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Toyota Prius

January 02, 2023

"Prius" redirects here. For the video game, see Prius Online.

The Toyota Prius (/ˈpriːəs/) (Japanese: トヨタ・プリウス, Hepburn: Toyota Puriusu) is a car built by Toyota which has a hybrid drivetrain, combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. Initially offered as a four-door sedan, it has been produced only as a five-door liftback since 2003.

Toyota Prius
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
ProductionDecember 1997 – present
Model years2001–present (US)
Body and chassis
Class
Body style
Layout
Release timeline
1997XW10
1998–2002
2003XW20
2004–2008
2009XW30
2010
2011Prius V
Prius C
2012Plug-in XW30
2013–2014
2015XW50
2016Plug-in XW50
2017–2021
2022XW60
2023Plug-in XW60

In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States on the basis of smog-forming emissions.[1] The 2018 model year Prius Eco ranked as the second-most-fuel-efficient gasoline-powered car without plug-in capability available in the US that year, following the Hyundai Ioniq Blue hybrid.[2][3]

The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and was available at all four Toyota Japan dealership chains, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle.[4] It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2000.[5] Toyota sells the Prius in over 90 markets, with Japan and the United States being its largest markets.[6] Global cumulative Prius liftback sales reached the milestone 1 million vehicle mark in May 2008,[7] 2 million in September 2010,[8] and passed the 3 million mark in June 2013.[9] Cumulative sales of one million were achieved in the U.S. by early April 2011,[10] and Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011.[11] As of September 2022, the Prius ranked as the world's top selling hybrid car with 5 million units sold.[12]

In 2011, Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the Prius v, an MPV, and the Prius c, a subcompact hatchback. The production version of the Prius plug-in hybrid was released in 2012. The second generation of the plug-in variant, the Prius Prime, was released in the U.S. in November 2016.[13] The Prime achieved the highest miles per gallon equivalent (MPGe) rating in all-electric mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with an internal combustion engine.[14][15] Global sales of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015.[16] The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6.1 million units in January 2017, representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997.[17]

Etymology and terminology

Prius is a Latin word meaning "first", "original", "superior" or "to go before".[18]

In February 2011, Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses.[19][20] The company announced on 20 February that "Prii" was the most popular choice, and the new official plural designation in the US.[21]

In Latin prius is the neuter singular of the comparative form (prior, prior, prius) of an adjective with only comparative and superlative (the superlative being primus, prima, primum). As with all neuter words, the Latin plural is priora, but that brand name was used by the Lada Priora in 2007. Despite the "official" plural form used by Toyota USA, "Priuses" is widely used in English.[22]

Beginning in September 2011, Toyota USA began using the following names to differentiate the original Prius from some newer members of the Prius family: the standard Prius became the Prius Liftback, the Prius v (known as the Prius α in Japan, and Prius + in Europe), the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, and the Prius c (called Toyota Aqua in Japan).[23][24]

First generation (XW10; 1997)

Main article: Toyota Prius (XW10)
 
Toyota Prius (NHW10, first generation)

NHW10 (1997–2000)

In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later.[25] The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on 10 December 1997.[26][27] The first-generation Prius (NHW10) was available only in Japan.[28]

The first-generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid car. At its introduction in 1997, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award, and in 1998, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference Car of the Year award in Japan.

Production commenced in December 1997 at the Takaoka plant in Toyota, Aichi, ending in February 2000 after cumulative production of 37,425 vehicles.[29]

The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios.[27]

NHW11 (2000–2003)

 
Toyota Prius (NHW11, first generation)

The Prius NHW11 (sometimes referred to as "Generation II"[28]) was the first Prius sold by Toyota outside of Japan, with sales in limited numbers beginning in the year 2000 in Asia, America, Europe and Australia.[28][30] In the United States, the Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry, with a published retail price of US$19,995 (equivalent to $31,500 in 2021).[31] European sales began in September 2000.[32] The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred at the October 2001 Sydney Motor Show,[33] although sales were slow until the NHW20 (XW20) model arrived. Toyota sold about 123,000 first-generation Priuses.[9]

Production of the NHW11 model commenced in May 2000 at the Motomachi plant in Toyota, Aichi, and continued until June 2003 after 33,411 NHW11 vehicles had been produced.[34] The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two-seat Honda Insight.[35]

The NHW11 Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive.[36] Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment.[37] While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space. The Prius was offered in the US in three trim packages: Standard, Base, and Touring. The US EPA (CARB) classified the car with an air pollution score of 3 out of 10 as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV).[38] Prius owners were eligible for up to a US$2,000 federal tax deduction from their gross income.[35] Toyota executives stated that with the Prius NHW10 model, the company had been losing money on each Prius sold, and with the NHW11 it was now breaking even.[35]

Second generation (XW20; 2003)

Main article: Toyota Prius (XW20)
 
Toyota Prius (second generation)

Presented at the April 2003 New York International Auto Show, for the 2004 US model year, the NHW20 Prius was a complete redesign. It became a compact liftback, sized between the Corolla and the Camry, with redistributed mechanical and interior space significantly increasing rear-seat legroom and luggage room. The second-generation Prius is more environmentally friendly than the previous model (according to the EPA), and is 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version.[39][40] Its more aerodynamic Kammback body balances length and wind resistance, resulting in a drag coefficient of Cd=0.26.[41] The development effort, led by chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori, led to 530 patents for the vehicle.[42]

Production commenced in August 2003 at the Tsutsumi plant in Toyota, Aichi,[43] supplemented in October 2004 with the Fujimatsu plant at Kariya, Aichi.[44]

The Prius uses an all-electric A/C compressor for cooling, an industry first.[45] Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the XW10.[46] In the US, the battery pack of 2004 and later models is warrantied for 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years in states that have adopted the stricter California emissions control standards, and 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years elsewhere.[47][48] The warranty for hybrid components is 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years.[49]

It is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an "Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle" (AT-PZEV).[50]

From 2005 to 2009, the second-generation Prius had been built by FAW Toyota in the city of Changchun for the Chinese market.[51] It was reported that a total of 2,152 Priuses were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales were blamed on high price, about US$15,000 higher than the equivalent in Japan or the US, caused by high duties on imported parts.[52] In early March 2008, Toyota cut the price of Prius by up to eight percent or US$3,000 to ¥259,800 RMB (US$36,500). It was thought that the sales dropped as a result of both a lack of acceptance and increased competition. The Toyota Prius Hybrid was exported to China from 2007.[53] Toyota sold about 1,192,000-second-generation Priuses worldwide.[9]

Third generation (XW30; 2009)

Main article: Toyota Prius (XW30)
 
Toyota Prius (third generation)

Toyota debuted the new Prius (2010 US model year) at the January 2009 North American International Auto Show,[54] and sales began in Japan on 18 May 2009.[55] Toyota cut the price of the Prius from ¥2.331 million to ¥2.05 million to better compete with the Honda Insight,[56] leading some to wonder whether increased sales of the Prius might come at the expense of sales of other vehicles with higher margins. Competition from lower priced hybrids, such as the Honda Insight, also made it difficult for Toyota to capitalize on the Prius's success.[57] As of June 2013, Toyota has sold about 1,688,000 third-generation Priuses worldwide.[9]

Among the new standard features of the Prius, Toyota introduced three user-selectable driving modes: EV mode for electric-only low-speed operation, Eco mode for best fuel efficiency, and Power mode for better performance. Optional features included the solar-PV roof panels to help cool the cabin interior in summer heat, Intelligent Parking Assist, Lane Keep Assist, and Dynamic Radar Cruise Control.[58][59]

Its new body design features a reduced drag coefficient of Cd=0.25. This figure was disputed by General Motors which found the value for the model with 17-inch wheels to be around 0.30 based on tests in GM, Ford, and Chrysler wind tunnels.[60] Car & Driver measured the third-generation Prius at 0.26 in a privately arranged five-way wind-tunnel test of comparable cars.[61] An underbody rear fin helps stabilize the vehicle at higher speeds.

A new front-drive platform underpinned the car, although the wheelbase remained unchanged and overall length grew by a lone centimetre. Aluminium was employed in the hood, rear hatch, front axle and brake calipers (disc brakes were finally assigned to all four wheels).[62]

The Prius uses a range of plant-derived ecological bioplastics, using wood or grass-derived cellulose instead of petroleum. The two principal crops used are kenaf and ramie. Kenaf is a member of the hibiscus family, a relative to cotton and okra; ramie, commonly known as China grass, is a member of the nettle family and one of the strongest natural fibres, with a density and absorbency comparable to flax. Toyota said this was a timely breakthrough for plant-based eco-plastics because 2009 was the United Nations' International Year of Natural Fibres, which spotlights kenaf and ramie among others.[63]

Awards

At its introduction in 2009, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time. In December 2013, Consumer Reports named the Prius as the "Best Value", for the second year in a row.[64]

A 2019 iSeeCars study ranked the Prius as the second longest-kept vehicle among U.S. drivers.[65]

Fourth generation (XW50; 2015)

Main article: Toyota Prius (XW50)
 
Toyota Prius (fourth generation)

The fourth-generation Prius was first shown during September 2015 in Las Vegas,[66] and was released for retail customers in Japan on 9 December 2015. The launch in the North American market occurred in January 2016, and February in Europe.

In August 2013, Toyota Managing Officer Satoshi Ogiso, who was chief engineer for the Prius line, announced some of the improvements and key features of the next generation Prius.[67][68] This was the first generation of the Prius to use the Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) modular platform, which provides a lower center of gravity and increased structural rigidity. Ogiso also explained that the next-generation Prius plug-in hybrid, the Prius Prime, was developed in parallel with the standard Prius model.[69][70]

2018 facelift

 
Facelift Toyota Prius (Taiwan)

In late November 2018, for the 2019 model year, the U.S. market Prius lineup introduced an all-wheel drive model featuring Toyota's E-Four system. This has been available for the Japanese market Prius since 2015 and the hybrid versions of the RAV4 and Lexus NX.[71] Also, the Prius received a facelift with redesigned headlights and tail lights, which was released in Japan on 17 December 2018.[72]

In 2021, for the 2022 model year, Toyota released the Nightshade Edition in the US. Like other Nightshade models, it added black paint to exterior trim pieces. It was available in FWD or AWD-e powertrain and in three exterior colours.[73]

Fifth generation (XW60; 2022)

Fifth generation (XW60)
 
2023 Toyota Prius Limited (United States)
Overview
Production2022 (to commence)
Model years2023 (North America)
AssemblyJapan
Body and chassis
Layout
PlatformTNGA: GA-C[74]
RelatedToyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid/Prime (XW60)
Powertrain
Engine
Power output
  • 103 kW (138 hp; 140 PS) (1.8 L, combined system output)
  • 144–146 kW (193–196 hp; 196–199 PS) (2.0 L, combined system output)
TransmissioneCVT
Hybrid drivetrainPower-split
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,750 mm (108.3 in)
Length4,600 mm (181.1 in)
Width1,780 mm (70.1 in)
Height1,420–1,430 mm (55.9–56.3 in)

The fifth-generation Prius was unveiled on 16 November 2022,[12] with two powertrain options announced for the Japanese market. The first uses Toyota's Series Parallel Hybrid System, available in 1.8-litre (2ZR-FXE) and 2.0-litre (M20A-FXS) variants and producing up to 103 kW (138 hp; 140 PS) and 144 or 146 kW (193 or 196 hp; 196 or 199 PS) respectively. This model is also available with E-Four all-wheel drive system. The second, a plug-in hybrid, combines a 2.0-litre M20A-FXS engine, an electric motor and lithium-ion batteries to produce a combined output of 164 kW (220 hp; 223 PS).[75]

In Europe, deliveries will begin in the first quarter of 2023,[76] with only the plug-in hybrid model being available.[77]

Unlike previous generations, this generation will not be sold in Australia, New Zealand or the UK due to sluggish sales with the previous generation. It will be replaced by a shorter Corolla Hatchback Hybrid.[78]

 
Rear view

Markets

Japan

In Japan, grade levels offered for the Prius are the X, U, G, and Z;[79] with the former two are equipped with the 2ZR-FXE engine, and the latter two equipped with the M20A-FXS engine.[80]

North America

The North American market Prius is available in three grade levels: LE, XLE, and Limited. All grades are powered with the M20A-FXS engine; AWD is optional on all trims.[81]

Prius family

Prius Plug-in Hybrid

Main article: Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid
 
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (first generation)

The Prius Plug-in Hybrid (ZVW35) is based on the conventional third generation (ZVW30) with a 4.4 kWh lithium-ion battery that allows an all-electric range of 18 km (11 miles).[82] A global demonstration program involving 600 pre-production test cars began in late 2009 and took place in Japan, Europe, Canada, China, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.[83][84][85]

The production version was unveiled at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.[86] Deliveries began in Japan in late January 2012,[87] followed by a limited roll-out in the U.S. in late February.[88] Deliveries began in Europe in June 2012 and in the UK in August 2012.[89][90] During its first year in the market, global sales reached 27,181 Prius PHVs, making the Prius PHV the second top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 after the Chevrolet Volt.[91] Production of the first generation Prius Plug-in hybrid ended in June 2015.[92] As of April 2016, cumulative sales of the first generation Prius PHVs totaled 75,400 units delivered worldwide.[6][93] The United States led sales with 42,345 units delivered through September 2016,[94][95] followed by Japan with 22,100 units, and Europe with 10,600 units, both through January 2017.[17] As of December 2019, global sales of both Prius plug-in generations totaled 209,000 units since inception, making the Prius PHV the world's all-time second best selling plug-in hybrid after the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.[96]

Prius Prime

Main article: Toyota Prius Prime

The second generation of the plug-in hybrid version of the Prius, called Toyota Prius Prime in the U.S. and Prius PHV in Japan,[97] was developed in parallel with the standard fourth generation Prius model (XW50) released in December 2015.[98] The model was released to retail customers in the U.S. in November 2016,[13] followed by Japan in February 2017.[93] In the American market, unlike the first generation model, the Prius Prime will be available in all 50 states.[98][99] Cumulative global sales of both Prius plug-in generations totaled 79,300 units at the end of January 2017.[17] The U.S. is the top selling market, with 46,133 units sold since inception through January 2017, of which, 3,788 units are second generation Prius Prime cars.[94][95]

The Prime has an EPA-rated all-electric range of 25 mi (40 km), over twice the range of the first generation model, and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg‑e (25.9 kW⋅h/100 mi) in all-electric mode (EV mode), the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with an internal combustion engine.[100][14] Among all-electric cars, only the Hyundai Ioniq Electric has a higher energy efficiency, rated at 136 mpg‑e (25.3 kWh/100 mi; 15.7 kWh/100 km).[14][15]

Unlike its predecessor, the Prime runs entirely on electricity in charge-depleting mode (EV mode).[101] Toyota targeted the fuel economy in hybrid mode to be equal or better than standard fourth generation Prius liftbacks. The Prius Prime has an EPA-rated combined fuel economy in hybrid mode of 54 mpg‑US (4.4 L/100 km; 65 mpg‑imp), 55 mpg‑US (4.3 L/100 km; 66 mpg‑imp) in city driving, and 53 mpg‑US (4.4 L/100 km; 64 mpg‑imp) in highway. Only the Prius Eco has a higher EPA-rated fuel economy rating in hybrid mode.[100] The 2017 model year Prime has a different exterior design than the fourth generation Prius. The interior design is also different.[98] Up until the 2020 model year, the Prime only had four seats as Toyota couldn't meet efficiency targets when seating a fifth person.[99][102]

Prius v

Main article: Toyota Prius V
 
2012 Prius v

At the January 2011 North American International Auto Show, Toyota revealed the 2012 model year Prius v, an MPV, which is derived from the third-generation Prius and features over 50 per cent more interior cargo space than the original Prius design.

In May 2011, Toyota introduced the Prius α (alpha) in Japan, which is available in a five-seat, two-row model and a seven-seat, three-row model, the latter's third row enabled by a space-saving lithium-ion drive battery in the center console. The five-seat model uses a NiMH battery pack.[103][104] The Alpha is the basis for the five-seat Prius v launched in North America in October 2011 with a nickel-metal hydride battery pack similar to the 2010 model year Prius, and with two rows of seats to accommodate five passengers. The European and Japanese versions are offered with a lithium-ion battery, with three rows of seats with accommodations for seven passengers. However, the seven passenger seating on the Prius v is not available on North American Prius v models.[105] The European version, named Prius+ (plus), began deliveries in June 2012.[89][103] Global sales totaled 671,200 units as of January 2017.[17] Japan is the leading market with 446,400 units sold, followed by North America with 173,100 units, and Europe with 43,800, all through January 2017.[17]

US sales ended in 2017. Japanese production ended in March 2021.[106]

Prius c

Main article: Toyota Prius C
 
Prius c

Toyota unveiled the Prius c concept at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show. The Prius c has a lower list price and is smaller than the previous Prius liftback. The production version was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show as the Toyota Aqua, and was launched in Japan in December 2011.[107] The Prius c was released in the US and Canada in March 2012,[108][109] and in April 2012 in Australia and New Zealand.[110][111] The Prius c is not available in Europe, where instead, Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid since June 2012.[112] The Prius c and the Yaris Hybrid share the same powertrain.[113] The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car in Japan in 2012 after the Prius brand, as Toyota reports together sales of the conventional Prius and the Prius α.[114][115] When sales of these two Prius models are broken down, the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan, including kei cars, with the Aqua leading monthly sales since February through December 2012.[116][117] Thereafter, the Aqua has been the top selling new car in Japan for three years running, from 2013 to 2015,[118][119][120] and it is considered the most successful nameplate launch in Japan in the last 20 years.[121]

Global sales of the Aqua/Prius c passed the 500,000 mark in August 2013.[122][114][123][124] and the 1 million milestone during the first half of 2015.[125] As of January 2017, with 1,380,100 units sold worldwide, the Aqua/Prius c is the second top selling TMC hybrid after the regular Prius.[17] The top market is Japan with 1,154,500 Aquas sold, capturing 83.6% of global sales, followed by North America with 192,700 units.[17]

Sales

Overview

As of January 2017, the Prius is sold in over 90 countries and regions.[17] Worldwide cumulative sales of the Prius passed the 1 million mark in May 2008,[126] exceeded 2 million units in September 2010,[8] and reached the 3 million milestone in June 2013.[9] As of January 2017, global sales of the Prius family totaled almost 6.115 million units representing 61% of the 10 million hybrids delivered by Toyota Motor Company (TMC) worldwide, including the Lexus brand.[17] Sales of the Prius family are led by the Prius liftback with 3.985 million units, followed by the Aqua/Prius c with 1.38 million, the Prius +/v/α with, 614.7 thousand and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid with 79.3 thousand units.[17]

As of April 2011, the US accounted for almost half of Prius liftback global sales, with 1 million Priuses sold since 2000.[10] However, the Prius experienced two consecutive years of sales decreases from its peak in 2007, falling to 139,682 units in 2009[127] before rebounding to 140,928 units in 2010.[128] Sales in Japan reached 1 million Priuses in August 2011.[11] As of January 2017, sales of the Prius liftback totaled over 1.8 million units in Japan and 1.75 million in the United States, and ranked as the all-time best-selling hybrid car in both countries.[17][129]

2010

Cumulative Prius sales in Europe reach 100,000 in 2008 and 200,000 units by mid-2010, after 10 years on that market. The UK is one of the leading European markets for Prius, accounting more than 20 percent of all Priuses sold in Europe.[130] Toyota Prius became Japan's best selling vehicle in 2009 for the first time since its debut in 1997 as its sales almost tripled to 208,876 in 2009.[131] In that year it overtook the Honda Fit, which was Japan's best-selling car in 2008 excluding Kei cars.

2011

Rising oil prices caused by the Arab Spring led to increased sales of the Prius in the first quarter of 2011, but the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a production stoppage. Production restarted several days later, but output was hindered due to shortages from parts suppliers.[132] Nevertheless, during the 2011 Japanese fiscal year (1 April 2011 through 31 March 2012), the Prius family sold 310,484 units, including sales of the Prius α, launched in May 2011, and the Toyota Aqua, launched in December, allowing the Prius brand to become the best-selling vehicle in Japan for the third consecutive year.[133]

2012

Until September 2012, The Prius liftback was the top selling new car in Japan for 16 months in a row, until it was surpassed by the Toyota Aqua in October, which kept the lead through December 2012.[114][134][135] The Prius liftback, with 317,675 units sold in 2012 (including sales of the Prius α), was the best selling car in Japan during the 2012 calendar year for the fourth consecutive year. The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car with 266,567 units sold in 2012.[114][136] Nevertheless, when sales of the two Prius models are broken down, the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan in 2012, including kei cars, leading sales since February through December 2012.[137][138] The Aqua was the top selling new car in Japan in 2013,[119] and again in 2014.[118] Global Prius sales peaked in 2010 with over 500 thousand units sold, and since 2011 sales of the liftback version have declined in most markets through December 2015, and in the US and Canada since 2013.[6]

High gasoline prices in the US, approaching US$4 a gallon by March 2012, contributed to record monthly sales of the Prius family vehicles. A total of 28,711 units were sold in the United States during March 2012, becoming the one-month record for Prius sales ever. The third-generation Prius liftback accounted for 18,008 units (62.7%); the Prius v accounted for 4,937 units (17.2%); the Prius c, for 4,875 units (17.0%); and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, for 891 units (3.1%).[139][140] Another record was set during the first quarter of 2012, with Prius family sales of 60,859 units, it became the best selling quarter ever.[141] Sales of Toyota Prius family vehicles in California represented 26% of all Prius purchases in the US during 2012. With 60,688 units sold during this year, the Prius became the best selling vehicle in California, ahead of the previous leader, the Honda Civic (57,124 units) and the third ranked, the Toyota Camry (50,250 units).[142] The Prius nameplate was again in 2013 the best selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold in the state, ahead of the Honda Civic (66,982) and the Honda Accord (63,194).[143][144]

Toyota sold 223,905 Priuses among the various HEV family members in the US in 2012, representing together a market share of 51.5% of all hybrid sold in the country that year.[122] In addition, a total of 12,750 Prius PHVs were sold in 2012, allowing the plug-in hybrid to rank as the second top selling plug-in electric car in the US after the Chevrolet Volt, and surpassing the Nissan Leaf.[145] The Toyota Prius liftback, with 147,503 units sold, was the best selling hybrid in 2012, the Prius v ranked third with 40,669 units, and the Prius c was fourth with 35,733 units.[122] Toyota USA estimated that sales of its hybrids models in 2012 would represent 14% of total Toyota sales in the country.[146] Since their inception in 1999, a total of 1.5 million Prius family members have been sold in the US by mid October 2013,[147] representing a 50.1% market share of total hybrid sales in the country. Of these, 1,356,318 are conventional Prius liftbacks sold through September 2013.[122][128][148][149]

Prius family sales also set a record in Japan in March 2012. Accounting for the conventional Prius and Prius α sales, a total of 45,496 units were sold in March 2012, becoming the highest monthly sales ever for any model in Japan since 1997, and representing a market share of 9% of all new car registrations excluding kei cars. The Toyota Aqua sold 29,156 units, ranking as the third top selling car that month. Together, all Prius family vehicles sold 74,652 units, representing 15% of monthly new car sales in March 2012.[150][151] With a total of 247,230 vehicles sold during the first quarter of 2012, the Toyota Prius family became the third top selling nameplate in the world in terms of total global sales, after the Toyota Corolla (300,800 units) and the Ford Focus (277,000 units).[152][153]

Since 2012

US Prius sales have declined every year since their peak in 2012, due to more competition from other manufacturers.[154]

Liftback sales

Annual Prius liftback sales worldwide and by region (in thousands)
Calendar Year World[155] Japan[155] US[128] Europe[155] Canada[156] Other[155]
1997 0.3 0.3        
1998 17.7 17.7        
1999 15.2 15.2        
2000 19.0 12.5 5.6 0.7 0.2 0.01
2001 29.5 11.0 15.6 2.3 0.4 0.2
2002 28.1 6.7 20.1 0.8 0.2 0.2
2003 43.2 17.0 24.6 0.9 0.3 0.4
2004 125.7 59.8 54.0 8.1 1.9 1.9
2005 175.2 43.7 107.9 18.8 2.0 2.9
2006 185.6 48.6 107.0 22.8 2.0 5.3
2007 281.3 58.3 181.2 32.2 2.6 7.0
2008 285.7 73.1 158.6 41.5 4.5 7.7
2009 404.2 208.9 139.7 42.6 4.6 8.4
2010 509.4 315.4 140.9[128] 42.0 3.0 8.1
2011 368.4 197.4 128.1[122] 24.9 1.6 16.6
2012 362.8 176.9 147.5[122] 19.4 3.4 15.7
2013 315.5 145.2 145.2[157] 11.6 2.1 11.3
2014 242.0 101.9 122.8[158] 6.7 1.8 8.8
2015 203.3 73.9 113.8[159] 6.8 1.6 7.1
2016 354.5 248.0 98.8[160] 17.1[161] 2.9 3.0
2017 65.6[162] 12.2[163] 1.1
2018 49.5[164] 10.1[165]
2019 5.3[166] 2.0[167]
2020 28.8[168] 3.2[169]
2021 34.0[168]

Sales of non-liftback

The following table presents retail sales of the other vehicles of the Prius family by year since deliveries began in 2011 through December 2016.

Annual sales of other Prius family vehicles by year
between 2011 and December 2016[17][155][170]
Year Total Toyota
Prius v/α/+		 Toyota
Aqua/Prius c(2)		 Toyota
Prius PHV
2011 64,660 64,299 361  
2012 529,674 186,989 315,406 27,279
2013 493,104 153,832 317,891 21,381
2014 419,393 117,647 281,867 19,879
2015 358,992 91,913 260,572 6,507
2016 249,388 53,000 194,000 2,388
Total by model(1)[17][170] 2,116,865 668,494 1,370,937 77,434
Notes: (1) Global cumulative sales for the Prius nameplate, when the Prius liftback is included, adds up to 6.115 million units through December 2016.[171]
(2) Not available in Europe, instead, Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid which shares the same powertrain as the Prius c.[172]
A total of 302,700 Yaris Hybrids have been sold through December 2016.[17][170]

Design and technology

See also: Hybrid Synergy Drive
 
The Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive is a series-parallel full hybrid, sometimes referred to as a combined hybrid

The Prius is a power-split or series-parallel (full) hybrid, sometimes referred to as a combined hybrid, a vehicle that can be propelled by gasoline or electric power or both. Wind resistance is reduced by a drag coefficient of Cd=0.25 (0.29 for 2000 model) with a Kammback design to reduce air resistance. Lower rolling-resistance tires are used to reduce road friction. An electric water pump eliminates serpentine belts.[173] In the US and Canada, a vacuum flask is used to store hot coolant when the vehicle is powered off for reuse so as to reduce warm-up time. The Prius engine makes use of the Atkinson cycle.[174]

EV mode

When the vehicle is turned on with the "Power" button, it is ready to drive immediately with the electric motor. In the North American second generation Prius, electric pumps warm the engine by pumping previously saved hot engine coolant from a coolant thermos[175] before the internal combustion engine is started. The delay between powering the car on and starting the internal combustion engine is a few seconds.[176] The third generation Prius does not have a coolant thermos. Instead, the engine is heated by recapturing exhaust heat. A button labelled "EV" maintains Electric Vehicle mode after being powered on and under most low-load conditions at less than 25 mph (40 km/h).[177] This permits driving with low noise and no fuel consumption for journeys under 0.5 miles (0.80 km),[178][179][180][181] Longer journeys are possible as long as the speed is kept below 25 mph (40 km/h), acceleration is kept low and the battery has enough charge. The engine starts automatically when the battery starts to run low. Prior to the 2010 model, the North American model did not have the "EV" button, although one can be added to enable the "EV" mode supported internally by the Prius Hybrid Vehicle management computer.[182][183] For the North American market, the third generation can remain in EV mode until 70 km/h (43 mph) depending on throttle and road gradient.[citation needed]

Batteries

 
Battery pack from the second generation Prius

There are two batteries: the high voltage (HV) battery pack, also known as the traction battery, and a 12-volt battery known as the low voltage (LV) battery. The traction battery of the first generation Prius update (2000 onwards) was a sealed 38-module nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack with a capacity of 1.78 kWh at a voltage of 273.6 V, and weighing 53.3 kg (118 lb)[184] and is supplied by Japan's Panasonic EV Energy Co. They are normally charged between 40 and 60% of maximum capacity to prolong battery life as well as allow headroom for regenerative braking. Each battery pack uses 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) of lanthanum, and each Prius electric motor contains 1 kg (2 lb) of neodymium; production of the car is described as "the biggest user of rare earths of any object in the world."[185] The LV battery provides power to the computer and various accessories such as wiper motors, headlights etc.

The Second Generation Prius contains a 1.310 kWh battery, composed of 28 modules. Each battery module is made of six individual 1.2 V 6.5 Ah Prismatic NiMH cells in series forming a 7.2 V 6.5 Ah module with 46 Wh/kg energy density and 1.3 kW/kg output power density.[186] Each module contains an integrated charge controller and relay. These modules are connected 28 in series to form a 201.6 V 6.5 Ah battery (traction battery), also known as the energy storage system. The computer-controlled charge controller and battery management computer systems keep this battery between 38% and 82% state of charge, with a tendency to keep the average state of charge around 60%. By shallow cycling the battery, only a small portion of its net available energy storage capacity is available for use (approximately 400 Wh) by the hybrid drive system, but the shallow computer-controlled cycling dramatically improves the cycle life, thermal management control, and net long term calendar life of the battery. Active cooling of this battery is achieved by a blower motor and air ducting, while passive thermal management was accomplished through the metal case design.[citation needed]

Battery life cycle

As the Prius reached ten years of being available in the US market, in February 2011 Consumer Reports examined the lifetime and replacement cost of the Prius battery. The magazine tested a 2002 Toyota Prius with over 320,000 km (200,000 miles) on it and compared the results to the nearly identical 2001 Prius with 3,200 km (2,000 miles) tested by Consumer Reports 10 years before. The comparison showed little difference in performance when tested for fuel economy and acceleration. Overall fuel economy of the 2001 model was 40.6 miles per US gallon (5.79 L/100 km; 48.8 mpg‑imp) while the 2002 Prius with high mileage delivered 40.4 miles per US gallon (5.82 L/100 km; 48.5 mpg‑imp). The magazine concluded that the effectiveness of the battery has not degraded over the long run.[187] The cost of replacing the first generation battery varies between US$2,200 and US$2,600 from a Toyota dealer, but low-use units from salvage yards are available for around US$500.[187] One study indicates it may be worthwhile to rebuild batteries using good blades from defective used batteries.[188]

Air conditioning (HVAC)

The HVAC system uses an AC induction motor to drive a sealed-system scroll compressor, a design principle not usually used in automotive applications. Using a scroll compressor increases the efficiency of the system while driving it with an AC induction motor makes the system more flexible, so the AC can run while the engine is off. Because the oil used with the refrigerant gas also flows in the area of the high-voltage motor-windings, the fluid must be electrically insulating to avoid transmitting electric current to exposed metal parts of the system. Therefore, Toyota specifies that a polyolester (POE) oil (designated ND11)[189] is required for repairs. The system cannot be serviced with equipment normally employed for regular cars, which typically use polyalkylene glycol (PAG) oil, as the equipment would contaminate the ND11 oil with PAG oil. According to SAE J2843, the oil provided from maintenance equipment must contain less than 0.1% PAG when filling. One percent PAG oil may result in an electrical resistance drop by a factor of about 10.[190]

Environmental impact

Fuel economy and emissions

United States

Since its introduction, the Toyota Prius has been among the best fuel economy vehicles available in the United States, and for the model year 2012, the Prius family has three models among the 10 most fuel-efficient cars sold in the country as rated by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[191] After the Honda Insight first generation was discontinued in September 2006, the Prius liftback became the most fuel-efficient car sold in the American market,[191][192][193] until it was topped by the Chevrolet Volt in December 2010, as the plug-in hybrid was rated by EPA with an overall combined city/highway gasoline-electricity fuel economy of 60 mpg‑US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg‑imp).[194] According to the EPA, for the model year 2012, and when only gasoline-powered vehicles are considered (excluding all-electric cars), the Prius c ranks as the most fuel-efficient compact car, the Prius liftback as the most fuel-efficient mid-size car, and the Prius v as the most fuel-efficient mid-size station wagon.[195]

More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more than outweigh this.[196]

Economic and environmental performance comparison
among Prius family models sold in the US (model year 2001–2012)[197][198]
Vehicle Model
year		 EPA
City mileage
(mpg)		 EPA
Highway mileage
(mpg)		 Tailpipe
CO2 emissions		 EPA
Air Pollution
Score
Calif/Others(1)		 Annual
Petroleum
Use
(barrel)
Prius 1st gen (NHW11) 2001–2003 42 mpg‑US (5.6 L/100 km) 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km) 217 g/mi (135 g/km) — 8.0
Prius 2nd gen (XW20) 2004–2009 48 mpg‑US (4.9 L/100 km) 45 mpg‑US (5.2 L/100 km) 193 g/mi (120 g/km) 9/7
LEV-II SULEV		 7.2
Prius 3rd gen (XW30) 2010–2015 51 mpg‑US (4.6 L/100 km) 48 mpg‑US (4.9 L/100 km) 178 g/mi (111 g/km) 9/7
SULEV II		 6.6
Prius 4th gen (XW50) 2016–2021 54 mpg‑US (4.4 L/100 km) 50 mpg‑US (4.7 L/100 km) 170 g/mi (110 g/km) 9/7
California LEV-III SULEV30/PZEV		 6.3
Prius v (ZVW41) 2012 44 mpg‑US (5.3 L/100 km) 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km) 212 g/mi (132 g/km) 8/7
LEV-II SULEV		 7.8
Prius c (NHP10) 2012 53 mpg‑US (4.4 L/100 km) 46 mpg‑US (5.1 L/100 km) 178 g/mi (111 g/km) — 6.6
Prius Plug-in Hybrid
(ZVW35)		 2012 Gasoline equivalent
in EV mode
(blended operation)		 Hybrid mode
(combined)		 133 g/mi (83 g/km) All-electric range
(blended mode)
95 mpg‑e (36 kW⋅h/100 mi) 50 mpg‑US (4.7 L/100 km) 11 mi (18 km)
Source: US Department of Energy and US Environmental Protection Agency[197][198] All ratings correspond to EPA 5-cycle testing procedure (2008 and beyond).
Note: (1) First score is for California and Northeastern states, the second score is for the other states and D.C. Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a US classification for conventionally powered vehicles designed to produce minimal emissions of certain categories of air pollution.
Japan

The following table presents fuel economy performance and carbon emissions for all Prius family models sold in Japan since 1997. The ratings are presented for both, the older official 10-15 mode cycle test and the new JC08 test designed for Japan's new standards that went into effect in 2015, but was already being used by several car manufacturers for new cars. The Prius 2nd generation became the first car to meet Japan's new 2015 Fuel Economy Standards measured under the JC08 test.[199]

Fuel economy and CO2 emissions comparison
among Prius family models sold in the Japan (years 1997–2012)
Vehicle Production
Year		 Official
10-15 Mode Test
(km per litre)		 New
JC08 Test
(km per litre)		 Tailpipe
emissions
(grams per km CO2)
10-15 Mode Test		 Tailpipe
emissions
(grams per km CO2)
JC08 Test
Prius 1st gen (NHW10)[200] 1997–2001 28 km/L (66 mpg‑US) — — —
Prius 1st gen (NHW11)[200] 2001–2003 29 km/L (68 mpg‑US) — — —
Prius 2nd gen (XW20)[201] 2004–2009 35.5 km/L (84 mpg‑US) 29.6 km/L (70 mpg‑US) 65 78
Prius 3rd gen (XW30)[202] 2010–2012 38 km/L (89 mpg‑US) 32.6 km/L (77 mpg‑US) 61 71
Prius α (ZVW40)[203] 2011 31 km/L (73 mpg‑US) 26.2 km/L (62 mpg‑US) 75 89
Toyota Aqua (NHP10)[204] 2012 40 km/L (94 mpg‑US) 35.4 km/L (83 mpg‑US) — —
Prius Plug-in Hybrid
(ZVW35)[205]		 2012 Gasoline equivalent
in EV mode
(blended operation)		 Hybrid mode
(charge-sustaining)		 All-electric range
(blended mode)		 EV Mode
JC08 Test
(grams per km CO2)
61 km/L (140 mpg‑US) 31.6 km/L (74 mpg‑US) 26.4 km (16.4 mi) 38

Lifetime energy usage

In 2008, the British government and British media requested that Toyota release detailed figures for the energy use and CO2 emissions resulting from the building and disposal of the Prius. Toyota has not supplied the requested data to address statements that the lifetime energy usage of the Prius (including the increased environmental cost of manufacture and disposal of the nickel-metal hydride battery) is outweighed by lower lifetime fuel consumption.[206] Toyota states that lifetime CO2 saving is 43 percent.[207] As of 2010, the UK Government Car Service operated over 100 Priuses (the largest part of its fleet) and lists the Prius as having the lowest CO2 emissions among its fleet.[208]

CNW Marketing Research initially published a study[209] in which they estimated that the total lifetime energy cost of a 2005 Prius was greater than that of a Hummer H2. The study has been widely debunked: see for example, "Hummer versus Prius: 'Dust to Dust' Report Misleads the Media and Public with Bad Science".[210]

Electromagnetic field levels

 
Prius cutaway model showing forward engine connected to rear high voltage battery

The Prius uses electric motors in the hybrid propulsion systems, powered by a high voltage battery in the rear of the car. There has been some public concern over whether the levels of electromagnetic field exposure within the cabin are higher than comparable cars, and what health effects those fields may present, popularized by a 2008 The New York Times article.[211] However, Toyota[211] and several independent studies[212][213] have indicated that aside from a brief spike when accelerating, the electromagnetic fields within the Prius are no different from those of a conventional car and do not exceed the ICNIRP[214] exposure guidelines.

A 2013 study by the Mayo Clinic found that patients with implanted cardiac devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators can safely drive or ride in hybrids or plug-in electric cars without risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The research was conducted using implantable devices from the three major manufacturers and a 2012 Toyota Prius hybrid. The study used 30 participants with implanted devices and measured electric and magnetic fields in six positions inside and outside the Prius, and each position was evaluated at different speeds.[215]

Quietness

See also: Electric vehicle warning sounds

The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2007 on concerns that quiet cars like the Prius may pose a safety risk to those who rely on engine noise to sense the presence or location of moving vehicles.[216] Blind pedestrians are a primary concern, and the National Federation of the Blind advocates audio emitters on hybrid vehicles,[217] but it has been argued that increased risks may also affect sighted pedestrians or bicyclists who are accustomed to aural cues from vehicles. However, silent vehicles are already relatively common, and there is also a lack of aural cues from vehicles that have a conventional internal combustion engine where engine noise has been reduced by noise-absorbing materials in the engine bay and noise-cancelling muffler systems. In July 2007, a spokesman for Toyota said the company is aware of the issue and is studying options.[218]

In 2010, Toyota released a device for the third-generation Prius meant to alert pedestrians of its proximity.[219] Japan issued guidelines for such warning devices in January 2010 and the US approved legislation in December 2010.[220][221] Models equipped with automatically activated systems include all 2012 and later model year Prius family vehicles that have been introduced in the United States, including the standard Prius, the Prius v, the Prius c and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid.[222][223] The warning sound is activated when the car is traveling at less than 15 mph (24 km/h) and cannot be manually turned off.[224]

Marketing and culture

CO2 advertising

In the UK, the Advertising Standards Authority, an independent body charged with policing the rules of the advertising industry, ruled that a television advert for the Toyota Prius should not be broadcast again in the same form, having breached rules concerning misleading advertising. The advertisement stated that the Prius "emits up to one tonne less CO2 per year", while on-screen text included "1 tonne of CO2 less than an equivalent family vehicle with a diesel engine. Average calculated on 20,000 km a year." Points of contention were the vehicles chosen for comparison, whether "'up to' one tonne less" adequately communicated that reductions could be lower, and whether the distance used was appropriate: 20,000 km per year is around a US car's average annual driving distance, while a UK car's is 13,440 km.[225]

Political symbolism

 
Prius fleet operated by the New York City Department of Transportation

The large number of Prius-owning progressive celebrities in 2002 prompted The Washington Post to dub hybrids "Hollywood's latest politically correct status symbol".[226] Conservatives called "Prius Patriots" also drive the cars because they want to contribute to reducing US dependence on foreign oil.[227] A 2007 San Francisco Chronicle article said "Prius Progressives" were becoming an archetype, with American conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh opining that "these liberals think they're ahead of the game on these things, and they're just suckers".[228]

In July 2007 The New York Times published an article using data from CNW Marketing Research finding that 57% of Prius buyers said their main reason for buying was that "it makes a statement about me", while just 37% cited fuel economy as a prime motivator.[229] Shortly afterwards Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson coined the term "Prius politics" to describe a situation where the driver's desire to "show off" is a stronger motivator than the desire to curb greenhouse gas emissions.[230] Some conservatives promote the use of the Toyota Prius and other hybrid cars. For example, Jim Road from What Would Jesus Drive? encouraged people to drive hybrid cars because of the damage that large SUVs and faster cars can do to others.[231]

Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) chief R. James Woolsey, Jr. drives a Prius because of its low fuel consumption. Woolsey noted the volatility of the Middle East, coupled with anti-US sentiment in much of the region. Noting that the high percentage of oil drilled in the Middle East gives vast profits to Middle Eastern regimes, Woolsey believes that it is a patriotic obligation to drive more efficient vehicles. In a Motor Trend magazine article, Woolsey stated that those oil profits find their way to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda, meaning that Americans who buy inefficient vehicles would, in effect, be indirectly funding terrorism. "We're paying for both sides in this war, and that's not a good long-term strategy," said Woolsey. "I have a bumper sticker on the back of my Prius that reads, 'Bin Laden hates this car.'"[232]

DARPA driverless edition

A driverless version of the Prius was one of six cars to finish the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge.[233]

Motorsports

 
A Toyota Prius Apr GT at Sportsland SUGO

A racing version of the Prius was unveiled by Toyota in 2013. This racing Prius replaces the 1.8-litre Atkinson-cycle engine with a 3.4-litre V8 RV8KLM engine which is mid-mounted in the car (the engine was later moved to the front in 2019 due to GT300 regulation changes). The hybrid drive train of the car's production Hybrid Synergy Drive is retained but with a larger lithium ion battery.[234] The RV8KLM is in fact the same engine featured in multiple Le Mans Prototypes such as the Lola B12/60 and Rebellion R-One. The car took class pole position[235] and finished sixth at the 2012 Fuji GT 500km.[236]

Government and corporate incentives

See also: Legislation and incentives towards hybrid vehicles and Government incentives for fuel efficient vehicles in the United States
 
Ukrainian Toyota Prius in National Police service

There have been a number of governments with incentives intended to encourage hybrid car sales. In some countries, including the US and Canada, some rebate incentives have been exhausted, while other countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands have various or alternative incentives to purchasing a hybrid vehicle.

Several US companies offer employees incentives. Bank of America will reimburse US$3,000 on the purchase of new hybrid vehicles to full- and part-time associates working more than 20 hours per week.[237] Google,[238] software company Hyperion Solutions,[239] and organic food and drink producer Clif Bar & Co[237] offer employees a US$5,000 credit toward their purchase of certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius. Integrated Archive Systems, a Palo Alto IT company, offers a US$10,000 subsidy toward the purchase of hybrid vehicles to full-time employees employed more than one year.[237]

Travelers Companies, a large insurance company, offers hybrid owners a 10% discount on auto insurance in most US states.[240] The Farmers Insurance Group offers a similar discount of up to 10% in most US states.[237]

In June 2015, the Prius started use as a general purpose patrol car of the National Police of Ukraine. In return for Ukrainian emissions permits under the Kyoto Protocol, 1,568 cars were supplied by Japan.[241]

See also

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External links

 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Toyota Prius driving tricks
 
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Toyota Prius FAQ
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Prius.
  • Toyota Prius global site
  • Toyota Prius at Curlie

January 02, 2023
toyota, prius, prius, redirects, here, video, game, prius, online, japanese, トヨタ, プリウス, hepburn, toyota, puriusu, built, toyota, which, hybrid, drivetrain, combining, internal, combustion, engine, with, electric, motor, initially, offered, four, door, sedan, b. Prius redirects here For the video game see Prius Online The Toyota Prius ˈ p r iː e s Japanese トヨタ プリウス Hepburn Toyota Puriusu is a car built by Toyota which has a hybrid drivetrain combining an internal combustion engine with an electric motor Initially offered as a four door sedan it has been produced only as a five door liftback since 2003 Toyota PriusToyota Prius XW50 2016 OverviewManufacturerToyotaProductionDecember 1997 presentModel years2001 present US Body and chassisClassSubcompact car 1997 2003 Compact car 2003 present Body style4 door sedan 1997 2003 5 door liftback 2003 present LayoutFront engine front wheel driveFront engine four wheel drive E Four Release timeline1997XW101998 20022003XW202004 20082009XW3020102011Prius VPrius C2012Plug in XW302013 20142015XW502016Plug in XW502017 20212022XW602023Plug in XW60In 2007 the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA and California Air Resources Board CARB rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States on the basis of smog forming emissions 1 The 2018 model year Prius Eco ranked as the second most fuel efficient gasoline powered car without plug in capability available in the US that year following the Hyundai Ioniq Blue hybrid 2 3 The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997 and was available at all four Toyota Japan dealership chains making it the first mass produced hybrid vehicle 4 It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2000 5 Toyota sells the Prius in over 90 markets with Japan and the United States being its largest markets 6 Global cumulative Prius liftback sales reached the milestone 1 million vehicle mark in May 2008 7 2 million in September 2010 8 and passed the 3 million mark in June 2013 9 Cumulative sales of one million were achieved in the U S by early April 2011 10 and Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011 11 As of September 2022 update the Prius ranked as the world s top selling hybrid car with 5 million units sold 12 In 2011 Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the Prius v an MPV and the Prius c a subcompact hatchback The production version of the Prius plug in hybrid was released in 2012 The second generation of the plug in variant the Prius Prime was released in the U S in November 2016 13 The Prime achieved the highest miles per gallon equivalent MPGe rating in all electric mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with an internal combustion engine 14 15 Global sales of the Prius c variant passed the one million mark during the first half of 2015 16 The Prius family totaled global cumulative sales of 6 1 million units in January 2017 representing 61 of the 10 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota since 1997 17 Contents 1 Etymology and terminology 2 First generation XW10 1997 2 1 NHW10 1997 2000 2 2 NHW11 2000 2003 3 Second generation XW20 2003 4 Third generation XW30 2009 4 1 Awards 5 Fourth generation XW50 2015 5 1 2018 facelift 6 Fifth generation XW60 2022 6 1 Markets 6 1 1 Japan 6 1 2 North America 7 Prius family 7 1 Prius Plug in Hybrid 7 2 Prius Prime 7 3 Prius v 7 4 Prius c 8 Sales 8 1 Overview 8 2 Liftback sales 8 3 Sales of non liftback 9 Design and technology 9 1 EV mode 9 2 Batteries 9 3 Battery life cycle 9 4 Air conditioning HVAC 10 Environmental impact 10 1 Fuel economy and emissions 10 2 Lifetime energy usage 10 3 Electromagnetic field levels 10 4 Quietness 11 Marketing and culture 11 1 CO2 advertising 11 2 Political symbolism 11 3 DARPA driverless edition 12 Motorsports 13 Government and corporate incentives 14 See also 15 References 16 External linksEtymology and terminology EditPrius is a Latin word meaning first original superior or to go before 18 In February 2011 Toyota USA asked the US public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be with choices including Prien Prii Prium Prius or Priuses 19 20 The company announced on 20 February that Prii was the most popular choice and the new official plural designation in the US 21 In Latin prius is the neuter singular of the comparative form prior prior prius of an adjective with only comparative and superlative the superlative being primus prima primum As with all neuter words the Latin plural is priora but that brand name was used by the Lada Priora in 2007 Despite the official plural form used by Toyota USA Priuses is widely used in English 22 Beginning in September 2011 Toyota USA began using the following names to differentiate the original Prius from some newer members of the Prius family the standard Prius became the Prius Liftback the Prius v known as the Prius a in Japan and Prius in Europe the Prius Plug in Hybrid and the Prius c called Toyota Aqua in Japan 23 24 First generation XW10 1997 EditMain article Toyota Prius XW10 Toyota Prius NHW10 first generation NHW10 1997 2000 Edit In 1995 Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show with testing following a year later 25 The first Prius model NHW10 went on sale on 10 December 1997 26 27 The first generation Prius NHW10 was available only in Japan 28 The first generation Prius at its launch became the world s first mass produced gasoline electric hybrid car At its introduction in 1997 it won the Car of the Year Japan Award and in 1998 it won the Automotive Researchers and Journalists Conference Car of the Year award in Japan Production commenced in December 1997 at the Takaoka plant in Toyota Aichi ending in February 2000 after cumulative production of 37 425 vehicles 29 The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios 27 NHW11 2000 2003 Edit Toyota Prius NHW11 first generation The Prius NHW11 sometimes referred to as Generation II 28 was the first Prius sold by Toyota outside of Japan with sales in limited numbers beginning in the year 2000 in Asia America Europe and Australia 28 30 In the United States the Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry with a published retail price of US 19 995 equivalent to 31 500 in 2021 31 European sales began in September 2000 32 The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred at the October 2001 Sydney Motor Show 33 although sales were slow until the NHW20 XW20 model arrived Toyota sold about 123 000 first generation Priuses 9 Production of the NHW11 model commenced in May 2000 at the Motomachi plant in Toyota Aichi and continued until June 2003 after 33 411 NHW11 vehicles had been produced 34 The vehicle was the second mass produced hybrid on the American market after the two seat Honda Insight 35 The NHW11 Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive 36 Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment 37 While the larger Prius could seat five its battery pack restricted cargo space The Prius was offered in the US in three trim packages Standard Base and Touring The US EPA CARB classified the car with an air pollution score of 3 out of 10 as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle ULEV 38 Prius owners were eligible for up to a US 2 000 federal tax deduction from their gross income 35 Toyota executives stated that with the Prius NHW10 model the company had been losing money on each Prius sold and with the NHW11 it was now breaking even 35 Second generation XW20 2003 EditMain article Toyota Prius XW20 Toyota Prius second generation Presented at the April 2003 New York International Auto Show for the 2004 US model year the NHW20 Prius was a complete redesign It became a compact liftback sized between the Corolla and the Camry with redistributed mechanical and interior space significantly increasing rear seat legroom and luggage room The second generation Prius is more environmentally friendly than the previous model according to the EPA and is 6 inches 150 mm longer than the previous version 39 40 Its more aerodynamic Kammback body balances length and wind resistance resulting in a drag coefficient of Cd 0 26 41 The development effort led by chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori led to 530 patents for the vehicle 42 Production commenced in August 2003 at the Tsutsumi plant in Toyota Aichi 43 supplemented in October 2004 with the Fujimatsu plant at Kariya Aichi 44 The Prius uses an all electric A C compressor for cooling an industry first 45 Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the XW10 46 In the US the battery pack of 2004 and later models is warrantied for 150 000 miles 240 000 km or 10 years in states that have adopted the stricter California emissions control standards and 100 000 miles 160 000 km or 8 years elsewhere 47 48 The warranty for hybrid components is 100 000 miles 160 000 km or 8 years 49 It is classified as a SULEV Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle AT PZEV 50 From 2005 to 2009 the second generation Prius had been built by FAW Toyota in the city of Changchun for the Chinese market 51 It was reported that a total of 2 152 Priuses were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007 The relatively low sales were blamed on high price about US 15 000 higher than the equivalent in Japan or the US caused by high duties on imported parts 52 In early March 2008 Toyota cut the price of Prius by up to eight percent or US 3 000 to 259 800 RMB US 36 500 It was thought that the sales dropped as a result of both a lack of acceptance and increased competition The Toyota Prius Hybrid was exported to China from 2007 53 Toyota sold about 1 192 000 second generation Priuses worldwide 9 Third generation XW30 2009 EditMain article Toyota Prius XW30 Toyota Prius third generation Toyota debuted the new Prius 2010 US model year at the January 2009 North American International Auto Show 54 and sales began in Japan on 18 May 2009 55 Toyota cut the price of the Prius from 2 331 million to 2 05 million to better compete with the Honda Insight 56 leading some to wonder whether increased sales of the Prius might come at the expense of sales of other vehicles with higher margins Competition from lower priced hybrids such as the Honda Insight also made it difficult for Toyota to capitalize on the Prius s success 57 As of June 2013 update Toyota has sold about 1 688 000 third generation Priuses worldwide 9 Among the new standard features of the Prius Toyota introduced three user selectable driving modes EV mode for electric only low speed operation Eco mode for best fuel efficiency and Power mode for better performance Optional features included the solar PV roof panels to help cool the cabin interior in summer heat Intelligent Parking Assist Lane Keep Assist and Dynamic Radar Cruise Control 58 59 Its new body design features a reduced drag coefficient of Cd 0 25 This figure was disputed by General Motors which found the value for the model with 17 inch wheels to be around 0 30 based on tests in GM Ford and Chrysler wind tunnels 60 Car amp Driver measured the third generation Prius at 0 26 in a privately arranged five way wind tunnel test of comparable cars 61 An underbody rear fin helps stabilize the vehicle at higher speeds A new front drive platform underpinned the car although the wheelbase remained unchanged and overall length grew by a lone centimetre Aluminium was employed in the hood rear hatch front axle and brake calipers disc brakes were finally assigned to all four wheels 62 The Prius uses a range of plant derived ecological bioplastics using wood or grass derived cellulose instead of petroleum The two principal crops used are kenaf and ramie Kenaf is a member of the hibiscus family a relative to cotton and okra ramie commonly known as China grass is a member of the nettle family and one of the strongest natural fibres with a density and absorbency comparable to flax Toyota said this was a timely breakthrough for plant based eco plastics because 2009 was the United Nations International Year of Natural Fibres which spotlights kenaf and ramie among others 63 Awards Edit At its introduction in 2009 it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time In December 2013 Consumer Reports named the Prius as the Best Value for the second year in a row 64 A 2019 iSeeCars study ranked the Prius as the second longest kept vehicle among U S drivers 65 Fourth generation XW50 2015 EditMain article Toyota Prius XW50 Toyota Prius fourth generation The fourth generation Prius was first shown during September 2015 in Las Vegas 66 and was released for retail customers in Japan on 9 December 2015 The launch in the North American market occurred in January 2016 and February in Europe In August 2013 Toyota Managing Officer Satoshi Ogiso who was chief engineer for the Prius line announced some of the improvements and key features of the next generation Prius 67 68 This was the first generation of the Prius to use the Toyota New Global Architecture TNGA modular platform which provides a lower center of gravity and increased structural rigidity Ogiso also explained that the next generation Prius plug in hybrid the Prius Prime was developed in parallel with the standard Prius model 69 70 2018 facelift Edit Facelift Toyota Prius Taiwan In late November 2018 for the 2019 model year the U S market Prius lineup introduced an all wheel drive model featuring Toyota s E Four system This has been available for the Japanese market Prius since 2015 and the hybrid versions of the RAV4 and Lexus NX 71 Also the Prius received a facelift with redesigned headlights and tail lights which was released in Japan on 17 December 2018 72 In 2021 for the 2022 model year Toyota released the Nightshade Edition in the US Like other Nightshade models it added black paint to exterior trim pieces It was available in FWD or AWD e powertrain and in three exterior colours 73 Fifth generation XW60 2022 EditFifth generation XW60 2023 Toyota Prius Limited United States OverviewProduction2022 to commence Model years2023 North America AssemblyJapanBody and chassisLayoutFront engine front wheel driveFront engine four wheel drive E Four PlatformTNGA GA C 74 RelatedToyota Prius Plug in Hybrid Prime XW60 PowertrainEnginePetrol hybrid 1 8 L 2ZR FXE I4 ZVW60 65 2 0 L M20A FXS I4 MXWH60 65 Power output103 kW 138 hp 140 PS 1 8 L combined system output 144 146 kW 193 196 hp 196 199 PS 2 0 L combined system output TransmissioneCVTHybrid drivetrainPower splitDimensionsWheelbase2 750 mm 108 3 in Length4 600 mm 181 1 in Width1 780 mm 70 1 in Height1 420 1 430 mm 55 9 56 3 in The fifth generation Prius was unveiled on 16 November 2022 12 with two powertrain options announced for the Japanese market The first uses Toyota s Series Parallel Hybrid System available in 1 8 litre 2ZR FXE and 2 0 litre M20A FXS variants and producing up to 103 kW 138 hp 140 PS and 144 or 146 kW 193 or 196 hp 196 or 199 PS respectively This model is also available with E Four all wheel drive system The second a plug in hybrid combines a 2 0 litre M20A FXS engine an electric motor and lithium ion batteries to produce a combined output of 164 kW 220 hp 223 PS 75 In Europe deliveries will begin in the first quarter of 2023 76 with only the plug in hybrid model being available 77 Unlike previous generations this generation will not be sold in Australia New Zealand or the UK due to sluggish sales with the previous generation It will be replaced by a shorter Corolla Hatchback Hybrid 78 Rear view Markets Edit Japan Edit In Japan grade levels offered for the Prius are the X U G and Z 79 with the former two are equipped with the 2ZR FXE engine and the latter two equipped with the M20A FXS engine 80 North America Edit The North American market Prius is available in three grade levels LE XLE and Limited All grades are powered with the M20A FXS engine AWD is optional on all trims 81 Prius family EditPrius Plug in Hybrid Edit Main article Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid first generation The Prius Plug in Hybrid ZVW35 is based on the conventional third generation ZVW30 with a 4 4 kWh lithium ion battery that allows an all electric range of 18 km 11 miles 82 A global demonstration program involving 600 pre production test cars began in late 2009 and took place in Japan Europe Canada China Australia New Zealand and the United States 83 84 85 The production version was unveiled at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show 86 Deliveries began in Japan in late January 2012 87 followed by a limited roll out in the U S in late February 88 Deliveries began in Europe in June 2012 and in the UK in August 2012 89 90 During its first year in the market global sales reached 27 181 Prius PHVs making the Prius PHV the second top selling plug in electric car in 2012 after the Chevrolet Volt 91 Production of the first generation Prius Plug in hybrid ended in June 2015 92 As of April 2016 update cumulative sales of the first generation Prius PHVs totaled 75 400 units delivered worldwide 6 93 The United States led sales with 42 345 units delivered through September 2016 94 95 followed by Japan with 22 100 units and Europe with 10 600 units both through January 2017 17 As of December 2019 update global sales of both Prius plug in generations totaled 209 000 units since inception making the Prius PHV the world s all time second best selling plug in hybrid after the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 96 Prius Prime Edit Main article Toyota Prius Prime Toyota Prius Prime The second generation of the plug in hybrid version of the Prius called Toyota Prius Prime in the U S and Prius PHV in Japan 97 was developed in parallel with the standard fourth generation Prius model XW50 released in December 2015 98 The model was released to retail customers in the U S in November 2016 13 followed by Japan in February 2017 93 In the American market unlike the first generation model the Prius Prime will be available in all 50 states 98 99 Cumulative global sales of both Prius plug in generations totaled 79 300 units at the end of January 2017 17 The U S is the top selling market with 46 133 units sold since inception through January 2017 of which 3 788 units are second generation Prius Prime cars 94 95 The Prime has an EPA rated all electric range of 25 mi 40 km over twice the range of the first generation model and an EPA rated fuel economy of 133 mpg e 25 9 kW h 100 mi in all electric mode EV mode the highest MPGe rating in EV mode of any vehicle rated by EPA with an internal combustion engine 100 14 Among all electric cars only the Hyundai Ioniq Electric has a higher energy efficiency rated at 136 mpg e 25 3 kWh 100 mi 15 7 kWh 100 km 14 15 Unlike its predecessor the Prime runs entirely on electricity in charge depleting mode EV mode 101 Toyota targeted the fuel economy in hybrid mode to be equal or better than standard fourth generation Prius liftbacks The Prius Prime has an EPA rated combined fuel economy in hybrid mode of 54 mpg US 4 4 L 100 km 65 mpg imp 55 mpg US 4 3 L 100 km 66 mpg imp in city driving and 53 mpg US 4 4 L 100 km 64 mpg imp in highway Only the Prius Eco has a higher EPA rated fuel economy rating in hybrid mode 100 The 2017 model year Prime has a different exterior design than the fourth generation Prius The interior design is also different 98 Up until the 2020 model year the Prime only had four seats as Toyota couldn t meet efficiency targets when seating a fifth person 99 102 Prius v Edit Main article Toyota Prius V 2012 Prius v At the January 2011 North American International Auto Show Toyota revealed the 2012 model year Prius v an MPV which is derived from the third generation Prius and features over 50 per cent more interior cargo space than the original Prius design In May 2011 Toyota introduced the Prius a alpha in Japan which is available in a five seat two row model and a seven seat three row model the latter s third row enabled by a space saving lithium ion drive battery in the center console The five seat model uses a NiMH battery pack 103 104 The Alpha is the basis for the five seat Prius v launched in North America in October 2011 with a nickel metal hydride battery pack similar to the 2010 model year Prius and with two rows of seats to accommodate five passengers The European and Japanese versions are offered with a lithium ion battery with three rows of seats with accommodations for seven passengers However the seven passenger seating on the Prius v is not available on North American Prius v models 105 The European version named Prius plus began deliveries in June 2012 89 103 Global sales totaled 671 200 units as of January 2017 update 17 Japan is the leading market with 446 400 units sold followed by North America with 173 100 units and Europe with 43 800 all through January 2017 17 US sales ended in 2017 Japanese production ended in March 2021 106 Prius c Edit Main article Toyota Prius C Prius c Toyota unveiled the Prius c concept at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show The Prius c has a lower list price and is smaller than the previous Prius liftback The production version was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show as the Toyota Aqua and was launched in Japan in December 2011 107 The Prius c was released in the US and Canada in March 2012 108 109 and in April 2012 in Australia and New Zealand 110 111 The Prius c is not available in Europe where instead Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid since June 2012 112 The Prius c and the Yaris Hybrid share the same powertrain 113 The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car in Japan in 2012 after the Prius brand as Toyota reports together sales of the conventional Prius and the Prius a 114 115 When sales of these two Prius models are broken down the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan including kei cars with the Aqua leading monthly sales since February through December 2012 116 117 Thereafter the Aqua has been the top selling new car in Japan for three years running from 2013 to 2015 118 119 120 and it is considered the most successful nameplate launch in Japan in the last 20 years 121 Global sales of the Aqua Prius c passed the 500 000 mark in August 2013 122 114 123 124 and the 1 million milestone during the first half of 2015 125 As of January 2017 update with 1 380 100 units sold worldwide the Aqua Prius c is the second top selling TMC hybrid after the regular Prius 17 The top market is Japan with 1 154 500 Aquas sold capturing 83 6 of global sales followed by North America with 192 700 units 17 Sales EditOverview Edit As of January 2017 update the Prius is sold in over 90 countries and regions 17 Worldwide cumulative sales of the Prius passed the 1 million mark in May 2008 126 exceeded 2 million units in September 2010 8 and reached the 3 million milestone in June 2013 9 As of January 2017 update global sales of the Prius family totaled almost 6 115 million units representing 61 of the 10 million hybrids delivered by Toyota Motor Company TMC worldwide including the Lexus brand 17 Sales of the Prius family are led by the Prius liftback with 3 985 million units followed by the Aqua Prius c with 1 38 million the Prius v a with 614 7 thousand and the Prius Plug in Hybrid with 79 3 thousand units 17 As of April 2011 update the US accounted for almost half of Prius liftback global sales with 1 million Priuses sold since 2000 10 However the Prius experienced two consecutive years of sales decreases from its peak in 2007 falling to 139 682 units in 2009 127 before rebounding to 140 928 units in 2010 128 Sales in Japan reached 1 million Priuses in August 2011 11 As of January 2017 update sales of the Prius liftback totaled over 1 8 million units in Japan and 1 75 million in the United States and ranked as the all time best selling hybrid car in both countries 17 129 2010Cumulative Prius sales in Europe reach 100 000 in 2008 and 200 000 units by mid 2010 after 10 years on that market The UK is one of the leading European markets for Prius accounting more than 20 percent of all Priuses sold in Europe 130 Toyota Prius became Japan s best selling vehicle in 2009 for the first time since its debut in 1997 as its sales almost tripled to 208 876 in 2009 131 In that year it overtook the Honda Fit which was Japan s best selling car in 2008 excluding Kei cars 2011Rising oil prices caused by the Arab Spring led to increased sales of the Prius in the first quarter of 2011 but the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a production stoppage Production restarted several days later but output was hindered due to shortages from parts suppliers 132 Nevertheless during the 2011 Japanese fiscal year 1 April 2011 through 31 March 2012 the Prius family sold 310 484 units including sales of the Prius a launched in May 2011 and the Toyota Aqua launched in December allowing the Prius brand to become the best selling vehicle in Japan for the third consecutive year 133 2012Until September 2012 The Prius liftback was the top selling new car in Japan for 16 months in a row until it was surpassed by the Toyota Aqua in October which kept the lead through December 2012 114 134 135 The Prius liftback with 317 675 units sold in 2012 including sales of the Prius a was the best selling car in Japan during the 2012 calendar year for the fourth consecutive year The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car with 266 567 units sold in 2012 114 136 Nevertheless when sales of the two Prius models are broken down the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan in 2012 including kei cars leading sales since February through December 2012 137 138 The Aqua was the top selling new car in Japan in 2013 119 and again in 2014 118 Global Prius sales peaked in 2010 with over 500 thousand units sold and since 2011 sales of the liftback version have declined in most markets through December 2015 and in the US and Canada since 2013 6 High gasoline prices in the US approaching US 4 a gallon by March 2012 contributed to record monthly sales of the Prius family vehicles A total of 28 711 units were sold in the United States during March 2012 becoming the one month record for Prius sales ever The third generation Prius liftback accounted for 18 008 units 62 7 the Prius v accounted for 4 937 units 17 2 the Prius c for 4 875 units 17 0 and the Prius Plug in Hybrid for 891 units 3 1 139 140 Another record was set during the first quarter of 2012 with Prius family sales of 60 859 units it became the best selling quarter ever 141 Sales of Toyota Prius family vehicles in California represented 26 of all Prius purchases in the US during 2012 With 60 688 units sold during this year the Prius became the best selling vehicle in California ahead of the previous leader the Honda Civic 57 124 units and the third ranked the Toyota Camry 50 250 units 142 The Prius nameplate was again in 2013 the best selling vehicle in California with 69 728 units sold in the state ahead of the Honda Civic 66 982 and the Honda Accord 63 194 143 144 Toyota sold 223 905 Priuses among the various HEV family members in the US in 2012 representing together a market share of 51 5 of all hybrid sold in the country that year 122 In addition a total of 12 750 Prius PHVs were sold in 2012 allowing the plug in hybrid to rank as the second top selling plug in electric car in the US after the Chevrolet Volt and surpassing the Nissan Leaf 145 The Toyota Prius liftback with 147 503 units sold was the best selling hybrid in 2012 the Prius v ranked third with 40 669 units and the Prius c was fourth with 35 733 units 122 Toyota USA estimated that sales of its hybrids models in 2012 would represent 14 of total Toyota sales in the country 146 Since their inception in 1999 a total of 1 5 million Prius family members have been sold in the US by mid October 2013 147 representing a 50 1 market share of total hybrid sales in the country Of these 1 356 318 are conventional Prius liftbacks sold through September 2013 122 128 148 149 Prius family sales also set a record in Japan in March 2012 Accounting for the conventional Prius and Prius a sales a total of 45 496 units were sold in March 2012 becoming the highest monthly sales ever for any model in Japan since 1997 and representing a market share of 9 of all new car registrations excluding kei cars The Toyota Aqua sold 29 156 units ranking as the third top selling car that month Together all Prius family vehicles sold 74 652 units representing 15 of monthly new car sales in March 2012 150 151 With a total of 247 230 vehicles sold during the first quarter of 2012 the Toyota Prius family became the third top selling nameplate in the world in terms of total global sales after the Toyota Corolla 300 800 units and the Ford Focus 277 000 units 152 153 Since 2012US Prius sales have declined every year since their peak in 2012 due to more competition from other manufacturers 154 Liftback sales Edit Annual Prius liftback sales worldwide and by region in thousands Calendar Year World 155 Japan 155 US 128 Europe 155 Canada 156 Other 155 1997 0 3 0 3 1998 17 7 17 7 1999 15 2 15 2 2000 19 0 12 5 5 6 0 7 0 2 0 012001 29 5 11 0 15 6 2 3 0 4 0 22002 28 1 6 7 20 1 0 8 0 2 0 22003 43 2 17 0 24 6 0 9 0 3 0 42004 125 7 59 8 54 0 8 1 1 9 1 92005 175 2 43 7 107 9 18 8 2 0 2 92006 185 6 48 6 107 0 22 8 2 0 5 32007 281 3 58 3 181 2 32 2 2 6 7 02008 285 7 73 1 158 6 41 5 4 5 7 72009 404 2 208 9 139 7 42 6 4 6 8 42010 509 4 315 4 140 9 128 42 0 3 0 8 12011 368 4 197 4 128 1 122 24 9 1 6 16 62012 362 8 176 9 147 5 122 19 4 3 4 15 72013 315 5 145 2 145 2 157 11 6 2 1 11 32014 242 0 101 9 122 8 158 6 7 1 8 8 82015 203 3 73 9 113 8 159 6 8 1 6 7 12016 354 5 248 0 98 8 160 17 1 161 2 9 3 02017 65 6 162 12 2 163 1 12018 49 5 164 10 1 165 2019 5 3 166 2 0 167 2020 28 8 168 3 2 169 2021 34 0 168 Sales of non liftback Edit The following table presents retail sales of the other vehicles of the Prius family by year since deliveries began in 2011 through December 2016 Annual sales of other Prius family vehicles by year between 2011 and December 2016 17 155 170 Year Total ToyotaPrius v a ToyotaAqua Prius c 2 ToyotaPrius PHV2011 64 660 64 299 361 2012 529 674 186 989 315 406 27 2792013 493 104 153 832 317 891 21 3812014 419 393 117 647 281 867 19 8792015 358 992 91 913 260 572 6 5072016 249 388 53 000 194 000 2 388Total by model 1 17 170 2 116 865 668 494 1 370 937 77 434Notes 1 Global cumulative sales for the Prius nameplate when the Prius liftback is included adds up to 6 115 million units through December 2016 171 2 Not available in Europe instead Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid which shares the same powertrain as the Prius c 172 A total of 302 700 Yaris Hybrids have been sold through December 2016 17 170 Design and technology EditSee also Hybrid Synergy Drive The Toyota Prius Hybrid Synergy Drive is a series parallel full hybrid sometimes referred to as a combined hybrid The Prius is a power split or series parallel full hybrid sometimes referred to as a combined hybrid a vehicle that can be propelled by gasoline or electric power or both Wind resistance is reduced by a drag coefficient of Cd 0 25 0 29 for 2000 model with a Kammback design to reduce air resistance Lower rolling resistance tires are used to reduce road friction An electric water pump eliminates serpentine belts 173 In the US and Canada a vacuum flask is used to store hot coolant when the vehicle is powered off for reuse so as to reduce warm up time The Prius engine makes use of the Atkinson cycle 174 EV mode Edit When the vehicle is turned on with the Power button it is ready to drive immediately with the electric motor In the North American second generation Prius electric pumps warm the engine by pumping previously saved hot engine coolant from a coolant thermos 175 before the internal combustion engine is started The delay between powering the car on and starting the internal combustion engine is a few seconds 176 The third generation Prius does not have a coolant thermos Instead the engine is heated by recapturing exhaust heat A button labelled EV maintains Electric Vehicle mode after being powered on and under most low load conditions at less than 25 mph 40 km h 177 This permits driving with low noise and no fuel consumption for journeys under 0 5 miles 0 80 km 178 179 180 181 Longer journeys are possible as long as the speed is kept below 25 mph 40 km h acceleration is kept low and the battery has enough charge The engine starts automatically when the battery starts to run low Prior to the 2010 model the North American model did not have the EV button although one can be added to enable the EV mode supported internally by the Prius Hybrid Vehicle management computer 182 183 For the North American market the third generation can remain in EV mode until 70 km h 43 mph depending on throttle and road gradient citation needed Batteries Edit Battery pack from the second generation Prius There are two batteries the high voltage HV battery pack also known as the traction battery and a 12 volt battery known as the low voltage LV battery The traction battery of the first generation Prius update 2000 onwards was a sealed 38 module nickel metal hydride NiMH battery pack with a capacity of 1 78 kWh at a voltage of 273 6 V and weighing 53 3 kg 118 lb 184 and is supplied by Japan s Panasonic EV Energy Co They are normally charged between 40 and 60 of maximum capacity to prolong battery life as well as allow headroom for regenerative braking Each battery pack uses 10 15 kg 22 33 lb of lanthanum and each Prius electric motor contains 1 kg 2 lb of neodymium production of the car is described as the biggest user of rare earths of any object in the world 185 The LV battery provides power to the computer and various accessories such as wiper motors headlights etc The Second Generation Prius contains a 1 310 kWh battery composed of 28 modules Each battery module is made of six individual 1 2 V 6 5 Ah Prismatic NiMH cells in series forming a 7 2 V 6 5 Ah module with 46 Wh kg energy density and 1 3 kW kg output power density 186 Each module contains an integrated charge controller and relay These modules are connected 28 in series to form a 201 6 V 6 5 Ah battery traction battery also known as the energy storage system The computer controlled charge controller and battery management computer systems keep this battery between 38 and 82 state of charge with a tendency to keep the average state of charge around 60 By shallow cycling the battery only a small portion of its net available energy storage capacity is available for use approximately 400 Wh by the hybrid drive system but the shallow computer controlled cycling dramatically improves the cycle life thermal management control and net long term calendar life of the battery Active cooling of this battery is achieved by a blower motor and air ducting while passive thermal management was accomplished through the metal case design citation needed Battery life cycle Edit As the Prius reached ten years of being available in the US market in February 2011 Consumer Reports examined the lifetime and replacement cost of the Prius battery The magazine tested a 2002 Toyota Prius with over 320 000 km 200 000 miles on it and compared the results to the nearly identical 2001 Prius with 3 200 km 2 000 miles tested by Consumer Reports 10 years before The comparison showed little difference in performance when tested for fuel economy and acceleration Overall fuel economy of the 2001 model was 40 6 miles per US gallon 5 79 L 100 km 48 8 mpg imp while the 2002 Prius with high mileage delivered 40 4 miles per US gallon 5 82 L 100 km 48 5 mpg imp The magazine concluded that the effectiveness of the battery has not degraded over the long run 187 The cost of replacing the first generation battery varies between US 2 200 and US 2 600 from a Toyota dealer but low use units from salvage yards are available for around US 500 187 One study indicates it may be worthwhile to rebuild batteries using good blades from defective used batteries 188 Air conditioning HVAC Edit The HVAC system uses an AC induction motor to drive a sealed system scroll compressor a design principle not usually used in automotive applications Using a scroll compressor increases the efficiency of the system while driving it with an AC induction motor makes the system more flexible so the AC can run while the engine is off Because the oil used with the refrigerant gas also flows in the area of the high voltage motor windings the fluid must be electrically insulating to avoid transmitting electric current to exposed metal parts of the system Therefore Toyota specifies that a polyolester POE oil designated ND11 189 is required for repairs The system cannot be serviced with equipment normally employed for regular cars which typically use polyalkylene glycol PAG oil as the equipment would contaminate the ND11 oil with PAG oil According to SAE J2843 the oil provided from maintenance equipment must contain less than 0 1 PAG when filling One percent PAG oil may result in an electrical resistance drop by a factor of about 10 190 Environmental impact EditFuel economy and emissions Edit United StatesSince its introduction the Toyota Prius has been among the best fuel economy vehicles available in the United States and for the model year 2012 the Prius family has three models among the 10 most fuel efficient cars sold in the country as rated by US Environmental Protection Agency EPA 191 After the Honda Insight first generation was discontinued in September 2006 the Prius liftback became the most fuel efficient car sold in the American market 191 192 193 until it was topped by the Chevrolet Volt in December 2010 as the plug in hybrid was rated by EPA with an overall combined city highway gasoline electricity fuel economy of 60 mpg US 3 9 L 100 km 72 mpg imp 194 According to the EPA for the model year 2012 and when only gasoline powered vehicles are considered excluding all electric cars the Prius c ranks as the most fuel efficient compact car the Prius liftback as the most fuel efficient mid size car and the Prius v as the most fuel efficient mid size station wagon 195 More fossil fuel is needed to build hybrid vehicles than conventional cars but reduced emissions when running the vehicle more than outweigh this 196 Economic and environmental performance comparison among Prius family models sold in the US model year 2001 2012 197 198 Vehicle Modelyear EPA City mileage mpg EPA Highway mileage mpg TailpipeCO2 emissions EPAAir PollutionScoreCalif Others 1 AnnualPetroleum Use barrel Prius 1st gen NHW11 2001 2003 42 mpg US 5 6 L 100 km 41 mpg US 5 7 L 100 km 217 g mi 135 g km 8 0Prius 2nd gen XW20 2004 2009 48 mpg US 4 9 L 100 km 45 mpg US 5 2 L 100 km 193 g mi 120 g km 9 7 LEV II SULEV 7 2Prius 3rd gen XW30 2010 2015 51 mpg US 4 6 L 100 km 48 mpg US 4 9 L 100 km 178 g mi 111 g km 9 7SULEV II 6 6Prius 4th gen XW50 2016 2021 54 mpg US 4 4 L 100 km 50 mpg US 4 7 L 100 km 170 g mi 110 g km 9 7California LEV III SULEV30 PZEV 6 3Prius v ZVW41 2012 44 mpg US 5 3 L 100 km 40 mpg US 5 9 L 100 km 212 g mi 132 g km 8 7 LEV II SULEV 7 8Prius c NHP10 2012 53 mpg US 4 4 L 100 km 46 mpg US 5 1 L 100 km 178 g mi 111 g km 6 6Prius Plug in Hybrid ZVW35 2012 Gasoline equivalentin EV mode blended operation Hybrid mode combined 133 g mi 83 g km All electric range blended mode 95 mpg e 36 kW h 100 mi 50 mpg US 4 7 L 100 km 11 mi 18 km Source US Department of Energy and US Environmental Protection Agency 197 198 All ratings correspond to EPA 5 cycle testing procedure 2008 and beyond Note 1 First score is for California and Northeastern states the second score is for the other states and D C Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle SULEV is a US classification for conventionally powered vehicles designed to produce minimal emissions of certain categories of air pollution JapanThe following table presents fuel economy performance and carbon emissions for all Prius family models sold in Japan since 1997 The ratings are presented for both the older official 10 15 mode cycle test and the new JC08 test designed for Japan s new standards that went into effect in 2015 but was already being used by several car manufacturers for new cars The Prius 2nd generation became the first car to meet Japan s new 2015 Fuel Economy Standards measured under the JC08 test 199 Fuel economy and CO2 emissions comparison among Prius family models sold in the Japan years 1997 2012 Vehicle ProductionYear Official10 15 Mode Test km per litre New JC08 Test km per litre Tailpipeemissions grams per km CO2 10 15 Mode Test Tailpipeemissions grams per km CO2 JC08 TestPrius 1st gen NHW10 200 1997 2001 28 km L 66 mpg US Prius 1st gen NHW11 200 2001 2003 29 km L 68 mpg US Prius 2nd gen XW20 201 2004 2009 35 5 km L 84 mpg US 29 6 km L 70 mpg US 65 78Prius 3rd gen XW30 202 2010 2012 38 km L 89 mpg US 32 6 km L 77 mpg US 61 71Prius a ZVW40 203 2011 31 km L 73 mpg US 26 2 km L 62 mpg US 75 89Toyota Aqua NHP10 204 2012 40 km L 94 mpg US 35 4 km L 83 mpg US Prius Plug in Hybrid ZVW35 205 2012 Gasoline equivalent in EV mode blended operation Hybrid mode charge sustaining All electric range blended mode EV Mode JC08 Test grams per km CO2 61 km L 140 mpg US 31 6 km L 74 mpg US 26 4 km 16 4 mi 38Lifetime energy usage Edit In 2008 the British government and British media requested that Toyota release detailed figures for the energy use and CO2 emissions resulting from the building and disposal of the Prius Toyota has not supplied the requested data to address statements that the lifetime energy usage of the Prius including the increased environmental cost of manufacture and disposal of the nickel metal hydride battery is outweighed by lower lifetime fuel consumption 206 Toyota states that lifetime CO2 saving is 43 percent 207 As of 2010 update the UK Government Car Service operated over 100 Priuses the largest part of its fleet and lists the Prius as having the lowest CO2 emissions among its fleet 208 CNW Marketing Research initially published a study 209 in which they estimated that the total lifetime energy cost of a 2005 Prius was greater than that of a Hummer H2 The study has been widely debunked see for example Hummer versus Prius Dust to Dust Report Misleads the Media and Public with Bad Science 210 Electromagnetic field levels Edit Prius cutaway model showing forward engine connected to rear high voltage battery The Prius uses electric motors in the hybrid propulsion systems powered by a high voltage battery in the rear of the car There has been some public concern over whether the levels of electromagnetic field exposure within the cabin are higher than comparable cars and what health effects those fields may present popularized by a 2008 The New York Times article 211 However Toyota 211 and several independent studies 212 213 have indicated that aside from a brief spike when accelerating the electromagnetic fields within the Prius are no different from those of a conventional car and do not exceed the ICNIRP 214 exposure guidelines A 2013 study by the Mayo Clinic found that patients with implanted cardiac devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators can safely drive or ride in hybrids or plug in electric cars without risk of electromagnetic interference EMI The research was conducted using implantable devices from the three major manufacturers and a 2012 Toyota Prius hybrid The study used 30 participants with implanted devices and measured electric and magnetic fields in six positions inside and outside the Prius and each position was evaluated at different speeds 215 Quietness Edit See also Electric vehicle warning sounds The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2007 on concerns that quiet cars like the Prius may pose a safety risk to those who rely on engine noise to sense the presence or location of moving vehicles 216 Blind pedestrians are a primary concern and the National Federation of the Blind advocates audio emitters on hybrid vehicles 217 but it has been argued that increased risks may also affect sighted pedestrians or bicyclists who are accustomed to aural cues from vehicles However silent vehicles are already relatively common and there is also a lack of aural cues from vehicles that have a conventional internal combustion engine where engine noise has been reduced by noise absorbing materials in the engine bay and noise cancelling muffler systems In July 2007 a spokesman for Toyota said the company is aware of the issue and is studying options 218 In 2010 Toyota released a device for the third generation Prius meant to alert pedestrians of its proximity 219 Japan issued guidelines for such warning devices in January 2010 and the US approved legislation in December 2010 220 221 Models equipped with automatically activated systems include all 2012 and later model year Prius family vehicles that have been introduced in the United States including the standard Prius the Prius v the Prius c and the Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid 222 223 The warning sound is activated when the car is traveling at less than 15 mph 24 km h and cannot be manually turned off 224 Marketing and culture EditCO2 advertising Edit In the UK the Advertising Standards Authority an independent body charged with policing the rules of the advertising industry ruled that a television advert for the Toyota Prius should not be broadcast again in the same form having breached rules concerning misleading advertising The advertisement stated that the Prius emits up to one tonne less CO2 per year while on screen text included 1 tonne of CO2 less than an equivalent family vehicle with a diesel engine Average calculated on 20 000 km a year Points of contention were the vehicles chosen for comparison whether up to one tonne less adequately communicated that reductions could be lower and whether the distance used was appropriate 20 000 km per year is around a US car s average annual driving distance while a UK car s is 13 440 km 225 Political symbolism Edit Prius fleet operated by the New York City Department of Transportation The large number of Prius owning progressive celebrities in 2002 prompted The Washington Post to dub hybrids Hollywood s latest politically correct status symbol 226 Conservatives called Prius Patriots also drive the cars because they want to contribute to reducing US dependence on foreign oil 227 A 2007 San Francisco Chronicle article said Prius Progressives were becoming an archetype with American conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh opining that these liberals think they re ahead of the game on these things and they re just suckers 228 In July 2007 The New York Times published an article using data from CNW Marketing Research finding that 57 of Prius buyers said their main reason for buying was that it makes a statement about me while just 37 cited fuel economy as a prime motivator 229 Shortly afterwards Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson coined the term Prius politics to describe a situation where the driver s desire to show off is a stronger motivator than the desire to curb greenhouse gas emissions 230 Some conservatives promote the use of the Toyota Prius and other hybrid cars For example Jim Road from What Would Jesus Drive encouraged people to drive hybrid cars because of the damage that large SUVs and faster cars can do to others 231 Former Central Intelligence Agency CIA chief R James Woolsey Jr drives a Prius because of its low fuel consumption Woolsey noted the volatility of the Middle East coupled with anti US sentiment in much of the region Noting that the high percentage of oil drilled in the Middle East gives vast profits to Middle Eastern regimes Woolsey believes that it is a patriotic obligation to drive more efficient vehicles In a Motor Trend magazine article Woolsey stated that those oil profits find their way to terrorist groups like al Qaeda meaning that Americans who buy inefficient vehicles would in effect be indirectly funding terrorism We re paying for both sides in this war and that s not a good long term strategy said Woolsey I have a bumper sticker on the back of my Prius that reads Bin Laden hates this car 232 DARPA driverless edition Edit A driverless version of the Prius was one of six cars to finish the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge 233 Motorsports Edit A Toyota Prius Apr GT at Sportsland SUGO A racing version of the Prius was unveiled by Toyota in 2013 This racing Prius replaces the 1 8 litre Atkinson cycle engine with a 3 4 litre V8 RV8KLM engine which is mid mounted in the car the engine was later moved to the front in 2019 due to GT300 regulation changes The hybrid drive train of the car s production Hybrid Synergy Drive is retained but with a larger lithium ion battery 234 The RV8KLM is in fact the same engine featured in multiple Le Mans Prototypes such as the Lola B12 60 and Rebellion R One The car took class pole position 235 and finished sixth at the 2012 Fuji GT 500km 236 Government and corporate incentives EditSee also Legislation and incentives towards hybrid vehicles and Government incentives for fuel efficient vehicles in the United States Ukrainian Toyota Prius in National Police service There have been a number of governments with incentives intended to encourage hybrid car sales In some countries including the US and Canada some rebate incentives have been exhausted while other countries such as the United Kingdom Sweden Belgium and the Netherlands have various or alternative incentives to purchasing a hybrid vehicle Several US companies offer employees incentives Bank of America will reimburse US 3 000 on the purchase of new hybrid vehicles to full and part time associates working more than 20 hours per week 237 Google 238 software company Hyperion Solutions 239 and organic food and drink producer Clif Bar amp Co 237 offer employees a US 5 000 credit toward their purchase of certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius Integrated Archive Systems a Palo Alto IT company offers a US 10 000 subsidy toward the purchase of hybrid vehicles to full time employees employed more than one year 237 Travelers Companies a large insurance company offers hybrid owners a 10 discount on auto insurance in most US states 240 The Farmers Insurance Group offers a similar discount of up to 10 in most US states 237 In June 2015 the Prius started use as a general purpose patrol car of the National Police of Ukraine In return for Ukrainian emissions permits under the Kyoto Protocol 1 568 cars were supplied by Japan 241 See also EditComparison of Toyota hybridsReferences Edit 2008 Toyota Prius Press release Hybridcar com 21 October 2007 Archived from the original on 1 March 2012 Retrieved 30 November 2011 Voelcker John 21 December 2015 2016 Toyota Prius Most Fuel Efficient Car Without A Plug Ever Green Car Reports Retrieved 24 December 2015 Fueleconomy gov Top Ten Top Fuel Sippers EPA Ratings 2018 Model Year US Environmental Protection Agency and US Department of Energy n d Archived from the original on 9 April 2018 Retrieved 17 April 2018 History of the Toyota Prius UK Toyota 10 February 2015 Retrieved 28 September 2018 Worldwide sales of Toyota Motor hybrids top 4M units Prius family accounts for almost 72 Green Car Congress 22 May 2012 Retrieved 22 May 2012 a b c Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 9 Million Units Press release Toyota Aichi Toyota 20 May 2016 Retrieved 22 May 2016 Toyota tops 2 million hybrid sales worldwide Press release AutobloGreen 4 September 2009 Retrieved 24 October 2009 a b Worldwide Prius Cumulative Sales Top 2M Mark Toyota Reportedly Plans Two New Prius Variants for the US By End of 2012 Green Car Congress 7 October 2010 Retrieved 7 October 2010 a b c d e Worldwide Prius sales top 3 million mark Prius family sales at 3 4 million Europe Green Car Congress 3 July 2013 Retrieved 3 July 2013 a b Toyota sells One Millionth Prius in the US Green Car Congress 6 April 2011 Retrieved 7 April 2011 a b Toyota Prius cumulative domestic sales top 1 million Mainichi Daily News Tokyo 13 September 2011 Retrieved 15 September 2011 permanent dead link a b World Premiere of All New Prius in Japan Press release Toyota Global 16 November 2022 Retrieved 16 November 2022 a b Voelcker John 1 December 2016 Plug in electric car sales for Nov Volt soars Prius Prime arrives UPDATE Green Car Reports Retrieved 1 December 2016 a b c Edelstein Stephen 21 November 2016 Hyundai Ioniq Electric beats Prius Prime BMW i3 on energy efficiency Green Car Reports Retrieved 21 November 2016 a b Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles U S Environmental Protection Agency and U S Department of Energy 16 November 2016 Retrieved 21 November 2016 The 2014 16 BMW i3 BEV was the most efficient EPA certified vehicles considering all fuels and of all years until November 2016 when it was surpassed by the 2017 Hyundai Ioniq Electric As of November 2016 update the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco hybrid car is most efficient EPA certified vehicle with a gasoline engine without plug in capability With 8 Million Units Sold Toyota Proves Hybrids Have Staying Power Press release Toyota Aichi Toyota 21 August 2015 Retrieved 23 August 2015 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Worldwide Sales of Toyota Hybrids Surpass 10 Million Units Press release Toyota City Japan Toyota 14 January 2017 Retrieved 15 January 2017 This latest milestone of 10 million units was achieved just nine months after total sales reached 9 million units at the end of April 2016 The Prius family accounts for 61 of Toyota s total global cumulative hybrid car sales 6 115 million units consisting of Prius liftback 3 9846 million Aqua Prius c 1 3801 million Prius a Prius v Prius 614 700 and Prius PHV 79 300 Toyota Reveals All New Prius Press release US Toyota 12 January 2009 Retrieved 19 November 2016 Toyota Prius Family Toyota Motor Corporation Archived from the original on 5 February 2011 Retrieved 5 February 2011 Prius Goes Plural When One Becomes More on YouTube Woodyard Chris 20 February 2011 Voters decide 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Refines Battery Chemistry to Boost Next Prius Efficiency Bloomberg Businessweek Retrieved 31 August 2013 Rechtin Mark 28 August 2013 Next Prius will cost less get better fuel economy Toyota engineer says Automotive News Retrieved 31 August 2013 Toyota broadly outlines next generation Prius developing wireless inductive charging for the plug in model bullish on hydrogen US Green Car Congress 28 August 2013 Retrieved 31 August 2013 Golson Daniel 8 November 2018 The 2019 Toyota Prius Is Likely Getting All Wheel Drive Car and Driver US Retrieved 9 November 2018 2019 Toyota Prius gets a facelift and all wheel drive 27 November 2018 Retrieved 27 November 2018 2022 Prius becomes the 11th Toyota to get the Nightshade treatment Autoblog 27 May 2021 Retrieved 3 June 2021 World premiere for fifth generation Toyota Prius 100 Plug in Hybrid for Europe Press release Toyota Europe 16 November 2022 Retrieved 16 November 2022 2023 Toyota Prius Makes The Iconic Plug In Hybrid Better In All Areas Carscoops 16 November 2022 2023 Toyota Prius Unveiled In Europe As A Plug In Hybrid Only InsideEVs 2023 Toyota Prius Coming To Europe Solely As A 220 HP PHEV Carscoops 16 November 2022 Costello Mike 11 May 2022 Toyota Prius axed from Australia CarExpert Retrieved 13 December 2022 Which is better 1 8L or 2L If you are aiming for a new Prius this is the recommended grade Best Car Web in Japanese 16 November 2022 Retrieved 22 December 2022 Test drive the new Prius ahead of its time It s fun to drive Best Car Web in Japanese Retrieved 22 December 2022 Hybrid Reborn 2023 Toyota Prius Revealed Press release US Toyota 16 November 2022 Retrieved 4 December 2022 2014 Toyota Prius Plug In Prices Reviews amp Listings for Sale U S News amp World Report Retrieved 4 January 2020 Toyota Prius Plug in Hybrid Demo Program Toyota Retrieved 9 April 2010 TMC Introduces Prius Plug in Hybrid into Key Markets Toyota News release 14 December 2009 Retrieved 9 April 2010 Toyota to Start Trials of Plug in Prius in China Green Car Congress 25 April 2010 Retrieved 26 April 2010 Blanco Sebastian 14 September 2011 2012 Toyota Prius Plug In Hybrid now offers 111 MPGe AutoblogGreen Retrieved 16 September 2011 See details in Toyota Press Release Munday Stephen 30 September 2011 Prius Plug In Hybrid on Sale January in Japan Charging Stations at 5 500 Dealerships and Car Rental Locations Integrity Exports Retrieved 30 September 2011 Voelcker John 3 April 2012 Plug In Car Sales Soar in March Led By Chevrolet Volt Green Car Reports Retrieved 3 April 2012 a b Solid 13 Q2 sales increase for Toyota and Lexus vehicles in Europe Press release Europe Toyota 13 July 2012 Archived from the original on 13 February 2013 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Evans Huw 7 August 2012 Toyota Delivers First Fleet Customer Prius Plug In HybridCars com Archived from the original on 10 August 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 Philip Siddharth 12 March 2013 GM s Chevy Volt Outsold Nissan Leaf Last Year BNEF Says Bloomberg L P Retrieved 30 March 2013 Berman Brad 1 May 2015 Toyota Halts Production of Prius Plug in Hybrid Until Late 2016 Plugincars com Retrieved 20 June 2015 a b Tajitsu Naomi 15 February 2017 Toyota sees plug in hybrids catching on faster than conventional hybrids Automotive News Reuters Retrieved 19 February 2017 Around 75 000 first generation Prius plug ins have been sold since its launch in 2012 a b Undercoffler David 1 February 2016 Toyota s fuel thrifty Prius family may shrink as automaker ponders strategy Automotive News Retrieved 25 March 2016 Prius PHV sales totaled 42 293 units through December 2015 a b Monthly Plug In Sales Scorecard InsideEVs com Retrieved 19 February 2017 See annual sales in 2016 First generation Prius Plug in Hybrid sales totaled 52 units in 2016 through September when dealerships run out of stock Deliveries of the second generation Prius Prime began in November 2016 A total of 3 788 Prius Prime cars have been sold between November 2016 and January 2017 Zentrum fur Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff Forschung Baden Wurttemberg ZSW 26 February 2020 ZSW analysis shows global number of EVs at 7 9 million electrive com Retrieved 14 May 2020 As of December 2019 update cumulative sales of both generations of the Toyota Prius plug in hybrid totaled 209 000 units since inception Kageyama Yuri 17 June 2016 Toyota gets bullish on plug in hybrids with new Prius Prime Japan Today Retrieved 17 June 2016 a b c Blanco Sebastian 23 March 2016 Toyota Prius Prime plugs in with 22 EV miles Autoblog com Retrieved 24 March 2016 a b Undercoffler David 23 March 2016 Toyota looks to boost Prius with all new plug in Prime Automotive News Retrieved 24 March 2016 a b LeSage Jon 5 October 2016 2017 Prius Prime Offers Industry s Best MPGe and 25 Miles Electric Range HybridCars com Retrieved 15 October 2016 Halvorson Bengt 24 March 2016 2016 Toyota Prius Prime details on 120 MPGe plug in hybrid all electric mode Green Car Reports Retrieved 24 March 2016 Evarts Eric 19 May 2019 2020 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selling models of different body types February 2012 in Japanese Car View Retrieved 30 March 2013 When sales are broken down by model the Aqua ranked second in January and first in February 2012 Japan Full Year 2012 Now with Top 375 All models ranking Best Selling Cars Blog 13 February 2013 Retrieved 30 March 2013 a b Bekker Henk 8 January 2015 2014 Full Year Japan Best Selling Car Models Best Selling Cars Retrieved 23 January 2015 a b Ohnsman Alan 9 January 2014 Nissan set to double Leaf sales Ghosn Japan Times Retrieved 25 January 2014 Bekker Henk 8 January 2016 2015 Full Year Japan 30 Best Selling Car Models Best Selling Cars Retrieved 5 June 2016 Gasnier Mat 12 January 2013 Japan Full Year 2012 All new Toyota Aqua tickles Prius Best Selling Cars Blog Retrieved 30 March 2013 a b c d e f Cobb Jeff 8 January 2013 December 2012 Dashboard HybridCars com and Baum amp Associates Retrieved 14 April 2013 See the section December 2012 Hybrid Car Sales Numbers 新車乗用車販売台数ランキング New passenger car sales ranking in Japanese Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 Retrieved 7 September 2013 Select Year 2013 and see total sales from January to August Toyota is reporting in Japan sales of the regular Prius and Prius a together Cobb Jeff 5 August 2013 August 2013 Dashboard HybridCars com and Baum amp Associates Retrieved 5 August 2013 See the section U S Hybrid sales for August 2013 A total of 29 850 units had been sold between January and August 2013 Hybrid Model Global Sales Results Press release Toyota Aichi Toyota 21 August 2015 Retrieved 23 August 2015 Worldwide Prius Sales Top 1 Million Press release Toyota Motor Corporation 15 May 2008 Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 Retrieved 22 March 2010 Toyota Reports December And 2009 Sales Toyota Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 Retrieved 5 January 2010 a b c d Alternative Fuel Vehicles AFVs and Hybrid Electric Vehicles HEVs Trend of sales by HEV models from 1999 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Retrieved 10 November 2012 Gasnier Mat 6 November 2012 Japan October 2012 Toyota Aqua takes the lead 86 up to 14 Best Selling Cars Blog Retrieved 10 November 2012 2012 Full Year Japan Best Selling Car Models BestSellingCars com 10 January 2013 Retrieved 16 January 2013 2月のボディタイプ別売れ筋モデルをチェック Check the best selling models of different body types February 2012 in Japanese Car View Retrieved 22 October 2012 When sales are broken down by model the Aqua ranked second in January and first in February 2012 Japan by version December 2012 Nissan Sylphy amp Subaru BRZ up Best Selling Cars Blog 29 September 2013 Retrieved 29 January 2013 Liftback accounts for 63 of March Prius sales Prius v and c account for about 17 each Green Car Congress 8 April 2012 Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2012 March 2012 Dashboard HybridCars com 8 April 2012 Archived from the original on 7 April 2012 Retrieved 6 April 2012 Ohnsman Alan 3 April 2012 Toyota Sets Prius Sales Record on Bigger 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December 2011 Dashboard Sales Still Climbing HybridCARS com 9 January 2012 Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Retrieved 10 January 2012 Cobb Jeff 3 October 2013 September 2013 Dashboard HybridCars com and Baum amp Associates Retrieved 26 October 2013 See the section September 2013 Hybrid Car Sales Numbers A total of 389 910 hybrid vehicles were sold in the US between January and September 2013 Japan March 2012 Toyota Prius Aqua amp Honda Fit all beat records Best Selling Cars Blog 6 April 2012 Retrieved 8 April 2012 Passenger car sales ranking in Japanese Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Archived from the original on 5 August 2013 Retrieved 8 April 2012 Rall Patrick 30 May 2012 Toyota Prius becomes 3rd bestselling nameplate in the world Torque News Retrieved 5 August 2012 Cheong Hans 30 May 2012 Corolla World s Top Selling Nameplate Focus World s Best Selling Model New Sunday Times Archived from the original on 26 October 2013 Retrieved 5 August 2012 Naughton Keith 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