original on September 10, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  57. ^ Ricciuti, Mike (March 18, 2008). "Report: Microsoft says no Blu-ray for Xbox 360". CNET. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  58. ^ Lawler, Richard (July 23, 2014). "PS4 will add Blu-ray 3D support next week". Engadget. AOL Inc. from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  59. ^ Lawler, Richard (July 23, 2014). "Xbox One's next update makes it easier to keep up with friends, and play Blu-ray 3D". Engadget.com. from the original on July 24, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2014.
  60. ^ "Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Tops 600K On Release Day". High-Def Digest. December 11, 2008. from the original on February 24, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  61. ^ "Disc Sales: 'Dark Knight' Blu-ray Breaks 1M First-Week Barrier". High-Def Digest. December 17, 2008. from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
  62. ^ a b c d (PDF). The Digital Entertainment Group. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  63. ^ a b (PDF). The Digital Entertainment Group. January 6, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  64. ^ "Blu-ray is Being Adopted Much Faster Than DVD 11 Years Ago". InfoNIAC.com. June 9, 2008. from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2008.
  65. ^ Shilov, Anton (December 10, 2008). . xbitlabs.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
  66. ^ Richtel, Matt; Stone, Brad (January 5, 2009). "Blu-ray's Fuzzy Future". The New York Times. from the original on December 4, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  67. ^ Ryan Nakashima. Hollywood hopes an ensemble cast boosts Blu-ray December 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. December 14, 2009. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
  68. ^ Kukiewicz, Julia (January 7, 2009). "U.S. Which UK DVD Rental Sites Offer Blu-ray Rental?". choosedvdrental.co.uk. from the original on September 9, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
  69. ^ Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004). "How Blu-ray Discs Work". from the original on December 20, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  70. ^ Silva, Robert (January 4, 2021). "What You Need to do Before You Buy a Blu-ray Player". from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  71. ^ "Blu-ray Disks (BD) - blue laser optical disk technology". September 21, 2011. from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  72. ^ Heinzman, Andrew (July 19, 2019). "Are DVD and Blu-Ray Players Still Worth Buying? – Review Geek". from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  73. ^ "Why Blu-ray is Still Better Than Streaming Today - HomeTheaterReview". HomeTheaterReview. February 20, 2013. from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  74. ^ Marterello, John (March 13, 2019). "The State of Streaming Video vs. Blu-ray Discs". The Mac Observer. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  75. ^ Suderman, Peter (December 27, 2016). "Why DVDS and Blu-rays remain essential in the age of streaming". Vox. from the original on March 4, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  76. ^ Whitten, Sarah (November 8, 2019). "The death of the DVD: Why sales dropped more than 86% in 13 years". CNBC. from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  77. ^ Wilcox, James K. (October 9, 2015). "Ultra HD Blu-ray Players Probably Won't Arrive Until 2016". Consumer Reports. from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  78. ^ Welch, Chris (November 11, 2015). "The first 4K Blu-rays are coming early next year, but they all really suck". from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  79. ^ . August 23, 2004. Archived from the original on October 9, 2004. Retrieved October 9, 2004.
  80. ^ "Maxell focuses on holographic storage". CNET News.com. November 28, 2005. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
  81. ^ "Holographic storage bites the dust". ZDNet. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  82. ^ "TDK announces 100GB Blu-ray disc". Engadget.
  83. ^ . TDK. 2005. Archived from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  84. ^ "Hitachi Demos Four-Layer Blu-ray Disc Playback". cdrinfo.xom. from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2007.
  85. ^ "TDK: Ok, we're done with the 200GB recordable Blu-Ray". Engadget.
  86. ^ (Press release). TDK. August 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
  87. ^ "Hitachi to produce 200GB Blu-ray disc in 2009". Engadget.
  88. ^ Yam, Marcus (January 10, 2007). . DailyTech. Archived from the original on May 15, 2007. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
  89. ^ Kallender, Paul. "JVC Develops Dual Blu-ray-DVD Disc". IDG News Service. from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2004.
  90. ^ . 2006. Archived from the original on August 18, 2006. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
  91. ^ Lim, Daniel (December 19, 2008). "World's first hybrid Blu-ray / DVD disk title released in Japan". Slashgear.com. from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  92. ^ Harada, Mamoru (January 11, 2007). "Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using 'Standard Drive'". Techon.nikkebp.co.jp. from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  93. ^ Turton, Stuart (October 3, 2007). . PC Pro. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  94. ^ "Hitachi's 100GB Blu-ray disc drive". Engadget.
  95. ^ Hwang, Adam; Taipei, Jimmy Hsu (December 1, 2008). "Pioneer showcases 16-layer 400GB optical disc". Digitimes.com. from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  96. ^ "TDK Creates 320GB, 10 Layer Blu-ray Disc | High-Def Digest". www.highdefdigest.com.
  97. ^ Dreuth, Josh (January 4, 2010). "FSony, Panasonic Propose Blu-ray Capacity Increase". Blu-ray.com. from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
  98. ^ "BD-R white paper, 5th ed, October 2010" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  99. ^ "Joint development of the world's first blue-violet ultrafast pulsed semiconductor laser". July 20, 2010. from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  100. ^ a b Richard Lawler (January 7, 2013). "Sony to launch 4K digital distribution network this summer, 'mastered in 4K' Blu-ray Discs". Engadget. from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
  101. ^ Seamus Byrne (May 1, 2013). "Sony 'mastered in 4K' Blu-rays a mixed blessing". CNET. from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  102. ^ Melissa J. Perenson (January 14, 2013). "Blu-ray looks ahead to 4K". PC World. from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  103. ^ Gareth Halfacree (January 16, 2013). . expertreviews.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  104. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Association to Commence Licensing of Ultra HD Blu-ray". Business Wire. agent@blu-raydisc.info. August 5, 2015. from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  105. ^ "General". blu-raydisc.com. from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  106. ^ a b "9. Disc Capacity". hughsnews.ca. from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  107. ^ . sony.net. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010.
  108. ^ a b c "White paper, Blu-ray Disc, 1.C Physical Format Specifications for BD-ROM, 5th Edition" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. March 2007. (PDF) from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  109. ^ Singla, Naveen; O’Sullivan, Joseph A. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  110. ^ Cai, Kui (2007). "Introduction" (PDF). Design and Analysis of Parity-Check-Code-Based Optical Recording Systems (Thesis). pp. 1–16. (PDF) from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  111. ^ "White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, General" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Founders. August 2004. (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
  112. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  113. ^ a b c (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  114. ^ "Blank Blu-ray Media: Blu ray Recordable (BD-R, BD-R LTH) / Rewritable (BD-RE) Discs, Blu-ray DVD". Verbatim. from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  115. ^ "BluRay — Recording and reading speed". www.hughsnews.ca. Retrieved August 11, 2020. At this early stage anticipating anything is merely speculation but it's possible to make some informed predictions. From a practical perspective, spinning an optical disc at 10,000 RPM has long proven the realistic limit for half-height drives and 5,000 RPM for slim-types.
  116. ^ "USB 2.0, Hi-Speed USB FAQ". Everythingusb.com. February 2007. from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  117. ^ "SuperSpeed USB 3.0 FAQ". Everythingusb.com. November 17, 2008. from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  118. ^ "Serial ATA: High Speed Serialized AT Attachment" (PDF). www.serialata.org. Serial ATA Working Group. January 7, 2003. (PDF) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
  119. ^ "How To Install A Blu-ray Burner". ComputerShopper.com. from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
  120. ^ "View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives". LG USA. Archived from the original on July 11, 2020. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
  121. ^ "Manual".
  122. ^ "Computer Drives". Pioneer Electronics USA.
  123. ^ "Blu-Ray Writing Quality Tests Vol 2". www.cdrinfo.com. CDR info. June 19, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  124. ^ "Blu-ray Disc (BD) – InfoTip Kompendium". kompendium.infotip.de (in German).
  125. ^ "Blu-ray Case Information". cd-info.com. from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
  126. ^ "Blu-ray Case Patent". cd-info.com. from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  127. ^ "Blu-ray Disc – The Scoop". Acronova Technologies Inc. from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2015.
  128. ^ a b . Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.
  129. ^ "Blu-ray FAQ". from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
  130. ^ Japanese Journal of Applied Physics: Regular papers & short notes. Publication Board, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 2007.
  131. ^ Optical Data Storage. Optical Society of America. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8194-6357-9.
  132. ^ Hitachi First in Industry to Release Blu-ray Disc Camcorder August 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Naoki Asakawa, Nikkei Electronics, Nikkei Business Publications, August 3, 2007.
  133. ^ "Pioneer and Mitsubishi Develop Low cost BD-R Discs Using Organic Recording Layers". CDRInfo.com. from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
  134. ^ Taiyo Yuden, Mitsubishi and Maxell Release First LTH BD-R Discs February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine cdrinfo.com
  135. ^ PS3 firmware update v2.20 available – added support for LTH BD-R March 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine afterdawn.com
  136. ^ Verbatim/MKM certified BD-R LTH type media makes performance leap to 6X Archived September 13, 2012, at archive.today reuters.com
  137. ^ "BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu-ray Burners". cdrinfo.com. April 11, 2006. from the original on November 6, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2007.
  138. ^ "Quick Blu-ray content (BD, BD-5 and BD-9) authoring guide (PS3+PowerDVD)". from the original on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  139. ^ "Mini Blu-ray Disc: Guide for mini-Blu-ray-Disc Authoring". from the original on July 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  140. ^ "White Paper Blu-ray Disc Format General, 3rd Edition" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  141. ^ a b "BDXL Spec Upgrades Blu-ray Storage to 128GB". April 6, 2010. from the original on November 19, 2010. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  142. ^ a b McGlaun, Shane (April 6, 2010). . DailyTech.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2010.
  143. ^ "Format Specification – R3 Format Specification (BDXL™)". www.blu-raydisc.info. from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  144. ^ "128GB BDXL Blu-ray Disc specification finalized... and fabulous!". Engadget. from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
  145. ^ "R3 Format Specification (BDXL)". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  146. ^ "RE4 Format Specification (BDXL)". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on June 28, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  147. ^ a b c "R2 Format Specification". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  148. ^ a b c d "RE3 Format Specification". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  149. ^ a b c d e (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  150. ^ . Blu-ray Disc Association. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  151. ^ "RE2 Format Specification". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  152. ^ "R3 Format Specification (BDXL)". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  153. ^ a b c d "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Format: 3. File System Specifications for BD-RE, R, ROM, August 2004" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  154. ^ "R1 Format Specification". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  155. ^ a b "Blu-ray: All Books: As of June 2010" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
  156. ^ Jim Taylor; Mark R. Johnson; Charles G. Crawford (November 21, 2005). DVD Demystified: BD-MV. ISBN 9780071423960. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  157. ^ a b "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Rewritable Format: Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-RE Version 3.0" (PDF). March 2008. (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  158. ^ a b Videohelp.com What is Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD? April 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
  159. ^ "White paper, Blu-ray Disc Format, 2.B Audio Visual Application, Format Specifications, for BD-ROM Version 2.4, May 2010" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  160. ^ "Application Definition, Blu-ray Disc Format, BD-J Baseline Application and Logical Model Definition for BD-ROM, March 2005" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  161. ^ (PDF). September 28, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
  162. ^ a b "White paper Blu-ray Disc Format – 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. March 2005: 15. (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  163. ^ AfterDawn.com Glossary – BD-MV (Blu-ray Movie) and BDAV container December 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
  164. ^ a b AfterDawn.com Glossary – BDAV container Archived December 9, 2012, at archive.today, Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
  165. ^ a b Blu-ray Disc Association (March 2008) BD-RE – Audiovisual Application Format Specification for BD-RE 2.1 Archived July 30, 2009, at WebCite (PDF), Technical White Papers – BD RE May 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
  166. ^ Blu-ray Disc Association (August 2004) Blu-ray Disc Format, White paper June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Page 22, Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
  167. ^ "Technical White Papers — BD ROM". Blu-ray Disc Association. from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  168. ^ "Microsoft Community". microsoft.com. Microsoft. from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  169. ^ "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Read-Only Format: 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.5" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. July 2011. (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
  170. ^ "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Read-Only Format (Ultra HD Blu-ray): Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 3.0" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. July 2015. (PDF) from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
  171. ^ "White Paper: Blu-ray Disc Format: 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. May 2005. (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  172. ^ Williams, Martyn (September 2, 2004). "Blu-ray Disc To Support MPEG-4, VC-1". Pcworld.com. from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  173. ^ DeBoer, Clint (April 16, 2008). "HDMI Enhanced Black Levels, xvYCC and RGB". Audioholics. from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  174. ^ (PDF). Telairity. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 7, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
  175. ^ Statistics Page July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Blu-rayStats.com. Retrieved on December 22, 2010.
  176. ^ Fitzgerald, Shawn (April 23, 2008). "Superman Returns Review (Blu-ray)". TheHDRoom. from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  177. ^ Palenchar, Joseph (April 10, 2006). . TWICE.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2009. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  178. ^ "White paper Blu-ray Disc Format" (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association. April 2010. (PDF) from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  179. ^ . Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
  180. ^ Foote, Bill; Moll, Erik. "Java Technology Goes to the Movies: Java Technology in Next-Generation Optical Disc Formats" (PDF). 2005 JavaOne conference, Session TS-7091. (PDF) from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  181. ^ Shankland, Steven (June 26, 2005). "Java to appear in next-gen DVD players". CNET. from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  182. ^ Lysvåg, Christian (May 29, 2008). "Music on Blu-ray". Music Information Centre Norway. from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved June 26, 2008.
  183. ^ Fruhlinger, Joshua (May 28, 2008). "First Blu-ray record, Divertimenti, released". engadget. from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 5, 2008.
  184. ^ Ault, Susanne (October 7, 2007). . Archived from the original on December 18, 2008.
  185. ^ Zyber, Joshua (November 23, 2007). "High-Def FAQ: Blu-ray Profiles Explained". highdefdigest.com. from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  186. ^ Bracke, Peter (October 28, 2008). "Tinker Bell (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  187. ^ Zyber, Joshua (November 11, 2008). "Hellboy II: The Golden Army (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  188. ^ Brown, Kenneth (November 9, 2008). "Kung Fu Panda (Blu-ray)". highdefdigest.com. from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2009.
  189. ^ (PDF). August 5, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
  190. ^ Moskovciak, Matthew (September 9, 2008). . CNET. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  191. ^ Rothman, Wilson (October 24, 2007). "Samsung's Already Awesome HD Disc Hybrid BD-UP5000 Upgraded to Profile 1.1 (Bye Bye Format Bitching)". Gizmodo.com. from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
  192. ^ Profile 1.1 December 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, afterdawn.com, December 22, 2010.
  193. ^ "Blu-ray Disc for Video". from the original on June 2, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  194. ^ "How does regional coding work in the computer space?" September 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine us.blu-raydisc.com FAQ Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  195. ^ "Latest Confirmed Region Free Blu-rays" October 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  196. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Warner". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  197. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Paramount". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  198. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Universal". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  199. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Sony". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  200. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Disney". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  201. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics MGM". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
  202. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics Lionsgate". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  203. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Statistics 20th Century Fox". from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  204. ^ "Help – The Criterion Collection (20.)". from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  205. ^ "Help – The Criterion Collection (11.)". from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  206. ^ "First Region Free Blu-ray Players Available" September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine engadgethd.com. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
  207. ^ "Region-Free 4k UHD Blu-ray Players: Fact or Fiction?". 220 Electronics. from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  208. ^ a b "Blu-ray Disc Next-Generation Optical Storage: Protecting Content on the BD-ROM" (PDF). Dell. (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  209. ^ Ajima, Kosuke (March 29, 2006). (PDF). Blu-ray Disc Association Content Protection Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2007.
  210. ^ Lee, Matt (March 24, 2006). "Don't buy HD-DVD or Blu-ray disks". FSF. from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  211. ^ Northrup, Laura (September 6, 2013). "Samsung's Disposable Blu-ray Player Won't Play New Blu-rays". Consumerist. from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  212. ^ Lang, Brent (April 29, 2010). "'Avatar' Blu-rays Have Some Buyers Seeing Red". The Wrap. from the original on August 30, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  213. ^ (PDF). June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  214. ^ . AACS. April 16, 2007. Archived from the original on April 30, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  215. ^ Content Protection – BD+ and Blu-ray November 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from cryptography.com
  216. ^ US application 2010169663, "Systems and Methods for Detecting Authorized Players", published July 1, 2010, assigned to CYBERLINK CORPORATION 
  217. ^ Murph, Darren (November 7, 2007). "SlySoft's latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD+". engadget. from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  218. ^ Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (March 19, 2008). "SlySoft cracks Blu-ray BD+ encryption". ZDNet. from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  219. ^ "DumpHD – a HD-DVD / Blu-ray Decrypter – Doom9's Forum". doom9.org. from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  220. ^ Seff, Jonathan (January 20, 2010). "Blu-ray ripping on the Mac". Macworld. from the original on July 31, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  221. ^ Gordon, Whitson (June 9, 2010). "The Hassle-Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu-ray Collection". Lifehacker. from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  222. ^ (PDF). July 27, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2006. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
  223. ^ "Can Blu-ray Disc products play DVD and CD?". from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2009.
  224. ^ . Archived from the original on September 2, 2008. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
  225. ^ "Pioneer BDP-HD1". Retrieved February 23, 2007.
  226. ^ "Sony BDP-S1 Blu-ray Disc Player — Product Profile". from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
  227. ^ "PlayStation Support". support.playstation.com.
  228. ^ "AVCHD Information Web Site press releases". from the original on April 19, 2009. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
  229. ^ . Archived from the original on March 17, 2009.
  230. ^ . reghardware.co.uk. May 20, 2009. Archived from the original on May 23, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2009.
  231. ^ Chabot, Jeff (December 17, 2009). "3D specifications finalized for Blu-ray, to hit market next year". HD Report. from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
  232. ^ "Blu-ray Disc Association Announces Final 3D Specification". Business Wire. December 17, 2009. from the original on December 20, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  233. ^ "PS3 System Software Update (ver 3.50)". September 21, 2010. from the original on September 24, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  234. ^ Lempel, Eric (April 21, 2010). "PS3 goes 3D on 10 June [2010]". PlayStation Blog. from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  235. ^ Lempel, Eric (August 9, 2011). "PS3 System Software Update (v3.70)". PlayStation.Blog. from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  236. ^ Allen, Danny (August 21, 2009). "So, The PS3 Slim Can Bitstream Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio After All?". Gizmodo. from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2012.
  237. ^ Kidwell, Essa (April 4, 2019). "How to get the best 3D Blu-Ray experience with PlayStation VR". AndroidCentral. from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  238. ^ a b "4K Blu-ray discs arriving in 2015 to fight streaming media". CNET. September 5, 2014. from the original on October 13, 2014. Retrieved October 18, 2014.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blu-ray Disc.
  • Official website  
  • Blu-ray Disc Association's Technical White Papers August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  • Blu-ray Disc License Office
  • AACS LA

February 05, 2023
disc, often, known, simply, digital, optical, disc, data, storage, format, invented, developed, 2005, released, june, 2006, worldwide, designed, supersede, format, capable, storing, several, hours, high, definition, video, hdtv, 720p, 1080p, main, application,. The Blu ray Disc BD often known simply as Blu ray is a digital optical disc data storage format It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20 2006 worldwide It is designed to supersede the DVD format and capable of storing several hours of high definition video HDTV 720p and 1080p The main application of Blu ray is as a medium for video material such as feature films and for the physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5 Xbox One and Xbox Series X The name Blu ray refers to the blue laser which is actually a violet laser used to read the disc which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer wavelength red laser used for DVDs Reverse side of a Blu ray Unlike CD and DVD the reflection has a blue hue Different brands of disc can have different colors such as silver gold or grey Media typeHigh density optical discEncodingData encoding CLV or Zoned CAV pits and lands with interleaved error correction codeBDMV Video encoding H 262 MPEG 2 Part 2H 264 MPEG 4 AVCVC 1H 265 HEVC only Ultra HD Blu ray Capacity25 GB single layer 50 66 GB dual layer 100 128 GB BDXL Up to four layers are possible in a standard form BD Block size2 KB sector 1 64 KB ECC block 2 Read mechanism405 nm diode laser 36 Mbit sWrite mechanism405 nm diode laser with a focused beam using more power than for readingDeveloped bySonyBlu ray Disc Association 3 Dimensions12 cm 4 7 in diameter1 2 mm 0 047 in thickness 4 a UsageData storageHigh definition videoHigh resolution audioStereoscopic 3DPlayStation 3 gamesPlayStation 4 gamesPlayStation 5 gamesXbox One gamesXbox Series X gamesExtended fromDVDExtended toUltra HD Blu rayArchival DiscReleasedJune 20 2006 16 years ago 2006 06 20 The polycarbonate disc is 120 millimetres 4 7 in in diameter and 1 2 millimetres 0 047 in thick the same size as DVDs and CDs 5 Conventional or pre BD XL Blu ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer with dual layer discs 50 GB being the industry standard for feature length video discs Triple layer discs 100 GB and quadruple layer discs 128 GB are available for BD XL re writer drives 6 High definition HD video may be stored on Blu ray Discs with up to 1920 1080 pixel resolution at 24 amp 50 60 progressive or 50 60 interlaced frames per second DVD discs were limited to a maximum resolution of 480 NTSC 720 480 pixels or 576 lines CCIR 625 50 720 576 pixels commonly used with PAL 7 Besides these hardware specifications Blu ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats The BD format was developed by the Blu ray Disc Association a group representing makers of consumer electronics computer hardware and motion pictures Sony unveiled the first Blu ray Disc prototypes in October 2000 and the first prototype player was released in Japan in April 2003 Afterward it continued to be developed until its official worldwide release on June 20 2006 beginning the high definition optical disc format war where Blu ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format Toshiba the main company supporting HD DVD conceded in February 2008 8 and later released its own Blu ray Disc player in late 2009 9 According to Media Research high definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales 10 Blu ray faces competition from video on demand VOD and the continued sale of DVDs 11 In January 2016 44 of U S broadband households had a Blu ray player 12 For playback of 4K content the BDA introduced a variant of Blu ray called Ultra HD Blu ray Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Launch and sales developments 1 3 Competition from HD DVD 1 4 Future scope and market trends 1 4 1 Beyond Blu ray 1 4 2 Ongoing development 1 4 2 1 2005 2010 1 4 2 2 2011 present 2 Physical media 2 1 Laser and optics 2 2 Hard coating technology 2 3 Drive speeds 2 4 Media quality and data integrity 2 5 Packaging 2 6 Types 2 6 1 Mini Blu ray Disc 2 6 2 Blu ray Disc recordable 2 6 3 BD9 and BD5 2 6 4 BDXL 2 6 5 IH BD 3 Data format standards 3 1 Filesystem 3 2 Application format 3 3 Directory and file structure 3 4 Media format 3 4 1 Container format 3 4 2 Codecs 3 4 2 1 Video 3 4 2 2 Audio 3 4 3 Bit rate 3 5 Java software interface 3 6 Player profiles 3 6 1 BD Live 3 7 Region codes 3 8 Digital rights management 3 8 1 High bandwidth Digital Content Protection 3 8 2 Advanced Access Content System 3 8 3 BD 3 8 4 BD ROM Mark 4 Backward compatibility 5 Variations 5 1 High Fidelity Pure Audio BD A 5 2 AVCHD 5 3 AVCREC 5 4 Blu ray 3D 5 5 Ultra HD Blu ray 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksHistory Edit A blank rewritable Blu ray Disc BD RE Kees Schouhamer Immink received a personal Emmy award for his pioneering contributions to the DVD and the Blu ray Disc Early history Edit The information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used Following protracted development blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis allowing for development of a denser storage format that could hold higher definition media with prototype discs made with diodes at a slightly longer wavelength of 407 nanometers in October 1998 13 14 Sony commenced two projects in collaboration with Panasonic Philips and TDK 15 applying the new diodes UDO Ultra Density Optical 16 and DVR Blue together with Pioneer 17 a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu ray Disc more specifically BD RE The core technologies of the formats are similar The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled by Sony at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 18 A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed on February 9 2001 19 On February 19 2002 the project was officially announced as Blu ray Disc 20 21 and Blu ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10 2003 the Sony BDZ S77 a US 3 800 BD RE recorder that was made available only in Japan 22 However there was no standard for pre recorded video and no movies were released for this player Hollywood studios insisted that players be equipped with digital rights management before they would release movies for the new format and they wanted a new DRM system that would be more secure than the failed Content Scramble System CSS used on DVDs On October 4 2004 the name Blu ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu ray Disc Association BDA and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA s Board of Directors 23 The Blu ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004 24 In January 2005 TDK announced that it had developed an ultra hard yet very thin polymer coating Durabis for Blu ray Discs this was a significant technical advance because a far tougher protection was desired in the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD while technically Blu ray Disc required a much thinner layer for the denser and higher frequency blue laser 25 Cartridges originally used for scratch protection were no longer necessary and were scrapped The BD ROM specifications were finalized in early 2006 26 Advanced Access Content System Licensing Administrator AACS LA a consortium founded in 2004 27 had been developing the DRM platform that could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers However the final AACS standard was delayed 28 and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu ray Disc group voiced concerns 29 At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers including Toshiba Pioneer and Samsung an interim standard was published that did not include some features such as managed copy 30 Launch and sales developments Edit The first BD ROM players Samsung BD P1000 were shipped in mid June 2006 though HD DVD players beat them to market by a few months 31 32 The first Blu ray Disc titles were released on June 20 2006 50 First Dates The Fifth Element Hitch House of Flying Daggers Underworld Evolution xXx all from Sony and MGM s The Terminator 33 The earliest releases used MPEG 2 video compression the same method used on standard DVDs The first releases using the newer VC 1 and AVC formats were introduced in September 2006 34 The first movies using 50 GB dual layer discs were introduced in October 2006 35 The first audio only albums were released in May 2008 36 37 By June 2008 over 2 500 Blu ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom with 3 500 in the United States and Canada 38 In Japan over 3 300 titles had been released as of July 2010 39 Competition from HD DVD Edit Main article High definition optical disc format war The DVD Forum chaired by Toshiba was split over whether to develop the more expensive blue laser technology In March 2002 the forum approved a proposal which was endorsed by Warner Bros and other motion picture studios The proposal involved compressing high definition video onto dual layer standard DVD 9 discs 40 41 In spite of this decision however the DVD Forum s Steering Committee announced in April that it was pursuing its own blue laser high definition video solution In August Toshiba and NEC announced their competing standard the Advanced Optical Disc 42 It was finally adopted by the DVD Forum and renamed HD DVD the next year 43 after being voted down twice by DVD Forum members who were also Blu ray Disc Association members a situation that drew preliminary investigations by the U S Department of Justice 44 HD DVD had a head start in the high definition video market as Blu ray Disc sales were slow to gain market share The first Blu ray Disc player was perceived as expensive and buggy and there were few titles available 45 The Sony PlayStation 3 which contained a Blu ray Disc player for primary storage helped support Blu ray 46 Sony also ran a more thorough and influential marketing campaign for the format 47 AVCHD camcorders were also introduced in 2006 These recordings can be played back on many Blu ray Disc players without re encoding but are not compatible with HD DVD players By January 2007 Blu ray Discs had outsold HD DVDs 48 and during the first three quarters of 2007 BD outsold HD DVD by about two to one At CES 2007 Warner proposed Total Hi Def a hybrid disc containing Blu ray on one side and HD DVD on the other but it was never released On June 28 2007 20th Century Fox cited Blu ray Discs adoption of the BD anticopying system as key to their decision to support the Blu ray Disc format 49 50 On January 4 2008 a day before CES 2008 Warner Bros the only major studio still releasing movies in both HD DVD and Blu ray Disc format announced that it would release only in Blu ray after May 2008 51 This effectively included other studios that came under the Warner umbrella such as New Line Cinema and HBO though in Europe HBO s distribution partner the BBC announced it would continue to release product on both formats while keeping an eye on market forces This led to a chain reaction in the industry with major American retailers such as Best Buy Walmart and Circuit City and Canadian chains such as Future Shop dropping HD DVD in their stores Woolworths then a major European retailer dropped HD DVD from its inventory 52 Major DVD rental companies Netflix and Blockbuster said they would no longer carry HD DVD Following these new developments on February 19 2008 Toshiba announced it would end production of HD DVD devices 53 allowing Blu ray Disc to become the industry standard for high density optical discs Universal Studios the sole major studio to back HD DVD since its inception said shortly after Toshiba s announcement While Universal values the close partnership we have shared with Toshiba it is time to turn our focus to releasing new and catalog titles on Blu ray Disc 54 Paramount Pictures which started releasing movies only in HD DVD format during late 2007 also said it would start releasing on Blu ray Disc Both studios announced initial Blu ray lineups in May 2008 With this all major Hollywood studios supported Blu ray 55 Future scope and market trends Edit This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2018 According to Media Research high definition software sales in the United States were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales 10 16 3 million DVD software units were sold in the first two years 1997 1998 compared to 8 3 million high definition software units 2006 2007 10 56 One reason given for this difference was the smaller marketplace 26 5 million HDTVs in 2007 compared to 100 million SDTVs in 1998 56 Former HD DVD supporter Microsoft did not make a Blu ray Disc drive for the Xbox 360 57 The 360 s successor Xbox One features a Blu ray drive as does the PS4 with both supporting 3D Blu ray after later firmware updates 58 59 Shortly after the format war ended Blu ray Disc sales began to increase A study by the NPD Group found that awareness of Blu ray Disc had reached 60 of households in the United States Nielsen VideoScan sales numbers showed that for some titles such as 20th Century Fox s Hitman up to 14 of total disc sales were from Blu ray although the average Blu ray sales for the first half of the year were only around 5 In December 2008 the Blu ray Disc version of Warner Bros The Dark Knight sold 600 000 copies on the first day of its launch in the United States Canada and the United Kingdom 60 A week after the launch The Dark Knight BD had sold over 1 7 million copies worldwide making it the first Blu ray Disc title to sell over a million copies in the first week of release 61 Blu ray Disc sales in United States and Canada Year Cumulative sales millions 2006 1 2 62 2007 19 2 62 2008 82 9 62 2009 177 2 62 2010 350 63 According to Singulus Technologies AG Blu ray was adopted faster than the DVD format was at a similar period in its development This conclusion was based on the fact that Singulus Technologies received orders for 21 Blu ray dual layer replication machines during the first quarter of 2008 while 17 DVD replication machines of this type were made in the same period in 1997 64 According to GfK Retail and Technology in the first week of November 2008 sales of Blu ray recorders surpassed DVD recorders in Japan 65 According to the Digital Entertainment Group the number of Blu ray Disc playback devices both set top box and game console sold in the United States had reached 28 5 million by the end of 2010 63 Blu ray faces competition from video on demand 66 and from new technologies that allow access to movies on any format or device such as Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem or Disney s Keychest 67 Some commentators suggested that renting Blu ray would play a vital part in keeping the technology affordable while allowing it to move forward 68 In an effort to increase sales studios began releasing films in combo packs with Blu ray Discs and DVDs as well as digital copies that can be played on computers and mobile devices Some are released on flipper discs with Blu ray on one side and DVD on the other Other strategies are to release movies with the special features only on Blu ray Discs and none on DVDs Blu ray Discs cost no more to produce than DVD discs 69 However reading and writing mechanisms are more complicated making Blu ray recorders drives and players more expensive than their DVD counterparts 70 71 72 Adoption is also limited due to the widespread use of streaming media 73 74 75 76 Blu ray Discs are used to distribute PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation 5 Xbox One and Xbox Series X games and the aforementioned game consoles can play back regular Blu ray Discs Beyond Blu ray Edit Blu ray case often blue tinted Ultra HD Blu ray discs and players became available in the first quarter of 2016 having a storage capacity of up to 100 GB 77 78 The Holographic Versatile Disc HVD described in the ECMA 377 standard was in development by the Holography System Development HSD Forum using a green writing reading laser 532 nm and a red positioning addressing laser 650 nm It was to offer MPEG 2 MPEG 4 AVC H 264 HEVC H 265 and VC 1 encoding supporting a maximum storage capacity of 6TB 79 No systems conforming to the Ecma International HVD standard have been released 80 The company responsible for HVD went bankrupt in 2010 making any releases unlikely 81 Ongoing development Edit This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information April 2018 2005 2010 Edit Front of an experimental 200 GB rewritable Blu ray Disc Although the Blu ray Disc specification has been finalized engineers continue to work on advancing the technology By 2005 quad layer 100 GB 82 discs had been demonstrated on a drive with modified optics 83 and standard unaltered optics 84 Hitachi stated that such a disc could be used to store 7 hours of 32 Mbit s video HDTV or 3 hours and 30 minutes of 64 Mbit s video ultra high definition television In April 2006 TDK canceled plans to produce 8 layer 200 GB Blu ray Discs 85 In August 2006 TDK announced that it had created a working experimental Blu ray Disc capable of holding 200 GB of data on a single side using six 33 GB data layers 86 In 2007 Hitachi was reported to have plans to produce 200 GB disks by 2009 87 Behind closed doors at CES 2007 Ritek revealed that it had successfully developed a high definition optical disc process that extended the disc capacity to ten layers increasing the capacity of the discs to 250 GB However it noted the major obstacle was that current read write technology did not allow additional layers 88 JVC developed a three layer technology that allows putting both standard definition DVD data and HD data on a BD standard DVD combination 89 This would have enabled the consumer to purchase a disc that can be played on DVD players and can also reveal its HD version when played on a BD player 90 Japanese optical disc manufacturer Infinity announced the first hybrid Blu ray Disc standard DVD combo to be released February 18 2009 This disc set of the TV series Code Blue featured four hybrid discs containing a single Blu ray Disc layer 25 GB and two DVD layers 9 GB on the same side of the disc 91 In January 2007 Hitachi showcased a 100 GB Blu ray Disc consisting of four layers containing 25 GB each 92 It claimed that unlike TDK s and Panasonic s 100 GB discs this disc would be readable on standard Blu ray Disc drives that were currently in circulation and it was believed that a firmware update was the only requirement to make it readable by then current players and drives 93 In October 2007 they revealed a 100GB Blu ray Disc drive 94 In December 2008 Pioneer Corporation unveiled a 400 GB Blu ray Disc containing 16 data layers 25 GB each compatible with current players after a firmware update Its planned launch was in the 2009 10 time frame for ROM and 2010 13 for rewritable discs Ongoing development was underway to create a 1 TB Blu ray Disc 95 At CES 2009 Panasonic unveiled the DMP B15 the first portable Blu ray Disc player and Sharp introduced the LC BD60U and LC BD80U series the first LCD HDTVs with integrated Blu ray Disc players Sharp also announced that it would sell HDTVs with integrated Blu ray Disc recorders in the United States by the end of 2009 Set top box recorders were not being sold in the U S for fear of unauthorized copying However personal computers with Blu ray recorder drives were available In October 2009 TDK demonstrated a 10 layer 320 GB Blu ray Disc 96 On January 1 2010 Sony in association with Panasonic announced plans to increase the storage capacity on their Blu ray Discs from 25 GB to 33 4 GB via a technology called i MLSE Maximum likelihood Sequence Estimation The higher capacity discs according to Sony would be readable on existing Blu ray Disc players with a firmware upgrade 97 This technology was later used on BDXL discs 98 On July 20 2010 the research team of Sony and Japanese Tohoku University announced the joint development of a blue violet laser 99 to help create Blu ray Discs with a capacity of 1 TB using only two layers and potentially more than 1 TB with additional layering By comparison the first blue laser was invented in 1996 with the first prototype discs coming four years later 2011 present Edit Early 4K Blu ray release at Best Buy A 4K Blu ray Disc player was also released On January 7 2013 Sony announced that it would release Mastered in 4K Blu ray Disc titles sourced at 4K and encoded at 1080p 100 Mastered in 4K Blu ray Disc titles can be played on existing Blu ray Disc players and have a larger color space using xvYCC 100 101 On January 14 2013 Blu ray Disc Association president Andy Parsons stated that a task force was created three months prior to conduct a study concerning an extension to the Blu ray Disc specification that would add the ability to contain 4K Ultra HD video 102 103 On August 5 2015 the Blu ray Disc Association BDA announced it would commence licensing the Ultra HD Blu ray format starting on August 24 2015 The Ultra HD Blu ray format delivered high dynamic range content that significantly expanded the range between the brightest and darkest elements expanded color range high frame rate up to 60fps and up to 3840 2160 resolution object based sound formats and an optional digital bridge feature New players were required to play this format which were able to play both DVDs traditional Blu rays and the new format New Ultra HD Blu ray Discs hold up to 66 GB and 100 GB of data on dual and triple layer discs respectively 104 Blu ray s physical and file system specifications are publicly available on the Blu ray Disc association s website 105 Physical media Edit Comparison of several forms of disc storage showing tracks not to scale green denotes start and red denotes end Some CD R W and DVD R W DVD R W recorders operate in ZCLV CAA or CAV modes Comparison of various optical storage media Type Diameter cm Layers CapacityBytesStandard disc size single layer 12 1 25 025 314 816Standard disc size dual layer 12 2 50 050 629 632Standard disc size XL 3 layer 106 12 3 100 103 356 416Standard disc size XL 4 layer 106 12 4 128 001 769 472Mini disc size single layer 8 1 7 791 181 824Mini disc size dual layer 8 2 15 582 363 648Laser and optics Edit While a DVD uses a 650 nm red laser Blu ray Disc uses a 405 nm blue laser diode Although the laser is called blue its color is actually in the violet range The shorter wavelength can be focused to a smaller area thus enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are less than half the size of those on a DVD and can consequently be spaced more closely resulting in a shorter track pitch enabling a Blu ray Disc to hold about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD The lasers are GaN gallium nitride laser diodes that produce 405 nm light directly that is without frequency doubling or other nonlinear optical mechanisms 107 14 CDs use 780 nm near infrared lasers The minimum spot size on which a laser can be focused is limited by diffraction and depends on the wavelength of the light and the numerical aperture of the lens used to focus it By decreasing the wavelength increasing the numerical aperture from 0 60 to 0 85 and making the cover layer thinner to avoid unwanted optical effects designers can cause the laser beam to focus on a smaller spot which effectively allows more information to be stored in the same area 108 For a Blu ray Disc the spot size is 580 nm 109 This allows a reduction of the pit size from 400 nm for DVD to 150 nm for Blu ray Disc and of the track pitch from 740 nm to 320 nm 108 See compact disc for information on optical discs physical structure In addition to the optical improvements Blu ray Discs feature improvements in data encoding that further increase the amount of content that can be stored 110 Hard coating technology Edit Given that the Blu ray Disc data layer is closer to the surface of the disc compared to the DVD standard it was found in early designs to be more vulnerable to scratches 111 112 The first discs were therefore housed in cartridges for protection resembling Professional Discs introduced by Sony in 2003 Using a cartridge would increase the price of an already expensive medium and would increase the size of Blu ray Disc drives so designers chose hard coating of the pickup surface instead TDK was the first company to develop a working scratch protection coating for Blu ray Discs naming it Durabis In addition both Sony s and Panasonic s replication methods include proprietary hard coat technologies Sony s rewritable media are spin coated using a scratch resistant acrylic and antistatic coating 113 Verbatim s recordable and rewritable Blu ray Discs use their own proprietary technology called Hard Coat 114 Colloidal silica dispersed UV curable resins are used for the hard coating given that according to the Blu ray Disc Association they offer the best tradeoff between scratch resistance optical properties and productivity 113 The Blu ray Disc specification requires the testing of resistance to scratches by mechanical abrasion 108 In contrast DVD media are not required to be scratch resistant but since development of the technology some companies such as Verbatim implemented hard coating for more expensive lines of recordable DVDs Drive speeds Edit BD drive speeds Drive speed Data rate Write time minutes CAV Rotation speed RPM 115 Mbit s MB s Single Layer Dual Layer1 36 4 5 90 180 8102 72 9 45 90 1 6204 144 18 22 5 45 3 2406 216 27 15 30 4 8608 288 36 11 25 22 5 6 48010 360 45 9 18 8 10012 432 54 7 5 15 9 72014 504 63 6 5 13 11 34016 576 72 5 7 11 5 12 960The table shows the speeds available Even the lowest speed 1 is sufficient to play and record real time 1080p video the higher speeds are relevant for general data storage and more sophisticated handling of video BD discs are designed to cope with at least 5 000 rpm of rotational speed The usable data rate of a Blu ray Disc drive can be limited by the capacity of the drive s data interface With a USB 2 0 interface the maximum exploitable drive speed is 288 Mbit s or 36 MB s also called 8 speed 116 A USB 3 0 interface with proper cabling does not have this limitation 117 nor do even the oldest version of Serial ATA SATA 150 MB s 118 nor the latest Parallel ATA 133 MB s standards Internal Blu ray drives that are integrated into a computer as opposed to physically separate and connected via a cable typically have a SATA interface 119 More recent half height Blu Ray writers have reached writing speeds of up to 16 constant angular velocity on single layer BD R media while the highest reading speeds are 12 presumably to prevent repeated physical stress on the disc Slim type drives are limited to 6 speeds constant angular velocity due to spacial and power limitations 120 121 122 Media quality and data integrity Edit Main article Optical disc Surface error scanning The quality and data integrity of optical media can be determined by measuring the rate of errors of which higher rates may be an indication for deteriorating media low quality media physical damage such as scratches dust and or media written using a defective optical drive Errors on Blu Ray media is measured using the so called LDC Long Distance Codes and BIS Burst Indication Subcodes error parameters of which rates below 13 and 15 respectively can be considered healthy Not all vendors and models of optical drives have error scanning functionality implemented 123 124 14 Packaging Edit Pre recorded Blu ray Disc titles usually ship in packages similar to but slightly smaller 18 5 mm shorter and 2 mm thinner 135 mm 171 5 mm 13 mm 125 as well as more rounded than a standard DVD keep case generally with the format prominently displayed in a horizontal stripe across the top of the case translucent blue for Blu ray video discs clear for Blu ray 3D video releases red for PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits Games transparent for regular PlayStation 3 games transparent dark blue for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 games transparent green for Xbox One and Xbox Series X games and black for Ultra HD Blu ray video releases Warren Osborn and The Seastone Media Group LLC created the package that was adopted worldwide following the Blu ray versus HD DVD market adoption choice 126 Because Blu ray cases are smaller than DVD cases more Blu rays than DVDs can fit on a shelf Types Edit Mini Blu ray Disc Edit The Mini Blu ray Disc also Mini BD and Mini Blu ray is a compact 8 centimetre diameter 3 1 in variant of the Blu ray Disc that can store 7 8 GB of data in its single layer configuration or 15 6 GB on a dual layer disc 127 It is similar in concept to the MiniDVD and Mini CD Recordable BD R and rewritable BD RE versions of Mini Blu ray Disc have been developed specifically for compact camcorders and other compact recording devices 128 Blu ray Disc recordable Edit Main article Blu ray Disc recordable Blu ray Disc recordable BD R refers to two optical disc formats that can be recorded with an optical disc recorder BD Rs can be written to once whereas Blu ray Disc Recordable Erasable BD REs can be erased and re recorded multiple times The current practical maximum speed for Blu ray Discs is about 12 54 MB s 129 1 7 Higher speeds of rotation 5 000 rpm 113 cause too much wobble for the discs to be written properly 130 131 as with the 24 33 2 MB s and 56 8 2 MB s 11 200 rpm maximum speeds respectively of standard DVDs and CDs Since September 2007 BD RE is also available in the smaller 8 cm Mini Blu ray Disc size 128 132 On September 18 2007 Pioneer and Mitsubishi codeveloped BD R LTH Low to High in groove recording which features an organic dye recording layer that can be manufactured by modifying existing CD R and DVD R production equipment significantly reducing manufacturing costs 133 In February 2008 Taiyo Yuden Mitsubishi and Maxell released the first BD R LTH Discs 134 and in March 2008 Sony s PlayStation 3 officially gained the ability to use BD R LTH Discs with the 2 20 firmware update 135 In May 2009 Verbatim Mitsubishi announced the industry s first 6X BD R LTH media which allows recording a 25 GB disc in about 16 minutes 136 Unlike with the previous releases of 120 mm optical discs i e CDs and standard DVDs Blu ray recorders hit the market almost simultaneously with Blu ray s debut BD9 and BD5 Edit The BD9 format was proposed to the Blu ray Disc Association by Warner Home Video as a cost effective alternative to the 25 50 GB BD ROM discs The format was supposed to use the same codecs and program structure as Blu ray Disc video but recorded onto less expensive 8 5 GB dual layer DVD This red laser media could be manufactured on existing DVD production lines with lower costs of production than the 25 50 GB Blu ray media 137 Usage of BD9 for releasing content on pressed discs never caught on With the end of the format war manufacturers ramped production of Blu ray Discs and lowered prices to compete with DVDs On the other hand the idea of using inexpensive DVD media became popular among individual users A lower capacity version of this format that uses single layer 4 7 GB DVDs has been unofficially called BD5 Both formats are being used by individuals for recording high definition content in Blu ray format onto recordable DVD media 138 139 Despite the fact that the BD9 format has been adopted as part of the BD ROM basic format none of the existing Blu ray player models explicitly claim to be able to read it Consequently the discs recorded in BD9 and BD5 formats are not guaranteed to play on standard Blu ray Disc players AVCHD and AVCREC also use inexpensive media like DVDs but unlike BD9 and BD5 these formats have limited interactivity codec types and data rates As of March 2011 BD9 was removed as an official BD ROM disc 140 BDXL Edit 128 GB BDXL quadruple layer disc manufactured by Sony Corporation The BDXL format allows 100 GB and 128 GB write once discs 141 142 and 100 GB rewritable discs for commercial applications The BDXL specification was finalised in June 2010 143 144 BD R 3 0 Format Specification BDXL defined a multi layered disc recordable in BDAV format with the speed of 2 and 4 capable of 100 128 GB and usage of UDF2 5 2 6 145 BD RE 4 0 Format Specification BDXL defined a multi layered disc rewritable in BDAV with the speed of 2 and 4 capable of 100 GB and usage of UDF2 5 as file system 146 Although the 66 GB and 100 GB BD ROM discs used for Ultra HD Blu ray use the same linear density as BDXL the two formats are not compatible with each other therefore it is not possible to use a triple layer BDXL disc to burn an Ultra HD Blu ray Disc playable in an Ultra HD Blu ray player although standard 50GB BD R DL discs can be burned in the Ultra HD format IH BD Edit The IH BD Intra Hybrid Blu ray format includes a 25 GB rewritable layer BD RE and a 25 GB write once layer BD ROM designed to work with existing Blu ray Discs 141 142 Data format standards EditFilesystem Edit Blu ray Disc specifies the use of Universal Disk Format UDF 2 50 as a convergent friendly format for both PC and consumer electronics environments It is used in the latest specifications of BD ROM BD RE and BD R 147 148 149 In the first BD RE specification defined in 2002 the BDFS Blu ray Disc File System was used The BD RE 1 0 specification was defined mainly for the digital recording of high definition television HDTV broadcast television The BDFS was replaced by UDF 2 50 in the second BD RE specification in 2005 in order to enable interoperability among consumer electronics Blu ray recorders and personal computer systems These optical disc recording technologies enabled PC recording and playback of BD RE 149 150 151 BD R can use UDF 2 50 2 60 152 The Blu ray Disc application for recording of digital broadcasting has been developed as System Description Blu ray Rewritable Disc Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications BDAV The requirements related with computer file system have been specified in System Description Blu ray Rewritable Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1 0 BDFS 153 Initially the BD RE version 1 0 BDFS was specifically developed for recording of digital broadcasts using the Blu ray Disc application BDAV application But these requirements are superseded by the Blu ray Rewritable Disc File System Specifications version 2 0 UDF a k a RE 2 0 and Blu ray Recordable Disc File System Specifications version 1 0 UDF a k a R 1 0 Additionally a new application format BDMV System Description Blu ray Disc Prerecorded Format part 3 Audio Visual Basic Specifications for High Definition Content Distribution was developed for BD ROM The only file system developed for BDMV is the System Description Blu ray Read Only Disc Format part 2 File System Specifications version 1 0 UDF which defines the requirements for UDF 2 50 149 153 Application format Edit BDAV or BD AV Blu ray Disc Audio Visual 149 153 154 155 a consumer oriented Blu ray video format used for audio video recording defined in 2002 BDMV or BD MV Blu ray Disc Movie 147 148 149 153 155 156 a Blu ray video format with menu capability commonly used for movie releases BDMV Recording specification defined in September 2006 for BD RE and BD R 148 157 RREF Realtime Recording and Editing Format a subset of BDMV designed for real time recording and editing applications 157 HFPA High Fidelity Pure Audio A high definition audio disc using the Blu ray formatDirectory and file structure Edit All BDMV application files are stored under a BDMV directory 158 159 160 161 BDMV directory contains the PLAYLIST CLIPINF STREAM AUXDATA and BACKUP directories PLAYLIST directory contains the Database files for Movie PlayLists xxxxx mpls files store information corresponding to Movie PlayLists One file is created for each Movie PlayList The filenames of these files are in the form xxxxx mpls where xxxxx is a 5 digit number corresponding to the Movie PlayList CLIPINF directory contains the Database files for Clips zzzzz clpi files store Clip information associated with a Clip AV stream file The filenames of these files are in the form zzzzz clpi where zzzzz is a 5 digit number corresponding to the Clip STREAM directory contains AV stream files zzzzz m2ts file contains a BDAV MPEG 2 transport stream The names of these files are in the form zzzzz m2ts where zzzzz is a 5 digit number corresponding to the Clip The same 5 digit number zzzzz is used for an AV stream file and its associated Clip information file SSIF directory If used Stereoscopic Interleaved files shall be placed under this directory zzzzz ssif file is a Stereoscopic Interleaved file that is composed from two BDAV MPEG 2 transport streams Both of the streams include an MPEG 4 MVC view video stream for left eye or right eye respectively This file is used only when 3D video is played back The 5 digit number zzzzz is the same as the number used for the AV stream file zzzzz m2ts that includes the MPEG 4 MVC Base view video stream AUXDATA directory contains Sound data files and Font files sound bdmv file stores data relating to one or more sounds associated with HDMV Interactive Graphic streams applications This file may or may not exist under the AUXDATA directory If it exists there shall be only one sound bdmv file aaaaa otf file stores the font information associated with Text subtitle applications The names of these files are in the form aaaaa otf where aaaaa is a 5 digit number corresponding to the Font BACKUP directory contains copies of the index bdmv file the MovieObject bdmv file all the files in the PLAYLIST directory and all files in the CLIPINF directory index bdmv file stores information describing the contents of the BDMV directory There is only one index bdmv file under the BDMV directory MovieObject bdmv file stores information for one or more Movie Objects There is only one MovieObject bdmv under the BDMV directory Media format Edit Container format Edit Audio video and other streams are multiplexed and stored on Blu ray Discs in a container format based on the MPEG transport stream It is also known as BDAV MPEG 2 transport stream and can use filename extension m2ts 158 162 Blu ray Disc titles authored with menus are in the BDMV Blu ray Disc Movie format and contain audio video and other streams in BDAV container 163 164 There is also the BDAV Blu ray Disc Audio Visual format the consumer oriented alternative to the BDMV format used for movie releases The BDAV format is used on BD REs and BD Rs for audio video recording 164 BDMV format was later defined also for BD RE and BD R in September 2006 in the third revision of BD RE specification and second revision of BD R specification 147 148 Blu ray Disc employs the MPEG transport stream recording method That enables transport streams of digital broadcasts to be recorded as they are broadcast without altering the format 165 It also enables flexible editing of a digital broadcast that is recorded as is and where the data can be edited just by rewriting the playback stream Although it is quite natural a function for high speed and easy to use retrieval is built in 165 166 Blu ray Disc Video use MPEG transport streams compared to DVD s MPEG program streams An MPEG transport stream contains one or more MPEG program streams so this allows multiple video programs to be stored in the same file so they can be played back simultaneously e g with picture in picture effect Codecs Edit The BD ROM specification mandates certain codec compatibilities for both hardware decoders players and movie software content 162 167 Windows Media Player does not come with the codecs required to play Blu ray Discs 168 Video Edit Originally BD ROMs stored video up to 1920 1080 pixel resolution at up to 60 59 94 fields per second Currently with UHD BD ROM videos can be stored at a maximum of 3840 2160 pixel resolution at up to 60 59 94 frames per second progressively scanned While most current Blu ray players and recorders can read and write 1920 1080 video at the full 59 94p and 50p progressive format new players for the UHD specifications will be able to read at 3840 2160 video at either 59 94p and 50p formats Supported video formats 169 170 Format Resolution andframe rate Display aspect ratio4K UHD b 3840 2160 60p 16 93840 2160 59 94p 16 93840 2160 50p 16 93840 2160 25p 16 93840 2160 24p 16 93840 2160 23 976p 16 9HD b 1920 1080 60p 16 91920 1080 59 94p 16 91920 1080 50p 16 91920 1080 25p 16 9HD 1920 1080 29 97i 16 91920 1080 25i 16 91920 1080 24p 16 91920 1080 23 976p 16 91440 1080 29 97i c 16 9 d 1440 1080 25i c 16 9 d 1440 1080 24p c 16 9 d 1440 1080 23 976p c 16 9 d 1280 720 59 94p 16 91280 720 50p 16 91280 720 24p 16 91280 720 23 976p 16 9SD 720 480 29 97i 4 3 or 16 9 d 720 576 25i 4 3 or 16 9 d For video all players are required to process H 262 MPEG 2 Part 2 H 264 MPEG 4 Part 10 AVC and SMPTE VC 1 172 BD ROM titles with video must store video using one of the three mandatory formats multiple formats on a single title are allowed Blu ray Disc allows video with a bit depth of 8 bits per color YCbCr with 4 2 0 chroma subsampling 173 174 The choice of formats affects the producer s licensing royalty costs as well as the title s maximum run time due to differences in compression efficiency Discs encoded in MPEG 2 video typically limit content producers to around two hours of high definition content on a single layer 25 GB BD ROM The more advanced video formats VC 1 and MPEG 4 AVC typically achieve a video run time twice that of MPEG 2 with comparable quality MPEG 2 however does have the advantage that it is available without licensing costs as all MPEG 2 patents have expired MPEG 2 was used by many studios including Paramount Pictures which initially used the VC 1 format for HD DVD releases for the first series of Blu ray Discs which were launched throughout 2006 175 Modern releases are now often encoded in either MPEG 4 AVC or VC 1 allowing film studios to place all content on one disc reducing costs and improving ease of use Using these formats also frees a lot of space for storage of bonus content in HD 1080i p as opposed to the SD 480i p typically used for most titles Some studios such as Warner Bros have released bonus content on discs encoded in a different format than the main feature title For example the Blu ray Disc release of Superman Returns uses VC 1 for the feature film and MPEG 2 for some of its bonus content 176 Today when Warner and other studios typically provide bonus content in the video format that matches the feature citation needed Audio Edit For audio BD ROM players are required to implement Dolby Digital AC 3 DTS and linear PCM Players may optionally implement Dolby Digital Plus and DTS HD High Resolution Audio as well as lossless 5 1 and 7 1 surround sound formats Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD Master Audio 177 BD ROM titles must use one of the mandatory schemes for the primary soundtrack A secondary audiotrack if present may use any of the mandatory or optional codecs citation needed Specification of BD ROM Primary audio streams 178 LPCM Uncompressed Dolby Digital Dolby Digital Plus Dolby TrueHD Lossless DTS Digital Surround DTS HD Master Audio Lossless DRA DRA extensionMax bitrate 27 648 Mbit s 640 kbit s 4 736 Mbit s 18 64 Mbit s 1 524 Mbit s 24 5 Mbit s 1 5 Mbit s 3 0 Mbit sMax channel 8 48 kHz 96 kHz 6 192 kHz 5 1 7 1 8 48 kHz 96 kHz 6 192 kHz 5 1 8 48 kHz 96 kHz 6 192 kHz 5 1 7 1Bits sample 16 20 24 16 24 16 24 16 24 16 20 24 16 24 16 16Sample frequency 48 kHz 96 kHz 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 96 kHz 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 96 kHz 192 kHz 48 kHz 48 kHz 96 kHzBit rate Edit For users recording digital television programming the recordable Blu ray Disc standard s initial data rate of 36 Mbit s is more than adequate to record high definition broadcasts from any source IPTV cable satellite or terrestrial BD Video movies have a maximum data transfer rate of 54 Mbit s a maximum AV bitrate of 48 Mbit s for both audio and video data and a maximum video bit rate of 40 Mbit s This compares to HD DVD movies which have a maximum data transfer rate of 36 Mbit s a maximum AV bitrate of 30 24 Mbit s and a maximum video bitrate of 29 4 Mbit s 179 Java software interface Edit Main article BD J At the 2005 JavaOne trade show it was announced that Sun Microsystems Java cross platform software environment would be included in all Blu ray Disc players as a mandatory part of the standard 180 Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu ray Discs as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs DVDs use pre rendered MPEG segments and selectable subtitle pictures which are considerably more primitive and rarely seamless At the conference Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a Java virtual machine as well as network connectivity in some BD devices will allow updates to Blu ray Discs via the Internet adding content such as additional subtitle languages and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time 181 This Java Version is called BD J and is built on a profile of the Globally Executable MHP GEM standard GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard citation needed Player profiles Edit The BD ROM specification defines four Blu ray Disc player profiles including an audio only player profile BD Audio that does not require video decoding or BD J All of the video based player profiles BD Video are required to have a full implementation of BD J citation needed Feature BD Audio BD VideoGrace Period e Bonus View BD Live f Blu ray 3DProfile 3 0 g Profile 1 0 Profile 1 1 Profile 2 0 Profile 5 0Built in persistent memory Unneeded 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB 64 KB Local storage capability h Unneeded Optional 256 MB 1 GB 1 GBSecondary video decoder PiP No video Optional Mandatory Mandatory MandatorySecondary audio decoder i Optional Optional Mandatory Mandatory MandatoryVirtual file system Unneeded Optional Mandatory Mandatory MandatoryInternet connection capability No No No Mandatory MandatoryOn November 2 2007 the Grace Period Profile was superseded by Bonus View as the minimum profile for new BD Video players released to the market 184 When Blu ray Disc software not authored with interactive features dependent on Bonus View or BD Live hardware capabilities is played on Profile 1 0 players it is able to play the main feature of the disc but some extra features may not be available or will have limited capability 185 BD Live Edit The biggest difference between Bonus View and BD Live is that BD Live requires the Blu ray Disc player to have an Internet connection to access Internet based content BD Live features have included Internet chats scheduled chats with the director Internet games downloadable featurettes downloadable quizzes and downloadable movie trailers 186 187 188 While some Bonus View players may have an Ethernet port it is used for firmware updates and is not used for Internet based content 189 In addition Profile 2 0 also requires more local storage in order to handle this content citation needed Profile 1 0 players are not eligible for Bonus View or BD Live compliant upgrades and do not have the function or capability to access these upgrades with the exception of the latest players and the PlayStation 3 Internet is required to use 190 191 192 Region codes Edit Regions for the Blu ray Disc standard 193 Region A 1 Region B 2 Region C 3 As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs Blu ray Disc players sold in a specific geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by the content provider for that region This is intended to permit content providers motion picture studios television production company etc to enact regional price discrimination and or exclusive content licensing According to the Blu ray Disc Association all Blu ray Disc players and Blu ray Disc equipped computer systems are required to enforce regional coding However content providers need not use region playback codes 194 Some current estimates suggest 70 of available movie Blu ray Discs from the major studios are region free and can therefore be played on any Blu ray Disc player in any region 195 Movie distributors have different region coding policies Among major U S studios Walt Disney Pictures Warner Bros Paramount Pictures Universal Studios and Sony Pictures have released most of their titles free of region coding 196 j 197 198 199 200 MGM and Lionsgate have released a mix of region free and region coded titles 201 202 20th Century Fox released most of their titles region coded pre Disney merger 203 Most of their post Disney merger content is region free however Vintage film restoration and distribution company The Criterion Collection uses US region coding in all Blu ray releases with their releases in the UK market using UK region coding 204 205 The Blu ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into three regions labeled A B and C Region AreaA Americas Hong Kong SAR Japan North Korea South Korea Macau SAR Singapore Taiwan Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand Southeast Asia B Africa Middle East Southwest Asia most of Europe excluding Belarus Russia Ukraine Moldova Australia New Zealand C Central Asia mainland China Mongolia Indian subcontinent Belarus Russia Ukraine Kazakhstan Moldova FREE Informal term meaning worldwide Region free is not an official setting discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flags set or have all three flags set Discs with no flags set may not play in some non compliant players A B CA new form of Blu ray region coding tests not only the region of the player player software but also its country code citation needed repurposing a user setting intended for localization PSR19 as a new form of regional lockout This means for example while both the US and Japan are Region A some American discs will not play on devices software configured for Japan or vice versa since the two countries have different country codes For example the United States is US 21843 or hex 0x5553 Japan is JP 19024 or hex 0x4a50 and Canada is CA 17217 or hex 0x4341 citation needed Although there are only three Blu ray regions the country code allows much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu ray Discs than the six or eight DVD regions With Blu ray Discs there are no special regions such as the regions 7 and 8 for DVDs In circumvention of region coding restrictions stand alone Blu ray Disc players are sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu ray Discs and DVDs with any region code 206 Instructions hacks describing how to reset the Blu ray region counter of computer player applications to make them multi region indefinitely are also regularly posted to video enthusiast websites and forums Unlike DVD region codes Blu ray region codes are verified only by the player software not by the optical drive s firmware The latest types of Blu ray players suitable for UltraHD content are not region free however the UHD discs for which they are designed have not been coded to be locked to any region and will work worldwide 207 Digital rights management Edit The Blu ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management DRM which restrict the usage of the discs 208 209 This has led to extensive criticism of the format by organizations opposed to DRM such as the Free Software Foundation 210 and consumers because new releases require player firmware updates to allow disc playback 211 212 High bandwidth Digital Content Protection Edit Main article High bandwidth Digital Content Protection Blu ray equipment is required to implement the High bandwidth Digital Content Protection HDCP system to encrypt the data sent by players to rendering devices through physical connections This is aimed at preventing the copying of copyrighted content as it travels across cables Through a protocol flag in the media stream called the Image Constraint Token ICT a Blu ray Disc can enforce its reproduction in a lower resolution whenever a full HDCP compliant link is not used In order to ease the transition to high definition formats the adoption of this protection method was postponed until 2011 213 Advanced Access Content System Edit Main article Advanced Access Content System The AACS decryption process The Advanced Access Content System AACS is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator LLC AACS LA a consortium that includes Disney Intel Microsoft Panasonic Warner Bros IBM Toshiba and Sony Since the appearance of the format on devices in 2006 several successful attacks have been made on it The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem In addition decryption keys have been extracted from a weakly protected player WinDVD Since keys can be revoked in newer releases 214 this is only a temporary attack and new keys must continually be discovered in order to decrypt the latest discs citation needed BD Edit Main article BD BD was developed by Cryptography Research Inc and is based on their concept of Self Protecting Digital Content 215 BD effectively a small virtual machine embedded in authorized players allows content providers to include executable programs on Blu ray Discs Such programs can 208 Examine the host environment to see if the player has been tampered with Every licensed playback device manufacturer must provide the BD licensing authority with memory footprints that identify their devices Verify that the player s keys have not been changed Execute native code possibly to patch an otherwise insecure system Transform the audio and video output Parts of the content will not be viewable without letting the BD program unscramble it If a playback device manufacturer finds that its devices have been hacked it can potentially release BD code that detects and circumvents the vulnerability These programs can then be included in all new content releases 216 The specifications of the BD virtual machine are available only to licensed device manufacturers A list of licensed commercial adopters is available from the BD website The first titles using BD were released in October 2007 Since November 2007 versions of BD protection have been circumvented by various versions of the AnyDVD HD program 217 218 Other programs known to be capable of circumventing BD protection are DumpHD versions 0 6 and above along with some supporting software 219 MakeMKV 220 and two applications from DVDFab Passkey and HD Decrypter 221 BD ROM Mark Edit Main article BD ROM Mark ROM Mark is a small amount of cryptographic data that is stored separately from normal Blu ray Disc data aiming to prevent replication of the discs The cryptographic data is needed to decrypt the copyrighted disc content protected by AACS 222 A specially licensed piece of hardware is required to insert the ROM Mark into the media during mastering During replication this ROM Mark is transferred together with the recorded data to the disc In consequence any copies of a disc made with a regular recorder will lack the ROM Mark data and will be unreadable on standard players citation needed Backward compatibility EditThe Blu ray Disc Association recommends but does not require that Blu ray Disc drives be capable of reading standard DVDs and CDs for backward compatibility 223 Most Blu ray Disc players are capable of reading both CDs and DVDs however a few of the early Blu ray Disc players released in 2006 such as the Sony BDP S1 could play DVDs but not CDs 224 225 226 In addition with the exception of some early models from LG and Samsung Blu ray players cannot play HD DVDs and HD DVD players cannot play Blu ray Discs Some Blu ray players can also play Video CDs Super Audio CDs and or DVD Audio discs All Ultra HD Blu ray players can play regular Blu ray Discs and most can play DVDs and CDs The PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 do not support CDs 227 Variations EditHigh Fidelity Pure Audio BD A Edit Main article High Fidelity Pure Audio High Fidelity Pure Audio HFPA is a marketing initiative spearheaded by the Universal Music Group for audio only Blu ray optical discs Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the compact disc it has been compared with DVD A and SACD which had similar aims citation needed AVCHD Edit Main article AVCHD A Panasonic Blu ray player DMP BD60 late 2009 compatible with AVCHD AVCHD was originally developed as a high definition format for consumer tapeless camcorders Derived from the Blu ray Disc specification AVCHD shares a similar random access directory structure but is restricted to lower audio and video bitrates simpler interactivity and the use of AVC video and Dolby AC 3 or linear PCM audio Being primarily an acquisition format AVCHD playback is not universally recognized among devices that play Blu ray Discs Nevertheless many such devices are capable of playing AVCHD recordings from removable media such as DVDs SD SDHC memory cards Memory Stick cards and hard disk drives 228 AVCREC Edit Main article AVCREC AVCREC uses a BDAV container to record high definition content on conventional DVDs 229 Presently AVCREC is tightly integrated with the Japanese ISDB broadcast standard and is not marketed outside of Japan AVCREC is used primarily in set top digital video recorders and in this regard it is comparable to HD REC citation needed Blu ray 3D Edit The Blu ray 3D logo The Blu ray Disc Association BDA created a task force made up of executives from the film industry and the consumer electronics and IT sectors to help define standards for putting 3D film and 3D television content on a Blu ray Disc 230 On December 17 2009 the BDA officially announced 3D specs for Blu ray Disc allowing backward compatibility with current 2D Blu ray players 231 though compatibility is limited by the fact that the longer 3D discs are triple layer which normal 2D only players cannot read The BDA has said The Blu ray 3D specification calls for encoding 3D video using the Stereo High profile defined by Multiview Video Coding MVC an extension to the ITU T H 264 Advanced Video Coding AVC codec currently implemented by all Blu ray Disc players MPEG4 MVC compresses both left and right eye views with a typical 50 overhead compared to equivalent 2D content and can provide full 1080p resolution backward compatibility with current 2D Blu ray Disc players 232 This means the MVC 3D stream is backward compatible with H 264 AVC 2D stream allowing older 2D devices and software to decode stereoscopic video streams ignoring additional information for the second view However some 3D discs have a user limitation set preventing the disc from being viewed in 2D though a 2D disc is often included in the packaging citation needed Sony added Blu ray 3D support to its PlayStation 3 console via a firmware upgrade on September 21 2010 233 The console had previously gained 3D gaming capability via an update on April 21 2010 234 Since the version 3 70 software update on August 9 2011 the PlayStation 3 can play DTS HD Master Audio and DTS HD High Resolution Audio while playing 3D Blu ray 235 Dolby TrueHD is used on a small minority of Blu ray 3D releases and bitstreaming implemented in slim PlayStation 3 models only original fat PS3 models decode internally and send audio as LPCM 236 The PlayStation VR can also be used to watch these movies in 3D on a PlayStation 4 237 As of 2018 most major home entertainment studios such as Walt Disney Studios Sony Pictures MGM and Universal Pictures had discontinued the Blu ray 3D format in North America but continued to produce and sell them in other regions such as South America Europe Asia and Australia Paramount Pictures has ceased sales and productions of 3D Blu ray Discs all over the world its last 3D releases being Ghost in the Shell and Transformers The Last Knight while Warner Bros still continues to sell and produce 3D Blu ray Discs to this day in all regions notable titles including Wonder Woman Blade Runner 2049 Justice League Tomb Raider Rampage Aquaman The Lego Movie 2 The Second Part Shazam and Godzilla King of the Monsters citation needed Ultra HD Blu ray Edit Main article Ultra HD Blu ray Ultra HD Blu ray Discs are incompatible with existing standard Blu ray players They support 4K UHD 3840 2160 pixel resolution video at frame rates up to 60 progressive frames per second 238 encoded using High Efficiency Video Coding 238 The discs support both high dynamic range HDR by increasing the color depth to 10 bit per color and a greater color gamut than supported by conventional Blu ray video by using the Rec 2020 color space See also Edit2D plus Delta Blu ray Disc authoring Blu ray Disc recordable Comparison of high definition optical disc formats Comparison of popular optical data storage systems Comparison of video player software Optical media ability for a list of software BD video players Digital 3D and 3D television Disk drive performance characteristics Format war High definition optical disc format war High definition television Holographic Versatile Disc HVD List of Blu ray disc manufacturers List of Blu ray player manufacturers Ultra HD Blu ray Universal Media DiscNotes Edit This is the same as previous optical media formats compact disc and DVD Exact composition is different as stated in the body of the article a b Only supported on UltraHD Blu ray with HEVC video compression standard a b c d MPEG 2 at 1440 1080 was previously not included in a draft version of the specification from March 2005 171 a b c d e f These resolutions are stored anamorphically i e they are stretched to the display aspect ratio by the player or display Also known as Initial Standard profile Also known as Final Standard profile Profile 3 0 is a separate audio only player profile The first Blu ray Disc album to be released was Divertimenti by record label Lindberg Lyd and it has been confirmed to work on the PS3 182 183 This is used for storing audio video and title updates It can either be built in memory or removable media such as a memory card or USB flash memory A secondary audio decoder is typically used for interactive audio and commentary Although titles released by Warner s New Line Cinema division were initially region coded but subsequently have been released without region coding Titles released by other labels on behalf of New Line are still subject to region coding References Edit White Paper Blu ray Disc Format PDF Blu ray Disc Association December 2012 Archived PDF from the original on March 13 2013 Retrieved February 21 2016 Data PDF sutlib2 sut ac th Archived PDF from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 Blu ray FAQ Archived October 4 2006 at the Wayback Machine Blu ray com Retrieved on December 22 2010 Blu ray FAQ Blu ray com Archived from the original on February 14 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 6JSC ALA 16 LC response PDF rda jsc org September 13 2012 Archived PDF from the original on October 14 2012 Retrieved January 29 2014 Butler Harry February 23 2011 Pioneer BDXL BDR 206MBK Review bit tech net Archived from the original on April 6 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 DVD Frequently Asked Questions and Answers Jim Taylor June 27 2013 Archived from the original on August 22 2009 Toshiba Announces Discontinuation of HD DVD Businesses Press release Toshiba February 19 2008 Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Retrieved February 26 2008 Yomiuri Shimbun Page 1 July 19 2009 Ver 13S a b c Blu ray Discs reach 1 5 million sold HDM still trails DVD s first two years Engadget AOL Inc February 16 2008 Archived from the original on February 5 2015 Retrieved July 29 2014 Sony Buys a Facebook Spinoff to Give New Life to Blu ray Wired May 27 2015 Archived from the original on March 6 2017 Retrieved March 5 2017 Morris Chris January 8 2016 Blu ray Struggles in the Streaming Age Fortune Archived from the original on January 9 2017 Retrieved October 3 2018 Sony Unveils Prototype 20GB Rewritable Optical Disk Nikkei Business Daily October 29 1998 Archived from the original on November 13 1999 Retrieved October 30 2019 a b c White paper Blu ray Disc Format PDF Blu ray Disc Founders August 2004 Archived PDF from the original on February 24 2014 Retrieved August 11 2020 Panasonic Sony Philips and TDK Awarded Emmy For Blu ray Contribution Archived from the original on November 16 2011 Sony Develops Next Generation Optical Disk Storage System For the Data Server Market Sony November 1 2000 Archived from the original on July 2 2011 Retrieved June 15 2011 Williams Martyn October 5 2000 New High Capacity DVD to Hold 22 5GB PCWorld Archived from the original on June 1 2010 Retrieved June 15 2011 Sony Shows DVR Blue Prototype CD R Info October 11 2000 Archived from the original on September 26 2007 Retrieved October 17 2007 Blue Disc B Trademark by Blu ray Disc Association Universal City CA Serial Number 76207670 Trademarkia Archived from the original on July 17 2011 Retrieved September 19 2010 Fox Barry February 19 2002 Replacement for DVD unveiled New Scientist Archived from the original on August 15 2007 Retrieved October 17 2007 Disclosure of Specifications for Large Capacity Optical Disc Recording Format Utilizing Blue Violet Laser Blu ray Disc Begins Sony May 20 2002 Archived from the original on June 3 2009 Retrieved March 16 2009 Liadov Maxim Sony BDZ S77 Recorder Review Pricenfees Archived from the original on February 2 2017 Retrieved October 19 2007 Fox trots towards Blu ray ITworld October 4 2002 Archived from the original on June 2 2009 Retrieved March 16 2009 Williams Martyn August 5 2004 New Blu ray Details Emerge PCWorld Archived from the original on July 17 2015 Retrieved October 17 2007 Exclusive TDK Durabis Coating Technology Makes Cartridge Free Ultra Durable Blu ray Discs a Reality Phys Org January 9 2005 Archived from the original on December 17 2007 Retrieved October 18 2007 Smith Tony January 6 2006 Blu ray Disc developers complete specification The Register Archived from the original on November 3 2007 Retrieved October 17 2007 Dean Katie July 15 2004 Can Odd Alliance Beat Pirates Wired Archived from the original on December 18 2008 Retrieved October 19 2007 Williams Martyn December 14 2005 Toshiba Hints at HD DVD Delay PCWorld Archived from the original on October 5 2007 Retrieved October 19 2007 Morris Craig February 14 2006 AACS copy protection for Blu ray Disc and HD DVD delayed again Heise Archived from the original on November 2 2007 Retrieved October 19 2007 Perenson Melissa J March 21 2006 Burning Questions No Copying From First High Def Players PCWorld Archived from the original on October 9 2007 Retrieved October 19 2007 Toshiba Starts Selling HD DVD Players in Japan foxnews com March 31 2006 Archived from the original on November 6 2007 Retrieved October 17 2007 Costa Dan June 15 2006 Samsung Ships the First Blu ray Player PCMag com Retrieved October 17 2007 dead link Sony Rearranges Blu ray Release Schedule Archived June 7 2010 at the Wayback Machine High Def Digest June 15 2006 Full Specs in for Warner s September 26 Lineup Studio to Go VC 1 for Blu ray Archived September 9 2007 at the Wayback Machine BLU RAY NEWS High Def Digest August 30 2006 Bracke Peter M October 10 2006 Click Blu ray Disc review High Def Digest Archived from the original on September 14 2007 Retrieved September 15 2007 Trondheimsolistene in folk style Archived September 27 2011 at the Wayback Machine 2L the Nordic sound website May 2008 Trondheim Soloists Wiki HTForum web review Ghosts I IV Deluxe Edition Package HALO Twenty Six DE Archived August 17 2011 at the Wayback Machine NIN order site May 1 2008 Ghosts I IV Wiki Now Available Blu ray com Archived from the original on October 18 2008 Retrieved October 22 2008 Blu ray HD DVD releases in Japan AV Watch Archived from the original on August 28 2008 Retrieved August 26 2010 Yoshida Junko March 1 2002 Picture s fuzzy for DVD EE Times Archived from the original on August 28 2008 Retrieved October 19 2007 Yoshida Junko December 12 2001 Forum to weigh Microsoft s Corona as DVD encoder EE Times Archived from the original on April 5 2004 Retrieved October 19 2007 Toshiba NEC Share Details of Blue Laser Storage PCWorld August 29 2002 Archived from the original on November 6 2007 Retrieved October 18 2007 DVD Forum backs Toshiba NEC format The Inquirer Incisive Financial Publishing Limited November 28 2003 Archived from the original on July 29 2014 Retrieved October 18 2007 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Sweeting Paul July 6 2007 Opinion Trust s worth Archived from the original on August 4 2007 Katzmaier David June 30 2006 Samsung BD P1000 Review CNET Archived from the original on October 21 2007 Retrieved October 18 2007 Beaumont Claudine February 23 2008 Blu ray Wins Telegraph The Telegraph UK London Archived from the original on February 26 2008 Retrieved February 23 2008 Smale Will February 19 2008 How the PS3 led Blu ray s triumph BBC News Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Retrieved February 26 2008 Prange Stephanie February 23 2007 Blu ray Tips Scales Home Media Magazine Archived from the original on November 14 2007 Retrieved October 18 2007 BD Technologies Launches Content Protection Licensing Program BD Technologies LLC June 28 2007 Archived from the original on March 7 2009 Retrieved March 23 2009 Singel Ryan February 26 2008 How Crypto Won the DVD War Wired Archived from the original on March 1 2008 Retrieved February 27 2008 Carnoy David Warner goes Blu ray exclusively delivering crushing blow to HD DVD CBS Interactive Inc Archived from the original on October 4 2008 Retrieved January 4 2008 Bangeman Eric January 29 2008 Consumers analysts retailers give HD DVD the cold shoulder Ars Technica Archived from the original on February 18 2011 Retrieved October 27 2010 Toshiba drops out of the HD DVD war BBC News February 19 2008 Archived from the original on February 23 2008 Retrieved February 19 2008 Chmielewski Dawn C Wallace Bruce February 20 2008 Blu ray winner by KO in high definition war Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on March 24 2008 Retrieved February 22 2008 All Hollywood studios now lined up behind Blu ray Reuters the Hollywood Reporter February 21 2008 Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Retrieved February 21 2008 a b Gallagher Brian February 20 2008 High Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD s First Two Years MovieWeb Watchr Media Archived from the original on September 10 2009 Retrieved June 15 2011 Ricciuti Mike March 18 2008 Report Microsoft says no Blu ray for Xbox 360 CNET Retrieved March 31 2008 Lawler Richard July 23 2014 PS4 will add Blu ray 3D support next week Engadget AOL Inc Archived from the original on July 24 2014 Retrieved July 24 2014 Lawler Richard July 23 2014 Xbox One s next update makes it easier to keep up with friends and play Blu ray 3D Engadget com Archived from the original on July 24 2014 Retrieved July 24 2014 Disc Sales Dark Knight Tops 600K On Release Day High Def Digest December 11 2008 Archived from the original on February 24 2009 Retrieved February 17 2009 Disc Sales Dark Knight Blu ray Breaks 1M First Week Barrier High Def Digest December 17 2008 Archived from the original on February 19 2009 Retrieved February 17 2009 a b c d DEG Year end 2009 Home Entertainment Report PDF The Digital Entertainment Group January 7 2010 Archived from the original PDF on August 16 2010 Retrieved March 17 2010 a b DEG Year end 2010 Home Entertainment Report PDF The Digital Entertainment Group January 6 2011 Archived from the original PDF on September 5 2011 Retrieved September 18 2011 Blu ray is Being Adopted Much Faster Than DVD 11 Years Ago InfoNIAC com June 9 2008 Archived from the original on June 10 2008 Retrieved June 9 2008 Shilov Anton December 10 2008 Sales of Blu ray Disc Recorders Leave Behind Sales of DVD Recorders in Japan xbitlabs com Archived from the original on December 18 2008 Retrieved January 16 2009 Richtel Matt Stone Brad January 5 2009 Blu ray s Fuzzy Future The New York Times Archived from the original on December 4 2011 Retrieved June 15 2011 Ryan Nakashima Hollywood hopes an ensemble cast boosts Blu ray Archived December 23 2009 at the Wayback Machine Associated Press December 14 2009 Retrieved December 14 2009 Kukiewicz Julia January 7 2009 U S Which UK DVD Rental Sites Offer Blu ray Rental choosedvdrental co uk Archived from the original on September 9 2009 Retrieved October 28 2009 Watson Stephanie October 16 2004 How Blu ray Discs Work Archived from the original on December 20 2019 Retrieved April 21 2020 Silva Robert January 4 2021 What You Need to do Before You Buy a Blu ray Player Archived from the original on December 8 2019 Retrieved April 21 2020 Blu ray Disks BD blue laser optical disk technology September 21 2011 Archived from the original on May 10 2015 Retrieved April 21 2020 Heinzman Andrew July 19 2019 Are DVD and Blu Ray Players Still Worth Buying Review Geek Archived from the original on July 11 2019 Retrieved April 21 2020 Why Blu ray is Still Better Than Streaming Today HomeTheaterReview HomeTheaterReview February 20 2013 Archived from the original on November 5 2019 Retrieved April 21 2020 Marterello John March 13 2019 The State of Streaming Video vs Blu ray Discs The Mac Observer Archived from the original on May 8 2022 Retrieved May 8 2022 Suderman Peter December 27 2016 Why DVDS and Blu rays remain essential in the age of streaming Vox Archived from the original on March 4 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 Whitten Sarah November 8 2019 The death of the DVD Why sales dropped more than 86 in 13 years CNBC Archived from the original on March 29 2020 Retrieved April 21 2020 Wilcox James K October 9 2015 Ultra HD Blu ray Players Probably Won t Arrive Until 2016 Consumer Reports Archived from the original on December 27 2015 Retrieved December 27 2015 Welch Chris November 11 2015 The first 4K Blu rays are coming early next year but they all really suck Archived from the original on December 10 2016 Retrieved December 30 2016 What s New August 23 2004 Archived from the original on October 9 2004 Retrieved October 9 2004 Maxell focuses on holographic storage CNET News com November 28 2005 Archived from the original on July 22 2012 Retrieved May 28 2007 Holographic storage bites the dust ZDNet Retrieved June 22 2022 TDK announces 100GB Blu ray disc Engadget TDK Announces 100GB Blue Laser Disc Technology TDK 2005 Archived from the original on November 6 2007 Retrieved September 27 2007 Hitachi Demos Four Layer Blu ray Disc Playback cdrinfo xom Archived from the original on October 11 2007 Retrieved September 27 2007 TDK Ok we re done with the 200GB recordable Blu Ray Engadget TDK Announces Blue Laser Disc Technology to Support 200 GB Capacity Press release TDK August 31 2006 Archived from the original on December 16 2006 Retrieved November 27 2006 Hitachi to produce 200GB Blu ray disc in 2009 Engadget Yam Marcus January 10 2007 Three HD Layers Today Ten Tomorrow DailyTech Archived from the original on May 15 2007 Retrieved April 24 2007 Kallender Paul JVC Develops Dual Blu ray DVD Disc IDG News Service Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Retrieved December 28 2004 Blu ray DVD Combo ROM Disc Technology 2006 Archived from the original on August 18 2006 Retrieved May 30 2006 Lim Daniel December 19 2008 World s first hybrid Blu ray DVD disk title released in Japan Slashgear com Archived from the original on March 8 2013 Retrieved June 15 2011 Harada Mamoru January 11 2007 Hitachi Demonstrates 4 Layer BD Playback Using Standard Drive Techon nikkebp co jp Archived from the original on October 11 2011 Retrieved June 15 2011 Turton Stuart October 3 2007 Hitachi showcases 100GB Blu ray disc PC Pro Archived from the original on June 3 2009 Retrieved June 15 2011 Hitachi s 100GB Blu ray disc drive Engadget Hwang Adam Taipei Jimmy Hsu December 1 2008 Pioneer showcases 16 layer 400GB optical disc Digitimes com Archived from the original on January 28 2013 Retrieved June 13 2011 TDK Creates 320GB 10 Layer Blu ray Disc High Def Digest www highdefdigest com Dreuth Josh January 4 2010 FSony Panasonic Propose Blu ray Capacity Increase Blu ray com Archived from the original on January 8 2010 Retrieved January 8 2010 BD R white paper 5th ed October 2010 PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 7 2019 Retrieved April 21 2018 Joint development of the world s first blue violet ultrafast pulsed semiconductor laser July 20 2010 Archived from the original on July 26 2010 Retrieved July 20 2010 a b Richard Lawler January 7 2013 Sony to launch 4K digital distribution network this summer mastered in 4K Blu ray Discs Engadget Archived from the original on May 18 2013 Retrieved May 30 2013 Seamus Byrne May 1 2013 Sony mastered in 4K Blu rays a mixed blessing CNET Archived from the original on May 10 2013 Retrieved November 30 2021 Melissa J Perenson January 14 2013 Blu ray looks ahead to 4K PC World Archived from the original on January 16 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Gareth Halfacree January 16 2013 Ultra HD Blu ray Discs being researched by the BDA expertreviews co uk Archived from the original on January 18 2013 Retrieved January 17 2013 Blu ray Disc Association to Commence Licensing of Ultra HD Blu ray Business Wire agent blu raydisc info August 5 2015 Archived from the original on August 8 2015 Retrieved August 6 2015 General blu raydisc com Archived from the original on March 24 2020 Retrieved April 13 2020 a b 9 Disc Capacity hughsnews ca Archived from the original on October 5 2015 Retrieved October 28 2015 3 Laser Diodes for Blu ray Discs sony net Archived from the original on March 16 2010 a b c White paper Blu ray Disc 1 C Physical Format Specifications for BD ROM 5th Edition PDF Blu ray Disc Association March 2007 Archived PDF from the original on September 28 2011 Retrieved September 27 2011 Singla Naveen O Sullivan Joseph A Influence of Pit Shape Variation on the Decoding Performance for Two Dimensional Optical Storage TwoDOS PDF Archived from the original PDF on October 11 2011 Retrieved September 25 2011 Cai Kui 2007 Introduction PDF Design and Analysis of Parity Check Code Based Optical Recording Systems Thesis pp 1 16 Archived PDF from the original on April 15 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 White paper Blu ray Disc Format General PDF Blu ray Disc Founders August 2004 Archived PDF from the original on June 12 2009 Retrieved April 16 2009 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on May 31 2019 Retrieved April 11 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b c Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on April 11 2020 Retrieved April 11 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Blank Blu ray Media Blu ray Recordable BD R BD R LTH Rewritable BD RE Discs Blu ray DVD Verbatim Archived from the original on February 21 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 BluRay Recording and reading speed www hughsnews ca Retrieved August 11 2020 At this early stage anticipating anything is merely speculation but it s possible to make some informed predictions From a practical perspective spinning an optical disc at 10 000 RPM has long proven the realistic limit for half height drives and 5 000 RPM for slim types USB 2 0 Hi Speed USB FAQ Everythingusb com February 2007 Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 SuperSpeed USB 3 0 FAQ Everythingusb com November 17 2008 Archived from the original on April 30 2009 Retrieved February 17 2014 Serial ATA High Speed Serialized AT Attachment PDF www serialata org Serial ATA Working Group January 7 2003 Archived PDF from the original on March 7 2019 Retrieved February 21 2016 How To Install A Blu ray Burner ComputerShopper com Archived from the original on February 20 2014 Retrieved February 17 2014 View All Discontinued LG Burners amp Drives LG USA Archived from the original on July 11 2020 Retrieved August 11 2020 Manual Computer Drives Pioneer Electronics USA Blu Ray Writing Quality Tests Vol 2 www cdrinfo com CDR info June 19 2009 Retrieved August 1 2020 Blu ray Disc BD InfoTip Kompendium kompendium infotip de in German Blu ray Case Information cd info com Archived from the original on July 5 2013 Retrieved November 22 2012 Blu ray Case Patent cd info com Archived from the original on June 19 2015 Retrieved June 18 2015 Blu ray Disc The Scoop Acronova Technologies Inc Archived from the original on January 20 2016 Retrieved September 13 2015 a b Verbatim to Launch World s First Mini BD Media Archived from the original on April 24 2013 Blu ray FAQ Archived from the original on October 4 2006 Retrieved April 21 2018 Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Regular papers amp short notes Publication Board Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2007 Optical Data Storage Optical Society of America 2006 ISBN 978 0 8194 6357 9 Hitachi First in Industry to Release Blu ray Disc Camcorder Archived August 10 2007 at the Wayback Machine Naoki Asakawa Nikkei Electronics Nikkei Business Publications August 3 2007 Pioneer and Mitsubishi Develop Low cost BD R Discs Using Organic Recording Layers CDRInfo com Archived from the original on February 25 2008 Retrieved March 26 2008 Taiyo Yuden Mitsubishi and Maxell Release First LTH BD R Discs Archived February 27 2008 at the Wayback Machine cdrinfo com PS3 firmware update v2 20 available added support for LTH BD R Archived March 29 2008 at the Wayback Machine afterdawn com Verbatim MKM certified BD R LTH type media makes performance leap to 6X Archived September 13 2012 at archive today reuters com BD9 Licensing Further Delays The Launch of Blu ray Burners cdrinfo com April 11 2006 Archived from the original on November 6 2007 Retrieved October 18 2007 Quick Blu ray content BD BD 5 and BD 9 authoring guide PS3 PowerDVD Archived from the original on March 4 2008 Retrieved February 19 2008 Mini Blu ray Disc Guide for mini Blu ray Disc Authoring Archived from the original on July 12 2008 Retrieved August 19 2007 White Paper Blu ray Disc Format General 3rd Edition PDF Archived PDF from the original on March 13 2013 Retrieved October 9 2013 a b BDXL Spec Upgrades Blu ray Storage to 128GB April 6 2010 Archived from the original on November 19 2010 Retrieved April 6 2010 a b McGlaun Shane April 6 2010 Blu ray Disc Association Unveils 128GB Specification DailyTech com Archived from the original on December 1 2011 Retrieved April 6 2010 Format Specification R3 Format Specification BDXL www blu raydisc info Archived from the original on August 12 2019 Retrieved November 8 2019 128GB BDXL Blu ray Disc specification finalized and fabulous Engadget Archived from the original on November 8 2019 Retrieved November 8 2019 R3 Format Specification BDXL Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on June 30 2010 Retrieved June 18 2010 RE4 Format Specification BDXL Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on June 28 2010 Retrieved June 18 2010 a b c R2 Format Specification Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on August 26 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b c d RE3 Format Specification Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on July 1 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b c d e Blu ray All Books As of December 2009 PDF Archived from the original PDF on July 21 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 RE1 Format Specification Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on July 1 2010 Retrieved June 11 2010 RE2 Format Specification Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on July 1 2010 Retrieved June 11 2010 R3 Format Specification BDXL Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on June 30 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b c d White Paper Blu ray Disc Format 3 File System Specifications for BD RE R ROM August 2004 PDF Archived PDF from the original on January 24 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 R1 Format Specification Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on July 2 2010 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b Blu ray All Books As of June 2010 PDF Archived PDF from the original on July 21 2011 Retrieved June 18 2010 Jim Taylor Mark R Johnson Charles G Crawford November 21 2005 DVD Demystified BD MV ISBN 9780071423960 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b White Paper Blu ray Disc Rewritable Format Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD RE Version 3 0 PDF March 2008 Archived PDF from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b Videohelp com What is Blu ray Disc and HD DVD Archived April 30 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 26 2009 White paper Blu ray Disc Format 2 B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD ROM Version 2 4 May 2010 PDF Archived PDF from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 Application Definition Blu ray Disc Format BD J Baseline Application and Logical Model Definition for BD ROM March 2005 PDF Archived PDF from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 Advanced Access Content System AACS Blu ray Disc Recordable Book Revision 0 951 PDF September 28 2009 Archived from the original PDF on July 7 2011 Retrieved June 10 2010 a b White paper Blu ray Disc Format 2 B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD ROM PDF Blu ray Disc Association March 2005 15 Archived PDF from the original on December 21 2008 Retrieved July 26 2009 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help AfterDawn com Glossary BD MV Blu ray Movie and BDAV container Archived December 1 2007 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 26 2009 a b AfterDawn com Glossary BDAV container Archived December 9 2012 at archive today Retrieved on July 26 2009 a b Blu ray Disc Association March 2008 BD RE Audiovisual Application Format Specification for BD RE 2 1 Archived July 30 2009 at WebCite PDF Technical White Papers BD RE Archived May 6 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on July 28 2009 Blu ray Disc Association August 2004 Blu ray Disc Format White paper Archived June 12 2009 at the Wayback Machine PDF Page 22 Retrieved on July 28 2009 Technical White Papers BD ROM Blu ray Disc Association Archived from the original on January 10 2010 Retrieved January 19 2010 Microsoft Community microsoft com Microsoft Archived from the original on October 16 2015 Retrieved October 28 2015 White Paper Blu ray Disc Read Only Format 2 B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD ROM Version 2 5 PDF Blu ray Disc Association July 2011 Archived PDF from the original on October 28 2015 Retrieved July 29 2015 White Paper Blu ray Disc Read Only Format Ultra HD Blu ray Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD ROM Version 3 0 PDF Blu ray Disc Association July 2015 Archived PDF from the original on June 5 2016 Retrieved October 7 2016 White Paper Blu ray Disc Format 2 B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD ROM PDF Blu ray Disc Association May 2005 Archived PDF from the original on December 21 2008 Retrieved November 30 2008 Williams Martyn September 2 2004 Blu ray Disc To Support MPEG 4 VC 1 Pcworld com Archived from the original on January 22 2009 Retrieved June 15 2011 DeBoer Clint April 16 2008 HDMI Enhanced Black Levels xvYCC and RGB Audioholics Archived from the original on May 11 2013 Retrieved June 2 2013 Digital Color Coding PDF Telairity Archived from the original PDF on January 7 2014 Retrieved June 2 2013 Statistics Page Archived July 8 2011 at the Wayback Machine Blu rayStats com Retrieved on December 22 2010 Fitzgerald Shawn April 23 2008 Superman Returns Review Blu ray TheHDRoom Archived from the original on October 18 2011 Retrieved October 27 2011 Palenchar Joseph April 10 2006 1st HD DVD Players To Decode All Mandatory Optional Audio Codecs TWICE com Archived from the original on April 9 2009 Retrieved June 15 2011 White paper Blu ray Disc Format PDF Blu ray Disc Association April 2010 Archived PDF from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved May 19 2010 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help What is Blu ray Disc and HD DVD Archived from the original on April 30 2006 Retrieved February 16 2008 Foote Bill Moll Erik Java Technology Goes to the Movies Java Technology in Next Generation Optical Disc Formats PDF 2005 JavaOne conference Session TS 7091 Archived PDF from the original on August 19 2011 Retrieved September 18 2011 Shankland Steven June 26 2005 Java to appear in next gen DVD players CNET Archived from the original on March 3 2012 Retrieved September 18 2011 Lysvag Christian May 29 2008 Music on Blu ray Music Information Centre Norway Archived from the original on June 1 2008 Retrieved June 26 2008 Fruhlinger Joshua May 28 2008 First Blu ray record Divertimenti released engadget Archived from the original on July 5 2008 Retrieved July 5 2008 Ault Susanne October 7 2007 Blu ray Disc Assn promotes new Bonus View Archived from the original on December 18 2008 Zyber Joshua November 23 2007 High Def FAQ Blu ray Profiles Explained highdefdigest com Archived from the original on December 22 2007 Retrieved December 18 2007 Bracke Peter October 28 2008 Tinker Bell Blu ray highdefdigest com Archived from the original on February 17 2009 Retrieved February 14 2009 Zyber Joshua November 11 2008 Hellboy II The Golden Army Blu ray highdefdigest com Archived from the original on February 18 2009 Retrieved February 14 2009 Brown Kenneth November 9 2008 Kung Fu Panda Blu ray highdefdigest com Archived from the original on February 2 2009 Retrieved February 14 2009 Sony BDP BX1 player specifications PDF August 5 2009 Archived from the original PDF on July 16 2011 Retrieved February 10 2011 Moskovciak Matthew September 9 2008 Blu ray Profile 1 0 1 1 2 0 explained Ask the Editors CNET Archived from the original on November 2 2007 Retrieved June 15 2011 Rothman Wilson October 24 2007 Samsung s Already Awesome HD Disc Hybrid BD UP5000 Upgraded to Profile 1 1 Bye Bye Format Bitching Gizmodo com Archived from the original on July 11 2011 Retrieved June 15 2011 Profile 1 1 Archived December 26 2010 at the Wayback Machine afterdawn com December 22 2010 Blu ray Disc for Video Archived from the original on June 2 2011 Retrieved September 14 2009 How does regional coding work in the computer space Archived September 1 2009 at the Wayback Machine us blu raydisc com FAQ Retrieved October 24 2009 Latest Confirmed Region Free Blu rays Archived October 2 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 24 2009 Blu ray Disc Statistics Warner Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics Paramount Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics Universal Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics Sony Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics Disney Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics MGM Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved January 26 2010 Blu ray Disc Statistics Lionsgate Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Blu ray Disc Statistics 20th Century Fox Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved August 13 2008 Help The Criterion Collection 20 Archived from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved February 19 2017 Help The Criterion Collection 11 Archived from the original on February 20 2017 Retrieved February 19 2017 First Region Free Blu ray Players Available Archived September 24 2009 at the Wayback Machine engadgethd com Retrieved October 24 2009 Region Free 4k UHD Blu ray Players Fact or Fiction 220 Electronics Archived from the original on July 3 2017 Retrieved June 18 2017 a b Blu ray Disc Next Generation Optical Storage Protecting Content on the BD ROM PDF Dell Archived PDF from the original on March 31 2007 Retrieved May 3 2007 Ajima Kosuke March 29 2006 Overview of BD ROM security PDF Blu ray Disc Association Content Protection Group Archived from the original PDF on March 7 2007 Retrieved May 3 2007 Lee Matt March 24 2006 Don t buy HD DVD or Blu ray disks FSF Archived from the original on June 26 2010 Retrieved September 6 2010 Northrup Laura September 6 2013 Samsung s Disposable Blu ray Player Won t Play New Blu rays Consumerist Archived from the original on December 16 2013 Retrieved December 16 2013 Lang Brent April 29 2010 Avatar Blu rays Have Some Buyers Seeing Red The Wrap Archived from the original on August 30 2014 Retrieved December 16 2013 Advanced Access Content System AACS Adopter Agreement PDF June 2009 Archived from the original PDF on September 29 2011 Retrieved October 13 2011 Response to Reports of Attacks on AACS Technology AACS April 16 2007 Archived from the original on April 30 2007 Retrieved January 14 2008 Content Protection BD and Blu ray Archived November 1 2007 at the Wayback Machine from cryptography com US application 2010169663 Systems and Methods for Detecting Authorized Players published July 1 2010 assigned to CYBERLINK CORPORATION Murph Darren November 7 2007 SlySoft s latest AnyDVD beta cracks BD engadget Archived from the original on February 8 2010 Retrieved July 21 2010 Kingsley Hughes Adrian March 19 2008 SlySoft cracks Blu ray BD encryption ZDNet Archived from the original on August 18 2010 Retrieved July 21 2010 DumpHD a HD DVD Blu ray Decrypter Doom9 s Forum doom9 org Archived from the original on February 3 2016 Retrieved October 28 2015 Seff Jonathan January 20 2010 Blu ray ripping on the Mac Macworld Archived from the original on July 31 2010 Retrieved July 21 2010 Gordon Whitson June 9 2010 The Hassle Free Guide to Ripping Your Blu ray Collection Lifehacker Archived from the original on July 21 2010 Retrieved July 21 2010 Advanced Access Content System AACS Blu ray Disc Pre recorded Book Revision 0 912 PDF July 27 2006 Archived from the original PDF on October 26 2006 Retrieved October 11 2011 Can Blu ray Disc products play DVD and CD Archived from the original on February 18 2009 Retrieved January 25 2009 LG BH100 Blu ray HD DVD player Archived from the original on September 2 2008 Retrieved August 30 2008 Pioneer BDP HD1 Retrieved February 23 2007 Sony BDP S1 Blu ray Disc Player Product Profile Archived from the original on September 24 2008 Retrieved September 17 2008 PlayStation Support support playstation com AVCHD Information Web Site press releases Archived from the original on April 19 2009 Retrieved July 29 2009 AVREC Format Specifications Archived from the original on March 17 2009 Blu ray brains create 3D taskforce reghardware co uk May 20 2009 Archived from the original on May 23 2009 Retrieved May 23 2009 Chabot Jeff December 17 2009 3D specifications finalized for Blu ray to hit market next year HD Report Archived from the original on March 23 2010 Retrieved December 17 2009 Blu ray Disc Association Announces Final 3D Specification Business Wire December 17 2009 Archived from the original on December 20 2009 Retrieved December 18 2009 PS3 System Software Update ver 3 50 September 21 2010 Archived from the original on September 24 2010 Retrieved September 21 2010 Lempel Eric April 21 2010 PS3 goes 3D on 10 June 2010 PlayStation Blog Archived from the original on June 29 2011 Retrieved June 14 2011 Lempel Eric August 9 2011 PS3 System Software Update v3 70 PlayStation Blog Archived from the original on August 16 2011 Retrieved November 2 2011 Allen Danny August 21 2009 So The PS3 Slim Can Bitstream Dolby TrueHD and DTS HD Master Audio After All Gizmodo Archived from the original on July 9 2012 Retrieved June 28 2012 Kidwell Essa April 4 2019 How to get the best 3D Blu Ray experience with PlayStation VR AndroidCentral Archived from the original on March 20 2020 Retrieved March 20 2020 a b 4K Blu ray discs arriving in 2015 to fight streaming media CNET September 5 2014 Archived from the original on October 13 2014 Retrieved October 18 2014 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blu ray Disc Official website Blu ray Disc Association s Technical White Papers Archived August 17 2013 at the Wayback Machine Blu ray Disc License Office AACS LA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blu ray amp oldid 1136850590, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.