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Wikipedia

Metaverse

October 17, 2023

For other uses, see Metaverse (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Multiverse.

In science fiction, the metaverse is a hypothetical iteration of the Internet as a single, universal, and immersive virtual world that is facilitated by the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) headsets.[1][2] In colloquial usage, a metaverse is a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social and economic connection.[2][3][4][5] In scientific research, it is defined as 'a three-dimensional online environment in which users represented by avatars interact with each other in virtual spaces decoupled from the real physical world'.[6]

Some software platforms require a virtual reality headset to explore the metaverse.

The term metaverse originated in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash as a portmanteau of "meta" and "universe".[7][8] Metaverse development is often linked to advancing virtual reality technology due to the increasing demands for immersion.[9][10][11] Recent interest in metaverse development is influenced by Web3,[12][13] a concept for a decentralized iteration of the internet. The term metaverse has been used as a buzzword by companies[1][14] to exaggerate the development progress of various related technologies and projects for public relations purposes.[15] Information privacy, user addiction, and user safety are concerns within the metaverse, stemming from challenges facing the social media and video game industries as a whole.[1][16][17]

Implementations

 
Avatars socialising in the virtual world Second Life

Components of metaverse technology have already been developed within online video games.[18] The 2003 virtual world platform Second Life is often described as the first metaverse,[19][20] as it incorporated many aspects of social media into a persistent three-dimensional world with the user represented as an avatar, but historical claims of metaverse development started soon after the term was coined. Early projects included Active Worlds[21] and The Palace.

Popular games described as part of the metaverse include Habbo Hotel,[9] World of Warcraft,[22] Minecraft,[9] Fortnite,[23] VRChat,[24][25] and game creation platform Roblox[26][27][28][29] In a January 2022 interview with Wired, Second Life creator Philip Rosedale described metaverses as a three-dimensional Internet that is populated with live people.[30] Social interaction and 3D virtual worlds are often an integral feature in many massively multiplayer online games.

In 2017, Microsoft acquired the VR company AltspaceVR,[31] and has since implemented virtual avatars and meetings held in virtual reality into Microsoft Teams.[32]

In 2019, the social network company Facebook launched a social VR world called Facebook Horizon.[33] In 2021, the company was renamed "Meta Platforms" and its chairman Mark Zuckerberg[34] declared a company commitment to developing a metaverse.[35] Many of the virtual reality technologies advertised by Meta Platforms remain to be developed.[36][37][38] Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen criticised the move, adding that Meta Platforms' continued focus on growth-oriented projects is largely done to the detriment of ensuring safety on their platforms.[39] Meta Platforms has also faced user safety criticism regarding Horizon Worlds due to sexual harassment occurring on the platform.[40][41][42] In 2021, Meta made a loss of over $10 billion on its metaverse development department, with Mark Zuckerberg saying he expected operating losses to "increase meaningfully" in 2022.[43]In February 2023, Zuckerberg wrote a Facebook post announcing the company's pivot away from the metaverse to focus on AI.[44]

Some metaverse implementations rely on digital currencies, and often cryptocurrency. Assets within the metaverse are sometimes traded as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and track ownership using blockchain technology.[45]

Proposed applications for metaverse technology include improving work productivity,[32][46] interactive learning environments,[16] e-commerce,[16][47] mass-audience interaction,[48] healthcare and [49][50] real estate.[16]

Technology

Hardware

Access points for the metaverse includes general-purpose computers and smartphones, augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality.[3]

Dependence on VR technology has limited metaverse development and wide-scale adoption.[10] Limitations of portable hardware and the need to balance cost and design have caused a lack of high-quality graphics and mobility.[51] Lightweight wireless headsets have struggled to achieve retina display pixel density needed for visual immersion.[51] Another issue for wide-scale adoption of the technology is cost, with consumer VR headsets ranging in price from $300 to $3500 as of 2022.[9][4]

Current hardware development is focused on overcoming limitations of VR headsets, sensors, and increasing immersion with haptic technology.[52]

Software

There has been no wide-scale adoption of a standardized technical specification for metaverse implementations, and existing implementations rely primarily on proprietary technology. Interoperability is a major concern in metaverse development, stemming from concerns about transparency and privacy.[53] There have been several virtual environment standardization projects.[54][55][56][57][58]

Universal Scene Description is a specification for 3D computer graphics interchange created by Pixar and supported by Blender, Apple's SceneKit and Autodesk 3ds Max. The technology company NVIDIA announced in 2021 they would adopt USD for their metaverse development tools.[59]

glTF is a specification for the efficient transmission and loading of 3D scenes and models by engines and applications created by the Khronos Group, an industry consortium developing royalty free open standards. In August 2022 it was announced that glTF 2.0 had been released as the ISO/IEC 12113:2022 International Standard.[60]

OpenXR is an open standard for access to virtual and augmented reality devices and experiences. It has been adopted by Microsoft for HoloLens 2,[61] Meta Platforms for the Oculus Quest,[62] HTC for the HTC Vive,[63] Qualcomm for the Snapdragon Spaces XR Developer Platform,[64] and Valve for SteamVR.[65][66]

Criticism and concerns

Feasibility

In a February 2022 article for The New York Times, Lauren Jackson argued that the metaverse is "stalled from achieving scale by a lack of infrastructure for both hardware and software, a monopolistic approach to platform development, and a lack of clear governance standards."[67]

In December 2021, Raja Koduri, senior vice president of Intel, claimed that "Truly persistent and immersive computing, at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time, will require even more: a 1,000-times increase in computational efficiency from today's state of the art."[68]

In an article for The New York Times on October 26, 2022, Ryan Mac, a technology reporter, claimed that for the past year, Mark Zuckerberg has struggled to find the best way to achieve the metaverse. He failed.[69]

Privacy

Information privacy is an area of concern for the metaverse because related companies will likely collect users' personal information through interactions and biometric data from wearable virtual and augmented reality devices.[70] Meta Platforms (previously Facebook) is planning on employing targeted advertising within their metaverse, raising further worries related to the spread of misinformation and loss of personal privacy.[1] In 2021, David Reid of Liverpool Hope University argued the amount of data collection in the metaverse would be greater than that on the internet stating "If you think about the amount of data a company could collect on the World Wide Web right now, compared to what it could collect with the metaverse, there is just no comparison."[71] In fact, the current metaverse technology is very immature. Abdulsattar Jaber, a professor at Iraq's Middle Technical University, found that the new technology used by the metaverse may cause many problems related to the security and privacy of system users.[72]

User safety

User addiction and problematic social media use is another concern. Internet addiction disorder, social media, and video game addiction can have mental and physical repercussions over a prolonged period of time, such as depression,[73] anxiety, and various other harms related to having a sedentary lifestyle such as an increased risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease.[17] Experts are also concerned that the metaverse could be used as an 'escape' from reality in a similar fashion to existing internet technologies.[70][74]

Virtual crime like sex abuse, child grooming, and harassment are significant challenges within existing virtual reality social platforms, and may be similarly prevalent in the metaverse.[75][76][77][78] In February 2022, investigations by BBC News and The Washington Post found minors engaging in adult activities in applications such as VRChat and Horizon Worlds despite an age requirement of 13 years or older.[24]

In an October 2022 interview, Roblox Chief Scientist Morgan McGuire stated that it is "a challenge to moderate 3D", and also compared moderating Roblox to shutting down speakeasies.[79]

Regulation

With the emergence of the metaverse, many[67] are calling for new regulations to protect users when they interact in the virtual world and to ensure that intellectual property (IP) laws are extended to both physical and virtual objects, respecting the rights of inventors, designers, and owners of trademarks, just as they would in the real world.[80]

Social issues

Metaverse development may magnify the social impacts of online echo chambers and digitally alienating spaces[2][81] or abuse common social media engagement strategies to manipulate users with biased content.[81][82] Keza MacDonald of The Guardian criticized the utopianism of technology companies who claim that a metaverse could be a reprieve from worker exploitation, prejudice, and discrimination. MacDonald stated that they would be more positive towards metaverse development if it was not dominated by "companies and disaster capitalists trying to figure out a way to make more money as the real world's resources are dwindling."[83] Marketing professor Andreas Kaplan, citing their experience studying Second Life users, argues that the metaverse may have a generally negative societal impact due to their strongly addictive potential.[84] People with physical disabilities like deafness or blindness are disadvantaged without technologies addressed to accessibility.[85]

Lack of adoption

As of 2023, there has been little adoption of Metaverse technology, with Decentraland, a platform claiming to be the metaverse, reporting that it had 8000 daily users or fewer.[86] Ed Zitron of Business Insider and Marc Olinga of The Street declared the Metaverse a fad that was "dead", having been displaced by artificial intelligence as the current hot new trend in computing.[87][88]

Fiction

Snow Crash, 1992

So Hiro's not actually here at all. He's in a computer-generated universe that his computer is drawing onto his goggles and pumping into his earphones. In the lingo, this imaginary place is known as the Metaverse. Hiro spends a lot of time in the Metaverse. It beats the shit out of the U-Stor-It.

Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash (1992).[89]

The term metaverse was coined in Neal Stephenson's 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash, where humans, as programmable avatars, interact with each other and software agents, in a three-dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world.[90] Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality-based successor to the internet.[91]

Neal Stephenson's metaverse appears to its users as an urban environment developed along a 100-meter-wide road, called the Street, which spans the entire 65,536 km (216 km) circumference of a featureless, black, perfectly spherical planet. The virtual real estate is owned by the Global Multimedia Protocol Group, a fictional part of the real Association for Computing Machinery, and is available to be bought and buildings developed thereupon.[92]

Users of the metaverse access it through personal terminals that project a high-quality virtual reality display onto goggles worn by the user, or from grainy black and white public terminals in booths. The users experience it from a first-person perspective. Stephenson describes a sub-culture of people choosing to remain continuously connected to the metaverse; they are given the sobriquet "gargoyles" due to their grotesque appearance.[92]

Within the metaverse, individual users appear as avatars of any form, with the sole restriction of height, "to prevent people from walking around a mile high". Transport within the metaverse is limited to analogs of reality by foot or vehicle, such as the monorail that runs the entire length of the Street, stopping at 256 Express Ports, located evenly at 256 km intervals, and Local Ports, one kilometer apart.[92]

Ready Player One, 2011

Ready Player One is a dystopian science fiction franchise created by Ernest Cline which depicts a shared VR landscape called "The OASIS". The first novel was released in 2011, with a 2018 film adaptation, and second novel in 2020. The franchise depicts the year 2045 as being gripped by an energy crisis and global warming, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. The primary escape for people is a shared VR landscape called "the OASIS" which is accessed with a VR headset and wired gloves.[93] The OASIS functions both as a massively multiplayer online role-playing game and as a virtual society.[94]

See also

 
Look up metaverse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

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Further reading

October 17, 2023
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For other uses see Metaverse disambiguation Not to be confused with Multiverse In science fiction the metaverse is a hypothetical iteration of the Internet as a single universal and immersive virtual world that is facilitated by the use of virtual reality VR and augmented reality AR headsets 1 2 In colloquial usage a metaverse is a network of 3D virtual worlds focused on social and economic connection 2 3 4 5 In scientific research it is defined as a three dimensional online environment in which users represented by avatars interact with each other in virtual spaces decoupled from the real physical world 6 Some software platforms require a virtual reality headset to explore the metaverse The term metaverse originated in the 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash as a portmanteau of meta and universe 7 8 Metaverse development is often linked to advancing virtual reality technology due to the increasing demands for immersion 9 10 11 Recent interest in metaverse development is influenced by Web3 12 13 a concept for a decentralized iteration of the internet The term metaverse has been used as a buzzword by companies 1 14 to exaggerate the development progress of various related technologies and projects for public relations purposes 15 Information privacy user addiction and user safety are concerns within the metaverse stemming from challenges facing the social media and video game industries as a whole 1 16 17 Contents 1 Implementations 2 Technology 2 1 Hardware 2 2 Software 3 Criticism and concerns 3 1 Feasibility 3 2 Privacy 3 3 User safety 3 4 Regulation 3 5 Social issues 3 6 Lack of adoption 4 Fiction 4 1 Snow Crash 1992 4 2 Ready Player One 2011 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingImplementations nbsp Avatars socialising in the virtual world Second LifeComponents of metaverse technology have already been developed within online video games 18 The 2003 virtual world platform Second Life is often described as the first metaverse 19 20 as it incorporated many aspects of social media into a persistent three dimensional world with the user represented as an avatar but historical claims of metaverse development started soon after the term was coined Early projects included Active Worlds 21 and The Palace Popular games described as part of the metaverse include Habbo Hotel 9 World of Warcraft 22 Minecraft 9 Fortnite 23 VRChat 24 25 and game creation platform Roblox 26 27 28 29 In a January 2022 interview with Wired Second Life creator Philip Rosedale described metaverses as a three dimensional Internet that is populated with live people 30 Social interaction and 3D virtual worlds are often an integral feature in many massively multiplayer online games In 2017 Microsoft acquired the VR company AltspaceVR 31 and has since implemented virtual avatars and meetings held in virtual reality into Microsoft Teams 32 In 2019 the social network company Facebook launched a social VR world called Facebook Horizon 33 In 2021 the company was renamed Meta Platforms and its chairman Mark Zuckerberg 34 declared a company commitment to developing a metaverse 35 Many of the virtual reality technologies advertised by Meta Platforms remain to be developed 36 37 38 Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen criticised the move adding that Meta Platforms continued focus on growth oriented projects is largely done to the detriment of ensuring safety on their platforms 39 Meta Platforms has also faced user safety criticism regarding Horizon Worlds due to sexual harassment occurring on the platform 40 41 42 In 2021 Meta made a loss of over 10 billion on its metaverse development department with Mark Zuckerberg saying he expected operating losses to increase meaningfully in 2022 43 In February 2023 Zuckerberg wrote a Facebook post announcing the company s pivot away from the metaverse to focus on AI 44 Some metaverse implementations rely on digital currencies and often cryptocurrency Assets within the metaverse are sometimes traded as non fungible tokens NFTs and track ownership using blockchain technology 45 Proposed applications for metaverse technology include improving work productivity 32 46 interactive learning environments 16 e commerce 16 47 mass audience interaction 48 healthcare and 49 50 real estate 16 TechnologyHardware Access points for the metaverse includes general purpose computers and smartphones augmented reality mixed reality and virtual reality 3 Dependence on VR technology has limited metaverse development and wide scale adoption 10 Limitations of portable hardware and the need to balance cost and design have caused a lack of high quality graphics and mobility 51 Lightweight wireless headsets have struggled to achieve retina display pixel density needed for visual immersion 51 Another issue for wide scale adoption of the technology is cost with consumer VR headsets ranging in price from 300 to 3500 as of 2022 9 4 Current hardware development is focused on overcoming limitations of VR headsets sensors and increasing immersion with haptic technology 52 Software There has been no wide scale adoption of a standardized technical specification for metaverse implementations and existing implementations rely primarily on proprietary technology Interoperability is a major concern in metaverse development stemming from concerns about transparency and privacy 53 There have been several virtual environment standardization projects 54 55 56 57 58 Universal Scene Description is a specification for 3D computer graphics interchange created by Pixar and supported by Blender Apple s SceneKit and Autodesk 3ds Max The technology company NVIDIA announced in 2021 they would adopt USD for their metaverse development tools 59 glTF is a specification for the efficient transmission and loading of 3D scenes and models by engines and applications created by the Khronos Group an industry consortium developing royalty free open standards In August 2022 it was announced that glTF 2 0 had been released as the ISO IEC 12113 2022 International Standard 60 OpenXR is an open standard for access to virtual and augmented reality devices and experiences It has been adopted by Microsoft for HoloLens 2 61 Meta Platforms for the Oculus Quest 62 HTC for the HTC Vive 63 Qualcomm for the Snapdragon Spaces XR Developer Platform 64 and Valve for SteamVR 65 66 Criticism and concernsFeasibility In a February 2022 article for The New York Times Lauren Jackson argued that the metaverse is stalled from achieving scale by a lack of infrastructure for both hardware and software a monopolistic approach to platform development and a lack of clear governance standards 67 In December 2021 Raja Koduri senior vice president of Intel claimed that Truly persistent and immersive computing at scale and accessible by billions of humans in real time will require even more a 1 000 times increase in computational efficiency from today s state of the art 68 In an article for The New York Times on October 26 2022 Ryan Mac a technology reporter claimed that for the past year Mark Zuckerberg has struggled to find the best way to achieve the metaverse He failed 69 Privacy Information privacy is an area of concern for the metaverse because related companies will likely collect users personal information through interactions and biometric data from wearable virtual and augmented reality devices 70 Meta Platforms previously Facebook is planning on employing targeted advertising within their metaverse raising further worries related to the spread of misinformation and loss of personal privacy 1 In 2021 David Reid of Liverpool Hope University argued the amount of data collection in the metaverse would be greater than that on the internet stating If you think about the amount of data a company could collect on the World Wide Web right now compared to what it could collect with the metaverse there is just no comparison 71 In fact the current metaverse technology is very immature Abdulsattar Jaber a professor at Iraq s Middle Technical University found that the new technology used by the metaverse may cause many problems related to the security and privacy of system users 72 User safety User addiction and problematic social media use is another concern Internet addiction disorder social media and video game addiction can have mental and physical repercussions over a prolonged period of time such as depression 73 anxiety and various other harms related to having a sedentary lifestyle such as an increased risk for obesity and cardiovascular disease 17 Experts are also concerned that the metaverse could be used as an escape from reality in a similar fashion to existing internet technologies 70 74 Virtual crime like sex abuse child grooming and harassment are significant challenges within existing virtual reality social platforms and may be similarly prevalent in the metaverse 75 76 77 78 In February 2022 investigations by BBC News and The Washington Post found minors engaging in adult activities in applications such as VRChat and Horizon Worlds despite an age requirement of 13 years or older 24 In an October 2022 interview Roblox Chief Scientist Morgan McGuire stated that it is a challenge to moderate 3D and also compared moderating Roblox to shutting down speakeasies 79 Regulation With the emergence of the metaverse many 67 are calling for new regulations to protect users when they interact in the virtual world and to ensure that intellectual property IP laws are extended to both physical and virtual objects respecting the rights of inventors designers and owners of trademarks just as they would in the real world 80 Social issues Metaverse development may magnify the social impacts of online echo chambers and digitally alienating spaces 2 81 or abuse common social media engagement strategies to manipulate users with biased content 81 82 Keza MacDonald of The Guardian criticized the utopianism of technology companies who claim that a metaverse could be a reprieve from worker exploitation prejudice and discrimination MacDonald stated that they would be more positive towards metaverse development if it was not dominated by companies and disaster capitalists trying to figure out a way to make more money as the real world s resources are dwindling 83 Marketing professor Andreas Kaplan citing their experience studying Second Life users argues that the metaverse may have a generally negative societal impact due to their strongly addictive potential 84 People with physical disabilities like deafness or blindness are disadvantaged without technologies addressed to accessibility 85 Lack of adoption As of 2023 update there has been little adoption of Metaverse technology with Decentraland a platform claiming to be the metaverse reporting that it had 8000 daily users or fewer 86 Ed Zitron of Business Insider and Marc Olinga of The Street declared the Metaverse a fad that was dead having been displaced by artificial intelligence as the current hot new trend in computing 87 88 FictionSnow Crash 1992 So Hiro s not actually here at all He s in a computer generated universe that his computer is drawing onto his goggles and pumping into his earphones In the lingo this imaginary place is known as the Metaverse Hiro spends a lot of time in the Metaverse It beats the shit out of the U Stor It Neal Stephenson Snow Crash 1992 89 The term metaverse was coined in Neal Stephenson s 1992 science fiction novel Snow Crash where humans as programmable avatars interact with each other and software agents in a three dimensional virtual space that uses the metaphor of the real world 90 Stephenson used the term to describe a virtual reality based successor to the internet 91 Neal Stephenson s metaverse appears to its users as an urban environment developed along a 100 meter wide road called the Street which spans the entire 65 536 km 216 km circumference of a featureless black perfectly spherical planet The virtual real estate is owned by the Global Multimedia Protocol Group a fictional part of the real Association for Computing Machinery and is available to be bought and buildings developed thereupon 92 Users of the metaverse access it through personal terminals that project a high quality virtual reality display onto goggles worn by the user or from grainy black and white public terminals in booths The users experience it from a first person perspective Stephenson describes a sub culture of people choosing to remain continuously connected to the metaverse they are given the sobriquet gargoyles due to their grotesque appearance 92 Within the metaverse individual users appear as avatars of any form with the sole restriction of height to prevent people from walking around a mile high Transport within the metaverse is limited to analogs of reality by foot or vehicle such as the monorail that runs the entire length of the Street stopping at 256 Express Ports located evenly at 256 km intervals and Local Ports one kilometer apart 92 Ready Player One 2011 Ready Player One is a dystopian science fiction franchise created by Ernest Cline which depicts a shared VR landscape called The OASIS The first novel was released in 2011 with a 2018 film adaptation and second novel in 2020 The franchise depicts the year 2045 as being gripped by an energy crisis and global warming causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation The primary escape for people is a shared VR landscape called the OASIS which is accessed with a VR headset and wired gloves 93 The OASIS functions both as a massively multiplayer online role playing game and as a virtual society 94 See also nbsp Look up metaverse in Wiktionary the free dictionary Closed platform Cyberspace Multiverse video games Massively multiplayer online role playing game SupranetReferences a b c d O Brian Matt Chan Kelvin October 28 2021 EXPLAINER What is the metaverse and how will it work ABC News Associated Press Archived from the original on December 4 2021 Retrieved December 4 2021 a b c Newton Casey July 22 2021 Mark Zuckerberg is betting Facebook s future on the metaverse The Verge Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved October 25 2021 a b Ritterbusch Georg David Teichmann Malte Rolf 2023 Defining the Metaverse A Systematic Literature Review IEEE Access 11 12368 12377 doi 10 1109 ACCESS 2023 3241809 ISSN 2169 3536 S2CID 256562095 a b Robertson Adi October 4 2021 What is the metaverse and do I have to care The Verge Retrieved March 9 2022 Clark Peter Allen November 15 2021 What Is the Metaverse and Why Should I Care Time Retrieved December 29 2021 RITTERBUSCH GEORG DAVID TEICHMANN AND MALTE ROLF February 9 2023 Defining the Metaverse A Systematic Literature Review IEEE Access Zenou Theo June 30 2022 A novel predicted the metaverse and hyperinflation 30 years ago The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved September 7 2022 Ball Matthew July 19 2022 The Metaverse And How it Will Revolutionize Everything Liveright Publishing ISBN 978 1 324 09204 9 a b c d Brown Dalvin August 30 2021 What is the metaverse Facebook says it s the future of the Internet The Washington Post Retrieved November 1 2021 a b Antin Doug May 5 2020 The Technology of the Metaverse It s Not Just VR The Startup Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved October 25 2021 Neiger Chris Virtual reality is too expensive for most people but that s about to change Business Insider Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved October 25 2021 Fannin Rebecca April 14 2022 Hong Kong s Mr Metaverse on why he s placing a big Web3 bet against Mark Zuckerberg CNBC Retrieved April 26 2022 The Metaverse Requires a Whole New Vocabulary to Navigate Web3 Bloomberg com April 8 2022 Retrieved April 26 2022 Fischer Sarah November 16 2021 Metaverse is Wall Street s new favorite buzzword Axios Archived from the original on December 4 2021 Retrieved December 4 2021 Ravenscraft Eric December 26 2021 The Metaverse Land Rush Is an Illusion Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved December 28 2021 a b c d Needleman Sarah E October 16 2021 The Amazing Things You ll Do in the Metaverse and What It Will Take to Get There The Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Archived from the original on October 25 2021 Retrieved October 25 2021 a b Rajan Amala Nassiri Nasser Akre Vishwesh Ravikumar Rejitha Nabeel Amal Buti Maryam Salah Fatima November 1 2018 Virtual Reality Gaming Addiction 2018 Fifth HCT Information Technology Trends ITT pp 358 363 doi 10 1109 CTIT 2018 8649547 ISBN 978 1 5386 7147 4 S2CID 67876446 Archived from the original on December 7 2021 Retrieved November 3 2021 Orland Kyle November 7 2021 So what is the metaverse exactly Ars Technica Archived from the original on November 9 2021 Retrieved November 9 2021 Tidy Joe November 5 2021 Zuckerberg s metaverse Lessons from Second Life BBC News Archived from the original on November 13 2021 Retrieved November 17 2021 Maney Kevin February 4 2007 The king of alter egos is surprisingly humble guy USA Today Archived from the original on February 18 2007 Retrieved February 20 2007 Active Worlds for Windows 1995 MobyGames Archived from the original on November 11 2021 Retrieved November 3 2021 Woods Bob May 7 2022 In Microsoft s Activision deal it s not just stock prices but a future world at stake CNBC Retrieved May 8 2022 Webster Andrew March 18 2021 Fortnite s Experimental Story Is An Attempt To Create The Entertainment Experience Of The Future The Verge Archived from the original on May 3 2021 Retrieved May 3 2021 a b Crawford Angus Smith Tony February 23 2022 Metaverse app allows kids into virtual strip clubs BBC News Retrieved March 6 2022 Smith Quinton May 17 2022 Making Sense of VRChat the Metaverse People Actually Like Video Design and art direction by Anni Sayers People Make Games Retrieved June 24 2022 via YouTube Wakefield Jane March 10 2021 Roblox How the children s game became a 30bn bet on the Metaverse BBC News Retrieved January 9 2022 Sidhwani Priyansh March 12 2021 The History Of Roblox From 2004 Until Now TechStory Archived from the original on April 20 2021 Retrieved November 3 2021 Nike gets ahead of the Metaverse and creates Nikeland its own virtual world on Roblox entrepreneur com Archived from the original on November 26 2021 Retrieved November 26 2021 Kastrenakes Jacob November 19 2020 Roblox goes public so that it can build a bigger metaverse The Verge Archived from the original on December 1 2021 Retrieved December 1 2021 Edelman Gilad January 27 2022 How to Build a Better Metaverse Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved January 27 2022 Langston Jennifer March 2 2021 You can actually feel like you re in the same place Microsoft Mesh powers shared experiences in mixed reality Innovation Stories Archived from the original on November 3 2021 Retrieved November 3 2021 a b Warren Tom November 2 2021 Microsoft Teams enters the metaverse race with 3D avatars and immersive meetings The Verge Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Retrieved November 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The Guardian London Archived from the original on October 28 2021 Retrieved October 28 2021 Hamilton Isobel Asher October 26 2021 Whistleblower Frances Haugen says Facebook s investment in the metaverse shows how its priorities are all wrong Business Insider Retrieved December 30 2021 Jones Stephen December 17 2021 Meta launched an investigation after a woman said she was groped by a stranger in the metaverse Business Insider Retrieved December 30 2021 Mahdawi Arwa December 18 2021 Metaverse is just a new venue for the age old problem of sexual harassment The Guardian Retrieved December 30 2021 Sundaravelu Anugraha May 31 2022 Woman s avatar raped within an hour of signing into the metaverse Metro Retrieved June 1 2022 Kovach Steve February 2 2022 Mark Zuckerberg s metaverse business lost more than 10 billion last year and the losses keep growing CNBC Retrieved May 13 2022 Meta s year of efficiency means job cuts less metaverse and more generative AI Quartz March 7 2023 Retrieved March 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original on August 11 2011 Retrieved October 8 2011 Immersive Education Technology Group IETG Media Grid Archived from the original on September 8 2011 Retrieved October 8 2011 Immersive Web Working Group www w3 org Retrieved March 1 2022 Caulfield Brian April 27 2021 Universal Scene Description Key to Shared Metaverse GTC Panelists Say The Official NVIDIA Blog Retrieved December 24 2021 ISO IEC 12113 2022 Information technology Runtime 3D asset delivery format Khronos glTF 2 0 The Official ISO Website July 26 2022 Edicott Sean July 23 2019 OpenXR now available on the Microsoft Store for Windows Mixed Reality Windows Central Retrieved January 8 2022 Heaney David September 13 2019 Oculus Rift Has Hidden Preliminary Support For OpenXR UploadVR Retrieved January 8 2022 Heaney David April 14 2022 HTC s Vive Focus 3 Standalone Headset Gets Beta OpenXR Support UploadVR Sprigg Sam June 1 2021 Qualcomm announces global availability of its Snapdragon Spaces XR Developer Platform Auganix Conformant Products Khronos Group August 18 2022 Steam SteamVR Introducing SteamVR 1 16 store steampowered com February 24 2021 Retrieved January 8 2022 a b Jackson Lauren February 12 2022 Is the Metaverse Just Marketing The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 17 2022 Koduri Raja December 14 2021 Powering the Metaverse Intel Retrieved February 22 2022 Mac Ryan October 26 2022 Meta s Profit Slides by More Than 50 Percent as Challenges Mount The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved November 3 2022 a b Lee Lik Hang Braud Tristan Zhou Pengyuan Wang Lin Xu Dianlei Lin Zijun Kumar Abhishek Bermejo Carlos Hui Pan October 11 2021 All One Needs to Know about Metaverse A Complete Survey on Technological Singularity Virtual Ecosystem and Research Agenda arXiv 2110 05352 doi 10 13140 RG 2 2 11200 05124 8 Who is Going to Police the Metaverse www hope ac uk April 11 2021 Retrieved January 19 2022 Abdulsattar Jaber Tanya July 11 2022 Security Risks of the Metaverse World International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies 16 13 4 14 doi 10 3991 ijim v16i13 33187 ISSN 1865 7923 S2CID 250467972 Huddleston Tom January 31 2022 This is creating more loneliness The metaverse could be a serious problem for kids experts say CNBC Retrieved February 2 2022 Evans Woody 2011 Information Dynamics in Virtual Worlds Chandos ISBN 9781780632742 Archived from the original on December 7 2021 Retrieved November 13 2021 Basu Tanya December 16 2021 The metaverse has a groping problem already MIT Technology Review Retrieved January 19 2022 Chalmers David January 28 2022 What Should Be Considered a Crime in the Metaverse Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Retrieved January 28 2022 Baker White Emily February 11 2022 Meta Wouldn t Tell Us How It Enforces Its Rules In VR So We Ran A Test To Find Out BuzzFeed News Retrieved March 6 2022 Oremus Will February 7 2022 Kids are flocking to Facebook s metaverse Experts worry predators will follow The Washington Post Retrieved February 18 2022 Chmielewski Dawn Dastin Jeffrey October 11 2022 Roblox says policing virtual world is like shutting down speakeasies Reuters Retrieved October 12 2022 The metaverse NFTs and IP rights to regulate or not to regulate WIPO Magazine June 2022 a b Shou Darren I Want My Daughter to Live in a Better Metaverse Wired ISSN 1059 1028 Archived from the original on September 10 2021 Retrieved November 1 2021 Peck Andrew 2020 A Problem of Amplification Folklore and Fake News in the Age of Social Media Journal of American Folklore 133 529 329 351 doi 10 5406 jamerfolk 133 529 0329 ISSN 1535 1882 S2CID 243130538 MacDonald Keza January 25 2022 I ve seen the metaverse and I don t want it The Guardian Retrieved January 27 2022 Kaplan Andreas November 2 2021 Facebook s Metaverse A nightmare turning into reality ESCP Retrieved March 10 2022 Allam Zaheer Sharifi Ayyoob Bibri Simon Elias Jones David Sydney Krogstie John July 8 2022 The Metaverse as a Virtual Form of Smart Cities Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Economic and Social Sustainability in Urban Futures Smart Cities 5 3 771 801 doi 10 3390 smartcities5030040 ISSN 2624 6511 Lawler Richard October 13 2022 Decentraland s billion dollar metaverse reportedly had 38 active users in one day The Verge Retrieved May 9 2023 Zitron Ed RIP Metaverse we hardly knew ye Business Insider Retrieved May 9 2023 Olinga Marc March 18 2023 Mark Zuckerberg Quietly Buries the Metaverse The Street Retrieved May 9 2023 Stephenson Neal 1992 Snow Crash Bantam Books p 22 ISBN 9780553351927 Grimshaw Mark 2014 The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality New York Oxford University Press p 702 ISBN 9780199826162 In the acknowledgments section following the text of Snow Crash Stephenson writes The words avatar in the sense it is used here and Metaverse are my inventions which I came up with when I decided that existing words such as virtual reality were simply too awkward to use a b c Neal Stephenson 2007 Snow crash Rizzoli ISBN 978 88 17 01682 7 OCLC 799825166 Grady Constance March 26 2018 The Ready Player One backlash explained Vox Retrieved January 4 2022 Books about metaverse to binge read over Christmas holidays cnbctv18 com December 24 2021 Retrieved February 19 2022 Further readingThe Metaverse Concepts and Issues for Congress PDF Report Congressional Research Service August 26 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metaverse amp oldid 1179123797, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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