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Wikipedia

Plug-in electric vehicle

October 16, 2023

For the more general category of electric drive for all type of vehicles, see electric vehicle. For the specific electric drive cars and SUVs, see electric car and plug-in hybrid.

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any road vehicle that can utilize an external source of electricity (such as a wall socket that connects to the power grid) to store electrical energy within its onboard rechargeable battery packs, to power an electric motor and help propelling the wheels. PEV is a subset of electric vehicles, and includes all-electric/battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs).[6][7][8] Sales of the first series production plug-in electric vehicles began in December 2008 with the introduction of the plug-in hybrid BYD F3DM, and then with the all-electric Mitsubishi i-MiEV in July 2009, but global retail sales only gained traction after the introduction of the mass production all-electric Nissan Leaf and the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt in December 2010.

All-time top-selling plug-in cars
(global sales since inception)
Tesla Model 3 electric car (1.3 million)(1)
Nissan Leaf electric car (577,000)(2)
Wuling Hongguang Mini EV electric car (551,789)(3)
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (300,000)(4)
(1) As of December 2021[1][2] (2) By February 2022[3] (3) As of December 2021[1][4] (4) As of January 2022[5]

Plug-in electric cars have several benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. All-electric vehicles have lower operating and maintenance costs, and produce little or no air pollution when under all-electric mode, thus (depending on the electricity source) reducing societal dependence on fossil fuels and significantly decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, but recharging takes longer time than refueling and is heavily reliant on sufficient charging infrastructures to remain operationally practical. Plug-in hybrid vehicles are a good in-between option that provides most of electric cars' benefits when they are operating in electric mode, though typically having shorter all-electric ranges, but have the auxiliary option of driving as a conventional hybrid vehicle when the battery is low, using its internal combustion engine (usually a gasoline engine) to alleviate the range anxiety that accompanies current electric cars.

Cumulative global sales of highway-legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles achieved the 1 million unit mark in September 2015,[9] 5 million in December 2018.[10] and the 10 million unit milestone in 2020.[11] Despite the rapid growth experienced, however, the stock of plug-in electric cars represented just 1% of all passengers vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2020, of which pure electrics constituted two thirds.[12]

As of June 2021, the Tesla Model 3 ranked as the world's top selling highway-capable plug-in electric car in history, and also was the first electric car to achieve global sales of more than 1,000,000 units,[13][14] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with global sales of around 300,000 units through January 2022.[5]

As of December 2021, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars with 7.84 million units, representing 46% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.[15] Europe ranked next with about 5.6 million light-duty plug-in cars and vans at the end of 2021, accounting for around 32% of the global stock.[16][17][18] The U.S. cumulative sales totaled about 2.32 million plug-in cars through December 2021.[19] As of July 2021, Germany is the leading European country with cumulative sales of 1 million plug-in vehicles on the road,[20] and also has led the continent plug-in sales since 2019.[17][21] Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world,[22] and also achieved in 2021 the world's largest annual plug-in market share ever registered, 86.2% of new car sales.[23]

Terminology Edit

 
Brammo Empulse electric motorcycle at a charging station

Plug-in electric vehicle Edit

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle with rechargeable battery packs that can be charged from the electric grid, and the electricity stored on board drives or contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion.[6][7] Plug-in electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid-enabled vehicles (GEV),[7] and the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) calls them electrically chargeable vehicles (ECV).[24]

PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[6][7] Even though conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have a battery that is continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking, they can not be recharged from an off-vehicle electric energy source, and therefore, they do not belong to the category of plug-in electric vehicles.[6][7]

"Plug-in electric drive vehicle" is the legal term used in U.S. federal legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for federal tax credits depending on battery size and their all-electric range.[25][26] In some European countries, particularly in France, "electrically chargeable vehicle" is the formal term used to designate the vehicles eligible for these incentives.[27] While the term "plug-in electric vehicle" most often refers to automobiles or "plug-in cars", there are several other types of plug-in electric vehicle, including battery electric multiple units, electric motorcycles and scooters, neighborhood electric vehicles or microcars, city cars, vans, buses, electric trucks or lorries, and military vehicles.[28]

New energy vehicles Edit

See also: Plug-in electric vehicles in China

In China, the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) refers to automobile vehicles that are fully powered or predominantly powered by alternative energy other than fossil fuels, typically referring to electric motor-propelled vehicles such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs, mainly hydrogen vehicles). The Chinese Government began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles,[29] aiming to reduce the country's reliance on petroleum imports and better achieve energy security by promoting more electrified transportation powered by domestically generated, sustainable energy supply (see Energy policy of China).

Battery electric vehicles Edit

Main article: Battery electric vehicle
 
U.S. Army GEM e2 neighborhood electric vehicle

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs as its only source for propulsion.[7][30] BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.[7]

A plug-in hybrid operates as an all-electric vehicle or BEV when operating in charge-depleting mode, but it switches to charge-sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER).[31][32]

BEVs are all-electric vehicles that use only electricity to power the motor, with no internal combustion engine. The energy stored in the rechargeable battery pack is used to power the electric motor, which propels the vehicle. BEVs have no tailpipe emissions and can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system.

They are known for their quiet operation, instant torque, and smooth ride, and are also more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. However, the range of a BEV is limited by the size of its battery, so it may not be suitable for long-distance travel.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Edit

Main article: Plug-in hybrid

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV or PHV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source.[7][33] A plug-in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle and an all-electric vehicle: it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for propulsion, but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged, allowing operation in all-electric mode until the battery is depleted.[33][34][35]

PHEVs are a hybrid between a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle and an all-electric vehicle. They have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by a rechargeable battery pack. PHEVs operate as all-electric vehicles when the battery has a sufficient charge, and switch to gasoline power when the battery is depleted.

This provides a longer driving range compared to a pure electric vehicle, as the gasoline engine acts as a range extender. PHEVs can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system. They are a good option for those who want the benefits of electric driving, but also need the longer driving range and refueling convenience of a gasoline-powered vehicle.

 
Several Prius+ converted plug-in hybrids

Aftermarket conversions Edit

See also: Plug-in hybrid conversions and electric vehicle conversion

An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to electric propulsion, creating an all-electric or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.[36][37][38]

There are several companies in the U.S. offering conversions. The most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to plug-in hybrid, but due to the different technology used in hybrids by each carmaker, the easiest conversions are for 2004–2009 Toyota Prius and for the Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner Hybrid.[36]

Advantages compared to ICE vehicles Edit

PEVs have several advantages. These include improved air quality, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, noise reduction, and national security benefits. According to the Center for American Progress, PEVs are an important part of the group of technologies that will help the U.S. meet its goal under the Paris Agreement, which is a 26–28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2025.[39]

Improved air quality Edit

See also: Environmental aspects of the electric car

Electric cars, as well as plug-in hybrids operating in all-electric mode, emit no harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power, such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. However, like ICE cars, electric cars emit particulates from brake and tyres.[40] Depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants where they can be more easily captured from flue gases.[41] Cities with chronic air pollution problems, such as Los Angeles, México City, Santiago, Chile, São Paulo, Beijing, Bangkok and Kathmandu may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting the harmful emission to electric generation plants located outside the cities.

Lower greenhouse gas emissions Edit

See also: Environmental aspects of the electric car and Greenhouse gas emissions in plug-in hybrids
 
RechargeIT converted Toyota Prius plug-in hybrids at Google's Mountain View campus. The garage has recharging facilities powered by solar panels.

Plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a well-to-wheel assessment, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation. This fact has been referred to as the long tailpipe of plug-in electric vehicles. From the perspective of a full life cycle analysis, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions.[6][41] In the case of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher fuel economy.[6]

The magnitude of the potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore varies by country and by region. For example, France can obtain significant emission benefits from electric and plug-in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by nuclear power plants; similarly, most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity, nuclear, or natural gas which have no or very low emissions at the point of generation; and the state of California, where most energy comes from natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits. The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as low carbon sources such as wind turbines dominate the generation mix. Nevertheless, the location of the plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect is global.[41]

Lifecycle GHG emissions are complex to calculate, but compared to ICE cars generally while the EV battery causes higher emissions during vehicle manufacture this excess carbon debt is paid back after several months of driving.[42]

Lower operating and maintenance costs Edit

Internal combustion engines are relatively inefficient at converting on-board fuel energy to propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat, and the rest while the engine is idling. Electric motors, on the other hand, are more efficient at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle. Electric drive vehicles do not consume energy while at rest or coasting, and modern plug-in cars can capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through regenerative braking.[43][41] Typically, conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories, and diesel engines can reach on-board efficiencies of 20%, while electric drive vehicles typically have on-board efficiencies of around 80%.[43]

 
The operating cost of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid in the U.S. is estimated at US$0.03 per mile while operating in all-electric mode.[43][44]

All-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also have lower maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles, since electronic systems break down much less often than the mechanical systems in conventional vehicles, and the fewer mechanical systems onboard last longer due to the better use of the electric engine. PEVs do not require oil changes and other routine maintenance checks.[43][41]

Less dependence on imported oil Edit

See also: Energy resilience, Energy security, and Mitigation of peak oil
 
Evolution of oil prices since 1987 (average Brent spot prices – adjusted for U.S. inflation)

For many developing countries, and particularly for the poorest African countries, oil imports have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of payments, all leading to lower economic growth.[45][46]

Through the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles for electric cars and plug-in hybrids, electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient energy supply.[41][47][48][49]

Vehicle-to-grid Edit

Main article: Vehicle-to-grid

Plug-in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to the power grid, thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their demand peaks.[50] A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time. During such idle times the electricity stored in the batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid. In the U.S. this transfer back to the grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to $4,000 per year per car.[51] In a V2G system it would also be expected that battery electric (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.[50][52][53]

Disadvantages Edit

 
Tesla Model S electric car (left) and Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid (right) at the parking spots reserved for green cars at San Francisco International Airport

Cost of batteries Edit

Main article: Electric vehicle battery

As of 2020, plug-in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive as compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium-ion battery pack. Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[54]

Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) concludes that battery costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by 2022. BNEF projects that by 2040, long-range electric cars will cost less than US$22,000 expressed in 2016 dollars. BNEF expects electric car battery costs to be well below US$120 per kWh by 2030, and to fall further thereafter as new chemistries become available.[55]

Availability of recharging infrastructure Edit

 
Converted Toyota Prius plug-in hybrids recharging at San Francisco City Hall charging station
See also: Charging station and Range anxiety

Despite the widespread assumption that plug-in recharging will take place overnight at home, residents of cities, apartments, dormitories, and townhouses do not have garages or driveways with available power outlets, and they might be less likely to buy plug-in electric vehicles unless recharging infrastructure is developed.[56][57] Electrical outlets or charging stations near their places of residence, in commercial or public parking lots, streets and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain the full advantage of PHEVs, and in the case of EVs, to avoid the fear of the batteries running out energy before reaching their destination, commonly called range anxiety.[57][58] Even house dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of opportunity charging at shopping centers.[59] However, this infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors.[58]

Battery swapping Edit

Main article: Charging_station § Battery_swapping
See also: Tesla Supercharger and Better Place (company)
 
Better Place's battery switching station in Israel

A different approach to resolve the problems of range anxiety and lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was developed by Better Place but was not successful in the United States in the 2010s. As of 2020 battery swapping is available in China and is planned for other countries.[60]

Potential overload of local electrical grids Edit

The existing low-voltage network, and local transformers in particular, may not have enough capacity to handle the additional power load that might be required in certain areas with high plug-in electric car concentrations. As recharging a single electric-drive car could consume three times as much electricity as a typical home, overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same neighborhood recharge at the same time, or during the normal summer peak loads. To avoid such problems, utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand. When market penetration of plug-in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels, utilities will have to invest in improvements for local electrical grids in order to handle the additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts due to grid overload. Also, some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time-of-day rates, utilities can provide an incentive for plug-in owners to recharge mostly overnight when rates are lower.[58][61][62]

In the five years from 2014 to 2019, EVs increased in number and range, and doubled power draw and energy per session. Charging increased after midnight, and decreased in the peak hours of early evening.[63][64]

Risks associated with noise reduction Edit

Main article: Electric vehicle warning sounds
 
The 2011 Nissan Leaf had a switch to manually turn off its electric warning sound system.

Electric cars and plug-in hybrids when operating in all-electric mode at low speeds produce less roadway noise as compared to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine, thereby reducing harmful noise health effects. However, blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets, hence plug-in electric cars and conventional hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds.[65][66] Several tests conducted in the U.S. have shown that this is a valid concern, as vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph (30 km/h) for all types of road users and not only the visually impaired.[67][68][69] At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise.[66] Therefore, in the 2010s laws were passed in many countries mandating warning sounds at low speeds.

Risks of battery fire Edit

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents
 
Frontal crash test of a Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric to assess the safety of the battery pack

Lithium-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged, and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion.[70] Reignition may occur days or months after the original fire has been extinguished.[71] To reduce these risks, lithium-ion battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range.[72][73]

Several plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place since the introduction of mass-production plug-in electric vehicles in 2008. Most of them have been thermal runaway incidents related to the lithium-ion batteries. General Motors, Tesla, and Nissan have published a guide for firefighters and first responders to properly handle a crashed plug-in electric-drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems.[74][75]

Car dealers' reluctance to sell Edit

With the exception of Tesla Motors, almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships, so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles, and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug-in electric vehicles.[76][77] Dealers decide which cars they want to stock, and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase. Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales.[76] As with any new technology, and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles, retailers are central to ensuring that buyers, especially those switching to a new technology, have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology.[77]

 
Car dealerships can play a role in the sales of plug-in electric vehicles. Shown a dealership exhibiting first generation Chevrolet Volts.

There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug-in electric vehicles. PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as a gasoline-powered cars. Plug-in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required, which hurts overall sales and sales people commissions. Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance, resulting in loss of service revenue, and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits, their service departments. According to the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADS), dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales.[76]

Government incentives and policies Edit

Main article: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S.
See also: Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles in California
See also: EU average fleet CO2 emissions
See also: Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
 
Togg C-SUV[78] produced by Togg,[79] a Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing EVs.[80][81][78]

Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.[16][82]

 
All-electric car on a bus lane in Oslo

Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax credits, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road, bridge and tunnel tolls, and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees. Some countries, like France, also introduced a bonus–malus CO2 based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales.[16][82][83]

As of 2020, monetary incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are available, among others, in several European Union member states, China, the United States, the UK, Japan, Norway, some provinces in Canada, South Korea, India, Israel, Colombia, and Costa Rica.[16][84][85]

Timeline of national targets
for full ICE phase out[clarification needed]or
100% ZEV car sales[16][86]
Selected countries Year
Norway (100% ZEV sales) 2025
Denmark 2030
Iceland
Ireland
Netherlands (100% ZEV sales)
Sweden
United Kingdom 2040
France
Canada (100% ZEV sales)
Singapore
Sri Lanka (100% HEV or PEV stock)
Germany (100% ZEV sales) 2050
U.S. (only 10 ZEV states)
Japan (100% HEV/PHEV/ZEV sales)
Costa Rica (100% ZEV sales)

Among the non-monetary incentives there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to bus lanes and high-occupancy vehicle lanes, free parking and free charging.[82] In addition, in some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (purchase quota system for new vehicles), or have implemented permanent driving restrictions (no-drive days), the schemes often exclude electric vehicles from the restrictions to promote their adoption.[83][87][84][88]

For example, in Beijing, the license plate lottery scheme specifies a fixed number of vehicle purchase permits each year, but to promote the electrification of its fleet, the city government split the number of purchase permits into two lots, one for conventional vehicles, and another dedicated for all-electric vehicle applicants.[83] In the case of cities with driving alternate-days based on the license plate number, such as San José, Costa Rica, since 2012, São Paulo and Bogotá since 2014, and Mexico City since 2015, all-electric vehicles were excluded from the driving restrictions.[84][88][89][90]

Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as ZEV mandates, national or regional CO2 emissions regulations, stringent fuel economy standards, and the phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales.[16][82] For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles (electric or hydrogen).[91][92]

 
Sign for London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). A fee is charged to the most polluting vehicles entering Central London.

Also, some cities are planning to establish zero-emission zones (ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned.[93][94]

As of June 2020, Oxford is slated to be the first city to implement a ZEZ scheme, beginning with a small area scheduled to go into effect by mid 2021. The plan is to expand the clean air zone gradually into a much larger zone, until the ZEZ encompasses the majority of the city center by 2035.[95][96]

As of May 2020, other cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ, or partial or total ban fossil fuel powered vehicles include, among others, Amsterdam (2030),[97] Athens (2025),[98] Barcelona (2030),[98] Brussels (2030/2035),[93] Copenhagen (2030),[98] London (2020/2025),[93] Los Angeles (2030),[98] Madrid (2025),[99] Mexico City (2025),[99] Milan (2030),[98] Oslo (2024/2030),[93] Paris (2024/2030),[93] Quito (2030),[98] Rio de Janeiro (2030),[98] Rome (2024/2030),[93][100] Seattle (2030),[98] and Vancouver (2030).[98]

Production plug-in electric vehicles available Edit

See also: List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles and electric car use by country
 
The General Motors EV1 was the first mass-produced and purpose-designed all-electric car of the modern era from a major automaker.

During the 1990s several highway-capable plug-in electric cars were produced in limited quantities, all were battery electric vehicles. PSA Peugeot Citroën launched several electric "Électrique" versions of its models starting in 1991. Other models were available through leasing mainly in California. Popular models included the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV. Some of the latter were sold to the public and were still in use by the early 2010s.[101]

In the late 2000s began a new wave of mass production plug-in electric cars, motorcycles and light trucks. However, as of 2011, most electric vehicles in the world roads were low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) or electric quadricycles.[102] Sales of low-speed electric vehicles experienced considerable growth in China between 2012 and 2016, with an estimated NEV stock between 3 million to 4 million units, with most powered by lead-acid batteries.[103]

As of December 2019, according to the International Energy Agency, there were about 250 models of highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars available for sale in the world, up from 70 in 2014.[16] There are also available several commercial models of electric light commercial vehicles, plug-in motorcycles, all-electric buses, and plug-in heavy-duty trucks.

 
The Tesla Model 3 was the world's top selling plug-in car in 2018.[104]

The Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance is the world's leading light-duty electric vehicle manufacturer. Since 2010, the Alliance's global all-electric vehicle sales totaled almost 725,000 units, including those manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors through December 2018, now part of the Alliance.[105] Its best selling all-electric Nissan Leaf was the world's top selling plug-in electric car in 2013 and 2014.[106] Tesla is the world's second largest plug-in electric passenger car manufacturer with global sales since 2012 of over 532,000 units as of December 2018.[107] Its Model S was the world's top selling plug-in car in 2015 and 2016,[106][108] and its Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2018.[104]

 
The BYD Qin is the Chinese company's all-time top selling model.

Ranking next is BYD Auto with more than 529,000 plug-in passenger cars delivered in China through December 2018.[109][110][111][112] Its Qin plug-in hybrid is the company's top selling model with almost 137,000 units sold in China through December 2018.[106][113][112] As of December 2018, the BMW Group had sold more than 356,000 plug-in cars since inception of the BMW i3, accounting for global sales its BMW i cars, BMW iPerformance plug-in hybrid models, and MINI brand plug-ins.[114]

BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,722 units sold, followed by Tesla, with 50,580 units.[115][116][117] BYD was again the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer in 2016, with 101,183 units delivered, one more time followed again by Tesla with 76,243 units.[109][118] In 2017 BYD ranked for the third consecutive year as the global top plug-in car manufacturer with 113,669 units delivered. BAIC ranked second with 104,520 units.[111][113] The BAIC EC-Series all-electric city car ranked as the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017 with 78,079 units sold in China.[119]

After 10 years in the market, Tesla was the world's top selling plug-in passenger car manufacturer in 2018, both as a brand and by automotive group, with 245,240 units delivered and a market share of 12% of all plug-in cars sold globally in 2018.[104][120][121] BYD Auto ranked second with 227,152 plug-in passenger cars sold worldwide, representing a market share of 11%.[121][122]

Sales and main markets Edit

 
Detroit Electric car charging in 1919. During the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at about 30,000 vehicles.[123]

The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars, totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which, only 350 vehicles were plug-in hybrids.[124][125] By comparison, during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.[123]

After the introduction of the first mass-production plug-in cars by major carmakers in late 2010, plug-in car global sales went from about 50,000 units in 2011, to 125,000 in 2012, almost 213,000 in 2013, and over 315,000 units in 2014.[126] By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans reached the one million sales milestone,[9][127] almost twice as fast as hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).[9][127]

 
Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2022[16][126][128][129][130][131][132][133]

Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in 2015 increased to more than 565,000 units in 2015, about 80% from 2014, driven mainly by China and Europe.[126] Both markets passed in 2015 the U.S. as the largest plug-in electric car markets in terms of total annual sales, with China ranking as the world's best-selling plug-in electric passenger car country market in 2015.[134][135] About 775,000 plug-in cars and vans were sold in 2016, and cumulative global sales passed the 2 million milestone by the end of 2016.[109] The global market share of the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a record 0.86% of total new car sales in 2016, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in 2014.[136]

Cumulative global light-duty plug-in vehicle sales passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017.[137] About 1.2 million plug-ins cars and vans were sold worldwide in 2017, with China accounting for about half of global sales. The plug-in car segment achieved a 1.3% market share.[119][138] Plug-in passenger car sales totaled just over 2 million in 2018, with a market share of 2.1%.[104] The global stock reached 5.3 million light-duty plug-in vehicles in December 2018.[10][128]

By the end of 2019 the stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles totaled 7.55 million units, consisting of 4.79 million all-electric cars, 2.38 million plug-in hybrid cars, and 377,970 electric light commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars still represented less than 1% of the world's car fleet in use.[16] In addition, there were about half a million electric buses in circulation in 2019, most of them in China.[16] In 2020, global cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in vehicles passed the 10 million unit milestone.[11]

Despite the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2018 (0.4%),[139] rose to 1 out of every 200 motor vehicles (0.48%) in 2019,[140] and by the end of 2020, the stock share of plug-in cars on the world's roads was 1%.[12]

 
Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2022[104][141][142][143][144]

All-electric cars have outsold plug-in hybrids for several years, and by the end of 2019, the shift towards battery electric cars continued. The global ratio between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, increased to 66:34 in 2017, and rose to 69:31 in 2018, and reached 74:26 in 2019.[104][141][142] Out of the 7.2 million plug-in passenger cars in use at the end of 2019, two thirds were all-electric cars (4.8 million).[16]

Since 2016, China has the world's largest fleet of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, after having overtaken during 2016 both the U.S. and Europe in terms of cumulative sales.[109][145][146] The fleet of Chinese plug-in passenger cars represented 46.7% of the global stock of plug-in cars at the end of 2019. Europe listed next with 24.8%, followed by the U.S. with 20.2% of the global stock in use.[16]

As of December 2017, 25 cities accounted for 44% of the world's stock of plug-in electric cars, while representing just 12% of world passenger vehicle sales. Shanghai led the world with cumulative sales of over 162,000 electric vehicles since 2011, followed by Beijing with 147,000 and Los Angeles with 143,000. Among these cities, Bergen has the highest market share of the plug-in segment, with about 50% of new car sales in 2017, followed by Oslo with 40%.[147]

China Edit

Further information: New energy vehicles in China
 
Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles in China between 2011 and 2021[145][148][149][150][151][152][153]

As of December 2021, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in cars with 7.84 million units, corresponding to about 46% of the global plug-in car fleet in use. Of these, all-electric cars accounted for 81.6% of the all new energy passenger cars in circulation.[15] Plug-in passenger cars represent 2.6% of all cars on Chinese roads at the end of 2021.[15] Domestically produced cars dominate new energy car sales in China, accounting for about 96% of sales in 2017.[119][154] Another particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles.[155]

China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over 500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and 247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the global fleet. In addition, the country also leads sales of medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000 trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric.[16] Since 2011, combined sales of all classes of new energy vehicles (NEV) totaled almost 5.5 million at the end of 2020.[152][145][148][149][150][151]

The BAIC EC-Series all-electric city car was China's the top selling plug-in car in 2017 and 2018, and also the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. BYD Auto was the world's top selling car manufacturer in 2016 and 2017.[156][111][113][119][157] In 2020, the Tesla Model 3 listed as the best-selling plug-in car with 137,459 units.[158]

Europe Edit

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe
For more details of European and other countries, see electric car use by country.
See also: Plug-in electric cars in Sweden
 
Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in electric passenger cars in Europe, 2011–2021

Europe had about 5.67 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021, consisting of 2.9 million fully electric passenger cars, 2.5 million plug-in hybrid cars, and about 220,000 light commercial all-electric vehicles.[16][17][18] The European stock of plug-in passenger is the world's second largest market after China, accounting for 30% of the global car stock in 2020.[16] Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, 33% of the global stock in 2019.[16]

In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time.[159][160] In addition, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[161][162]

The plug-in car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[163][164][165] The largest country markets in the European region in terms of EV stock and annual sales are Germany, Norway, France, the UK, the Netherlands, and Sweden.[16] Germany surpassed Norway in 2019 as the best selling plug-in market, leading both the all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments in Europe.[165] and in 2020 listed as the top selling European country market for the second consecutive year.[16][160]

Germany Edit
 
Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany

The stock of plug-in electric cars in Germany is the largest in Europe, there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on January 1, 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year.[166][167] As of December 2021, cumulative sales totaled 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars since 2010.[168][169] Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.[16]

Germany listed as the top selling plug-in car market in the European continent in 2019 and achieved a market share of 3.10%.[132][170] Despite the global decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment market share achieved a record 13.6% in 2020.[171] with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, allowing Germany to be listed for a second year running as the best selling European plug-in market.[172][171] Both years, the German market led both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments.[172]

Despite to the continued global decline in car sales brought by the shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and computer chips in particular, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids and 355,961 all-electric cars, allowing the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.[168]

France Edit
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in France
 
The Renault Zoe is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with over 100,000 units delivered since inception through June 2020.[173]

As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids.[174] Of these, over 60,000 were all-electric light commercial vehicles.[16][175]

The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014.[176][177] After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share to 1.17% in 2015,[178][134] climbed to 2.11% in 2018, and achieved 2.8% in 2019.[16][179]

Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the related global computer chip shortage, plug-in electric car sales in France rose to a record of 315,978 light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2021, up 62% from 2020.[174] The plug-in electric passenger car market share rose to 11.2% in 2020 and achieved a record market share of 18.3% in 2021.[180] The combined light-duty plug-in vehicle segment (cars and utility vans) achieved a market share of 15.1% in 2021.[174]

As of December 2019, France ranked as the country with the world's second largest stock of light-duty electric commercial vehicles after China, with 49,340 utility vans in use.[16] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% in 2014, and 1.77% in 2018.[179][181]

United Kingdom Edit
 
Registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom

About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.[182]

A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.[183][184][185] Again sales surged to 175,339 units in 2020, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, and achieved record sales of 305,281 units in 2021.[186]

The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018.[183][187][185] The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, rose to 10.7% in 2020,[188] and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021.[182]

As of June 2020, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK over 46,400 units registered, followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31,400 units.[189]

Norway Edit
 
Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records, 2011–2021
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway

As of 31 December 2021, the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.[190] Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to 2018.[22][191] Until 2019, Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the third largest in the world.[16]

The Norwegian plug-in car segment market share has been the highest in the world for several years, reaching 39.2% in 2017, up from 29.1% in 2016,[192][193] 49.1% in 2018,[194] rose to 55.9% in 2019,[195] and reached 74.7% in 2020, meaning that three out of every four new passenger car sold in Norway in 2020 was a plug-in electric.[196] In September 2021, the combined market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of 91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country.[197][198] The plug-in segment market share rose to 86.2% in 2021.[23]

In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars in use was a plug-in electric vehicle.[199][200] and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads.[201] The country's fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.[202][203] Norway is the country with the largest EV ownership per capita in the world.[204][205][206]

Netherlands Edit
Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands
 
The Volkswagen ID.3 was the best selling plug-in car in the Netherlands in 2020.[207]

As of 31 December 2021, there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles.[208] Plug-in passenger cars represented 4.33% of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021.[208]

As of July 2016, the Netherlands had the second largest plug-in ownership per capita in the world after Norway.[209] Plug-in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result of the change in government's incentives, the plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017.[210][211] The intake rate rose to 6.5% in 2018 in anticipation of another change in tax rules that went into effect in January 2019,[210] and increased to 14.9% in 2019, and rose 24.6% in 2020, and achieved a record 29.8% in 2021.[208]

United States Edit

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
See also: Plug-in electric vehicles in California
 
Comparison of plug-in car market shares in California vs the American market (2011–2021)

As of December 2021, cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars in the U.S. totaled 2,322,291 units since 2010.[19] Since December 2016 the U.S. has the world's third largest stock of plug-in passenger cars, after having been overtaken by Europe in 2015 and China during 2016.[145][146] California is the largest plug-in regional market in the country, with 1 million plug-in cars sold in California by November 2021.[212]

The Tesla Model 3 electric car has been the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019.[213][214] Cumulative sales of the Model 3 surpassed in 2019 the discontinued Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid to become the all-time best selling plug-in car in the country, with an estimated 300,471 units delivered since inception, followed by the Tesla Model S all-electric car with about 157,992, and the Chevrolet Volt with 157,054.[215]

Japan Edit

Main article: Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan
 
As of April 2018, the Nissan Leaf listed the all-time top selling plug-in car in Japan, with 100,000 units delivered.[216]

As of December 2020, Japan had a stock of plug-in passenger cars of 293,081 units on the road, consisting of 156,381 all-electric cars and 136,700 plug-in hybrids.[217] The fleet of electric light commercial vehicles in use totaled 9,904 units in 2019.[217]

Plug-in sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015 and 24,851 units in 2016.[16] The rate of growth of the Japanese plug-in segment slowed down from 2013, with annual sales falling behind Europe, the U.S. and China during 2014 and 2015.[134][218] The segment market share fell from 0.68% in 2014 to 0.59% in 2016.[103] Sales recovered in 2017, with almost 56,000 plug-in cars sold, and the segment's market share reached 1.1%.[219] Sales fell slightly in 2018 to 52,000 units with a market share of 1.0%.[220] The market share continued declining to 0.7% in 2019 and 0.6% in 2020.[217]

The decline in plug-in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major domestic carmakers decision to adopt and promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles instead of plug-in electric vehicles.[221][222]

Top selling PEV models Edit

For more details of sales by model, see list of modern production plug-in electric vehicles.

All-electric cars and vans Edit

 
The Tesla Model 3 is the world's all-time best selling highway legal plug-in electric car, with global sales of about 1.3 million units.[1][2]

The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time best selling electric car,[13] and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[14] The Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for four consecutive years, from 2018 to 2021.[1][223][104][141] The United States is the leading market with an estimated 395,000 units sold,[215][224] followed by the European market with over 180,000 units delivered, both through December 2020.[225][226] The Model 3 was the best-selling plug-in car in China in 2020, with 137,459 units sold.[158]

Ranking second is the Nissan Leaf with cumulative global sales since inception of 577,000 units by February 2022.[3] As of September 2021, Europe listed as the biggest market with more than 208,000 units sold,[227] of which, 72 620 units have been registered in Norway, the leading European country market.[228] As of December 2021, U.S. sales totaled 165,710 units through December 2021,[229] and 157,059 units in Japan.[230]

The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV has dominated sales in the Chinese market in 2021, selling over 550,000 units since its release in July 2020.[231]

Europe's all-time top selling all-electric light utility vehicle is the Renault Kangoo Z.E., with global sales of over 57,500 units through November 2020.[232]

The following table presents global sales of the top selling highway-capable electric cars and light utility vehicles produced since the introduction of the first modern production all-electric car, the Tesla Roadster, in 2008 and December 2021. The table includes all-electric passenger cars and utility vans with cumulative sales of about or over 200,000 units.

Top selling highway legal electric cars and light
utility vehicles produced between 2008 and December 2021(1)
Model Market
launch		 Global
sales		 Cumulative
sales through		 Source
Tesla Model 3 Jul 2017 ~1.3 million Dec 2021 [1][2]
Nissan Leaf Dec 2010 564,200 Dec 2021 [1][233]
Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Jul 2020 551,789(2) Dec 2021 [1][4]
Tesla Model Y Mar 2020 ~490,000 Dec 2021 [1][234]
Renault Zoe Dec 2012 362,329 Dec 2021 [235][236]
Tesla Model S Jun 2012 ~319,600 Sep 2021 [237][238]
Chery eQ Nov 2014 ~243,000 Dec 2021 [1][239][240]
BMW i3 Nov 2013 220,000(3) Dec 2021 [241]
BAIC EU-Series 2016 218,228(2) Dec 2021 [242]
BAIC EC-Series Dec 2016 206,079(2) Dec 2021 [243]
Tesla Model X Sep 2015 ~182,885 Sep 2021 [237][238]
Notes:
(1) Vehicles are considered highway-capable if able to achieve at least a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).
(2) Sales in main China only. (3) BMW i3 sales includes the REx variant (split is not available).

Plug-in hybrids Edit

 
The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with about 300,000 units sold globally through January 2022.[5]

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid according to JATO Dynamics.[244] Global sales achieved the 250,000 unit milestone in May 2020,[245] and the 300,000 mark in January 2022.[5] Europe is the Outlander P-HEV leading market with 126,617 units sold through January 2019,[246] followed by Japan with 42,451 units through March 2018.[247] European sales are led by the UK with 36,237 units delivered, followed by the Netherlands with 25,489 units, both through March 2018.[247]

Ranking second is the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (Toyota Prius Prime) with about 225,000 units sold worldwide of both generations through December 2020.[237][248] The United States is the market leader with over 93,000 units delivered through December 2018.[249] Japan ranks next with about 61,200 units through December 2018,[220][248] followed by Europe with almost 14,800 units through June 2018.[248][250]

Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its rebadged models totaled about 186,000 units by the end of 2018,[249][251][252][253][254] including about 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through June 2016.[255] Volt sales are led by the United States with 157,054 units delivered through December 2019,[215] followed by Canada with 17,311 units through November 2018.[252][253] Until the end of 2018, the Chevrolet Volt family listed as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid, when it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.[244]

The following table presents plug-in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more than 100,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid car, the BYD F3DM, in 2008 up until December 2021:

Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars
between 2008 and December 2021
Model Market
launch		 Global
sales		 Cumulative
sales through		 Source
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV Jan 2013 ~300,000 Jan 2022 [5]
Toyota Prius PHV/Prime Jan 2012 251,400 Dec 2021 [237][256][257]
Chevrolet Volt(1) Dec 2010 ~186,000 Dec 2018 [249][251][252][254]
BYD Qin(2) Dec 2013 136,818 Dec 2018 [106][112][258]
BYD Tang(2) Jun 2015 101,518 Dec 2018 [112][258][259][260]
Notes: (1) In addition to the Volt sold in North America, combined sales of the Volt/Ampera family includes
about 10,000 Vauxhall/Opel Ampera and about 1,750 Volts sold in Europe,[261][262] 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia,[263]
and 4,317 units of the Buick Velite 5 sold only in China (rebadged second generation Volt).[254]
(2) Sales in China only. BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all-electric variant (Qin EV300).

See also Edit

References Edit

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  112. ^ a b c d Kane, Mark (2019-01-14). "BYD Sold Record 37,000 Electric Cars In December 2018". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-14. BYD Auto sold in China 227,152 plug-in cars, up 109% from 2017. During 2018 BYD Qin sales totaled 47,425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37,146 units.
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  114. ^ Mark Kane (2019-01-11). "BMW Sold 142,617 Plug-In Electric Cars In 2018". Inside EVs. Retrieved 2019-01-12. The BMW Group sold 142,617 plug-in electric cars in 2018, and cumulative sales since inception of the BMW i3 totaled over 356,000 BMW and MINI electrified vehicles. BMW set a target of cumulative sales of 500,000 units by the end of 2019.
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  116. ^ John Voelcker (2016-01-15). "Who Sold The Most Plug-In Electric Cars In 2015? (It's Not Tesla Or Nissan)". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-01-17. BYD Auto delivered 31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during 2015. Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan, along with 2,888 Denza EV compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a total of 61,722 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.
  117. ^ Natasha Li (2016-03-04). . Gasgoo Automotive News. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-07. BYD Auto delivered 69,222 new energy vehicles in China in 2015, including buses, of which, a total of 61,722 were passenger vehicles, mostly plug-in hybrids, led by the Qin and Tang.
  118. ^ Jin Peiling (2017-01-10). [Who is the dominant electric vehicle market in 2016?] (in Chinese). Daily Observation Car. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15. BYD sold more than 100,000 new energy passenger cars in China in 2016, about 30,000 more units than Tesla Motors. The BYD Tang was the top selling plug-in car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units delivered.
  119. ^ a b c d Jose Pontes (2018-01-18). "China December 2017". EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Sales of plug-in electric cars in China, including imports, totaled 600,174 units in 2017. The BAIC EC-Series was the top selling plug-in with 78,079 units sold in China, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920 units. BYD Auto was the top selling car manufacturer. Foreign brands captured only about 4% of plug-in sales in 2017, with about half by Tesla. The Chinese plug-in car market represented roughly half of the 1.2 million plug-ins sold worldwide in 2017.
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  122. ^ "BYD NEV sales in 2018 exceed 240,000 units". Gasgoo. 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-14. BYD Auto sold 247,811 new energy vehicles in 2018 (including commercial heavy-duty vehicles), up 118% from 2018, of which, 227,152 were passenger cars, consisting of 103,263 units all-electric cars and 123,889 units were plug-in hybrid vehicles. In addition, 20,659 new energy commercial vehicles were sold in 2018.
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  148. ^ a b Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-12). "中汽协：2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50%" [China Auto Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved 2017-01-12. Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000 BEV vehicles and 98,000 PHEVs.
  149. ^ a b Automotive News China (2018-01-16). "Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017". Automotive News China. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totalled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.
  150. ^ a b "中汽协：2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆，同比增长60%" [Chia Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.
  151. ^ a b Kane, Mark (2020-02-04). "Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2020-05-30. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0% from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000 units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures include passenger cars, buses and commercial vehicles..
  152. ^ a b China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2021-01-14). "Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020". CAAM. Retrieved 2021-02-08. NEV sales in China totaled 1.637 million in 2020, consisting of 1.246 million passenger cars and 121,000 commercial vehicles.
  153. ^ China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2022-01-12). "Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021". CAAM. Retrieved 2022-01-13. NEV sales in China totaled 3.521 million in 2021 (all classes), consisting of 3.334 million passenger cars and 186,000 commercial vehicles.
  154. ^ Dune, Michael J. (2016-12-14). "China's Automotive 2030 Blueprint: No. 1 Globally In EVs, Autonomous Cars". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
  155. ^ Majeed, Abdul (2016-09-29). "China faces acid test in vehicle emissions". Business Line. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  156. ^ "China's new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83% year on year". Gasgoo. 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-21. Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units in 2018.The BAIC EC series ranked as China's top selling plug-in car in 2018 with 90,637 units delivered.
  157. ^ "Top 10 NEV Models by 2017 Sales". Gasgoo China Automotive News. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Sales of the BAIC EC series totaled 78,079 cars in 2018 and ranked as China's top selling plug-in car.
  158. ^ a b "Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China, can they win?". SDchina.com. 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-02-19. See table: Top 10 NEV sold in China in 2020.
  159. ^ Schmidt, Matthias (2020-12-03). "Exclusive: Western Europe's plug-in electric car market surpasses 1 million landmark". Schmidt Automotive Research. Retrieved 2021-01-16.
  160. ^ a b Jacobs, Frank (2021-01-07). . Fleet Europe. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-12. Close to 1.25 million EVs were sold in Europe in 2020, around 10% of the total
  161. ^ Carrington, Damian (2021-01-19). "Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite pandemic". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-01-19. The EV-volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m), the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m). Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units delivered.
  162. ^ ""罚出来的"爆发式增长 欧洲新能源车销量首次超越中国" ["Punished" explosive growth, European new energy vehicle sales surpassed China for the first time] (in Chinese). Sina Finance. 2021-02-08. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  163. ^ Kane, Mark (2021-02-20). "European Countries Listed By Plug-In Electric Car Market Share In Q1-Q4 2020". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21. The average market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11.4% (from less than 3.6% in 2019). Figures includes the European Union, EFTA (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) and the UK, using available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA).
  164. ^ LeSage, Jon (2017-02-06). "Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug-in Sales". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  165. ^ a b France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-02-11). [In Europe, sales of electric cars up 80% in 2019] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2020-06-21. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
  166. ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-03-04). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2022 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2022" [Press release No. 10/2021 - The vehicle stock on January 1, 2022] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2022-03-14. There were 618,460 all-electric cars and 565,956 plug-in hybrids registered in Germany on January 1, 2022 (total 1,184,416 plug-in cars). The share of all-electric cars rose to 1.3% percent (+100.1%) and that of plug-in hybrids doubled to 1.2%, for a total of 2.5% of plug-in cars on German roads on January 1, 2022.
  167. ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-03-02). [Press release No. 8/2021 - The number of vehicles on January 1st, 2021] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2021-03-02. The share of electric cars (BEV ) rose from 0.3 percent (136,617) on January 1, 2020 to 0.6 percent (309,083) and that of hybrid cars from 1.1 percent (539,383) to 2.1 percent (1.004.089). The number of plug-in hybrid vehicles grew from 102,175 to 279,861 (+ 173.9%). Their share tripled to 0.6 percent. (Translated from the original)
  168. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-01-05). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2022 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2021 - Jahresbilanz" [Press release No. 01/2022 - Vehicle registrations in December 2021 - Annual balance] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2022-01-09. A total of 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids (12.4% market share) and 355,961 all-electric cars (13.6% market share).
  169. ^ Kane, Mark (2021-01-16). "Germany: Plug-In Car Share At 26%: Records Everywhere In December 2020". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2022-01-09. The cumulative number of plug-in electric cars sold in Germany over the past seven years is close to 700,000 (since 2013)
  170. ^ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019" [New Registrations Barometer December 2019] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-05-14. See the tab Kraftsoffarten: A total of 45,348 plug-in hybrids (market share 1.3%) and 63,321 all-electric cars (market share 1.8%) were registered in Germany in 2019.
  171. ^ a b Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). [Press release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in German). KBA. Archived from the original on 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-01-10. A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
  172. ^ a b France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-01-08). [Registrations barometer - In December 2020, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented more than 16% of the French market: unprecedented!] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from the original on 2021-01-11. Retrieved 2021-01-23. See infograh "Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December 2020, there were 470,295 plug-in electric cars and utility vans, consisting of 337,986 all-electric cars and vans, and 132,309 plug-in hybrids registered since 2010.
  173. ^ Kane, Mark (2020-07-03). "Renault EV Sales In France Is Booming: 17,650 ZOE Sold In H1 2020". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2020-07-20.
  174. ^ a b c France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2022-01-07). "[Baromètre] 20,4 % de parts de marché en décembre 2021 pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables… et 15 % sur l'ensemble de 2021 !" [Barometer: 20.4% market share in December 2021 for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles… and 15% for the whole of 2021!] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2022-01-08. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 512,178 all-electric cars and vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids in circulation. Registrations of all-electric cars and vans totaled 174,191 units in 2021, and plug-in hybrids totaled 141,787 units, for a total of 315,978 units. The light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a market share of 15.1%
  175. ^ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-10-06). [Barometer In September 2021, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented nearly 18% of the French market] (in French). AVERE France. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2021-10-12. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of September 2021, a total of 687,876 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric cars and vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids in circulation.
  176. ^ Autoactu.com (May 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-05-14. See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.
  177. ^ Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). "+115% pour les ventes de voitures électriques en France pour 2012" [Electric car sales in France increased 115% in 2011] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  178. ^ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-08). "Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables : La barre des 5.000 est franchie !" [Plug-in hybrid registrations: The 5,000 barrier is achieved!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A total of 5,006 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2015.
  179. ^ a b France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09). [Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-18. A total of 53,745 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the country in 2018. Includes revised figures for 2017
  180. ^ Pontes, José (2022-01-18). "32% Plugin Vehicle Share In France! Tesla Model 3 = #8 In Overall Market". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2022-01-18. With December at 32% plugin share (19% BEV) and the full 2021 share ending at 18.3% (9.8% BEV)
  181. ^ Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France" [Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile Propre. Retrieved 2016-10-02. See "Ventes d’utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
  182. ^ a b Goodall, Olly (2022-01-07). "2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2022-01-08. ... the cumulative total of plug-in vehicles on UK roads – as of the end of December 2021 – to over 740,000. This total comprises around 395,000 BEVs and 350,000 PHEVs. Overall in 2021, there were more than 190,000 sales of BEVs in the UK, with over 114,000 sales of PHEVs. Plug-in vehicles represented 18.6% of market share in 2021.
  183. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-01-07). "December 2013 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2014-01-12. A total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013.
  184. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2018-01-05). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2018-01-11.Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.
  185. ^ a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2019-01-07). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. Retrieved 2019-01-17.Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,367,147 new cars were registered in 2018, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 2.53% of new car sales.
  186. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2022-01-06). "UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020". SMMT. Retrieved 2022-01-08. Download the file "December 2021" for detailed data for 2021 and revised 2020.
  187. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 – EV registrations". SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-08. A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
  188. ^ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2021-01-06). "UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020". SMMT. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  189. ^ Lane, Ben (December 2020). "Electric car market statistics". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  190. ^ Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2022). "Antall elbiler og ladbare hybrider i Norge" [Number of electric cars and rechargeable hybrids in Norway] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2022-01-07. Click on the tab "Elbil" for the stock of electric cars and "Ladbar hybrid" for the stock of plug-in hybrids. As of 31 December 2021, the stock of registered light-duty plug-in electric vehicles totaled 647,000 units, consisting of 470,309 battery electric vehicles and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.
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  192. ^ Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS (OFV). [Car sales in 2017] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  193. ^ Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05). "Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor – venter ny vekst i år" [EV Sales: Down from last year - awaiting new growth this year] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
  194. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2019-01-02). [Car sales in 2018] (in Norwegian). OFV. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  195. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "Bilsalget i 2019" [Car sales in 2019] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
  196. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-01-05). "Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020" [Car sales in December and throughout 2020] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  197. ^ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-10-01). "Car sales in September 2021" [Car sales in September 2021] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  198. ^ Kane, Mark (2021-10-02). "Norway: All-Electric Car Sales Reach New Record In September 2021". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  199. ^ Kane, Mark (2018-10-07). "10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  200. ^ Miley, Jessica (2 October 2018). "45% of New Cars Sold in Norway in September were All-Electric Vehicles". Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 10 November 2018. Despite the huge increase in new electric cars on the road, EVs still only account for roughly 10% of all of Norway's vehicles.
  201. ^ Norsk Elbilforening (January 2022). "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" [Passenger car stock in Norway by fuel] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2022-01-07. See graph under "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" - As of 31 December 2021, there were 15.95% all-electric cars and 6.18% plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined plug-in electric passenger cars represented 22.13% of all passenger cars in circulation in the country.
  202. ^ Figenbaum, Erik; Kolbenstvedt, Marika (June 2016). "Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle users". Institute of Transport Economics (TØI), Norwegian Centre for Transport Research. Retrieved 2016-08-17. TØI report 1492/2016. See pp. 1.
  203. ^ Alister Doyle & Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
  204. ^ Joly, David (2015-10-16). "Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
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  207. ^ Jose, Pontes (2021-01-07). "Netherlands December 2020". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
  208. ^ a b c "Electric Vehicles Statistics in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2021)" (PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Netherlands Enrerprise Agency. RVO. 2022-01-14. Retrieved 2022-01-19. As of 31 December 2021, there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars represented 4.33% of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021. The market share of the plug-in passenger car segment was 29.8% in 2021. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2021. Note: an improved methodology was introduced beginning January 2021. Some numbers in this new version are different than statistics published before in the old format.
  209. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car: Concentration of plug-in electrified car registrations per 1,000 people". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-04. As of July 2016, Norway had a concentration of registered plug-in cars per 1,000 people of 21.52, the Netherlands of 5.63, California of 5.83, and the United States national average was 1.52.
  210. ^ a b "Elektrisch Rijden – Personenauto's en laadpunten Analyse over 2018" [Electric Driving - Passenger cars and charging points - Analysis for 2018] (PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising - (in Dutch). RVO. January 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-11. As of 31 December 2018, there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.
  211. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
  212. ^ "California Milestone, 1 Million EVs Sold: Tesla Played Huge Role". InsideEVs. 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
  213. ^ Kane, Mark (2019-01-24). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018". InsideEVs. Retrieved 2019-01-24. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)"
  214. ^ Loveday, Steven (17 January 2020). "FINAL UPDATE: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020. See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" - Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 329,528 units in 2019, and the top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925 units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, The Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16,418 and the Tesla Model S with 14,100 units.
  215. ^ a b c Kane, Mark (2020-01-11). "The Top 10 Plug-In Electric Cars In U.S. - 2019 Edition". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2020-05-19. At the end of 2019, the all-time top selling plug-in cars in the U.S. were the Tesla Model 3 with 300,471 units, Tesla Model S with 157,992, Chevrolet Volt with 157,054 units, Nissan Leaf with 141,907 and the Toyota Prius PHV with 109,003 (by September 2019).
  216. ^ "Nissan LEAF sales surpass 100,000 in Japan" (Press release). Yokohama: Nissan. 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2018-12-02.
  217. ^ a b c International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021-04-29). "IEA Global EV Data Explorer". International Energy Agency (IEA). Retrieved 2022-01-22. Select Historical: "EV stock" and "EV stock share" + Transport mode: "Cars" and "Vans" + Region" "Japan"
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  219. ^ Jose Pontes (2018-02-02). "Japan December 2017". EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-02-17. About 56,000 plug-in electric cars were sold in Japan in 2017.
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  223. ^ Jose, Pontes (2021-02-02). "Global Top 20 - December 2020". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2021-02-03. "Global sales totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with 499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220."
  224. ^ C.J. Moore (2021-02-14). "Tesla's commanding lead in U.S. EVs illustrated by registration report". Automotive News. Retrieved 2021-02-14. According to Experian, in 2020 the top U.S. EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 with 95,135 units.
  225. ^ Gauthier, Michael (2020-02-19). "European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year, Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion". Carscoops. Retrieved 2020-05-16. Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and topped sales in the region in the EV segment.
  226. ^ Attwood, James (2021-01-27). "Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe's best-selling EV". AutoCar UK. Retrieved 2021-02-14. According to Jato Dynamics, the best selling plug-in electric models across 23 European markets in 2020, including the European Union member states, the UK, Norway and Switzerland, were the Renault Zoe (99,261), Tesla Model 3 (85,713), Volkswagen ID 3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The Mercedes-Benz A250e was the top selling plug-in hybrid in 2020, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the market in 2019.
  227. ^ Kane, Mark (6 September 2021). "Nissan Celebrates Sales Of 250,000 EVs In Europe". InsideEVs. Retrieved 7 September 2021. The cumulative number includes over 208,000 LEAFs (first- and second-generation), as well as about 42,000 Nissan e-NV200 medium-size vans.
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  231. ^ "Hongguang Mini EV sales reached 35,169 units in Sept, up 75% year-on-year". 13 October 2021.
  232. ^ "Renault, Leader of EV Sales in Europe" (Press release). Île-de-France: Groupe Renault. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2021-02-21. ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in Europe. More than 268,000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch (As of November 2020).
  233. ^ Nissan (2020-12-03). "Nissan marks 10 years of LEAF sales, with over 500,000 sold worldwide". Automotive World. Retrieved 2020-12-11. Nissan today celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Nissan LEAF and the delivery of 500,000 LEAF vehicles since the model was first introduced. More than 148,000 have been sold in the United States
  234. ^ Jose, Pontes (2021-02-04). "Global Electric Vehicle Top 20 — EV Sales Report". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2022-02-05. Global sales of the Tesla Model Y totaled 79,734 units in 2020.
  235. ^ "2020 Universal Registration Document" (PDF). 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2021-08-31. Since it launched its electric program, Renault has sold more than 370,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 397,000 worldwide: 284,800 ZOE, 59,150 KANGOO Z.E., 11,400 FLUENCE Z.E./SM3 Z.E., 4,600 K-Z.E., 31,100 TWIZY, 770 MASTER Z.E. and 5,100 TWINGO Electric in 2020. See pp. 28.
  236. ^ Groupe Renault (January 2021). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault" [Monthly Sales -Renault Group monthly sales statistics] (in French). Renault.com. Retrieved 2022-02-05. Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "MONTHLY-SALES_DEC-2021.XLSX - 692 KB", and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for cumulative sales CYTD 2021. Global Zoe sales totaled 77,529 units inf 2021, including both passenger and LCV variants.
  237. ^ a b c d Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (2021-03-09). "ZSW Data service renewable energies - Stock of electric cars worldwide". ZSW. Retrieved 2022-02-06. See table: Cumulated new registrations of electric cars (by models) Cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S totaled 308,700 and the end of 2020, Toyota Prius PHEV a total of 225,000, BAIC EC Series 205,600, BAIC EU Series 203,800 and the Tesla Model X 180,600.
  238. ^ a b Shahan, Zachary (2021-10-05). "Tesla Quarterly Sales Growth From 2012 To 2021 — Like Climbing Mt. Everest". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2022-02-06. See interactive chart broken by model: Tesla Vehicle Sales (Quarterly Deliveries)" Select the tab "Model S or Model X" for sales by quarter Q1 to Q3 (2021). Total sales during the first three quarters of 2021 totaled 10,900 Model S and 2,285 Model X cars.
  239. ^ Jose, Pontes (2021-01-21). "China December 2020". EVSales.com. Retrieved 2022-02-07. "Sales of the Chery eQ totaled 38,214 units in 2020, and sales of the BAIC EU Series 23,365."
  240. ^ Demandt, Bart (2020). "Chery eQ China Sales Figures". Car Sales Base. Retrieved 2022-02-07. Cumulative sales between 2014 and 2019 totaled 135,973 eQs. Car sales statistics from China only include domestic production and exclude imported models
  241. ^ Nedela, Andrei (2022-01-28). "BMW i3 Production Reportedly Coming To An End In July". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2022-01-28. The i3 has sold over 220,000 examples around the world by now
  242. ^ "BAIC EU-Series China Sales Figures". Car Sales Base. 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-08. See table with annual sales 2015-2021.
  243. ^ "BAIC Beijing EC180 China Sales Figures". Car Sales Base. 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-08. See table with annual sales 2016-2021.
  244. ^ a b "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestones" (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  245. ^ Esther de Aragón (2020-06-11). "El Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV consigue llegar a la cifra récord de ventas de 250.000 unidades" [Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV achieves record sales of 250,000 units]. Automotive News Europe (in Spanish). movilidadeléctrica.com. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
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  249. ^ a b c Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). "Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-27. The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the end of 2018. American sales totaled 20,349 units in 2017 and 18,306 in 2018. Combined sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid totaled more than 93,000 units
  250. ^ "46% of Toyota Motor Europe (TME) sales in H1 are self-charging hybrid electric vehicles" (Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2018-07-11. Retrieved 2019-02-01. Toyota sold 1,693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018.
  251. ^ a b Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car In History". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered, followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, and the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold.
  252. ^ a b c "Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers". GM Authority. January 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-01. Canadian sales totaled 4,313 units in 2017 and 4,114 in 2018 through November.
  253. ^ a b Cain, Timothy (October 2018). "Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures". Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
  254. ^ a b c "Buick Velite 5 ( Chinese Car Sales Data)". Car Sales Base. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-01. Buick Velite 5 sales in China totaled 1,629 units in 2017 and 2,688 in 2018.
  255. ^ Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-12). "Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-12-14. Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. As of November 2016, the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Vollt/Ampera family of vehicles with 130,500 vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200.
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October 16, 2023
plug, electric, vehicle, more, general, category, electric, drive, type, vehicles, electric, vehicle, specific, electric, drive, cars, suvs, electric, plug, hybrid, plug, electric, vehicle, road, vehicle, that, utilize, external, source, electricity, such, wal. For the more general category of electric drive for all type of vehicles see electric vehicle For the specific electric drive cars and SUVs see electric car and plug in hybrid A plug in electric vehicle PEV is any road vehicle that can utilize an external source of electricity such as a wall socket that connects to the power grid to store electrical energy within its onboard rechargeable battery packs to power an electric motor and help propelling the wheels PEV is a subset of electric vehicles and includes all electric battery electric vehicles BEVs and plug in hybrid electric vehicles PHEVs 6 7 8 Sales of the first series production plug in electric vehicles began in December 2008 with the introduction of the plug in hybrid BYD F3DM and then with the all electric Mitsubishi i MiEV in July 2009 but global retail sales only gained traction after the introduction of the mass production all electric Nissan Leaf and the plug in hybrid Chevrolet Volt in December 2010 All time top selling plug in cars global sales since inception Tesla Model 3 electric car 1 3 million 1 Nissan Leaf electric car 577 000 2 Wuling Hongguang Mini EV electric car 551 789 3 Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV 300 000 4 1 As of December 2021 update 1 2 2 By February 2022 3 3 As of December 2021 update 1 4 4 As of January 2022 update 5 Plug in electric cars have several benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles All electric vehicles have lower operating and maintenance costs and produce little or no air pollution when under all electric mode thus depending on the electricity source reducing societal dependence on fossil fuels and significantly decreasing greenhouse gas emissions but recharging takes longer time than refueling and is heavily reliant on sufficient charging infrastructures to remain operationally practical Plug in hybrid vehicles are a good in between option that provides most of electric cars benefits when they are operating in electric mode though typically having shorter all electric ranges but have the auxiliary option of driving as a conventional hybrid vehicle when the battery is low using its internal combustion engine usually a gasoline engine to alleviate the range anxiety that accompanies current electric cars Cumulative global sales of highway legal plug in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles achieved the 1 million unit mark in September 2015 9 5 million in December 2018 10 and the 10 million unit milestone in 2020 11 Despite the rapid growth experienced however the stock of plug in electric cars represented just 1 of all passengers vehicles on the world s roads by the end of 2020 of which pure electrics constituted two thirds 12 As of June 2021 update the Tesla Model 3 ranked as the world s top selling highway capable plug in electric car in history and also was the first electric car to achieve global sales of more than 1 000 000 units 13 14 The Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV is the world s all time best selling plug in hybrid with global sales of around 300 000 units through January 2022 5 As of December 2021 update China had the world s largest stock of highway legal plug in electric passenger cars with 7 84 million units representing 46 of the world s stock of plug in cars 15 Europe ranked next with about 5 6 million light duty plug in cars and vans at the end of 2021 accounting for around 32 of the global stock 16 17 18 The U S cumulative sales totaled about 2 32 million plug in cars through December 2021 19 As of July 2021 update Germany is the leading European country with cumulative sales of 1 million plug in vehicles on the road 20 and also has led the continent plug in sales since 2019 17 21 Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world 22 and also achieved in 2021 the world s largest annual plug in market share ever registered 86 2 of new car sales 23 Contents 1 Terminology 1 1 Plug in electric vehicle 1 2 New energy vehicles 1 3 Battery electric vehicles 1 4 Plug in hybrid electric vehicles 1 5 Aftermarket conversions 2 Advantages compared to ICE vehicles 2 1 Improved air quality 2 2 Lower greenhouse gas emissions 2 3 Lower operating and maintenance costs 2 4 Less dependence on imported oil 2 5 Vehicle to grid 3 Disadvantages 3 1 Cost of batteries 3 2 Availability of recharging infrastructure 3 2 1 Battery swapping 3 3 Potential overload of local electrical grids 3 4 Risks associated with noise reduction 3 5 Risks of battery fire 3 6 Car dealers reluctance to sell 4 Government incentives and policies 5 Production plug in electric vehicles available 5 1 Sales and main markets 5 1 1 China 5 1 2 Europe 5 1 2 1 Germany 5 1 2 2 France 5 1 2 3 United Kingdom 5 1 2 4 Norway 5 1 2 5 Netherlands 5 1 3 United States 5 1 4 Japan 5 2 Top selling PEV models 5 2 1 All electric cars and vans 5 2 2 Plug in hybrids 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 BooksTerminology Edit nbsp Brammo Empulse electric motorcycle at a charging stationPlug in electric vehicle Edit A plug in electric vehicle PEV is any motor vehicle with rechargeable battery packs that can be charged from the electric grid and the electricity stored on board drives or contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion 6 7 Plug in electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid enabled vehicles GEV 7 and the European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA calls them electrically chargeable vehicles ECV 24 PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery electric vehicles BEVs plug in hybrid vehicles PHEVs and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles 6 7 Even though conventional hybrid electric vehicles HEVs have a battery that is continually recharged with power from the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking they can not be recharged from an off vehicle electric energy source and therefore they do not belong to the category of plug in electric vehicles 6 7 Plug in electric drive vehicle is the legal term used in U S federal legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for federal tax credits depending on battery size and their all electric range 25 26 In some European countries particularly in France electrically chargeable vehicle is the formal term used to designate the vehicles eligible for these incentives 27 While the term plug in electric vehicle most often refers to automobiles or plug in cars there are several other types of plug in electric vehicle including battery electric multiple units electric motorcycles and scooters neighborhood electric vehicles or microcars city cars vans buses electric trucks or lorries and military vehicles 28 New energy vehicles Edit See also Plug in electric vehicles in China In China the term new energy vehicles NEVs refers to automobile vehicles that are fully powered or predominantly powered by alternative energy other than fossil fuels typically referring to electric motor propelled vehicles such as battery electric vehicles BEVs plug in hybrids PHEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles FCEVs mainly hydrogen vehicles The Chinese Government began implementation of its NEV program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles 29 aiming to reduce the country s reliance on petroleum imports and better achieve energy security by promoting more electrified transportation powered by domestically generated sustainable energy supply see Energy policy of China Battery electric vehicles Edit Main article Battery electric vehicle nbsp U S Army GEM e2 neighborhood electric vehicleA battery electric vehicle BEV uses chemical energy stored in rechargeable battery packs as its only source for propulsion 7 30 BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal combustion engines ICEs for propulsion 7 A plug in hybrid operates as an all electric vehicle or BEV when operating in charge depleting mode but it switches to charge sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge SOC threshold exhausting the vehicle s all electric range AER 31 32 BEVs are all electric vehicles that use only electricity to power the motor with no internal combustion engine The energy stored in the rechargeable battery pack is used to power the electric motor which propels the vehicle BEVs have no tailpipe emissions and can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system They are known for their quiet operation instant torque and smooth ride and are also more environmentally friendly than traditional gasoline powered vehicles However the range of a BEV is limited by the size of its battery so it may not be suitable for long distance travel Plug in hybrid electric vehicles Edit Main article Plug in hybrid A plug in hybrid electric vehicle PHEV or PHV also known as a plug in hybrid is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source 7 33 A plug in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle and an all electric vehicle it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for propulsion but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged allowing operation in all electric mode until the battery is depleted 33 34 35 PHEVs are a hybrid between a traditional gasoline powered vehicle and an all electric vehicle They have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor powered by a rechargeable battery pack PHEVs operate as all electric vehicles when the battery has a sufficient charge and switch to gasoline power when the battery is depleted This provides a longer driving range compared to a pure electric vehicle as the gasoline engine acts as a range extender PHEVs can be charged by plugging into a charging station or using a home charging system They are a good option for those who want the benefits of electric driving but also need the longer driving range and refueling convenience of a gasoline powered vehicle nbsp Several Prius converted plug in hybridsAftermarket conversions Edit See also Plug in hybrid conversions and electric vehicle conversion An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle ICEV or hybrid electric vehicle HEV to electric propulsion creating an all electric or plug in hybrid electric vehicle 36 37 38 There are several companies in the U S offering conversions The most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to plug in hybrid but due to the different technology used in hybrids by each carmaker the easiest conversions are for 2004 2009 Toyota Prius and for the Ford Escape Mercury Mariner Hybrid 36 Advantages compared to ICE vehicles EditPEVs have several advantages These include improved air quality reduced greenhouse gas emissions noise reduction and national security benefits According to the Center for American Progress PEVs are an important part of the group of technologies that will help the U S meet its goal under the Paris Agreement which is a 26 28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2025 39 Improved air quality Edit See also Environmental aspects of the electric car Electric cars as well as plug in hybrids operating in all electric mode emit no harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power such as particulates soot volatile organic compounds hydrocarbons carbon monoxide ozone lead and various oxides of nitrogen However like ICE cars electric cars emit particulates from brake and tyres 40 Depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants where they can be more easily captured from flue gases 41 Cities with chronic air pollution problems such as Los Angeles Mexico City Santiago Chile Sao Paulo Beijing Bangkok and Kathmandu may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting the harmful emission to electric generation plants located outside the cities Lower greenhouse gas emissions Edit See also Environmental aspects of the electric car and Greenhouse gas emissions in plug in hybrids nbsp RechargeIT converted Toyota Prius plug in hybrids at Google s Mountain View campus The garage has recharging facilities powered by solar panels Plug in electric vehicles operating in all electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power but from the point of view of a well to wheel assessment the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation This fact has been referred to as the long tailpipe of plug in electric vehicles From the perspective of a full life cycle analysis the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind solar hydroelectric or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or zero well to wheel emissions 6 41 In the case of plug in hybrid electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the internal combustion engine tailpipe and greenhouse emissions are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their higher fuel economy 6 The magnitude of the potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore varies by country and by region For example France can obtain significant emission benefits from electric and plug in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by nuclear power plants similarly most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity nuclear or natural gas which have no or very low emissions at the point of generation and the state of California where most energy comes from natural gas hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial emission benefits The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as low carbon sources such as wind turbines dominate the generation mix Nevertheless the location of the plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect is global 41 Lifecycle GHG emissions are complex to calculate but compared to ICE cars generally while the EV battery causes higher emissions during vehicle manufacture this excess carbon debt is paid back after several months of driving 42 Lower operating and maintenance costs Edit Internal combustion engines are relatively inefficient at converting on board fuel energy to propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat and the rest while the engine is idling Electric motors on the other hand are more efficient at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle Electric drive vehicles do not consume energy while at rest or coasting and modern plug in cars can capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through regenerative braking 43 41 Typically conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15 of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories and diesel engines can reach on board efficiencies of 20 while electric drive vehicles typically have on board efficiencies of around 80 43 nbsp The operating cost of the Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid in the U S is estimated at US 0 03 per mile while operating in all electric mode 43 44 All electric and plug in hybrid vehicles also have lower maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles since electronic systems break down much less often than the mechanical systems in conventional vehicles and the fewer mechanical systems onboard last longer due to the better use of the electric engine PEVs do not require oil changes and other routine maintenance checks 43 41 Less dependence on imported oil Edit See also Energy resilience Energy security and Mitigation of peak oil nbsp Evolution of oil prices since 1987 average Brent spot prices adjusted for U S inflation For many developing countries and particularly for the poorest African countries oil imports have an adverse impact on the government budget and deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of payments all leading to lower economic growth 45 46 Through the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine vehicles for electric cars and plug in hybrids electric drive vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient energy supply 41 47 48 49 Vehicle to grid Edit Main article Vehicle to grid Plug in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to the power grid thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their demand peaks 50 A vehicle to grid V2G system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time During such idle times the electricity stored in the batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid In the U S this transfer back to the grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to 4 000 per year per car 51 In a V2G system it would also be expected that battery electric BEVs and plug in hybrids PHEVs would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate 50 52 53 Disadvantages Edit nbsp Tesla Model S electric car left and Fisker Karma plug in hybrid right at the parking spots reserved for green cars at San Francisco International AirportCost of batteries Edit Main article Electric vehicle battery As of 2020 update plug in electric vehicles are significantly more expensive as compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional cost of their lithium ion battery pack Cost reductions through advances in battery technology and higher production volumes will allow plug in electric vehicles to be more competitive with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles 54 Bloomberg New Energy Finance BNEF concludes that battery costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine cars in most countries by 2022 BNEF projects that by 2040 long range electric cars will cost less than US 22 000 expressed in 2016 dollars BNEF expects electric car battery costs to be well below US 120 per kWh by 2030 and to fall further thereafter as new chemistries become available 55 Availability of recharging infrastructure Edit nbsp Converted Toyota Prius plug in hybrids recharging at San Francisco City Hall charging stationSee also Charging station and Range anxiety Despite the widespread assumption that plug in recharging will take place overnight at home residents of cities apartments dormitories and townhouses do not have garages or driveways with available power outlets and they might be less likely to buy plug in electric vehicles unless recharging infrastructure is developed 56 57 Electrical outlets or charging stations near their places of residence in commercial or public parking lots streets and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain the full advantage of PHEVs and in the case of EVs to avoid the fear of the batteries running out energy before reaching their destination commonly called range anxiety 57 58 Even house dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of opportunity charging at shopping centers 59 However this infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors 58 Battery swapping Edit Main article Charging station Battery swapping See also Tesla Supercharger and Better Place company nbsp Better Place s battery switching station in IsraelA different approach to resolve the problems of range anxiety and lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was developed by Better Place but was not successful in the United States in the 2010s As of 2020 update battery swapping is available in China and is planned for other countries 60 Potential overload of local electrical grids Edit The existing low voltage network and local transformers in particular may not have enough capacity to handle the additional power load that might be required in certain areas with high plug in electric car concentrations As recharging a single electric drive car could consume three times as much electricity as a typical home overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same neighborhood recharge at the same time or during the normal summer peak loads To avoid such problems utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand When market penetration of plug in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels utilities will have to invest in improvements for local electrical grids in order to handle the additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts due to grid overload Also some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time of day rates utilities can provide an incentive for plug in owners to recharge mostly overnight when rates are lower 58 61 62 In the five years from 2014 to 2019 EVs increased in number and range and doubled power draw and energy per session Charging increased after midnight and decreased in the peak hours of early evening 63 64 Risks associated with noise reduction Edit Main article Electric vehicle warning sounds nbsp The 2011 Nissan Leaf had a switch to manually turn off its electric warning sound system Electric cars and plug in hybrids when operating in all electric mode at low speeds produce less roadway noise as compared to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine thereby reducing harmful noise health effects However blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets hence plug in electric cars and conventional hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds 65 66 Several tests conducted in the U S have shown that this is a valid concern as vehicles operating in electric mode can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph 30 km h for all types of road users and not only the visually impaired 67 68 69 At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise 66 Therefore in the 2010s laws were passed in many countries mandating warning sounds at low speeds Risks of battery fire Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicle fire incidents nbsp Frontal crash test of a Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric to assess the safety of the battery packLithium ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell rupture if overheated or overcharged and in extreme cases this can lead to combustion 70 Reignition may occur days or months after the original fire has been extinguished 71 To reduce these risks lithium ion battery packs contain fail safe circuitry that shuts down the battery when its voltage is outside the safe range 72 73 Several plug in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place since the introduction of mass production plug in electric vehicles in 2008 Most of them have been thermal runaway incidents related to the lithium ion batteries General Motors Tesla and Nissan have published a guide for firefighters and first responders to properly handle a crashed plug in electric drive vehicle and safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems 74 75 Car dealers reluctance to sell Edit With the exception of Tesla Motors almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug in electric vehicles 76 77 Dealers decide which cars they want to stock and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales 76 As with any new technology and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles retailers are central to ensuring that buyers especially those switching to a new technology have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology 77 nbsp Car dealerships can play a role in the sales of plug in electric vehicles Shown a dealership exhibiting first generation Chevrolet Volts There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug in electric vehicles PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as a gasoline powered cars Plug in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required which hurts overall sales and sales people commissions Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance resulting in loss of service revenue and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits their service departments According to the National Automobile Dealers Association NADS dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales 76 Government incentives and policies EditMain article Government incentives for plug in electric vehicles See also Government incentives for plug in electric vehicles in the U S See also Government incentives for plug in electric vehicles in California See also EU average fleet CO2 emissions See also Phase out of fossil fuel vehicles nbsp Togg C SUV 78 produced by Togg 79 a Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing EVs 80 81 78 Several national provincial and local governments around the world have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug in electric vehicles A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers non monetary incentives subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets and long term regulations with specific targets 16 82 nbsp All electric car on a bus lane in OsloFinancial incentives for consumers aim to make plug in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles Among the financial incentives there are one time purchase incentives such as tax credits purchase grants exemptions from import duties and other fiscal incentives exemptions from road bridge and tunnel tolls and from congestion pricing fees and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees Some countries like France also introduced a bonus malus CO2 based tax system that penalize fossil fuel vehicle sales 16 82 83 As of 2020 update monetary incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are available among others in several European Union member states China the United States the UK Japan Norway some provinces in Canada South Korea India Israel Colombia and Costa Rica 16 84 85 Timeline of national targetsfor full ICE phase out clarification needed or100 ZEV car sales 16 86 Selected countries YearNorway 100 ZEV sales 2025Denmark 2030IcelandIrelandNetherlands 100 ZEV sales SwedenUnited Kingdom 2040FranceCanada 100 ZEV sales SingaporeSri Lanka 100 HEV or PEV stock Germany 100 ZEV sales 2050U S only 10 ZEV states Japan 100 HEV PHEV ZEV sales Costa Rica 100 ZEV sales Among the non monetary incentives there are several perks such allowing plug in vehicles access to bus lanes and high occupancy vehicle lanes free parking and free charging 82 In addition in some countries or cities that restrict private car ownership purchase quota system for new vehicles or have implemented permanent driving restrictions no drive days the schemes often exclude electric vehicles from the restrictions to promote their adoption 83 87 84 88 For example in Beijing the license plate lottery scheme specifies a fixed number of vehicle purchase permits each year but to promote the electrification of its fleet the city government split the number of purchase permits into two lots one for conventional vehicles and another dedicated for all electric vehicle applicants 83 In the case of cities with driving alternate days based on the license plate number such as San Jose Costa Rica since 2012 Sao Paulo and Bogota since 2014 and Mexico City since 2015 all electric vehicles were excluded from the driving restrictions 84 88 89 90 Some government have also established long term regulatory signals with specific target timeframes such as ZEV mandates national or regional CO2 emissions regulations stringent fuel economy standards and the phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales 16 82 For example Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles electric or hydrogen 91 92 nbsp Sign for London s Ultra Low Emission Zone ULEZ A fee is charged to the most polluting vehicles entering Central London Also some cities are planning to establish zero emission zones ZEZ restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero emission vehicles ZEVs are allowed access In such areas all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned 93 94 As of June 2020 update Oxford is slated to be the first city to implement a ZEZ scheme beginning with a small area scheduled to go into effect by mid 2021 The plan is to expand the clean air zone gradually into a much larger zone until the ZEZ encompasses the majority of the city center by 2035 95 96 As of May 2020 update other cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ or partial or total ban fossil fuel powered vehicles include among others Amsterdam 2030 97 Athens 2025 98 Barcelona 2030 98 Brussels 2030 2035 93 Copenhagen 2030 98 London 2020 2025 93 Los Angeles 2030 98 Madrid 2025 99 Mexico City 2025 99 Milan 2030 98 Oslo 2024 2030 93 Paris 2024 2030 93 Quito 2030 98 Rio de Janeiro 2030 98 Rome 2024 2030 93 100 Seattle 2030 98 and Vancouver 2030 98 Production plug in electric vehicles available EditSee also List of modern production plug in electric vehicles and electric car use by country nbsp The General Motors EV1 was the first mass produced and purpose designed all electric car of the modern era from a major automaker During the 1990s several highway capable plug in electric cars were produced in limited quantities all were battery electric vehicles PSA Peugeot Citroen launched several electric Electrique versions of its models starting in 1991 Other models were available through leasing mainly in California Popular models included the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV Some of the latter were sold to the public and were still in use by the early 2010s 101 In the late 2000s began a new wave of mass production plug in electric cars motorcycles and light trucks However as of 2011 update most electric vehicles in the world roads were low speed low range neighborhood electric vehicles NEVs or electric quadricycles 102 Sales of low speed electric vehicles experienced considerable growth in China between 2012 and 2016 with an estimated NEV stock between 3 million to 4 million units with most powered by lead acid batteries 103 As of December 2019 update according to the International Energy Agency there were about 250 models of highway capable plug in electric passenger cars available for sale in the world up from 70 in 2014 16 There are also available several commercial models of electric light commercial vehicles plug in motorcycles all electric buses and plug in heavy duty trucks nbsp The Tesla Model 3 was the world s top selling plug in car in 2018 104 The Renault Nissan Mitsubishi Alliance is the world s leading light duty electric vehicle manufacturer Since 2010 the Alliance s global all electric vehicle sales totaled almost 725 000 units including those manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors through December 2018 now part of the Alliance 105 Its best selling all electric Nissan Leaf was the world s top selling plug in electric car in 2013 and 2014 106 Tesla is the world s second largest plug in electric passenger car manufacturer with global sales since 2012 of over 532 000 units as of December 2018 update 107 Its Model S was the world s top selling plug in car in 2015 and 2016 106 108 and its Model 3 was the world s best selling plug in electric car in 2018 104 nbsp The BYD Qin is the Chinese company s all time top selling model Ranking next is BYD Auto with more than 529 000 plug in passenger cars delivered in China through December 2018 109 110 111 112 Its Qin plug in hybrid is the company s top selling model with almost 137 000 units sold in China through December 2018 106 113 112 As of December 2018 update the BMW Group had sold more than 356 000 plug in cars since inception of the BMW i3 accounting for global sales its BMW i cars BMW iPerformance plug in hybrid models and MINI brand plug ins 114 BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world s best selling manufacturer of highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles with 61 722 units sold followed by Tesla with 50 580 units 115 116 117 BYD was again the world s top selling plug in car manufacturer in 2016 with 101 183 units delivered one more time followed again by Tesla with 76 243 units 109 118 In 2017 BYD ranked for the third consecutive year as the global top plug in car manufacturer with 113 669 units delivered BAIC ranked second with 104 520 units 111 113 The BAIC EC Series all electric city car ranked as the world s top selling plug in car in 2017 with 78 079 units sold in China 119 After 10 years in the market Tesla was the world s top selling plug in passenger car manufacturer in 2018 both as a brand and by automotive group with 245 240 units delivered and a market share of 12 of all plug in cars sold globally in 2018 104 120 121 BYD Auto ranked second with 227 152 plug in passenger cars sold worldwide representing a market share of 11 121 122 Sales and main markets Edit nbsp Detroit Electric car charging in 1919 During the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century the EV stock peaked at about 30 000 vehicles 123 The global stock of plug in electric vehicles between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all electric cars totaling about 1 700 units in 2005 and almost 6 000 in 2009 The plug in stock rose to about 12 500 units in 2010 of which only 350 vehicles were plug in hybrids 124 125 By comparison during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century the EV stock peaked at approximately 30 000 vehicles 123 After the introduction of the first mass production plug in cars by major carmakers in late 2010 plug in car global sales went from about 50 000 units in 2011 to 125 000 in 2012 almost 213 000 in 2013 and over 315 000 units in 2014 126 By mid September 2015 the global stock of highway legal plug in electric passenger cars and utility vans reached the one million sales milestone 9 127 almost twice as fast as hybrid electric vehicles HEV 9 127 nbsp Annual sales of plug in passenger cars in the world s top markets between 2011 and 2022 16 126 128 129 130 131 132 133 Light duty plug in electric vehicle sales in 2015 increased to more than 565 000 units in 2015 about 80 from 2014 driven mainly by China and Europe 126 Both markets passed in 2015 the U S as the largest plug in electric car markets in terms of total annual sales with China ranking as the world s best selling plug in electric passenger car country market in 2015 134 135 About 775 000 plug in cars and vans were sold in 2016 and cumulative global sales passed the 2 million milestone by the end of 2016 109 The global market share of the light duty plug in vehicle segment achieved a record 0 86 of total new car sales in 2016 up from 0 62 in 2015 and 0 38 in 2014 136 Cumulative global light duty plug in vehicle sales passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017 137 About 1 2 million plug ins cars and vans were sold worldwide in 2017 with China accounting for about half of global sales The plug in car segment achieved a 1 3 market share 119 138 Plug in passenger car sales totaled just over 2 million in 2018 with a market share of 2 1 104 The global stock reached 5 3 million light duty plug in vehicles in December 2018 10 128 By the end of 2019 the stock of light duty plug in vehicles totaled 7 55 million units consisting of 4 79 million all electric cars 2 38 million plug in hybrid cars and 377 970 electric light commercial vehicles Plug in passenger cars still represented less than 1 of the world s car fleet in use 16 In addition there were about half a million electric buses in circulation in 2019 most of them in China 16 In 2020 global cumulative sales of light duty plug in vehicles passed the 10 million unit milestone 11 Despite the rapid growth experienced the plug in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world s roads by the end of 2018 0 4 139 rose to 1 out of every 200 motor vehicles 0 48 in 2019 140 and by the end of 2020 the stock share of plug in cars on the world s roads was 1 12 nbsp Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2022 104 141 142 143 144 All electric cars have outsold plug in hybrids for several years and by the end of 2019 the shift towards battery electric cars continued The global ratio between all electrics BEVs and plug in hybrids PHEVs went from 56 44 in 2012 to 60 40 in 2015 increased to 66 34 in 2017 and rose to 69 31 in 2018 and reached 74 26 in 2019 104 141 142 Out of the 7 2 million plug in passenger cars in use at the end of 2019 two thirds were all electric cars 4 8 million 16 Since 2016 China has the world s largest fleet of light duty plug in electric vehicles after having overtaken during 2016 both the U S and Europe in terms of cumulative sales 109 145 146 The fleet of Chinese plug in passenger cars represented 46 7 of the global stock of plug in cars at the end of 2019 Europe listed next with 24 8 followed by the U S with 20 2 of the global stock in use 16 As of December 2017 update 25 cities accounted for 44 of the world s stock of plug in electric cars while representing just 12 of world passenger vehicle sales Shanghai led the world with cumulative sales of over 162 000 electric vehicles since 2011 followed by Beijing with 147 000 and Los Angeles with 143 000 Among these cities Bergen has the highest market share of the plug in segment with about 50 of new car sales in 2017 followed by Oslo with 40 147 China Edit Further information New energy vehicles in China nbsp Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles in China between 2011 and 2021 145 148 149 150 151 152 153 As of December 2021 update China had the world s largest stock of highway legal plug in cars with 7 84 million units corresponding to about 46 of the global plug in car fleet in use Of these all electric cars accounted for 81 6 of the all new energy passenger cars in circulation 15 Plug in passenger cars represent 2 6 of all cars on Chinese roads at the end of 2021 15 Domestically produced cars dominate new energy car sales in China accounting for about 96 of sales in 2017 119 154 Another particular feature of the Chinese passenger plug in market is the dominance of small entry level vehicles 155 China also dominates the plug in light commercial vehicle and electric bus deployment with its stock reaching over 500 000 buses in 2019 98 of the global stock and 247 500 electric light commercial vehicles 65 of the global fleet In addition the country also leads sales of medium and heavy duty electric trucks with over 12 000 trucks sold and nearly all battery electric 16 Since 2011 combined sales of all classes of new energy vehicles NEV totaled almost 5 5 million at the end of 2020 152 145 148 149 150 151 The BAIC EC Series all electric city car was China s the top selling plug in car in 2017 and 2018 and also the world s top selling plug in car in 2017 BYD Auto was the world s top selling car manufacturer in 2016 and 2017 156 111 113 119 157 In 2020 the Tesla Model 3 listed as the best selling plug in car with 137 459 units 158 Europe Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicles in Europe For more details of European and other countries see electric car use by country See also Plug in electric cars in Sweden nbsp Evolution of annual registrations of plug in electric passenger cars in Europe 2011 2021Europe had about 5 67 million plug in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021 consisting of 2 9 million fully electric passenger cars 2 5 million plug in hybrid cars and about 220 000 light commercial all electric vehicles 16 17 18 The European stock of plug in passenger is the world s second largest market after China accounting for 30 of the global car stock in 2020 16 Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock 33 of the global stock in 2019 16 In 2020 and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID 19 pandemic annual sales of plug in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time 159 160 In addition Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world s largest plug in passenger car market for the first time since 2015 161 162 The plug in car segment had a market share of 1 3 of new car registrations in 2016 rose to 3 6 in 2019 and achieved 11 4 in 2020 163 164 165 The largest country markets in the European region in terms of EV stock and annual sales are Germany Norway France the UK the Netherlands and Sweden 16 Germany surpassed Norway in 2019 as the best selling plug in market leading both the all electric and the plug in hybrid segments in Europe 165 and in 2020 listed as the top selling European country market for the second consecutive year 16 160 Germany Edit nbsp Annual registration of plug in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021Main article Plug in electric vehicles in Germany The stock of plug in electric cars in Germany is the largest in Europe there were 1 184 416 plug in cars in circulation on January 1 2022 representing 2 5 of all passenger cars on German roads up from 1 2 the previous year 166 167 As of December 2021 update cumulative sales totaled 1 38 million plug in passenger cars since 2010 168 169 Germany had a stock of 21 890 light duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019 the second largest in Europe after France 16 Germany listed as the top selling plug in car market in the European continent in 2019 and achieved a market share of 3 10 132 170 Despite the global decline in car sales brought by the COVID 19 pandemic the segment market share achieved a record 13 6 in 2020 171 with a record volume of 394 632 plug in passenger cars registered in 2020 up 263 from 2019 allowing Germany to be listed for a second year running as the best selling European plug in market 172 171 Both years the German market led both the fully electric and plug in hybrid segments 172 Despite to the continued global decline in car sales brought by the shortages related to the COVID 19 pandemic and computer chips in particular a record 681 410 plug in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021 consisting of 325 449 plug in hybrids and 355 961 all electric cars allowing the segment s market share to surge to 26 0 168 France Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicles in France nbsp The Renault Zoe is the country s all time best selling plug in electric car with over 100 000 units delivered since inception through June 2020 173 As of December 2021 update a total of 786 274 light duty plug in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010 consisting of 512 178 all electric passenger cars and commercial vans and 274 096 plug in hybrids 174 Of these over 60 000 were all electric light commercial vehicles 16 175 The market share of all electric passenger cars increased from 0 30 of new car registered in 2012 to 0 59 in 2014 176 177 After the introduction of the super bonus for the scrappage of old diesel power cars in 2015 sales of both pure electric cars and plug in hybrids surged rising the market share to 1 17 in 2015 178 134 climbed to 2 11 in 2018 and achieved 2 8 in 2019 16 179 Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID 19 pandemic and the related global computer chip shortage plug in electric car sales in France rose to a record of 315 978 light duty plug in vehicles in 2021 up 62 from 2020 174 The plug in electric passenger car market share rose to 11 2 in 2020 and achieved a record market share of 18 3 in 2021 180 The combined light duty plug in vehicle segment cars and utility vans achieved a market share of 15 1 in 2021 174 As of December 2019 update France ranked as the country with the world s second largest stock of light duty electric commercial vehicles after China with 49 340 utility vans in use 16 The market share of all electric utility vans reached a market share of 1 22 in 2014 and 1 77 in 2018 179 181 United Kingdom Edit nbsp Registration of plug in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021Main article Plug in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom About 745 000 light duty plug in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021 consisting of 395 000 all electric vehicles and 350 000 plug in hybrids 182 A surge of plug in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014 Total registrations went from 3 586 in 2013 to 37 092 in 2016 and rose to 59 911 in 2018 183 184 185 Again sales surged to 175 339 units in 2020 despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID 19 pandemic and achieved record sales of 305 281 units in 2021 186 The market share of the plug in segment went from 0 16 in 2013 to 0 59 in 2014 and achieved 2 6 in 2018 183 187 185 The segment market share was 3 1 in 2019 rose to 10 7 in 2020 188 and achieved a record 18 6 in 2021 182 As of June 2020 update the Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV is the all time top selling plug in car in the UK over 46 400 units registered followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31 400 units 189 Norway Edit nbsp Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records 2011 2021Main article Plug in electric vehicles in Norway As of 31 December 2021 update the stock of light duty plug in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647 000 units in use consisting of 470 309 all electric passenger cars and vans including used imports and 176 691 plug in hybrids 190 Norway was the top selling plug in country market in Europe for three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018 22 191 Until 2019 Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug in cars and vans and the third largest in the world 16 The Norwegian plug in car segment market share has been the highest in the world for several years reaching 39 2 in 2017 up from 29 1 in 2016 192 193 49 1 in 2018 194 rose to 55 9 in 2019 195 and reached 74 7 in 2020 meaning that three out of every four new passenger car sold in Norway in 2020 was a plug in electric 196 In September 2021 the combined market share of the plug in car segment achieved a new record of 91 5 of new passenger car registrations 77 5 for all electric cars and 13 9 for plug in hybrids becoming the world s highest ever monthly plug in car market share attained by any country 197 198 The plug in segment market share rose to 86 2 in 2021 23 In October 2018 Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars in use was a plug in electric vehicle 199 200 and by the end of 2021 plug in electric cars were 22 1 of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads 201 The country s fleet of plug in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98 of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower 202 203 Norway is the country with the largest EV ownership per capita in the world 204 205 206 Netherlands Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicles in the Netherlands nbsp The Volkswagen ID 3 was the best selling plug in car in the Netherlands in 2020 207 As of 31 December 2021 update there were 390 454 highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands consisting of 137 663 fully electric cars 243 664 plug in hybrid cars and 9 127 light duty plug in commercial vehicles 208 Plug in passenger cars represented 4 33 of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021 208 As of July 2016 update the Netherlands had the second largest plug in ownership per capita in the world after Norway 209 Plug in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules and as a result of the change in government s incentives the plug in market share declined from 9 9 in 2015 to 6 7 in 2016 and fell to 2 6 in 2017 210 211 The intake rate rose to 6 5 in 2018 in anticipation of another change in tax rules that went into effect in January 2019 210 and increased to 14 9 in 2019 and rose 24 6 in 2020 and achieved a record 29 8 in 2021 208 United States Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicles in the United States See also Plug in electric vehicles in California nbsp Comparison of plug in car market shares in California vs the American market 2011 2021 As of December 2021 update cumulative sales of highway legal plug in electric passenger cars in the U S totaled 2 322 291 units since 2010 19 Since December 2016 the U S has the world s third largest stock of plug in passenger cars after having been overtaken by Europe in 2015 and China during 2016 145 146 California is the largest plug in regional market in the country with 1 million plug in cars sold in California by November 2021 212 The Tesla Model 3 electric car has been the best selling plug in car in the U S for two consecutive years 2018 and 2019 213 214 Cumulative sales of the Model 3 surpassed in 2019 the discontinued Chevrolet Volt plug in hybrid to become the all time best selling plug in car in the country with an estimated 300 471 units delivered since inception followed by the Tesla Model S all electric car with about 157 992 and the Chevrolet Volt with 157 054 215 Japan Edit Main article Plug in electric vehicles in Japan nbsp As of April 2018 update the Nissan Leaf listed the all time top selling plug in car in Japan with 100 000 units delivered 216 As of December 2020 update Japan had a stock of plug in passenger cars of 293 081 units on the road consisting of 156 381 all electric cars and 136 700 plug in hybrids 217 The fleet of electric light commercial vehicles in use totaled 9 904 units in 2019 217 Plug in sales totaled 24 660 units in 2015 and 24 851 units in 2016 16 The rate of growth of the Japanese plug in segment slowed down from 2013 with annual sales falling behind Europe the U S and China during 2014 and 2015 134 218 The segment market share fell from 0 68 in 2014 to 0 59 in 2016 103 Sales recovered in 2017 with almost 56 000 plug in cars sold and the segment s market share reached 1 1 219 Sales fell slightly in 2018 to 52 000 units with a market share of 1 0 220 The market share continued declining to 0 7 in 2019 and 0 6 in 2020 217 The decline in plug in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major domestic carmakers decision to adopt and promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles instead of plug in electric vehicles 221 222 Top selling PEV models Edit For more details of sales by model see list of modern production plug in electric vehicles All electric cars and vans Edit nbsp The Tesla Model 3 is the world s all time best selling highway legal plug in electric car with global sales of about 1 3 million units 1 2 The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world s all time best selling electric car 13 and in June 2021 became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally 14 The Model 3 has been the world s best selling plug in electric car for four consecutive years from 2018 to 2021 1 223 104 141 The United States is the leading market with an estimated 395 000 units sold 215 224 followed by the European market with over 180 000 units delivered both through December 2020 225 226 The Model 3 was the best selling plug in car in China in 2020 with 137 459 units sold 158 Ranking second is the Nissan Leaf with cumulative global sales since inception of 577 000 units by February 2022 3 As of September 2021 update Europe listed as the biggest market with more than 208 000 units sold 227 of which 72 620 units have been registered in Norway the leading European country market 228 As of December 2021 update U S sales totaled 165 710 units through December 2021 229 and 157 059 units in Japan 230 The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV has dominated sales in the Chinese market in 2021 selling over 550 000 units since its release in July 2020 231 Europe s all time top selling all electric light utility vehicle is the Renault Kangoo Z E with global sales of over 57 500 units through November 2020 232 The following table presents global sales of the top selling highway capable electric cars and light utility vehicles produced since the introduction of the first modern production all electric car the Tesla Roadster in 2008 and December 2021 The table includes all electric passenger cars and utility vans with cumulative sales of about or over 200 000 units Top selling highway legal electric cars and light utility vehicles produced between 2008 and December 2021 1 Model Marketlaunch Global sales Cumulativesales through SourceTesla Model 3 Jul 2017 1 3 million Dec 2021 1 2 Nissan Leaf Dec 2010 564 200 Dec 2021 1 233 Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Jul 2020 551 789 2 Dec 2021 1 4 Tesla Model Y Mar 2020 490 000 Dec 2021 1 234 Renault Zoe Dec 2012 362 329 Dec 2021 235 236 Tesla Model S Jun 2012 319 600 Sep 2021 237 238 Chery eQ Nov 2014 243 000 Dec 2021 1 239 240 BMW i3 Nov 2013 220 000 3 Dec 2021 241 BAIC EU Series 2016 218 228 2 Dec 2021 242 BAIC EC Series Dec 2016 206 079 2 Dec 2021 243 Tesla Model X Sep 2015 182 885 Sep 2021 237 238 Notes 1 Vehicles are considered highway capable if able to achieve at least a top speed of 100 km h 62 mph 2 Sales in main China only 3 BMW i3 sales includes the REx variant split is not available Plug in hybrids Edit nbsp The Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV is the world s all time best selling plug in hybrid with about 300 000 units sold globally through January 2022 5 The Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV is the world s all time best selling plug in hybrid according to JATO Dynamics 244 Global sales achieved the 250 000 unit milestone in May 2020 245 and the 300 000 mark in January 2022 5 Europe is the Outlander P HEV leading market with 126 617 units sold through January 2019 246 followed by Japan with 42 451 units through March 2018 247 European sales are led by the UK with 36 237 units delivered followed by the Netherlands with 25 489 units both through March 2018 247 Ranking second is the Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid Toyota Prius Prime with about 225 000 units sold worldwide of both generations through December 2020 237 248 The United States is the market leader with over 93 000 units delivered through December 2018 249 Japan ranks next with about 61 200 units through December 2018 220 248 followed by Europe with almost 14 800 units through June 2018 248 250 Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its rebadged models totaled about 186 000 units by the end of 2018 249 251 252 253 254 including about 10 000 Opel Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe through June 2016 255 Volt sales are led by the United States with 157 054 units delivered through December 2019 215 followed by Canada with 17 311 units through November 2018 252 253 Until the end of 2018 the Chevrolet Volt family listed as the world s top selling plug in hybrid when it was surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV 244 The following table presents plug in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more than 100 000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug in hybrid car the BYD F3DM in 2008 up until December 2021 Top selling highway legal plug in hybrid electric cars between 2008 and December 2021Model Marketlaunch Global sales Cumulativesales through SourceMitsubishi Outlander P HEV Jan 2013 300 000 Jan 2022 5 Toyota Prius PHV Prime Jan 2012 251 400 Dec 2021 237 256 257 Chevrolet Volt 1 Dec 2010 186 000 Dec 2018 249 251 252 254 BYD Qin 2 Dec 2013 136 818 Dec 2018 106 112 258 BYD Tang 2 Jun 2015 101 518 Dec 2018 112 258 259 260 Notes 1 In addition to the Volt sold in North America combined sales of the Volt Ampera family includes about 10 000 Vauxhall Opel Ampera and about 1 750 Volts sold in Europe 261 262 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia 263 and 4 317 units of the Buick Velite 5 sold only in China rebadged second generation Volt 254 2 Sales in China only BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all electric variant Qin EV300 See also EditElectric car Electric car use by country Electric vehicle battery Electric vehicle warning sounds Hybrid tax credit U S List of electric cars currently available List of modern production plug in electric vehicles Plug In America RechargeIT Google org PHEV program Renewable energy by countryReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i Jose Pontes 2022 01 30 World EV Sales Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 02 05 The top 3 global best selling plug in electric cars in 2021 were the Tesla Model 3 500 713 the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV 424 138 and the Tesla Model Y 410 517 Nissan Leaf sales totaled 64 201 units and Chery eQ 68 821 units a b c Morris James 2021 05 29 Tesla Model 3 Is Now 16th Bestselling Car In The World Forbes Retrieved 2022 02 05 The Model 3 is now the bestselling EV of all time as well with over 800 000 units sold overall a b Nissan LEAF gets a new glow for 2022 with sharp design and advanced tech Press release Paris Nissan Europe 2022 02 23 Retrieved 2022 03 04 The Nissan LEAF has always been about making advanced technology and the thrill of electric driving accessible to everyone with over 577 000 customers worldwide a b Winton Neil 2021 03 04 Europe s Electric Car Sales Will Beat 1 Million In 2021 But Growth Will Slow Later Report Forbes Retrieved 2021 08 30 Globally according to Inovev the biggest selling car in 2020 was the Tesla Model 3 365 240 with a 17 market share followed by the Wuling Hong Guang Mini EV 127 651 a b c d e Mitsubishi Motors Introduces the All New Outlander PHEV Model in New Zealand Press release Tokyo Mitsubishi Motors 2022 03 04 Retrieved 2022 03 04 As of January 2022 update about 300 000 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEVs have been sold worldwide a b c d e f David B Sandalow ed 2009 Plug In Electric Vehicles What Role for Washington 1st ed The Brookings Institution pp 2 5 ISBN 978 0 8157 0305 1 See definition on pp 2 a b c d e f g h Plug in Electric Vehicles PEVs Center for Sustainable Energy California Archived from the original on 2010 06 20 Retrieved 2010 03 31 PEV Frequently Asked Questions Duke Energy Archived from the original on 2012 03 27 Retrieved 2010 12 24 a b c Jeff Cobb 2015 09 16 One Million Global Plug In Sales Milestone Reached HybridCars com Retrieved 2015 09 16 Cumulative global sales totaled about 1 004 000 highway legal plug in electric passenger cars and light duty vehicles by mid September 2015 a b Watson Frank 2019 02 11 December global electric vehicle sales set new record S amp P Global Platts data S amp P Global Platts London Retrieved 2019 02 11 At the end of 2018 some 5 3 million plug in EVs were on the road A total of 1 45 million light duty pure electric vehicles were sold in 2018 a b Shanahan Jess 2021 01 21 There are now more than 10 million electric vehicles on the road Zap Map Retrieved 2021 01 21 there are now more than 10 million of these vehicles on the road around the world According to EV Volumes the total is now 10 8 million worldwide a b International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI 2021 04 29 Global EV Outlook 2021 Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic International Energy Agency Retrieved 2021 05 16 After a decade of rapid growth in 2020 the global electric car stock hit the 10 million mark a 43 increase over 2019 and representing a 1 stock share Battery electric vehicles BEVs accounted for two thirds of new electric car registrations and two thirds of the stock in 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Holland Maximilian 2020 02 10 Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone amp Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller CleanTechnica Archived from the original on April 12 2020 Retrieved 2020 05 15 Tesla s quarterly reports meanwhile had put the Model 3 s cumulative sales at 447 980 at the end of 2019 a b Shahan Zachary 2021 08 26 Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales CleanTechnica Retrieved 2021 08 26 a b c Gasgoo News 2022 01 12 China s car parc amounts to 302 million units by end of 2021 Retrieved 2022 01 15 China s new energy vehicle NEV parc amounted to 7 84 million units by the end of 2021 81 63 of which were full electric vehicles As of Dec 2021 NEVs accounted for 2 6 of the country s total car parc a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI June 2020 Global EV Outlook 2020 Enterign the decade of electric drive IEA Publications Retrieved 2020 06 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link See Statistical annex pp 247 252 See Tables A 1 and A 12 The global stock of plug in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7 2 million cars at the end of 2019 of which 47 were on the road in China The stock of plug in cars consist of 4 8 million battery electric cars 66 6 and 2 4 million plug in hybrids 33 3 In addition the stock of light commercial plug in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019 and about half a million electric buses were in circulation most of which are in China a b c European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA 2022 02 02 ACEA Report New Car Registrations by Fuel Type European Union PDF ACEA Retrieved 2022 02 02 See tables in pp 3 and 4 Figures include the European Union countries EFTA Iceland Norway and Switzerland and the UK a b European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA 2022 03 01 ACEA Report New Light Commercial Vehicle Registrations by Fuel Type European Union PDF ACEA Retrieved 2022 03 02 See tables in pp 3 and 4 Figures include the European Union countries EFTA Iceland Norway and Switzerland and the UK A total of 38 999 new plug in electric vans were sold in 2020 and 69 416 in 2021 a b Argonne National Laboratory January 2022 Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates Plug In Vehicle Sales Argonne National Laboratory Retrieved 2022 01 13 Cumulatively 607 567 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold in 2021 In total 2 322 291 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold since 2010 Bundersministerium fur Wirstschaft und Energie 2021 08 02 Erstmals rollen eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge auf deutschen Strassen For the first time a million electric vehicles are rolling on German roads Press release in German BMWI Retrieved 2021 10 12 Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA 2021 01 08 Pressemitteilung Nr 02 2021 Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 Jahresbilanz Press release No 02 2021 Vehicle registrations in December 2020 Annual balance sheet in German KBA Archived from the original on 2021 07 19 Retrieved 2021 01 21 A total of 394 632 plug in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021 consisting of 200 469 plug in hybrids 6 9 market share and 194 163 all electric cars 6 7 market share a b Cobb Jeff 17 January 2017 Top 10 Plug in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016 HybridCars com Retrieved 23 January 2017 a b Kane Mark 2022 01 03 Norway Sets Plug In Car Sales Record For The End Of The Year 2021 InsideEVs Retrieved 2022 01 09 Electric Vehicles Turning Buzz into Reality European Automobile Manufacturers Association 2010 02 09 Archived from the original on 2010 03 29 Retrieved 2010 04 23 Notice 2009 89 New Qualified Plug in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit Internal Revenue Service 2009 11 30 Retrieved 2010 04 01 Consumer Energy Tax Incentives Plug In Hybrid Conversion Kits U S Department of Energy Archived from the original on 2011 07 28 Retrieved 2010 04 01 An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2 Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles European Automobile Manufacturers Association 2010 04 21 Retrieved 2010 04 23 Plug in Vehicle Tracker What s Coming When Plug In America Archived from the original on 2013 01 11 Retrieved 2012 01 15 PRTM Management Consultants Inc April 2011 The China New Energy Vehicles Program Challenges and Opportunities PDF World Bank Retrieved 2020 06 19 See Acronyms and Key Terms pp v All Electric Vehicle Basics Alternative Fuels amp Advanced Vehicles Data Center US DoE Retrieved 2010 12 29 Kurani et al 2007 10 16 Driving Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Reports from U S Drivers of HEVs converted to PHEVs circa 2006 07 PDF Institute of Transportation Studies University of California Davis Archived from the original PDF on 2010 08 12 Retrieved 2010 12 29 See definitions in pp 1 2 Matthew A Kromer amp John B Heywood May 2007 Electric Powertrains Opportunities and Challenges in the U S Light Duty Vehicle Fleet PDF Sloan Automotive Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Retrieved 2010 12 29 See definitions in pp 30 31 a b Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Basics Alternative Fuels amp Advanced Vehicles Data Center US DoE Retrieved 2010 12 29 Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle PHEV Center for Energy and the Global Environment Virginia Tech Archived from the original on 2011 07 20 Retrieved 2010 12 29 What Is A Plug in Hybrid Car HybridCars com Retrieved 2010 12 29 a b How to Get a Plug In Hybrid CalCars Retrieved 2010 12 29 Plug in Hybrid Conversions HybridCars com Retrieved 2010 12 29 Top 7 Issues for an Electric Car Conversion HybridCars com 2009 06 02 Archived from the original on 2011 05 27 Retrieved 2010 12 29 Investing in Charging Infrastructure for Plug In Electric Vehicles Center for American Progress Center for American Progress Retrieved 2018 08 30 Study Particulate emissions from tire wear is higher than from tailpipes Green Car Reports Retrieved 2020 10 30 a b c d e f Sperling Daniel and Deborah Gordon 2009 Two billion cars driving toward sustainability Oxford University Press New York pp 22 26 and 114 139 ISBN 978 0 19 537664 7 Factcheck How electric vehicles help to tackle climate change Carbon Brief 2019 05 13 Retrieved 2020 10 30 a b c d Saurin D Shah 2009 David B Sandalow ed Chapter 2 Electrification of Transport and Oil Displacement 1st ed The Brookings Institution pp 29 37 and 43 ISBN 978 0 8157 0305 1 in Plug in Electric Vehicles What Role for Washington Emily Masamitsu 2009 10 01 How Much Is That Hybrid Electric Really Saving You Popular Mechanics Retrieved 2010 07 11 High oil prices disastrous for developing countries Mongabay 2007 09 12 Retrieved 2010 07 20 Impact of High Oil Prices on African Economies PDF African Development Bank 2009 07 29 Retrieved 2010 07 20 Mitchell William J Borroni Bird Christopher Burns Lawrence D 2010 Reinventing the Automobile Personal Urban Mobility for the 21st Century 1st ed The MIT Press pp 85 95 ISBN 978 0 262 01382 6 Archived from the original on 2010 06 09 Retrieved 2010 07 18 See Chapter 5 Clean Smart Energy Supply R James Woolsey and Chelsea Sexton 2009 David B Sandalow ed Chapter 1 Geopolitical Implications of Plug in Vehicles 1st ed The Brookings Institution pp 11 21 ISBN 978 0 8157 0305 1 in Plug in Electric Vehicles What Role for Washington Andrew Grove and Robert Burgelman December 2008 An Electric Plan for Energy Resilience McKinsey Quarterly Archived from the original on 2014 08 25 Retrieved 2010 07 20 a b Jon Wellinhoff 2009 David B Sandalow ed Chapter 4 The CashBack Car 1st ed The Brookings Institution pp 65 82 ISBN 978 0 8157 0305 1 in Plug in Electric Vehicles What Role for Washington Car Prototype Generates Electricity And Cash Science Daily December 9 2007 Retrieved 2010 07 17 Cleveland Cutler J Morris Christopher 2006 Dictionary of Energy Amsterdam Elsevier p 473 ISBN 0 08 044578 0 Pacific Gas and Electric Company Energizes Silicon Valley With Vehicle to Grid Technology Pacific Gas amp Electric 2007 04 07 Archived from the original on 2009 12 09 Retrieved 2011 01 12 Siddiq Khan amp Martin Kushler June 2013 Plug in Electric Vehicles Challenges and Opportunities PDF American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Retrieved 2013 07 09 ACEEE Report Number T133 Randall Tom 2016 02 25 Here s How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis Bloomberg News Retrieved 2016 02 25 See embedded video Alan L Madian et al 2009 David B Sandalow ed Chapter 5 The Impact of Plug in Hybrids on U S Oil Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions The Brookings Institution p 96 ISBN 978 0 8157 0305 1 in Plug in Electric Vehicles What Role for Washington a b Kevin Morrow et al November 2008 Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Review Final Report PDF U S Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Program Archived from the original PDF on 2009 12 22 Retrieved 2010 03 07 a b c Todd Woody amp Clifford Krauss 2010 02 14 Cities Prepare for Life With the Electric Car New York Times Retrieved 2010 03 07 Moving Forward in Raleigh PGR Plan Project Get Ready Archived from the original on 2009 03 07 Retrieved 2010 03 07 Deshp Trupti e Paladugula Anantha Lakshmi 2020 10 13 The Importance of Selling Electric Vehicles and Their Batteries Separately The Wire Science Retrieved 2020 10 30 Jim Motavalli 2010 07 08 Will Electric Cars Cause More Summer Power Outages New York Times Retrieved 2010 07 11 B Naghibi M A S Masoum and S Deilami Effects of V2H Integration on Optimal Sizing of Renewable Resources in Smart Home Based on Monte Carlo Simulations in IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal vol 5 no 3 pp 73 84 Sept 2018 doi 10 1109 JPETS 2018 2854709 Berman Bradley 22 April 2020 Study of 3 900 electric cars How the Tesla Model 3 transformed EV charging habits Electrek Utilities are feeling growing pains from the evolution of electric vehicles FleetCarma 22 April 2020 Archived from the original on 23 April 2020 Nuckols Ben 3 March 2007 Blind people Hybrid cars pose hazard USA Today Retrieved 2009 05 08 a b Electric cars and noise The sound of silence Economist 7 May 2009 Retrieved 2009 05 08 Incidence of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes by Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicles PDF National Highway Traffic Safety Administration September 2009 Retrieved 2009 10 05 Technical Report DOT HS 811 204 Hybrid Cars Are Harder to Hear University of California Riverside 2008 04 28 Retrieved 2010 07 03 Sarah Simpson August 2009 Are Hybrid Cars Too Quiet to Be Safe for Pedestrians Scientific American Retrieved 2010 07 03 Spotnitz R Franklin J 2003 Abuse behavior of high power lithium ion cells Journal of Power Sources 113 1 81 100 Bibcode 2003JPS 113 81S doi 10 1016 S0378 7753 02 00488 3 04 8 EV fire reignition EV Fire Safe Retrieved 2022 06 06 Lithium Ion technical handbook PDF Gold Peak Industries Ltd November 2003 Archived from the original PDF on 2007 10 07 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Winter M Brodd J 2004 What Are Batteries Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors Chemical Reviews 104 10 4245 69 doi 10 1021 cr020730k PMID 15669155 General Motors 2011 01 19 Detroit First Responders Get Electric Vehicle Safety Training General Motors News Retrieved 2011 11 12 Nissan 2010 2011 LEAF First Responder s Guide PDF Nissan North America Retrieved 2011 12 20 a b c Matt Ritchel 2015 11 24 A Car Dealers Won t Sell It s Electric The New York Times Retrieved 2015 11 28 a b Eric Cahill amp Dan Sperling 2014 11 03 The Future Of Electric Vehicles Part 1 Car Dealers Hold The Key Institute of Transportation Studies ITS at the University of California Davis Retrieved 2015 11 28 a b Dan Mihalascu 4 November 2022 Turkey s National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV insideevs com TOGG Official Website togg com tr Retrieved 3 April 2020 Jay Ramey 30 December 2019 Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina Designed TOGG autoweek com A game changer Turkiye inaugurates its first national car plant TRT World 30 October 2022 a b c d Wappelhorst Sandra Hall Dale Nicholas Mike Lutsey Nic February 2020 Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities PDF International Council on Clean Transportation Retrieved 2020 06 18 a b c Zhuge Chengxiang Wei Binru Shao Chunfu Shan Yuli Dong Chunjiao April 2020 The role of the license plate lottery policy in the adoption of Electric Vehicles A case study of Beijing Energy Policy 139 111328 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2020 111328 Available online 24 February 2020 a b c Camila Salazar 2013 07 06 Carros hibridos y electricos se abren paso en Costa Rica Hybrid and electric cars make their way in Costa Rica La Nacion San Jose in Spanish Retrieved 2013 07 06 Vallejo Uribe Felipe 2019 07 13 Sancionada ley que da beneficios a propietarios de vehiculos electricos en Colombia Went into effec law that gives benefits to owners of electric vehicles in Colombia in Spanish Revista Movilidad Electrica Sostenible Retrieved 2020 06 19 Tan Christopher 18 February 2020 Singapore Budget 2020 Push to promote electric vehicles in move to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles The Straits Times Retrieved 19 June 2020 The great crawl The Economist 2016 06 18 Retrieved 2020 06 18 From the print edition a b Decreto 575 de 2013 Alcalde Mayor Major s Decree 575 of 2013 in Spanish Alcaldia de Bogota 2014 12 18 Retrieved 2020 06 18 Eletricos e hibridos Sao Paulo aprova lei de incentivo All electric and hybrids Sao Paulo approves incentives law Automotive Business in Portuguese 2014 05 28 Retrieved 2014 09 21 Notimex 2015 03 01 Autos electricos exentos de tenencia y Hoy No Circula Electric cars exempted from ownership tax and Hoy No Circula driving restrictions Dinero e Imagen in Spanish Retrieved 2020 06 19 Norwegian EV policy Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association Retrieved 2020 06 18 Cobb Jeff 2016 03 08 Norway Aiming For 100 Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025 HybridCars com Retrieved 2020 06 18 a b c d e f Wappelhorst Sandra May 2020 The end of the road An overview of combustionengine car phase out announcements across Europe PDF International Council on Clean Transportation Retrieved 2020 06 21 McGrath Matt 2019 04 08 London s ULEZ How does it compare Retrieved 2019 06 19 Oxford City Council 2020 03 20 Oxford s Zero Emission Zone 20 03 2020 update Oxford City Council Retrieved 2020 06 18 Tobin Dominic 2019 03 12 Clean air zone charges where are Britain s low emission zones buyacar co uk Retrieved 2020 03 29 City of Amsterdam to ban polluting cars from 2030 Reuters 2019 05 02 Retrieved 2019 05 02 a b c d e f g h i Burch Isabella March 2020 Survey of Global Activity to Phase Out Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles PDF a b Harvey Fiona 2016 12 02 Four of world s biggest cities to ban diesel cars from their centres the Guardian Retrieved 2018 04 08 Rome latest city to announce car ban will ban diesel cars from historical center starting 2024 28 February 2018 Sherry Boschert 2006 Plug in Hybrids The Cars that will Recharge America New Society Publishers Gabriola Island Canada ISBN 978 0 86571 571 4 Danny King 2011 06 20 Neighborhood Electric Vehicle Sales To Climb Edmunds com Auto Observer Archived from the original on 2012 05 27 Retrieved 2012 02 05 a b International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI June 2017 Global EV Outlook 2017 Two million and counting PDF IEA Publications Archived from the original PDF on 2017 06 07 Retrieved 2018 01 20 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link See pp 5 7 12 22 27 28 and Statistical annex pp 49 51 a b c d e f g Jose Pontes 2019 01 31 Global Top 20 December 2018 EVSales com Retrieved 2019 01 31 Global sales totaled 2 018 247 plug in passenger cars in 2018 with a BEV PHEV ratio of 69 31 and a market share of 2 1 The world s top selling plug in car was the Tesla Model 3 and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug in passenger cars in 2018 followed by BYD Alliance members achieve combined sales of 10 76 million units in 2018 Groupe Renault Media Press release Paris 2019 01 30 Retrieved 2019 02 02 As of December 2018 a total of 724 905 electric vehicles have been sold by the Alliance since 2010 a b c d Cobb Jeff 2017 01 26 Tesla Model S Is World s Best Selling Plug in Car For Second Year In A Row HybridCars com Retrieved 2017 01 26 See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs Kane Mark 2019 01 02 Tesla Production And Deliveries Graphed Through Q4 2018 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2019 01 02 Sharan Zachary 2017 02 04 Tesla Model S amp Nissan LEAF Clocked As World s Best Selling Electric Cars In 2016 EV Volumes CleanTechnica com Retrieved 2017 02 04 a b c d Cobb Jeff 2017 01 16 The World Just Bought Its Two Millionth Plug in Car HybridCars com Retrieved 2017 01 17 An estimated 2 032 000 highway legal plug in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016 The top selling markets are China 645 708 new energy cars including imports Europe 638 000 plug in cars and vans and the United States 570 187 plug in cars The top European country markets are Norway 135 276 the Netherlands 113 636 France 108 065 and the UK 91 000 Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles including buses and truck totaled 951 447 vehicles China was the top selling plug in car market in 2016 and also has the world s largest stock of plug in electric cars Cobb Jeff 2016 11 07 China s BYD Becomes World s Third Largest Plug in Car Maker HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 11 07 a b c Top 10 Automakers by 2017 NEV Sales Gasgoo China Automotive News 2018 01 18 Retrieved 2018 01 29 According to the data released by China Passenger Car Association CPCA BYD topped the rank with annual NEV delivery of 113 669 units increasing 11 year on year With NEV deliveries soaring 125 on an annual basis to 104 520 units BAIC BJEV took the second place among the top ten automakers a b c d Kane Mark 2019 01 14 BYD Sold Record 37 000 Electric Cars In December 2018 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2019 01 14 BYD Auto sold in China 227 152 plug in cars up 109 from 2017 During 2018 BYD Qin sales totaled 47 425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37 146 units a b c Kane Mark 2018 01 26 BYD 1 In World For Plug In Electric Car Sales In 2017 Beats Tesla Again InsideEVs com Retrieved 2018 01 29 BYD sold 108 612 passenger plug in cars in China in 2017 enough to make it the world s top selling plug in car manufacturer for the third year in a row Mark Kane 2019 01 11 BMW Sold 142 617 Plug In Electric Cars In 2018 Inside EVs Retrieved 2019 01 12 The BMW Group sold 142 617 plug in electric cars in 2018 and cumulative sales since inception of the BMW i3 totaled over 356 000 BMW and MINI electrified vehicles BMW set a target of cumulative sales of 500 000 units by the end of 2019 Cobb Jeff 2016 01 12 Tesla Model S Was World s Best Selling Plug in Car in 2015 HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 02 06 The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug in electric car in 2015 with 50 366 units sold followed by the Nissan Leaf about 43 000 the Mitsubishi Outlander P HEV over 40 000 the BYD Qin 31 898 and the BMW i3 24 057 The Model S is also the second best seller ever with 107 148 sales since its mid 2012 launch behind the Nissan Leaf and ahead of GM s Volt Ampera family credited with 106 000 sales John Voelcker 2016 01 15 Who Sold The Most Plug In Electric Cars In 2015 It s Not Tesla Or Nissan Green Car Reports Retrieved 2016 01 17 BYD Auto delivered 31 898 Qins 18 375 Tangs and 7 029 e6s during 2015 Added to that are small numbers of the T3 small commercial van and e5 battery electric compact sedan along with 2 888 Denza EV compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler Altogether BYD sold a total of 61 722 light duty plug in electric vehicles in China in 2015 Natasha Li 2016 03 04 Alternative Energy Vehicles Account HALF of BYD s Profits for the Very First Time in 2015 Gasgoo Automotive News Archived from the original on 2016 03 08 Retrieved 2016 03 07 BYD Auto delivered 69 222 new energy vehicles in China in 2015 including buses of which a total of 61 722 were passenger vehicles mostly plug in hybrids led by the Qin and Tang Jin Peiling 2017 01 10 谁是2016年电动汽车市场的霸主 Who is the dominant electric vehicle market in 2016 in Chinese Daily Observation Car Archived from the original on 2017 01 16 Retrieved 2017 01 15 BYD sold more than 100 000 new energy passenger cars in China in 2016 about 30 000 more units than Tesla Motors The BYD Tang was the top selling plug in car in China in 2016 with 31 405 units delivered a b c d Jose Pontes 2018 01 18 China December 2017 EV Sales Retrieved 2018 01 19 Sales of plug in electric cars in China including imports totaled 600 174 units in 2017 The BAIC EC Series was the top selling plug in with 78 079 units sold in China making the city car the world s top selling plug in car in 2017 The top selling plug in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30 920 units BYD Auto was the top selling car manufacturer Foreign brands captured only about 4 of plug in sales in 2017 with about half by Tesla The Chinese plug in car market represented roughly half of the 1 2 million plug ins sold worldwide in 2017 Jose Pontes 2019 02 03 2018 Global Sales by OEM EVSales com Retrieved 2019 02 03 Tesla led plug in car sales among automotive groups in 2018 with 245 240 units delivered followed by BYD with 229 338 and the Renault Nissan Alliance with 192 711 a b BMW sells over 140 000 plug in cars throughout 2018 electricdrive com 2019 01 10 Retrieved 2019 01 14 The global share of plug in electric cars by brand in 2018 was led by Tesla with 12 followed by BYD with 11 BMW with 9 BAIC with 6 and Roewe and Nissan both with 5 BYD NEV sales in 2018 exceed 240 000 units Gasgoo 2019 01 08 Retrieved 2019 01 14 BYD Auto sold 247 811 new energy vehicles in 2018 including commercial heavy duty vehicles up 118 from 2018 of which 227 152 were passenger cars consisting of 103 263 units all electric cars and 123 889 units were plug in hybrid vehicles In addition 20 659 new energy commercial vehicles were sold in 2018 a b Justin Gerdes 2012 05 11 The Global Electric Vehicle Movement Best Practices From 16 Cities Forbes Retrieved 2014 10 20 International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI May 2016 Global EV Outlook 2016 Beyond one million electric cars PDF IEA Publications Archived from the original PDF on 2016 08 24 Retrieved 2016 09 07 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link See pp 4 5 and 24 25 and Statistical annex pp 34 37 Clark Pilita Campbell Peter 2016 08 31 Motor Industry Pressure on the Pump Financial Times Retrieved 2016 09 01 a b c Argonne National Laboratory United States Department of Energy 2016 03 28 Fact 918 March 28 2016 Global Plug in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80 in 2015 Office of Energy Efficiency amp Renewable Energy Retrieved 2016 03 29 a b Nic Lutsey 2015 09 29 Global milestone The first million electric vehicles International Council on Clean Transportation ICCT Archived from the original on 2016 04 12 Retrieved 2015 10 10 a b International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI May 2018 Global EV Outlook 2017 3 million and counting PDF IEA Publications Retrieved 2018 10 23 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link See pp 9 10 19 23 29 28 and Statistical annex pp 107 113 The global stock of plug in electric passenger cars totaled 3 109 050 units of which 1 928 360 were battery electric cars European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA 2017 02 01 New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union Quarter 4 2016 PDF ACEA Retrieved 2018 10 23 See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU EFTA Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles Total EU EFTA in Q1 Q4 2015 European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA 2018 02 01 New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union Quarter 4 2017 PDF ACEA Retrieved 2018 10 23 See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU EFTA Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles Total EU EFTA in Q1 Q4 2017 and Q1 Q4 2016 International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI May 2019 Global EV Outlook 2019 Scaling up the transition to electric mobility PDF IEA Publications Retrieved 2020 05 11 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link See Statistical annex pp 210 213 The global stock of plug in electric passenger cars totaled 5 122 460 units at the end of 2018 of which 3 290 800 64 2 were battery electric cars See Tables A 1 and A 2 a b European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA 2020 02 06 New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union Quarter 4 2019 PDF ACEA Retrieved 2020 05 11 See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU EFTA Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles Total EU EFTA in Q1 Q4 2018 and 2019 Irle Roland 2021 01 19 Global Plug in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3 2 Million in 2020 EV volumes com Retrieved 2021 01 20 Plug in sales totaled 3 24 million in 2020 up from 2 26 million in 2019 Europe with nearly 1 4 million untits surpassed China as the largest EV market for the first time since 2015 a b c Cobb Jeff 2016 01 18 Top Six Plug in Vehicle Adopting Countries 2015 HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 02 12 About 520 000 highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015 with cumulative global sales reaching 1 235 000 The United States was the leading market with 411 120 units sold since 2008 followed by China with 258 328 units sold since 2011 Japan ranks third followed by the Netherlands 88 991 Norway 77 897 France 74 291 and the UK 53 254 Over 21 000 units were sold in Japan in 2015 Berman Brad 2016 02 13 US Falls Behind Europe and China in Global Plug in Vehicle Market Plugincars com Retrieved 2016 02 16 Staff February 2017 Global Plug in Sales for 2016 EV Volumes com Retrieved 2017 02 05 Vaughan Adam 2017 12 25 Electric and plug in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide The Guardian Retrieved 2018 01 20 The number of fully electric and plug in hybrid cars on the world s roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017 EVvolumes com January 2018 Global Plug in Sales for 2017 Q4 and the Full Year prelim EVvolumes com Retrieved 2018 02 17 Global registrations totaled around 1 2 million units in 2017 57 higher than 2016 These include all global BEV and PHEV passenger cars sales light trucks in USA Canada and light commercial vehicle in Europe The segment market share was 1 3 and in December the global plug in share touched the 2 mark for the first time Coren Michael J 2019 01 25 E nough Automakers may have completely overestimated how many people want electric cars Quartz Retrieved 2019 01 25 Despite exponential growth with a record 2 million or so EVs sold worldwide last year only one in 250 cars on the road is electric Global Electric Vehicle Stock Reaches 7 2 Million EV Statistics 2020 06 20 Retrieved 2020 09 29 a b c Jose Pontes 2020 01 31 Global Top 20 December 2019 EVSales com Retrieved 2020 05 10 Global sales totaled 2 209 831 plug in passenger cars in 2019 with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74 26 and a global market share of 2 5 The world s top selling plug in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300 075 units delivered and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug in passenger cars in 2019 with 367 820 units followed by BYD with 229 506 a b Hertzke Patrick Muller Nicolai Schenk Stephanie Wu Ting May 2018 The global electric vehicle market is amped up and on the rise McKinsey amp Company Retrieved 2019 01 27 See Exhibit 1 Global electric vehicle sales 2010 17 Jose Pontes 2022 01 30 World EV Sales Tesla Model 3 Wins 4th Consecutive Best Seller Title In Record Year CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 02 02 That allowed them BEVs to end the year with 71 of plugin EV sales up 2 percentage points from the 69 of 2020 but still below the 74 of 2019 Global EV Sales for 2022 a b c d Cobb Jeff 2016 12 27 China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug in Vehicle Sales HybridCars com Retrieved 2017 01 06 As of November 2016 update cumulative sales of plug in vehicles in China totaled 846 447 units including passenger and commercial vehicles making it the world s leader in overall plug in vehicle sales With cumulative sales of about 600 000 passenger plug ins through November 2016 China is also the global leader in the passenger plug in car segment ahead of Europe and the U S a b King Danny 2016 12 29 China far ahead of US Europe in total electric vehicle sales Autoblog com Retrieved 2017 01 08 Last year China overtook both the US and Europe in annual sales of electric vehicles and plug in hybrids This year it will move ahead of both the US and Europe in cumulative plug in vehicle sales Dale Hall Hongyang Cui Nic Lutsey 2018 10 30 Electric vehicle capitals Accelerating the global transition to electric drive The International Council on Clean Transportation Retrieved 2018 11 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Click on Download File to get the full report 15 pp a b Liu Wanxiang 2017 01 12 中汽协 2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆 同比增速约50 China Auto Association 2016 new energy vehicle production and sales were over 500 000 an increase of about 50 in Chinese D1EV com Retrieved 2017 01 12 Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507 000 consisting of 409 000 BEV vehicles and 98 000 PHEVs a b Automotive News China 2018 01 16 Electrified vehicle sales surge 53 in 2017 Automotive News China Retrieved 2018 01 19 Chinese sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777 000 consisting of 652 000 all electric vehicles and 125 000 plug in hybrid vehicles Sales of domestically produced new energy passenger vehicles totalled 579 000 units consisting of 468 000 all electric cars and 111 000 plug in hybrids Only domestically built all electric vehicles plug in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China a b 中汽协 2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆 同比增长60 Chia Automobile Association In 2018 the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1 25 million units a year on year increase of 60 in Chinese D1EV com 2019 01 14 Retrieved 2019 01 15 Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1 256 million consisting of 984 000 all electric vehicles and 271 000 plug in hybrid vehicles a b Kane Mark 2020 02 04 Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019 Full Report InsideEVs com Retrieved 2020 05 30 Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1 206 000 units in 2019 down 4 0 from 2018 and includes 2 737 fuel cell vehicles Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972 000 units down 1 2 and plug in hybrid sales totaled 232 000 vehicles down 14 5 Sales figures include passenger cars buses and commercial vehicles a b China Association of Automobile Manufacturers CAAM 2021 01 14 Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2020 CAAM Retrieved 2021 02 08 NEV sales in China totaled 1 637 million in 2020 consisting of 1 246 million passenger cars and 121 000 commercial vehicles China Association of Automobile Manufacturers CAAM 2022 01 12 Sales of New Energy Vehicles in December 2021 CAAM Retrieved 2022 01 13 NEV sales in China totaled 3 521 million in 2021 all classes consisting of 3 334 million passenger cars and 186 000 commercial vehicles Dune Michael J 2016 12 14 China s Automotive 2030 Blueprint No 1 Globally In EVs Autonomous Cars Forbes Retrieved 2016 12 14 Majeed Abdul 2016 09 29 China faces acid test in vehicle emissions Business Line Retrieved 2016 09 29 China s new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83 year on year Gasgoo 2019 01 11 Retrieved 2019 01 21 Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 1 016 002 units in 2018 The BAIC EC series ranked as China s top selling plug in car in 2018 with 90 637 units delivered Top 10 NEV Models by 2017 Sales Gasgoo China Automotive News 2018 01 18 Retrieved 2019 01 15 Sales of the BAIC EC series totaled 78 079 cars in 2018 and ranked as China s top selling plug in car a b Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China can they win SDchina com 2021 02 05 Retrieved 2021 02 19 See table Top 10 NEV sold in China in 2020 Schmidt Matthias 2020 12 03 Exclusive Western Europe s plug in electric car market surpasses 1 million landmark Schmidt Automotive Research Retrieved 2021 01 16 a b Jacobs Frank 2021 01 07 Yes 2021 is the year EVs go mainstream Fleet Europe Archived from the original on 2021 01 11 Retrieved 2021 01 12 Close to 1 25 million EVs were sold in Europe in 2020 around 10 of the total Carrington Damian 2021 01 19 Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite pandemic The Guardian Retrieved 2021 01 19 The EV volumes com data showed the five highest national sales were in China 1 3m Germany 0 4m the US 0 3m France and the UK both 0 2m Global sales of plug ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020 43 up from 2018 The market share of plug in vehicles reached 4 2 of the global market up from 2 5 in 2019 Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500 000 units delivered 罚出来的 爆发式增长 欧洲新能源车销量首次超越中国 Punished explosive growth European new energy vehicle sales surpassed China for the first time in Chinese Sina Finance 2021 02 08 Retrieved 2021 02 08 Kane Mark 2021 02 20 European Countries Listed By Plug In Electric Car Market Share In Q1 Q4 2020 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2021 02 21 The average market share of new passenger plug in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11 4 from less than 3 6 in 2019 Figures includes the European Union EFTA Norway Switzerland Iceland and the UK using available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association ACEA LeSage Jon 2017 02 06 Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug in Sales HybridCars com Retrieved 2017 02 06 a b France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2020 02 11 En Europe les ventes de voitures electriques en hausse de 80 en 2019 In Europe sales of electric cars up 80 in 2019 in French AVERE Archived from the original on 2020 06 21 Retrieved 2020 05 16 Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA 2022 03 04 Pressemitteilung Nr 10 2022 Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1 Januar 2022 Press release No 10 2021 The vehicle stock on January 1 2022 in German KBA Retrieved 2022 03 14 There were 618 460 all electric cars and 565 956 plug in hybrids registered in Germany on January 1 2022 total 1 184 416 plug in cars The share of all electric cars rose to 1 3 percent 100 1 and that of plug in hybrids doubled to 1 2 for a total of 2 5 of plug in cars on German roads on January 1 2022 Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA 2021 03 02 Pressemitteilung Nr 8 2021 Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1 Januar 2021 Press release No 8 2021 The number of vehicles on January 1st 2021 in German KBA Archived from the original on 2021 03 09 Retrieved 2021 03 02 The share of electric cars BEV rose from 0 3 percent 136 617 on January 1 2020 to 0 6 percent 309 083 and that of hybrid cars from 1 1 percent 539 383 to 2 1 percent 1 004 089 The number of plug in hybrid vehicles grew from 102 175 to 279 861 173 9 Their share tripled to 0 6 percent Translated from the original a b Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA 2022 01 05 Pressemitteilung Nr 01 2022 Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2021 Jahresbilanz Press release No 01 2022 Vehicle registrations in December 2021 Annual balance in German KBA Retrieved 2022 01 09 A total of 681 410 plug in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021 consisting of 325 449 plug in hybrids 12 4 market share and 355 961 all electric cars 13 6 market share Kane Mark 2021 01 16 Germany Plug In Car Share At 26 Records Everywhere In December 2020 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2022 01 09 The cumulative number of plug in electric cars sold in Germany over the past seven years is close to 700 000 since 2013 Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA January 2020 Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019 New Registrations Barometer December 2019 in German KBA Retrieved 2019 05 14 See the tab Kraftsoffarten A total of 45 348 plug in hybrids market share 1 3 and 63 321 all electric cars market share 1 8 were registered in Germany in 2019 a b Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes KBA 2021 01 08 Pressemitteilung Nr 02 2021 Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 Jahresbilanz Press release No 02 2021 Vehicle registrations in December 2020 Annual balance sheet in German KBA Archived from the original on 2021 07 19 Retrieved 2021 01 10 A total of 394 632 plug in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021 consisting of 200 469 plug in hybrids 6 9 market share and 194 163 all electric cars 6 7 market share a b France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2021 01 08 Barometre des immatriculations En decembre 2020 les vehicules electriques et hybrides rechargeables ont represente plus de 16 du marche francais du jamais vu Registrations barometer In December 2020 electric and plug in hybrid vehicles represented more than 16 of the French market unprecedented in French AVERE France Archived from the original on 2021 01 11 Retrieved 2021 01 23 See infograh Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles depuis Janvier 2010 As of December 2020 there were 470 295 plug in electric cars and utility vans consisting of 337 986 all electric cars and vans and 132 309 plug in hybrids registered since 2010 Kane Mark 2020 07 03 Renault EV Sales In France Is Booming 17 650 ZOE Sold In H1 2020 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2020 07 20 a b c France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2022 01 07 Barometre 20 4 de parts de marche en decembre 2021 pour les vehicules electriques et hybrides rechargeables et 15 sur l ensemble de 2021 Barometer 20 4 market share in December 2021 for electric and plug in hybrid vehicles and 15 for the whole of 2021 in French AVERE France Retrieved 2022 01 08 See infograh Barometre mensuel de la mobilite electrique Chiffres cles du mois de septembre 2021 Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010 As of December 2021 a total of 786 274 plug in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France consisting of 512 178 all electric cars and vans and 274 096 plug in hybrids in circulation Registrations of all electric cars and vans totaled 174 191 units in 2021 and plug in hybrids totaled 141 787 units for a total of 315 978 units The light duty plug in vehicle segment achieved a market share of 15 1 France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2021 10 06 En septembre 2021 les vehicules electriques et hybrides rechargeables ont represente pres de 18 du marche francais Barometer In September 2021 electric and plug in hybrid vehicles represented nearly 18 of the French market in French AVERE France Archived from the original on 2021 10 20 Retrieved 2021 10 12 See infograh Barometre mensuel de la mobilite electrique Chiffres cles du mois de septembre 2021 Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010 As of September 2021 a total of 687 876 plug in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France consisting of 453 143 all electric cars and vans and 234 733 plug in hybrids in circulation Autoactu com May 2016 Chiffres de vente amp immatriculations de voitures electriques en France Sales figures amp electric car registrations in France in French Automobile Propre Retrieved 2016 05 14 See Ventes de voitures electriques en 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 and 2010 It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016 Yoann Nussbaumer 2013 01 16 115 pour les ventes de voitures electriques en France pour 2012 Electric car sales in France increased 115 in 2011 in French Automobile Propre Retrieved 2015 02 03 France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2016 01 08 Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables La barre des 5 000 est franchie Plug in hybrid registrations The 5 000 barrier is achieved in French AVERE Retrieved 2016 05 14 A total of 5 006 plug in hybrids were registered in France in 2015 a b France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France 2019 01 09 Barometre annuel pres de 40 000 vehicules electriques immatricules en France en 2018 Annual barometer nearly 40 000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018 in French AVERE Archived from the original on 2019 01 17 Retrieved 2019 01 18 A total of 53 745 light duty plug in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31 055 all electric cars plus 1 148 REx vehicles 8 103 electric utility vans and 13 439 plug in hybrid cars The plug in car segment achieved a market share of 2 1 of new car registrations in the country in 2018 Includes revised figures for 2017 Pontes Jose 2022 01 18 32 Plugin Vehicle Share In France Tesla Model 3 8 In Overall Market CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 01 18 With December at 32 plugin share 19 BEV and the full 2021 share ending at 18 3 9 8 BEV Automobile Propre August 2016 Chiffres de vente amp immatriculations d utilitaires electriques en France Sales figures amp electric utility van registrations in France in French Automobile Propre Retrieved 2016 10 02 See Ventes d utilitaires electriques en 2016 2015 2014 for all electric utility van registrations Light duty electric vehicles reached a 1 22 market share of new van sales in the country in 2014 and rose to 1 30 in 2015 a b Goodall Olly 2022 01 07 2021 sees largest ever increase in plug in sales UK Next Green Car Retrieved 2022 01 08 the cumulative total of plug in vehicles on UK roads as of the end of December 2021 to over 740 000 This total comprises around 395 000 BEVs and 350 000 PHEVs Overall in 2021 there were more than 190 000 sales of BEVs in the UK with over 114 000 sales of PHEVs Plug in vehicles represented 18 6 of market share in 2021 a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2014 01 07 December 2013 EV registrations SMT Retrieved 2014 01 12 A total of 2 254 plug in electric cars were registered in 2013 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2018 01 05 December EV registrations SMMT Retrieved 2018 01 11 Registrations in 2017 totaled 47 263 plug in electric vehicles consisting of 13 597 all electric cars and 33 6663 plug in hybrids Of these a total of 45 187 cars were eligible for the Plug in Car Grant Since its launch in 2011 a total of 127 509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2017 A total of 2 540 617 new cars were registered in 2017 resulting in a plug in electric car market share of 1 86 of new car sales a b Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2019 01 07 December EV registrations SMMT Retrieved 2019 01 17 Registrations in 2018 totaled 59 911 plug in electric vehicles consisting of 15 474 all electric cars and 44 437 plug in hybrids A total of 2 367 147 new cars were registered in 2018 resulting in a plug in electric car market share of 2 53 of new car sales Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2022 01 06 UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after 29 4 fall in new car registrations in 2020 SMMT Retrieved 2022 01 08 Download the file December 2021 for detailed data for 2021 and revised 2020 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2015 01 07 December 2014 EV registrations SMT Retrieved 2015 01 08 A total of 14 518 plug in electric cars were registered during 2014 consisting of 6 697 pure electrics and 7 821 plug in hybrids up from 3 586 plug in electric cars were registered in 2013 A total of 2 476 435 new cars were registered in 2014 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders SMMT 2021 01 06 UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after 29 4 fall in new car registrations in 2020 SMMT Retrieved 2021 02 22 Lane Ben December 2020 Electric car market statistics UK Next Green Car Retrieved 2021 03 01 Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association January 2022 Antall elbiler og ladbare hybrider i Norge Number of electric cars and rechargeable hybrids in Norway in Norwegian Norsk Elbilforening Archived from the original on 2021 01 27 Retrieved 2022 01 07 Click on the tab Elbil for the stock of electric cars and Ladbar hybrid for the stock of plug in hybrids As of 31 December 2021 update the stock of registered light duty plug in electric vehicles totaled 647 000 units consisting of 470 309 battery electric vehicles and 176 691 plug in hybrids Bratzel Stefan 2019 01 16 E Mobility 2019 An International Comparison of Important Automotive Markets PDF Center of Automotive Management Bergisch Gladbach Archived from the original PDF on 2019 01 21 Retrieved 2019 01 21 Opplysningsradet for Veitrafikken AS OFV Bilsalget i 2017 Car sales in 2017 in Norwegian OFV Archived from the original on 2018 01 10 Retrieved 2017 01 10 Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association 2017 01 05 Elbilsalget Ned i fjor venter ny vekst i ar EV Sales Down from last year awaiting new growth this year in Norwegian Norsk Elbilforening Retrieved 2017 01 18 Norwegian Road Federation OFV 2019 01 02 Bilsalget i 2018 Car sales in 2018 in Norwegian OFV Archived from the original on 2019 02 07 Retrieved 2019 01 09 Norwegian Road Federation OFV January 2020 Bilsalget i 2019 Car sales in 2019 in Norwegian OFV Retrieved 2020 02 10 Norwegian Road Federation OFV 2021 01 05 Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020 Car sales in December and throughout 2020 in Norwegian OFV Retrieved 2021 01 07 Norwegian Road Federation OFV 2021 10 01 Car sales in September 2021 Car sales in September 2021 in Norwegian OFV Retrieved 2021 10 07 Kane Mark 2021 10 02 Norway All Electric Car Sales Reach New Record In September 2021 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2021 10 07 Kane Mark 2018 10 07 10 Of Norway s Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins InsideEVs com Retrieved 2018 11 07 Miley Jessica 2 October 2018 45 of New Cars Sold in Norway in September were All Electric Vehicles Interesting Engineering Retrieved 10 November 2018 Despite the huge increase in new electric cars on the road EVs still only account for roughly 10 of all of Norway s vehicles Norsk Elbilforening January 2022 Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt pa drivstoff Passenger car stock in Norway by fuel in Norwegian Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association Retrieved 2022 01 07 See graph under Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt pa drivstoff As of 31 December 2021 update there were 15 95 all electric cars and 6 18 plug in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads Combined plug in electric passenger cars represented 22 13 of all passenger cars in circulation in the country Figenbaum Erik Kolbenstvedt Marika June 2016 Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric and Plug in Hybrid Vehicle users Institute of Transport Economics TOI Norwegian Centre for Transport Research Retrieved 2016 08 17 TOI report 1492 2016 See pp 1 Alister Doyle amp Nerijus Adomaitis 2013 03 13 Norway shows the way with electric cars but at what cost Reuters Retrieved 2013 03 15 Joly David 2015 10 16 Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales The New York Times Retrieved 2016 02 16 Agence France Presse 2011 05 15 Electric cars take off in Norway The Independent Archived from the original on May 17 2011 Retrieved 2011 10 09 AVERE 2012 06 07 Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018 AVERE Archived from the original on 2013 10 24 Retrieved 2012 07 20 Jose Pontes 2021 01 07 Netherlands December 2020 EVSales com Retrieved 2021 03 02 a b c Electric Vehicles Statistics in the Netherlands up to and including December 2021 PDF Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland RVO Netherlands Enrerprise Agency RVO 2022 01 14 Retrieved 2022 01 19 As of 31 December 2021 update there were 390 454 highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands consisting of 137 663 fully electric cars 243 664 plug in hybrid cars and 9 127 light duty plug in commercial vehicles Plug in passenger cars represented 4 33 of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021 The market share of the plug in passenger car segment was 29 8 in 2021 Source includes figures from 2016 to 2021 Note an improved methodology was introduced beginning January 2021 Some numbers in this new version are different than statistics published before in the old format Cobb Jeff 2016 09 01 Americans Buy Their Half Millionth Plug in Car Concentration of plug in electrified car registrations per 1 000 people HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 09 04 As of July 2016 update Norway had a concentration of registered plug in cars per 1 000 people of 21 52 the Netherlands of 5 63 California of 5 83 and the United States national average was 1 52 a b Elektrisch Rijden Personenauto s en laadpunten Analyse over 2018 Electric Driving Passenger cars and charging points Analysis for 2018 PDF Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland RVO Dutch National Office for Enterprising in Dutch RVO January 2019 Retrieved 2020 05 11 As of 31 December 2018 update there were 145 882 highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands consisting of 97 702 plug in hybrids 44 984 pure electric cars and 3 196 all electric light utility vans With a total of 24 273 Mitsubishi Outlander P HEVs registered by the end of December 2018 the plug in hybrid is the all time top selling plug in electric vehicle in the Netherlands The Tesla Model S is the best selling all electric car with 12 990 units registered Cobb Jeff 2016 05 09 Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100 000 Plug in Cars HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 05 09 As of April 2016 update the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450 000 highway legal light duty plug in electric vehicles delivered since 2008 China ranks second with around 300 000 units sold since 2011 followed by Japan with about 150 000 plug in units sold since 2009 both through March 2016 European sales are led by Norway with over 100 000 units registered by the end of April 2016 California Milestone 1 Million EVs Sold Tesla Played Huge Role InsideEVs 2022 01 09 Retrieved 2021 11 29 Kane Mark 2019 01 24 US Plug In Electric Car Sales Charted December 2018 InsideEVs Retrieved 2019 01 24 See Graph Top 10 U S Plug in cars cumulative sales and U S Plug in Car Sales cumulative Loveday Steven 17 January 2020 FINAL UPDATE Quarterly Plug In EV Sales Scorecard InsideEVs com Retrieved 8 May 2020 See Chart 2019 Monthly Q4 Sales Chart Annual Cumulative sales in the U S totaled 329 528 units in 2019 and the top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158 925 units the Toyota Prius Prime with 23 630 The Tesla Model X with 19 225 the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16 418 and the Tesla Model S with 14 100 units a b c Kane Mark 2020 01 11 The Top 10 Plug In Electric Cars In U S 2019 Edition InsideEVs com Retrieved 2020 05 19 At the end of 2019 the all time top selling plug in cars in the U S were the Tesla Model 3 with 300 471 units Tesla Model S with 157 992 Chevrolet Volt with 157 054 units Nissan Leaf with 141 907 and the Toyota Prius PHV with 109 003 by September 2019 Nissan LEAF sales surpass 100 000 in Japan Press release Yokohama Nissan 2018 04 20 Retrieved 2018 12 02 a b c International Energy Agency IEA 2021 04 29 IEA Global EV Data Explorer International Energy Agency IEA Retrieved 2022 01 22 Select Historical EV stock and EV stock share Transport mode Cars and Vans Region Japan Kane Mark 2016 04 02 Plug In Electric Car Sales Visualized From 2011 to 2015 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2016 06 19 Jose Pontes 2018 02 02 Japan December 2017 EV Sales Retrieved 2018 02 17 About 56 000 plug in electric cars were sold in Japan in 2017 a b Pontes Jose 2019 01 29 Japan December 2018 EVSales com Retrieved 2019 02 01 A total of 52 013 plug in cars were sold in Japan in 2018 with a market share of 1 0 The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug in model with 25 722 units followed by the Prius PHEV with 12 401 units Shirouzu Norihiko Lienert Paul 2015 10 28 Auto power play Japan s hydrogen car vs China s battery drive Reuters Retrieved 2016 06 19 Deign Jason 2015 02 10 Japan Makes a Big Bet on the Hydrogen Economy Green Tech Media Retrieved 2016 06 19 Jose Pontes 2021 02 02 Global Top 20 December 2020 EVSales com Retrieved 2021 02 03 Global sales totaled 3 124 793 plug in passenger cars in 2020 with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69 31 and a global market share of 4 The world s top selling plug in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365 240 units delivered and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug in passenger cars in 2019 with 499 535 units followed by VW with 220 220 C J Moore 2021 02 14 Tesla s commanding lead in U S EVs illustrated by registration report Automotive News Retrieved 2021 02 14 According to Experian in 2020 the top U S EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 with 95 135 units Gauthier Michael 2020 02 19 European Car Sales Climbed To 15 7 Million Units Last Year Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion Carscoops Retrieved 2020 05 16 Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94 495 units in 2019 Europe 23 and topped sales in the region in the EV segment Attwood James 2021 01 27 Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe s best selling EV AutoCar UK Retrieved 2021 02 14 According to Jato Dynamics the best selling plug in electric models across 23 European markets in 2020 including the European Union member states the UK Norway and Switzerland were the Renault Zoe 99 261 Tesla Model 3 85 713 Volkswagen ID 3 56 118 Hyundai Kona 47 796 and the VW e Golf 33 650 The Mercedes Benz A250e was the top selling plug in hybrid in 2020 with 29 427 units followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander 26 673 which led the market in 2019 Kane Mark 6 September 2021 Nissan Celebrates Sales Of 250 000 EVs In Europe InsideEVs Retrieved 7 September 2021 The cumulative number includes over 208 000 LEAFs first and second generation as well as about 42 000 Nissan e NV200 medium size vans Cumulative EV registrations by Make and Model Elbil Statistikk 2022 01 29 Retrieved 2022 01 29 Includes 20 661 used imports from neighboring countries as of 29 January 2022 update Kane Mark 2022 01 06 US Nissan LEAF Sales Improved In 2021 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2022 01 28 Kane Mark 2022 01 12 Japan Nissan LEAF Sales Cruise At Roughly 11 000 In 2021 InsideEVs com Retrieved 2022 01 28 Hongguang Mini EV sales reached 35 169 units in Sept up 75 year on year 13 October 2021 Renault Leader of EV Sales in Europe Press release Ile de France Groupe Renault 2020 12 07 Retrieved 2021 02 21 ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in Europe More than 268 000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch As of November 2020 Nissan 2020 12 03 Nissan marks 10 years of LEAF sales with over 500 000 sold worldwide Automotive World Retrieved 2020 12 11 Nissan today celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Nissan LEAF and the delivery of 500 000 LEAF vehicles since the model was first introduced More than 148 000 have been sold in the United States Jose Pontes 2021 02 04 Global Electric Vehicle Top 20 EV Sales Report CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 02 05 Global sales of the Tesla Model Y totaled 79 734 units in 2020 2020 Universal Registration Document PDF 2021 03 15 Retrieved 2021 08 31 Since it launched its electric program Renault has sold more than 370 000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 397 000 worldwide 284 800 ZOE 59 150 KANGOO Z E 11 400 FLUENCE Z E SM3 Z E 4 600 K Z E 31 100 TWIZY 770 MASTER Z E and 5 100 TWINGO Electric in 2020 See pp 28 Groupe Renault January 2021 Ventes Mensuelles Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault Monthly Sales Renault Group monthly sales statistics in French Renault com Retrieved 2022 02 05 Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants Click on the corresponding link to download the file MONTHLY SALES DEC 2021 XLSX 692 KB and open the tab Sales by Model to access sales figures for cumulative sales CYTD 2021 Global Zoe sales totaled 77 529 units inf 2021 including both passenger and LCV variants a b c d Zentrum fur Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff Forschung Baden Wurttemberg ZSW 2021 03 09 ZSW Data service renewable energies Stock of electric cars worldwide ZSW Retrieved 2022 02 06 See table Cumulated new registrations of electric cars by models Cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S totaled 308 700 and the end of 2020 Toyota Prius PHEV a total of 225 000 BAIC EC Series 205 600 BAIC EU Series 203 800 and the Tesla Model X 180 600 a b Shahan Zachary 2021 10 05 Tesla Quarterly Sales Growth From 2012 To 2021 Like Climbing Mt Everest CleanTechnica Retrieved 2022 02 06 See interactive chart broken by model Tesla Vehicle Sales Quarterly Deliveries Select the tab Model S or Model X for sales by quarter Q1 to Q3 2021 Total sales during the first three quarters of 2021 totaled 10 900 Model S and 2 285 Model X cars Jose Pontes 2021 01 21 China December 2020 EVSales com Retrieved 2022 02 07 Sales of the Chery eQ totaled 38 214 units in 2020 and sales of the BAIC EU Series 23 365 Demandt Bart 2020 Chery eQ China Sales Figures Car Sales Base Retrieved 2022 02 07 Cumulative sales between 2014 and 2019 totaled 135 973 eQs Car sales statistics from China only include domestic production and exclude imported models Nedela Andrei 2022 01 28 BMW i3 Production Reportedly Coming To An End In July InsideEVs com Retrieved 2022 01 28 The i3 has sold over 220 000 examples around the world by now BAIC EU Series China Sales Figures Car Sales Base 2022 Retrieved 2022 02 08 See table with annual sales 2015 2021 BAIC Beijing EC180 China Sales Figures Car Sales Base 2022 Retrieved 2022 02 08 See table with annual sales 2016 2021 a b Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200 000 Global Sales Milestones Press release Tokyo Mitsubishi Motors Corporation MMC 2019 04 11 Retrieved 2019 04 12 Esther de Aragon 2020 06 11 El Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV consigue llegar a la cifra record de ventas de 250 000 unidades Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV achieves record sales of 250 000 units Automotive News Europe in Spanish movilidadelectrica com Retrieved 2020 06 16 Kane Mark 2019 03 13 Outlander PHEV Is Best Selling Mitsubishi In Europe InsideEVs com Retrieved 2019 04 12 a b New MY19 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Summer 2018 PDF Press release Mitsubishi Motors 2018 Retrieved 2018 10 29 See tables in pp 3 4 a b c Toyota sells 1 52 million electrified vehicles in 2017 three years ahead of 2020 target Press release Toyota City Japan Toyota 2018 02 02 Retrieved 2018 10 29 a b c Kane Mark 2019 01 25 Top 3 Plug In Hybrid Cars In U S In 2018 Prius Prime Clarity Volt InsideEVs com Retrieved 2019 01 27 The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug in electric car in the U S with 152 144 units sold through the end of 2018 American sales totaled 20 349 units in 2017 and 18 306 in 2018 Combined sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug in hybrid totaled more than 93 000 units 46 of Toyota Motor Europe TME sales in H1 are self charging hybrid electric vehicles Press release Brussels Toyota Europe Newsroom 2018 07 11 Retrieved 2019 02 01 Toyota sold 1 693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018 a b Cobb Jeff 2017 01 09 Nissan s Quarter Millionth Leaf Means It s The Best Selling Plug in Car In History HybridCars com Retrieved 2017 01 10 As of December 2016 update the Nissan Leaf is the world s best selling plug in car in history with more than 250 000 units delivered followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158 000 sales and the Volt Ampera family of vehicles with 134 500 vehicles sold a b c Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers GM Authority January 2019 Retrieved 2019 02 01 Canadian sales totaled 4 313 units in 2017 and 4 114 in 2018 through November a b Cain Timothy October 2018 Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures Good Car Bad Car Retrieved 2018 12 01 a b c Buick Velite 5 Chinese Car Sales Data Car Sales Base 17 May 2017 Retrieved 2019 02 01 Buick Velite 5 sales in China totaled 1 629 units in 2017 and 2 688 in 2018 Cobb Jeff 2016 12 12 Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth Year Anniversary HybridCars com Retrieved 2016 12 14 Global cumulative sales of plug in electric vehicles totaled about 1 9 million units through November 2016 The Nissan Leaf is the world s leading plug in car with more than 240 000 units delivered As of November 2016 update the Tesla Model S ranks next with over 151 000 followed by the Vollt Ampera family of vehicles with 130 500 vehicles sold including over 10 000 Opel Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with about 116 500 units and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76 200 span class, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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