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Hunger strike

January 10, 2023

For the song, see Hunger Strike (song).

A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance[1] in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke a feeling of guilt in others, usually with the objective to achieve a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food.

Residents of Dobrzeń Wielki, Poland, in 2017, protesting the planned incorporation of their community to the city of Opole

In cases where an entity (usually the state) has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker (such as a prisoner), the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force-feeding.

Early history

Fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan.[2] Detailed in the contemporary civic codes, it had specific rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender.[3] Scholars speculate that this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at one's doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor.[4] Others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong. There are legends of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, using the hunger strike as well.[5]

In India, the practice of a hunger protest, where the protester fasts at the door of an offending party (typically a debtor) in a public call for justice, was abolished by the government in 1861; this indicates the prevalence of the practice prior to that date, or at least a public awareness of it.[5]

Medical view

In the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose.[6] After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis. After depleting fat, the body enters a "starvation mode".[6] At this point the body "mines" the muscles and vital organs for energy, and loss of bone marrow becomes life-threatening. There are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike, for example the 1981 Irish hunger strike.[5]

Examples

British and American suffragettes

 
1911 Poster Votes for Women (UK) re William Ball force-fed hunger strike
 
Clipping from World Magazine, September 6, 1914.

In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons. Marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr. Other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture. Emmeline Pankhurst's sister Mary Clarke died shortly after being force-fed in prison, and others including Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton are believed to have had serious health problems caused by force feeding, dying of a heart attack not long after.[7] William Ball, a working class supporter of women's suffrage, was the subject of a pamphlet Torture in an English Prison not only due to the effects of force-feeding, but a cruel separation from family contact and mental health deterioration, secret transfer to a lunatic asylum and needed lifelong mental institutional care.[8]

In 1913 the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913 (nicknamed the "Cat and Mouse Act") changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick. When they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. About 100 women received medals for hunger striking or enduring force-feeding.

Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest. A few years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a group of American suffragettes led by Alice Paul engaged in a hunger strike and endured forced feedings while incarcerated at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia.

Ireland

Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche. Fasting in order to bring attention to an injustice which one felt under his lord, and thus shame him, was a common feature of early Irish society and this tactic was fully incorporated into the Brehon legal system. The tradition is ultimately most likely part of the still older Indo-European tradition of which the Irish were part.[9][10] Within the 20th century a total of 22 Irish republicans died on hunger strike with survivors suffering long term health and psychological effects.

The tactic was used by physical force republicans during the 1916–23 revolutionary period. Early use of hunger strikes was countered with force-feeding, culminating in 1917 in the death of Thomas Ashe in Mountjoy Prison. During the Anglo-Irish war, in October 1920, the Lord Mayor of Cork, Terence MacSwiney, died on hunger strike in Brixton prison. At the same time, the 1920 Cork hunger strike took place. Two other Cork Irish Republican Army (IRA) men, Joe Murphy and Michael Fitzgerald, died in this protest. Over a period of 94 days, from August 11 to November 12, 1920, John and Peter Crowley, Thomas O'Donovan, Michael Burke, Michael O'Reilly, Christopher Upton, John Power, Joseph Kenny and Seán Hennessy, demanding reinstatement of political status and release from prison, undertook a hunger strike at Cork County Gaol.[11][12] Arthur Griffith called off the strikes after the deaths of MacSwiney, Murphy and Fitzgerald.

During the early 1920s, the vessel HMS Argenta was used as a prison ship for the holding of Irish republicans by the British. Conditions on board were "unbelievable"[13] and there were several hunger strikes, including one involving upwards of 150 men in the winter of 1923.[14]

Irish hunger strikes between 1923–1976

See also: 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes

In February 1923, 23 women (members of Cumann na mBan) went on hunger strike for 34 days over the arrest and imprisonment without trial of Irish republican prisoners. The Free State subsequently released the women republican prisoners. Most of the male republicans were not released until the following year.[15] After the end of the Irish Civil War in October 1923, up to 8,000 IRA prisoners went on hunger strike to protest their continued detention by the Irish Free State (a total of over 12,000 republicans had been interned by May 1923).[16] Three men, Denny Barry, Joseph Whitty, and Andy O'Sullivan, died during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes. The strike, however, was called off by Republican leadership in the camps (23 November 1923) before any more deaths occurred.

Under de Valera's first Fianna Fáil government in 1932, military pensions were awarded to dependants of republicans who died in 1920s hunger strikes on the same basis as those who were killed in action.[17] During the state of emergency of World War II another De Valera government interned many IRA members, three of whom died on hunger strike: Sean McCaughey, Tony D'Arcy and Jack McNeela. Hundreds of others carried out shorter hunger strikes during the de Valera years.

The tactic was revived by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the early 1970s, when several republicans successfully used hunger strikes to get themselves released from custody without charge in the Republic of Ireland. Michael Gaughan died after being force-fed in Parkhurst Prison in 1974. Frank Stagg, an IRA member being held in Wakefield Prison, died in 1976 after a 62-day hunger strike which he began as a campaign to be repatriated to Ireland.[18][19]

Irish hunger strike of 1981

Main article: 1981 Irish hunger strike
See also: Anti H-Block and HM Prison Maze

In 1980, seven Irish Republican prisoners, six from the IRA and one from the Irish National Liberation Army, in the Maze Prison launched a hunger strike as a protest against the revocation by the British Government of a prisoner-of-war-like Special Category Status for paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland.[20][21] The strike, led by Brendan Hughes, was called off before any deaths, when the British government seemed to offer to concede their demands; however, the British Government then reneged on the details of the agreement. The prisoners then called another hunger strike the following year. This time, instead of many prisoners striking at the same time, the hunger strikers started fasting one after the other in order to maximise publicity over the fate of each one.[22]

Bobby Sands was the first of ten Irish republican paramilitary prisoners to die after 66 days during the 1981 hunger strike, with Kieran Doherty being the last to die after 71 days. There was widespread sympathy for the hunger strikers from Irish republicans and the broader nationalist community on both sides of the Irish border. Sands was elected as an MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone to the United Kingdom's House of Commons and two other prisoners, Paddy Agnew (who was not a hunger striker) and Kieran Doherty, were elected to Dáil Éireann in the Republic of Ireland by electorates who wished to register their opposition to the British Government's policy. The ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days,[23] taking only water and salt, before succumbing. After the deaths of the men and severe public disorder, the British Government granted partial concessions to the prisoners, and the strike was called off. The hunger strikes gave a significant propaganda boost to a previously severely demoralised IRA.

Gandhi and Bhagat Singh

See also: List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned in 1908, 1909, 1913, 1917, 1919, 1922, 1930, 1932, 1933, and 1942.[24] Because of Gandhi's stature around the world, British authorities were loath to allow him to die in their custody; Gandhi engaged in several famous hunger strikes to protest British rule of India.

In addition to Gandhi, various others used the hunger strike option during the Indian independence movement, including Jatin Das, who fasted to death, and Bhagat Singh. It was only on the 116th day of their fast, on October 5, 1929, that Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt gave up their strike (surpassing the 97-day world record for hunger strikes which was set by an Irish revolutionary). During this hunger strike that lasted 116 days and ended with the British succumbing to his wishes, he gained much popularity among the common Indians. Before the strike his popularity was limited mainly to the Punjab region.

Potti Sriramulu

Potti Sriramulu was an Indian revolutionary who died after undertaking a hunger strike for 58 days in 1952 after Indian independence in an attempt to achieve the formation of a separate state, to be known as Andhra State. His death became instrumental in the linguistic re-organisation of states.

He is revered as Amarajeevi (Immortal being) in Coastal Andra for his role in achieving the linguistic re-organisation of states. As a devout follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he worked for much of his life to uphold principles such as truth, non-violence and patriotism, as well as causes such as Harijan movement to end the traditional alienation of, and accord respect and humane treatment to those traditionally called "untouchables" in Indian society.

Cuban dissidents

See also: Human rights in Cuba and Censorship in Cuba

On April 3, 1972, Pedro Luis Boitel, an imprisoned poet and dissident, declared himself on hunger strike. After 53 days on hunger strike, receiving only liquids, he died of starvation on May 25, 1972. His last days were related by his close friend, poet Armando Valladares. He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cólon Cemetery in Havana.

Guillermo Fariñas did a seven-month hunger strike to protest against the extensive Internet censorship in Cuba. He ended it in Autumn 2006, with severe health problems although still conscious.[25] Reporters Without Borders awarded its cyber-freedom prize to Guillermo Fariñas in 2006.[26]

Jorge Luis García Pérez (known as Antúnez) has done hunger strikes. In 2009, following the end of his 17-year imprisonment, Antúnez, his wife Iris, and Diosiris Santana Pérez started a hunger strike to support other political prisoners. Leaders from Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Argentina declared their support for Antúnez.[27][28]

On February 23, 2010, Orlando Zapata, a dissident arrested in 2003 as part of a crackdown on opposition groups, died in a hospital while undertaking a hunger strike that had been ongoing for 85 days. His hunger strike was a protest against poor prison conditions. Amnesty International had declared him a prisoner of conscience.[29]

Turkey

See also: Hunger Strike in Turkey (2016-2017)

In Turkey, the hunger strike has been used as a form of resistance historically, however, it was not until after the coup of September 12, 1980, that hunger strikes were recognised as a national issue in Turkey when a hunger strike was held at Diyarbakir Prison to protest inhumane practices in the prison.[30] Other large-scale hunger strikes include one that took place at Buca Prison in 1996, in which 12 prisoners lost their lives, and another that began in October 2000 in prisons throughout the country to oppose the construction and transfer of prisoners to F-type prisons, which are high-security and isolate prisoners from lawyers, families, and other outsiders, and in which 107 people lost their lives by the middle of 2003.[31][32]

Legal situation

Article 8 of the 1975 World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo states that doctors are not allowed to force-feed hunger strikers. They are supposed to understand the prisoner's independent wishes, and it is recommended to have a second opinion as to the capability of the prisoner to understand the implication of their decision and be capable of informed consent.

Where a prisoner refuses nourishment and is considered by the physician as capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgement concerning the consequences of such a voluntary refusal of nourishment, they shall not be fed artificially. The decision as to the capacity of the prisoner to form such a judgement should be confirmed by at least one other independent physician. The consequences of the refusal of nourishment shall be explained by the physician to the prisoner.[33]

The World Medical Association (WMA) recently revised and updated its Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers.[34] Among many changes, it unambiguously states that force feeding is a form of inhumane and degrading treatment in its Article 21.

The American Medical Association (AMA) is a member of the WMA, but the AMA's members are not bound by the WMA's decisions, as neither organization has formal legal powers. The AMA has formally endorsed the WMA Declaration of Tokyo and has written several letters to the US government and made public statements in opposition to US physician involvement in force feeding of hunger strikers in contravention of medical ethics.[35] The United States Code of Federal Regulations rule on hunger strikes by prisoners states, "It is the responsibility of the Bureau of Prisons to monitor the health and welfare of individual inmates, and to ensure that procedures are pursued to preserve life." It further provides that when "a medical necessity for immediate treatment of a life or health threatening situation exists, the physician may order that treatment be administered without the consent of the inmate."[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hunger strike definition and meaning". www.collinsdictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary. from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2021.
  2. ^ Ellis, Peter Bereford. The Druids (Eerdmans, 1998). pp. 141–142.
  3. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brehon Laws" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 490.
  4. ^ Joyce, Patrick Weston, A Smaller Social History of ancient Ireland (Longman, Green & Co, 1906), Chapter IV: The Administration of Justice, p.86. Found online at https://www.libraryireland.com/SocialHistoryAncientIreland/I-IV-6.php February 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ a b c Beresford, David (1987). Ten Men Dead. New York: Atlantic Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-702-9.[page needed]
  6. ^ a b Coffee, C. J. (2004). Quick Look: Metabolism. Hayes Barton Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1593771928.
  7. ^ Wilson, Simon; Ian Cumming (2009). Psychiatry in Prisons: A Comprehensive Handbook. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-1843102236.
  8. ^ Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 289, 293. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621.
  9. ^ D.A. Binchy, "A Pre-Christian Survival in Mediaeval Irish Hagiography," in Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 168–178
  10. ^ Rudolf Thurneysen, "Das Fasten beim Pfändungsverfahren," Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 15 (1924–25) 260–275.
  11. ^ "END HUNGER STRIKE OF CORK PRISONERS; Sinn Féin Leader Absolves Them and They Take Food After 94 Days' Fast. AMBUSH FIVE JOURNALISTS Soldiers Kill Two and Capture Seven of the Attackers--Mrs. MacSwiney Coming Here" (PDF). The New York Times. November 13, 1920. (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
  12. ^ Guinness Book of Records 1988, p. 21
  13. ^ Kleinrichert, Denise (2001). Republican internment and the prison ship Argenta 1922. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-7165-2683-4.
  14. ^ Hopkinson, Michael (2004). The Irish War of Independence. ISBN 978-0-7171-3741-1.
  15. ^ McCarthy, Pat, (2015), The Irish Revolution, 1912–1923, Four Courts Press, Dublin, p.132, ISBN 978-1-84682-410-4
  16. ^ The Forgotten Hunger Strikes". hungerstrikes.org.
  17. ^ "Army Pensions Act, 1932, Section 5(2)". Irish Statute Book. from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. the word "killed" includes ... death as an immediate result of refusing to take nourishment while detained in prison
  18. ^ White, Robert (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh: The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. Indiana University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0253347084.
  19. ^ O'Donnell, Ruán (2012). Special Category: The IRA in English Prisons Vol.1: 1968–78. Irish Academic Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-7165-3142-5.
  20. ^ White, Robert (2017). Out of the Ashes: An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement. Merrion Press. p. 173. ISBN 9781785370939.
  21. ^ Dillon, Martin (1991). The Dirty War. Arrow Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-09-984520-1.
  22. ^ Taylor, Peter (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 237. ISBN 0-7475-3818-2.
  23. ^ "The Starry Plough on 1981 Irish hunger strikes" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
  24. ^ "Years of Arrests & Imprisonments of Mahatma Gandhi | Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi". www.mkgandhi.org. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
  25. ^ "Guillermo Fariñas ends seven-month-old hunger strike for Internet access". Reporters Without Borders. January 20, 2016. from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  26. ^ "Cyber-freedom prize for 2006 awarded to Guillermo Fariñas of Cuba". Reporters Without Borders. January 20, 2016. from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  27. ^ . Archived from the original on October 27, 2012.
  28. ^ . Archived from the original on October 27, 2012.
  29. ^ "Cuban prison hunger striker Orlando Zapata Tamayo dies". BBC News. February 24, 2010. from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
  30. ^ Sevinç, Murat (2008). "Hunger Strikes in Turkey". Human Rights Quarterly. 30 (3): 655–679. doi:10.1353/hrq.0.0018. ISSN 0275-0392. JSTOR 20072863. S2CID 145227911.
  31. ^ Anderson, Patrick (November 1, 2004). "'To lie down to death for days'". Cultural Studies. 18 (6): 816–846. doi:10.1080/0950238042000306882. ISSN 0950-2386. S2CID 153633095.
  32. ^ Bargu, Banu (2014). Starve and Immolate: The Politics of Human Weapons. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/barg16340. ISBN 9780231538114. JSTOR 10.7312/barg16340.
  33. ^ "WMA - the World Medical Association - WMA DECLARATION OF TOKYO – GUIDELINES FOR PHYSICIANS CONCERNING TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT IN RELATION TO DETENTION AND IMPRISONMENT". from the original on January 17, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  34. ^ "WMA - the World Medical Association-WMA Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers". from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  35. ^ "American Medical Association Opposes Force-Feeding Prisoners On Hunger Strike At Gitmo". ThinkProgress. from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  36. ^ . Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2010.

External links

  • Fasting as a Method To Demand International Protection For the People of Darfur, Sudan
  • Bibliography on hunger strikes and force-feeding in the IFHHRO Right to Health Wiki
  • "The long history of the Irish hunger strike: New exhibition in Kilmainham Gaol tells the story from Thomas Ashe to Bobby Sands" Irish Times 2017-09-21

January 10, 2023
hunger, strike, song, hunger, strike, song, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, section, appears, slanted, towards, recent, events, please, k. For the song see Hunger Strike song This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non recent events October 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information May 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message A hunger strike is a method of non violent resistance 1 in which participants fast as an act of political protest or to provoke a feeling of guilt in others usually with the objective to achieve a specific goal such as a policy change Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food Residents of Dobrzen Wielki Poland in 2017 protesting the planned incorporation of their community to the city of Opole In cases where an entity usually the state has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker such as a prisoner the hunger strike is often terminated by the custodial entity through the use of force feeding Contents 1 Early history 2 Medical view 3 Examples 3 1 British and American suffragettes 3 2 Ireland 3 2 1 Irish hunger strikes between 1923 1976 3 2 2 Irish hunger strike of 1981 3 3 Gandhi and Bhagat Singh 3 4 Potti Sriramulu 3 5 Cuban dissidents 3 6 Turkey 4 Legal situation 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksEarly history EditThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Hunger strike news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre Christian Ireland where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan 2 Detailed in the contemporary civic codes it had specific rules by which it could be used The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender 3 Scholars speculate that this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality Allowing a person to die at one s doorstep for a wrong of which one was accused was considered a great dishonor 4 Others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre Christian Ireland The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong There are legends of Saint Patrick the patron saint of Ireland using the hunger strike as well 5 In India the practice of a hunger protest where the protester fasts at the door of an offending party typically a debtor in a public call for justice was abolished by the government in 1861 this indicates the prevalence of the practice prior to that date or at least a public awareness of it 5 Medical view EditIn the first three days the body is still using energy from glucose 6 After that the liver starts processing body fat in a process called ketosis After depleting fat the body enters a starvation mode 6 At this point the body mines the muscles and vital organs for energy and loss of bone marrow becomes life threatening There are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike for example the 1981 Irish hunger strike 5 Examples EditBritish and American suffragettes Edit 1911 Poster Votes for Women UK re William Ball force fed hunger strike Clipping from World Magazine September 6 1914 In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons Marion Dunlop was the first in 1909 She was released as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr Other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes The prison authorities subjected them to force feeding which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture Emmeline Pankhurst s sister Mary Clarke died shortly after being force fed in prison and others including Lady Constance Bulwer Lytton are believed to have had serious health problems caused by force feeding dying of a heart attack not long after 7 William Ball a working class supporter of women s suffrage was the subject of a pamphlet Torture in an English Prison not only due to the effects of force feeding but a cruel separation from family contact and mental health deterioration secret transfer to a lunatic asylum and needed lifelong mental institutional care 8 In 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge for Ill Health Act 1913 nicknamed the Cat and Mouse Act changed policy Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick When they had recovered the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences About 100 women received medals for hunger striking or enduring force feeding Like their British counterparts American suffragettes also used this method of political protest A few years before the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution a group of American suffragettes led by Alice Paul engaged in a hunger strike and endured forced feedings while incarcerated at the Occoquan Workhouse in Virginia Ireland Edit Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche Fasting in order to bring attention to an injustice which one felt under his lord and thus shame him was a common feature of early Irish society and this tactic was fully incorporated into the Brehon legal system The tradition is ultimately most likely part of the still older Indo European tradition of which the Irish were part 9 10 Within the 20th century a total of 22 Irish republicans died on hunger strike with survivors suffering long term health and psychological effects The tactic was used by physical force republicans during the 1916 23 revolutionary period Early use of hunger strikes was countered with force feeding culminating in 1917 in the death of Thomas Ashe in Mountjoy Prison During the Anglo Irish war in October 1920 the Lord Mayor of Cork Terence MacSwiney died on hunger strike in Brixton prison At the same time the 1920 Cork hunger strike took place Two other Cork Irish Republican Army IRA men Joe Murphy and Michael Fitzgerald died in this protest Over a period of 94 days from August 11 to November 12 1920 John and Peter Crowley Thomas O Donovan Michael Burke Michael O Reilly Christopher Upton John Power Joseph Kenny and Sean Hennessy demanding reinstatement of political status and release from prison undertook a hunger strike at Cork County Gaol 11 12 Arthur Griffith called off the strikes after the deaths of MacSwiney Murphy and Fitzgerald During the early 1920s the vessel HMS Argenta was used as a prison ship for the holding of Irish republicans by the British Conditions on board were unbelievable 13 and there were several hunger strikes including one involving upwards of 150 men in the winter of 1923 14 Irish hunger strikes between 1923 1976 Edit See also 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes In February 1923 23 women members of Cumann na mBan went on hunger strike for 34 days over the arrest and imprisonment without trial of Irish republican prisoners The Free State subsequently released the women republican prisoners Most of the male republicans were not released until the following year 15 After the end of the Irish Civil War in October 1923 up to 8 000 IRA prisoners went on hunger strike to protest their continued detention by the Irish Free State a total of over 12 000 republicans had been interned by May 1923 16 Three men Denny Barry Joseph Whitty and Andy O Sullivan died during the 1923 Irish Hunger Strikes The strike however was called off by Republican leadership in the camps 23 November 1923 before any more deaths occurred Under de Valera s first Fianna Fail government in 1932 military pensions were awarded to dependants of republicans who died in 1920s hunger strikes on the same basis as those who were killed in action 17 During the state of emergency of World War II another De Valera government interned many IRA members three of whom died on hunger strike Sean McCaughey Tony D Arcy and Jack McNeela Hundreds of others carried out shorter hunger strikes during the de Valera years The tactic was revived by the Provisional Irish Republican Army IRA in the early 1970s when several republicans successfully used hunger strikes to get themselves released from custody without charge in the Republic of Ireland Michael Gaughan died after being force fed in Parkhurst Prison in 1974 Frank Stagg an IRA member being held in Wakefield Prison died in 1976 after a 62 day hunger strike which he began as a campaign to be repatriated to Ireland 18 19 Irish hunger strike of 1981 Edit Main article 1981 Irish hunger strike See also Anti H Block and HM Prison Maze In 1980 seven Irish Republican prisoners six from the IRA and one from the Irish National Liberation Army in the Maze Prison launched a hunger strike as a protest against the revocation by the British Government of a prisoner of war like Special Category Status for paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland 20 21 The strike led by Brendan Hughes was called off before any deaths when the British government seemed to offer to concede their demands however the British Government then reneged on the details of the agreement The prisoners then called another hunger strike the following year This time instead of many prisoners striking at the same time the hunger strikers started fasting one after the other in order to maximise publicity over the fate of each one 22 Bobby Sands was the first of ten Irish republican paramilitary prisoners to die after 66 days during the 1981 hunger strike with Kieran Doherty being the last to die after 71 days There was widespread sympathy for the hunger strikers from Irish republicans and the broader nationalist community on both sides of the Irish border Sands was elected as an MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone to the United Kingdom s House of Commons and two other prisoners Paddy Agnew who was not a hunger striker and Kieran Doherty were elected to Dail Eireann in the Republic of Ireland by electorates who wished to register their opposition to the British Government s policy The ten men survived without food for 46 to 73 days 23 taking only water and salt before succumbing After the deaths of the men and severe public disorder the British Government granted partial concessions to the prisoners and the strike was called off The hunger strikes gave a significant propaganda boost to a previously severely demoralised IRA Gandhi and Bhagat Singh Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was imprisoned in 1908 1909 1913 1917 1919 1922 1930 1932 1933 and 1942 24 Because of Gandhi s stature around the world British authorities were loath to allow him to die in their custody Gandhi engaged in several famous hunger strikes to protest British rule of India In addition to Gandhi various others used the hunger strike option during the Indian independence movement including Jatin Das who fasted to death and Bhagat Singh It was only on the 116th day of their fast on October 5 1929 that Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt gave up their strike surpassing the 97 day world record for hunger strikes which was set by an Irish revolutionary During this hunger strike that lasted 116 days and ended with the British succumbing to his wishes he gained much popularity among the common Indians Before the strike his popularity was limited mainly to the Punjab region Potti Sriramulu Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Potti Sriramulu was an Indian revolutionary who died after undertaking a hunger strike for 58 days in 1952 after Indian independence in an attempt to achieve the formation of a separate state to be known as Andhra State His death became instrumental in the linguistic re organisation of states He is revered as Amarajeevi Immortal being in Coastal Andra for his role in achieving the linguistic re organisation of states As a devout follower of Mahatma Gandhi he worked for much of his life to uphold principles such as truth non violence and patriotism as well as causes such as Harijan movement to end the traditional alienation of and accord respect and humane treatment to those traditionally called untouchables in Indian society Cuban dissidents Edit See also Human rights in Cuba and Censorship in Cuba On April 3 1972 Pedro Luis Boitel an imprisoned poet and dissident declared himself on hunger strike After 53 days on hunger strike receiving only liquids he died of starvation on May 25 1972 His last days were related by his close friend poet Armando Valladares He was buried in an unmarked grave in the Colon Cemetery in Havana Guillermo Farinas did a seven month hunger strike to protest against the extensive Internet censorship in Cuba He ended it in Autumn 2006 with severe health problems although still conscious 25 Reporters Without Borders awarded its cyber freedom prize to Guillermo Farinas in 2006 26 Jorge Luis Garcia Perez known as Antunez has done hunger strikes In 2009 following the end of his 17 year imprisonment Antunez his wife Iris and Diosiris Santana Perez started a hunger strike to support other political prisoners Leaders from Uruguay Costa Rica and Argentina declared their support for Antunez 27 28 On February 23 2010 Orlando Zapata a dissident arrested in 2003 as part of a crackdown on opposition groups died in a hospital while undertaking a hunger strike that had been ongoing for 85 days His hunger strike was a protest against poor prison conditions Amnesty International had declared him a prisoner of conscience 29 Turkey Edit See also Hunger Strike in Turkey 2016 2017 In Turkey the hunger strike has been used as a form of resistance historically however it was not until after the coup of September 12 1980 that hunger strikes were recognised as a national issue in Turkey when a hunger strike was held at Diyarbakir Prison to protest inhumane practices in the prison 30 Other large scale hunger strikes include one that took place at Buca Prison in 1996 in which 12 prisoners lost their lives and another that began in October 2000 in prisons throughout the country to oppose the construction and transfer of prisoners to F type prisons which are high security and isolate prisoners from lawyers families and other outsiders and in which 107 people lost their lives by the middle of 2003 31 32 Legal situation EditArticle 8 of the 1975 World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo states that doctors are not allowed to force feed hunger strikers They are supposed to understand the prisoner s independent wishes and it is recommended to have a second opinion as to the capability of the prisoner to understand the implication of their decision and be capable of informed consent Where a prisoner refuses nourishment and is considered by the physician as capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgement concerning the consequences of such a voluntary refusal of nourishment they shall not be fed artificially The decision as to the capacity of the prisoner to form such a judgement should be confirmed by at least one other independent physician The consequences of the refusal of nourishment shall be explained by the physician to the prisoner 33 The World Medical Association WMA recently revised and updated its Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers 34 Among many changes it unambiguously states that force feeding is a form of inhumane and degrading treatment in its Article 21 The American Medical Association AMA is a member of the WMA but the AMA s members are not bound by the WMA s decisions as neither organization has formal legal powers The AMA has formally endorsed the WMA Declaration of Tokyo and has written several letters to the US government and made public statements in opposition to US physician involvement in force feeding of hunger strikers in contravention of medical ethics 35 The United States Code of Federal Regulations rule on hunger strikes by prisoners states It is the responsibility of the Bureau of Prisons to monitor the health and welfare of individual inmates and to ensure that procedures are pursued to preserve life It further provides that when a medical necessity for immediate treatment of a life or health threatening situation exists the physician may order that treatment be administered without the consent of the inmate 36 See also EditList of hunger strikes Guantanamo Bay hunger strikesReferences Edit Hunger strike definition and meaning www collinsdictionary com Collins English Dictionary Archived from the original on April 6 2015 Retrieved October 21 2021 Ellis Peter Bereford The Druids Eerdmans 1998 pp 141 142 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Brehon Laws Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 490 Joyce Patrick Weston A Smaller Social History of ancient Ireland Longman Green amp Co 1906 Chapter IV The Administration of Justice p 86 Found online at https www libraryireland com SocialHistoryAncientIreland I IV 6 php Archived February 24 2020 at the Wayback Machine a b c Beresford David 1987 Ten Men Dead New York Atlantic Press ISBN 978 0 87113 702 9 page needed a b Coffee C J 2004 Quick Look Metabolism Hayes Barton Press p 169 ISBN 978 1593771928 Wilson Simon Ian Cumming 2009 Psychiatry in Prisons A Comprehensive Handbook Jessica Kingsley Publishers p 156 ISBN 978 1843102236 Atkinson Diane 2018 Rise up women the remarkable lives of the suffragettes London Bloomsbury pp 289 293 ISBN 9781408844045 OCLC 1016848621 D A Binchy A Pre Christian Survival in Mediaeval Irish Hagiography in Ireland in Early Mediaeval Europe Cambridge University Press 1982 pp 168 178 Rudolf Thurneysen Das Fasten beim Pfandungsverfahren Zeitschrift fur Celtische Philologie 15 1924 25 260 275 END HUNGER STRIKE OF CORK PRISONERS Sinn Fein Leader Absolves Them and They Take Food After 94 Days Fast AMBUSH FIVE JOURNALISTS Soldiers Kill Two and Capture Seven of the Attackers Mrs MacSwiney Coming Here PDF The New York Times November 13 1920 Archived PDF from the original on February 25 2021 Retrieved June 14 2018 Guinness Book of Records 1988 p 21 Kleinrichert Denise 2001 Republican internment and the prison ship Argenta 1922 Irish Academic Press ISBN 978 0 7165 2683 4 Hopkinson Michael 2004 The Irish War of Independence ISBN 978 0 7171 3741 1 McCarthy Pat 2015 The Irish Revolution 1912 1923 Four Courts Press Dublin p 132 ISBN 978 1 84682 410 4 The Forgotten Hunger Strikes hungerstrikes org Army Pensions Act 1932 Section 5 2 Irish Statute Book Archived from the original on October 31 2017 Retrieved July 17 2017 the word killed includes death as an immediate result of refusing to take nourishment while detained in prison White Robert 2006 Ruairi o Bradaigh The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary Indiana University Press pp 246 247 ISBN 978 0253347084 O Donnell Ruan 2012 Special Category The IRA in English Prisons Vol 1 1968 78 Irish Academic Press p 364 ISBN 978 0 7165 3142 5 White Robert 2017 Out of the Ashes An Oral History of the Provisional Irish Republican Movement Merrion Press p 173 ISBN 9781785370939 Dillon Martin 1991 The Dirty War Arrow Books p 288 ISBN 978 0 09 984520 1 Taylor Peter 1997 Provos The IRA amp Sinn Fein Bloomsbury Publishing p 237 ISBN 0 7475 3818 2 The Starry Plough on 1981 Irish hunger strikes PDF Archived PDF from the original on February 24 2013 Retrieved June 22 2006 Years of Arrests amp Imprisonments of Mahatma Gandhi Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi www mkgandhi org Retrieved September 19 2022 Guillermo Farinas ends seven month old hunger strike for Internet access Reporters Without Borders January 20 2016 Archived from the original on November 20 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Cyber freedom prize for 2006 awarded to Guillermo Farinas of Cuba Reporters Without Borders January 20 2016 Archived from the original on November 20 2018 Retrieved November 20 2018 Additional Latin American Leaders Join in Solidarity with Antunez Archived from the original on October 27 2012 Young Uruguayans Support Antunez Cuban Political Prisoners Archived from the original on October 27 2012 Cuban prison hunger striker Orlando Zapata Tamayo dies BBC News February 24 2010 Archived from the original on November 14 2017 Retrieved February 24 2010 Sevinc Murat 2008 Hunger Strikes in Turkey Human Rights Quarterly 30 3 655 679 doi 10 1353 hrq 0 0018 ISSN 0275 0392 JSTOR 20072863 S2CID 145227911 Anderson Patrick November 1 2004 To lie down to death for days Cultural Studies 18 6 816 846 doi 10 1080 0950238042000306882 ISSN 0950 2386 S2CID 153633095 Bargu Banu 2014 Starve and Immolate The Politics of Human Weapons Columbia University Press doi 10 7312 barg16340 ISBN 9780231538114 JSTOR 10 7312 barg16340 WMA the World Medical Association WMA DECLARATION OF TOKYO GUIDELINES FOR PHYSICIANS CONCERNING TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT IN RELATION TO DETENTION AND IMPRISONMENT Archived from the original on January 17 2020 Retrieved January 28 2020 WMA the World Medical Association WMA Declaration of Malta on Hunger Strikers Archived from the original on August 29 2017 Retrieved August 29 2017 American Medical Association Opposes Force Feeding Prisoners On Hunger Strike At Gitmo ThinkProgress Archived from the original on October 6 2014 Retrieved October 2 2014 Title 28 Judicial Administration Electronic Code of Federal Regulations Archived from the original on June 12 2011 Retrieved September 1 2010 External links Edit Hunger Strikes Force feeding and Physicians Responsibilities Fasting as a Method To Demand International Protection For the People of Darfur Sudan Bibliography on hunger strikes and force feeding in the IFHHRO Right to Health Wiki The long history of the Irish hunger strike New exhibition in Kilmainham Gaol tells the story from Thomas Ashe to Bobby Sands Irish Times 2017 09 21 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hunger strike amp oldid 1128127198, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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