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Wikipedia

Tesla Model S

January 12, 2024

"Model S" redirects here. For the fighter aircraft, see Curtiss Model S.

The Tesla Model S is a battery electric full-size car with a liftback body style built by Tesla, Inc. since 2012. The Model S features a battery-powered dual-motor, all-wheel drive layout, although earlier versions featured a rear-motor and rear-wheel drive layout.

Tesla Model S
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
Production2012–present
Assembly
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size car
Body style5-door liftback sedan
Layout
RelatedTesla Model X
Powertrain
Engine3-phase AC induction motor
Electric motorFront and rear motor combined output up to 615 kW (825 bhp), 1,300 N⋅m (960 lb⋅ft), 3-phase AC induction motor
Transmission1-speed fixed gear ratio (9.734:1 or 9.325:1); direct-drive[1][2]
Battery100 kWh lithium ion
Discontinued: 60, 70, 75, 85, 90 kWh
Electric range320–405 mi (515–652 km) (EPA)
Discontinued
  • 75 kWh: 249–259 mi (401–417 km) (EPA)
  • 85 kWh: 253–272 mi (407–438 km) (EPA), 310 mi (500 km) (NEDC)
  • 90 kWh: 270–294 mi (435–473 km) (EPA)
Plug-in charging
  • Onboard charger
  • 3ϕ 400 V 16 A (Type 2);[3] 1ϕ 85–300 V 48 A (new front fascia variant)
  • Optional charger: 20 kW from 1ϕ 277 V 72 A
  • Dual charger: 21.1 kW from 1ϕ 264 V 80 A and 22 kW from 3ϕ 400 V 32 A; 19.2 kW from 2ϕ 240 V 80 A[4] (old front fascia variant); 16.5 kW from 3ϕ 400 V 24 A (new front fascia variant)[citation needed]
  • Offboard charger
  • Supercharger at 150–250 kW DC
Dimensions
Wheelbase116.5 in (2,960 mm)
Length195.9 in (4,980 mm)
Width
  • 77.3 in (1,964 mm) (ex. mirrors)
  • 86.2 in (2,189 mm) (inc. mirrors)
Height56.5 in (1,440 mm)
Curb weight4,323–4,960 lb (1,961–2,250 kg)[5][6][7]

Development of the Model S began prior to 2007, under the codename "WhiteStar". The Model S was officially announced on June 30, 2008, and a prototype vehicle was unveiled in March 2009. The Model S debuted on June 22, 2012.[8] A revised, dual-motor, all-wheel-drive version, known as the 60D, debuted on October 9, 2014. The 60D was followed by the 70D, which made dual-motor and all-wheel drive the standard, followed by the 85D, P85D, and P90D. Along with these updates, Tesla offered the Autopilot driving assistance system. The first major design refresh came in April 2016 when the Model S was updated with a new front hood design. In October of the same year, hardware became standard that supports Tesla's Full Self Driving (FSD) capability. As part of the update, integrated standard cameras around the car were added. In February 2017 the Tesla Model S P100D debuted, which included a revised motor and was the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range exceeding 300 miles (483 km). The second major design refresh, codenamed "Palladium", was introduced in June 2021, offering a new "Plaid" performance model, along with a revised interior, powertrain, and suspension.

The Model S became the first electric car to top the monthly new-car-sales ranking in any country, leading twice in Norway, in September and December 2013[9][10][11][12] and in Denmark in December 2015.[13] Sales passed 250,000 units in September 2018.[14][15][16][17] The Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016, although it was later surpassed by the Model 3.[18][19][20] Upon its release, the Model S received positive reviews, with praise for its acceleration and range, although initial models received criticism for their high cost and braking issues.

Development edit

The Model S was developed by a team led by Franz von Holzhausen, who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations.[21] Holzhausen drew upon the design of the CLS series of cars.[22] Codenamed "WhiteStar" prior to its official unveiling, the Model S was designed with an electric powertrain in mind, unlike other electric vehicles where the manufacturer swaps out an internal combustion engine with an electric motor.[23][24][25] As a result, the Model S offers features such as a front trunk ("frunk") in addition to a rear trunk and an enlarged crumple zone.[26]

In January 2007, Tesla announced plans to build consumer-level sedans starting in 2009;[27] production was later delayed to 2011.[28] The Model S was officially announced on June 30, 2008,[29][30] and a prototype vehicle was displayed on March 26, 2009.[31] In May 2010, Tesla announced it would produce the Model S at the former NUMMI plant in Fremont, California.[32]

 
Tesla Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show

The Model S officially launched on June 22, 2012. Production grew from 15–20 cars completed per week in August 2012[citation needed] to about 1,000 cars per week in 2015.[33] Upon its release, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the range for the base model at 208 mi (335 km)[34] while the longer range model was estimated to have a range of 265 miles (426 km).[35][36] Musk claimed that the Model S battery offered twice the energy density of the Nissan Leaf's, with more than double the range, increased by a low drag coefficient, motor efficiency and rolling resistance.[37] The original battery was made up of cells similar to the Panasonic NCR18650B that offered an energy density of 265 Wh/kg.[38] Analysts estimated battery costs to be around 21–22% of the car cost.[39] The 60 kWh battery was guaranteed for eight years or 125,000 miles (200,000 km), while the 85 kWh was guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles.[citation needed] Throughout 2012, Tesla began building a network of 480-volt charging stations, called Tesla Superchargers, to facilitate long-distance travel.[40]

 
First production Model S, with owner and Tesla board member Steve Jurvetson

Subsequent changes edit

On October 9, 2014, Tesla introduced all-wheel drive (AWD) versions of the Model S 60, 85, and P85 models, designated by a D at the end of the model number (the P represents performance).[41][42][43] Deliveries of the P85D started in December 2014, with the 85D models following in February 2015, and the 70D models in April 2015.[42]

In September 2014, the Model S began to be equipped with cameras, forward looking radar[44][45] and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors that provided a 360-degree view, to be used with Tesla Autopilot. Autopilot later arrived in October 2015, as part of a software update.[46]

In June 2015, Tesla stated that the Model S had traveled over 1 billion miles (1.6 billion km), the first all-electric car to reach that total.[47][48] Globally, Model S sales passed 100,000 units that year,[49] and 150,000 in November 2016.[50] The 200,000 milestone was achieved by early in the fourth quarter of 2017.[14]

Throughout 2015, Tesla would make various changes to the Model S, including an enhanced powertrain that would last for one million miles.[51] An update that year introduced electromechanical brakes.[52] That same year, Tesla introduced a 70 kWh battery to replace the existing 60 kWh batteries and base 60 kWh Model S vehicles.[53][54] Tesla also introduced a 90 kWh battery as a "range upgrade" and explained that the 6% energy increase was due to "improved cell chemistry"[51] and the introduction of silicon into the cell's graphite anode.[55] After being discontinued the year prior, the 60 and 60D returned in 2016 with a software-limited, upgradeable 75 kWH battery and a new air filter, dubbed "Bioweapon Defense Mode".[56]

In April 2016, Tesla removed the black nose cone and added a body colored fascia.[57] The front fascia has a similar design as the Model X, adding adaptive LED headlights. A HEPA cabin air filtration system was added. The standard charger increased from 40 to 48 amps, speeding charging at higher power outlets. Two ash wood interior options were added.[58] In August of that year, Tesla announced the P100D with a "Ludicrous" mode option, a 100 kWh battery with 315 miles (507 km) of range,[59] weighing 625 kg in a 0.40 m3 volume, a density of 160 Wh/kg.[60]

In 2017 Tesla introduced "ludicrous mode plus", which includes "launch mode", claiming that with both modes the car can accelerate 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 2.3 seconds.[61]

In April 2017, Tesla discontinued the 60 kWh software-limited battery option. The lowest-capacity option subsequently became the 75 kWh battery. Additionally, Tesla significantly reduced the software upgrade options for the facelifted 60 and 70 models to be upgraded over-the-air to 75 (and rebadged at their next visit to a Tesla service center). In August 2017, Tesla announced that HW2.5 included a secondary processor node to provide more computing power and additional wiring redundancy to improve reliability; it also enabled dashcam and sentry mode capabilities.[62][63]

In March 2018, the Media Control Unit (MCU) was updated,[64] improving the performance of the center screen and adding games to the MCU such as Cuphead and streaming services such as Netflix to the MCU.[65] In May of that year, in collaboration with the Software Freedom Conservancy, Tesla released some of the internal source code of Model S on a GitHub repository as part of their software license compliance process.[66][67]

In May 2019, as part of an engineering refresh, the range of the Model S was increased to 370 mi (600 km) and smart air suspension was added.[68] The range would be increased further in February 2020 to 390 mi (630 km) of range.[69] In August 2020, the EPA updated the results of their range test of the Model S to 402 miles (647 km).[70]

On October 15, 2020, the U.S. price of the long-range version was lowered to $69,420, a reduction of $2,570 from two days prior.[71][72][73]

 
Until 2018, the Model S had an optional folding third row with rear-facing seats for two children with a five-point harness.

In early 2021, with the introduction of an entirely new interior, now with landscape orientation of the MCU, more rear seat room, and a lightly modified exterior, Tesla changed the "Performance" and "Long Range" Model S branding in favor of "Plaid" and "Long Range," respectively. On June 10, 2021, the Model S Plaid was released at a delivery event at the factory with nearly 30 new owners taking delivery that evening; the Plaid version notably featured a return of the third-row seating, allowing a total of seven passengers,[citation needed] although third-row seating is not present within the consumer version of the car.[citation needed] The Long Range version was EPA-rated to a new high of 405 mi (652 km) when equipped with the standard 19" wheels, making it the longest range EV in the world at the time; the Plaid was listed at 396 mi (637 km) of range.[74]

Design edit

The Model S is classified as a full-size luxury sedan in the United States, although the EPA refers to the Model S as a "Large Car"[75] (greater than or equal to 120 cu ft or 3.4 m3) or "Luxury Sedan".[76] The Euro Car Segment classifies the Model S as a S-segment (sports car);[77][78] in Germany, the Model S is classified as "Oberklasse" (F-segment).[79]

All versions of the Model S have the same body and normally seat five passengers. Other configurations were once available so as to allow for a third-row seat with two additional seats, for a total of seven passengers.

Powertrain edit

 
Model S front trunk compartment[80]

The Model S powertrain has gone through several iterations since its first release, increasing in efficiency, power, and durability. In 2014, Tesla claimed that the Model S recovered the energy that went into producing it in fewer than 10,000 miles (16,000 km).[citation needed] The powertrain provides regenerative braking power of more than 60 kW, which both reduces energy consumption and greatly reduces brake wear.[citation needed]

The rear axle has a traditional open differential. Models with Dual Drive dual motors also have an open differential on the front axles. The front and rear axles have no mechanical linkage—with dual motors, the power distribution among them is controlled electronically. With the introduction of the tri-motor Plaid version in mid-2021, new performance levels were achieved, making the Model S Plaid the fastest accelerating production car in the world[81] until the debut of Rimac’s Nevera in mid-2022.[82]

Battery edit

 
The Model S' battery is made of several thousand cylindrical cells (18650).

The battery pack includes thousands of identical cylindrical 18650 battery cells 18 mm in diameter and 65 mm in height. These cells use a graphite/silicon[55] anode and a nickel-cobalt-aluminum cathode with an aqueous electrolyte and lithium ions as charge carriers.[83] The battery capacity within the Model S has changed numerous times since its debut, ranging from 60–100 kWH. The batteries are the heaviest component within the Model S; the 85 kWh battery pack weighed 1,200 lb (540 kg).[84][better source needed]

Tesla manufactures some Model S cells internally, and some in partnership with Panasonic.[citation needed]

Cell, group, module, pack edit

 
Model S chassis with powertrain and battery pack[85]

The P85 pack contains 7,104 lithium-ion battery cells in 16 modules wired in series (14 in the flat section and two stacked on the front).[86] Each module contains 6 groups of 74 cells[87] wired in parallel; the 6 groups are then wired in series within the module.[87][88][89][90]

The motor, controller and battery temperatures are controlled by a liquid cooling/heating circuit,[91] and the battery is uninsulated.[24] Waste heat from the motor heats the battery in cold conditions, battery performance is reduced until heated by motor generated heat until a suitable battery temperature is reached, in contrast to using an electric battery heater.[92] The battery can be pre-heated by a 6 kW internal heater, either from itself using battery power, or from a charger.[24]

Placement edit

In contrast to most earlier battery electric vehicles including the Tesla Roadster, the battery pack of the Model S forms the floor of the vehicle between the axles, with several advantages:

Energy consumption edit

Under its five-cycle testing protocol, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the 90 kWh version at a combined fuel economy equivalent of 104 MPGe (2.26 L/100 km or 125 mpg‑imp), with an equivalent 102 mpg‑US (2.3 L/100 km; 122 mpg‑imp) in city driving and 107 mpg‑US (2.2 L/100 km; 129 mpg‑imp) on highways.[98]

External images
  Speed-dependent power consumption
  Speed-dependent ranges of various Model S
  Speed-dependent mileage, Model S & Roadster

Vehicle energy consumption is highly dependent on speed; the Model S requires 10 kW (14 hp) at 70 mph (110 km/h), and 31 kW (42 hp) at 100 mph (160 km/h).[99] Ancillary equipment (climate control, battery conditioning, etc.) may consume 15–25%, depending on outside temperature.[24]

Charger edit

The charge port is located behind a door in the left taillight.[100] During charging, the charge port pulses green. The pulse frequency slows as the charge level approaches full. When charging is complete, the light turns solid green.[100] The Model S comes equipped with a different charger and connector in North America versus other markets.[101]

The Mobile Connector allows charging at up to 72 amps[102] and includes adapters for connecting to a variety of electricity sources.[citation needed]

Tesla supports the SAE J1772, Type 2, and CHAdeMO charging standards via certain adapters.[citation needed]

North America edit

 
Tesla Universal Mobile Connector (UMC), NEMA 5–15 Adapter (plugged in wall AC socket), NEMA 14–50 Adapter and SAE J1772 to Tesla TSL02 Charging Connector Adapter

In North America, adapters for 120 volt NEMA 5-15 outlets, as well as an adapter for SAE J1772 charging stations, are included.[citation needed] Other adapters including the popular NEMA 14–50 250V adapter can be purchased from Tesla for use with the Mobile Connector.

Charging times depend on the battery pack's state-of-charge, its capacity, the available voltage, and the available amperage. From a 120 volt/15 amp household outlet, the range increases by 3.75 miles (6 km) for every hour of charging. From a 10 kW, NEMA 14–50 240 V/50 A outlet (like those used by RVs or stoves), the charge rate is 28.75 miles (46 km) per hour. Using Tesla's 20 kW, 240 V High Power Wall Connector increases the rate to 57 miles (92 km) per hour if the car is configured with dual chargers (20 kW).[103]

Europe/Asia-Pacific edit

 
Type 2 compatible outlet found on Tesla Superchargers in Europe, Middle East and Asia-Pacific

In Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, the Model S uses a Type 2 charger.

Suspension edit

While some Model S's were built with a base, steel spring, suspension, the vast majority have a self-leveling, height-adjustable air suspension. This is accomplished via adjustable Bilstein shock absorbers controlled by the driver. The car lowers itself at highway speeds and can be set to a higher level to traverse steep driveways and rough terrain, mitigating the default 6 in (150 mm) ground clearance and relatively long 116 in (2,900 mm) wheelbase.[104]

The suspension system has evolved via "over-the-air" software updates. The height adjustment feature remembers locations where the driver has requested higher clearance and automatically adjusts each time the car returns to that location.[105]

In early 2019, as part of the "Raven" update, the Model S was upgraded to feature an enhanced "Smart Air Suspension" with automatic, dynamic suspension adjustments.[106]

Autopilot edit

Main article: Tesla Autopilot

Autopilot uses cameras, radar and ultrasound to detect road signs, lane markings, obstacles, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic lights, and other vehicles. Additionally, Autopilot includes adaptive cruise control and lane centering and supports semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities.[107][108][109]

Instrument panel edit

 
Production dashboard with 12.3-inch (310 mm) main dashboard digital display (left) and central 17-inch (430 mm) touchscreen control panel (right)

The instrument panel is located directly in front of the driver. It includes a 12.3-inch (310 mm) liquid-crystal display electronic instrument cluster that indicates speed, charge level, estimated range and active gear, as well as navigation directions. The Model S's touchscreen display was originally powered by a Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing Module (VCM), while the instrument cluster was driven by a separate Nvidia Tegra 2 VCM.[110][111] The Tegra system on a chip (SoC) integrated eight specialized processors, including a multi-core ARM CPU, a GPU, and dedicated audio, video and image processors.[citation needed]

Touchscreen edit

The original touchscreen was a 17-inch (430 mm) multi-touch panel. divided into four areas. A top line displayed status symbols and provided shortcuts for charging, HomeLink, driver profiles, vehicle information and Bluetooth. The second line provided access to apps including Media, Nav (driven by Google Maps, which was separate from the navigation on instrument panel), Energy, Web, Camera and Phone. The main viewing area displayed the (two) active apps, subdivided into upper and lower areas. (Most apps can be expanded to take up the entire area). At the bottom was access to various controls and settings for the vehicle such as doors, locks and lights as well as temperature controls and a secondary volume control. In June 2021, as part of the refresh of the Model S, the touchscreen was shifted to be in landscape mode, rather than a portrait mode.[citation needed]

The map display requires a constant Internet connection, limiting navigation in areas without service. Automatic navigation to charging stations is included.[112] The operating system powering the touchscreen runs Linux.[113]

Autoshift edit

Introduced in mid-2021, the Plaid and Long Range versions of the Model S feature no steering column-mounted shift stalk; instead, the Model S uses cameras to infer whether to shift into forward or reverse. Earlier versions controlled transmission selection via a shift stalk on the right side of the steering column.[citation needed]

Interior material edit

As of 2023, the materials used within the seats are animal-free, made of synthetic fiber, with the steering wheel covers shifting to an animal-free material in late 2019 as well.[114] The original impetus for this years-long transition to animal-free interiors may have been two shareholder proposals presented at an annual Tesla shareholders meeting in 2015, in which the substantial environmental damage caused by animal agriculture was highlighted, along with the obvious conflict with Tesla's stated mission.

Versions edit

The Model S exists in several versions, differing in energy capacity, motor size and power, and equipment.

Signature/Signature Performance edit

 
The official car of the Chief Minister of Gibraltar, a Signature Model S bought in 2014[115]

Tesla allocated its first 1,000 units to its Signature and Signature Performance limited edition configurations, equipped with the 85 kWh battery pack.[116][117]

A custom Model S was designed for the Oceanic Preservation Society in collaboration with Obscura Digital, and was used to project images of endangered animals to help educate the public about ongoing Holocene mass extinction, as featured in the 2015 documentary Racing Extinction.

60/85/P85 edit

The base Model S 60 was released with 60 kWh battery capacity and used a 270 kW (362 hp), 441 N⋅m (325 ft⋅lb) motor.

The model 85 was a RWD 85 kWh battery with 278 kW (373 hp) and 441 N⋅m (325 lbf⋅ft).[118]

The Performance variant (P85) offered a three-phase, four-pole AC induction 310 kW (416 hp) 601 N⋅m (443 ft⋅lb) rear-mounted electric motor with a copper rotor.[119]

The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd=0.24,[120] lower than any other production car when released.[121] Independent measurements by Car and Driver in May 2014 confirmed the figure.[99]

70D edit

 
Tesla Model S75D, model year 2017

The 70D replaced the 60, 60D, and P85, offering all-wheel drive and an improved range of 240 miles (385 km).[122][123]

In January 2019, Tesla made the 100D the base version and discontinued the 75D version.[124]

85D edit

The 85D replaced the rear drive unit with a smaller motor, while a second motor of similar size was added to the front wheels. The resulting AWD car offered comparable power and acceleration to the rear wheel drive. The 85D offered a 2% (5-mile) range increase and 11% increase in top speed over the 85.[125]

P85D edit

 
Model S P85+ using regenerative braking power in excess of 60 kW. During regenerative braking, the power indicator is green.

The P85D was a dual-motor, all-wheel-drive vehicle. The high-power rear-drive unit was retained, while the additional front-drive motor increased power by about 50%, increasing acceleration and top speed.

Tesla originally said the total output could reach 515 kW (691 hp). However, the battery was unable to supply both motors with their maximum power at the same time, so total power is limited to 345 kW (463 hp).[126]

It had a governed top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h)[127] and it accelerated from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) in 3.2 seconds (tested to 3.1 seconds), under "Insane Mode", with 1g of acceleration.[127][128]

P90D edit

The P90D had a top speed of 155 mph (249 km/h) and it could accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour (0 to 97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds, despite the lower total motor power, in part due to the improved traction of the all-wheel drive powertrain. An optional "Ludicrous Mode" hardware package improved the 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) time to 2.8 seconds at 1.1g.[129][130][131]

The P90D combined a front axle power of 259 horsepower (193 kW) and rear axle power of 503 horsepower (375 kW) for a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time of 2.8 seconds. The acceleration of the P90D can reach 1.1g, described by Tesla as "faster than falling".[51][132]

In June 2017, Tesla discontinued selling the 90 kWh battery pack option.[133]

P100D edit

The P100D outputs 439 kW (589 hp) and 1,248 N⋅m (920 lbf⋅ft) torque on a dynamometer.[134]

As of March 2017, P100D was the world's quickest production vehicle with a NHRA rolling start to 60 mph (97 km/h) in Motor Trend tests in 2.28 seconds (acceleration clock started after 0.26 seconds at 5.9 mph (9.5 km/h)) in Ludicrous mode.[135]

Owing to overheating issues (the radiator has no blower),[24] multiple uses of Ludicrous mode required rest periods to protect the battery.[136][137] According to Motor Trend, selecting the "Yes, bring it on!" option for maximum acceleration "initiates a process of battery and motor conditioning, wherein the battery temperature is raised slightly and the motors are cooled using the air-conditioning system. It usually takes just a few minutes, longer in extreme ambient temperatures or after repeated runs. You should expect to wait a minimum of 10 minutes in-between runs."[135]

It offered an EPA estimated range of 315 mi (507 km).[138] It was the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range greater than 300 miles (485 km).[26]

Raven edit

In 2019, the Performance and Long Range Plus variants offered the "Raven" powertrain.[139] It included the permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor from the Tesla Model 3 as the front motor.[139] The motor was more powerful and more efficient than its predecessor.[139] The Raven powertrain included a new adaptive air suspension.[139]

Palladium (Plaid) edit

 
A 2021 Tesla Model S Long Range. The refreshed exterior may be distinguished by the shape of the fog lights and black trim instead of chrome.

The Palladium refresh was announced in January 2021 with initial deliveries in June 2021. The refresh included a new interior, new powertrain, suspension and thermal management amongst other improvements.[140] The refresh originally consisted of three models, the Long Range (LR), the Plaid, and the Plaid+, although the Plaid+ was cancelled shortly before deliveries began. The "Plaid" name is applied to the performance model and is a reference to the only speed faster than "Ludicrous" in the movie Spaceballs.[141]

The Plaid model includes one motor for the front axle and two motors for the rear axle; the starting price was $131,100.[142] At the core of the Plaid's performance are innovative new motors featuring a carbon-wrapped rotor to allow much higher motor RPM.[143] Musk said that this presented challenges, because carbon and copper (the rotor material) have different thermal expansion rates.[144] The Long Range model includes the front motor and a single rear motor; its starting price was $80k, but it was raised to $85k soon after deliveries began.[145] "Track Mode" allows for adjustment from 100% FWD to 100% RWD in 5% increments, traction control strength in 21 stages and regenerative braking strength from 0% to 100% in 5% increments.[citation needed]

At its debut, the Palladium models had the lowest drag coefficient of any production car, with Cd=0.208.[146] The new HVAC system uses a heat pump that Tesla says provides 30% longer range and requires 50% less energy in cold weather conditions than the previous Model S.[147] Charging was said to increase by 187 mi (301 km) in 15 minutes (on a 250 kW supercharger).[146] The interior features a non-circular yoke steering wheel,[148] a landscape-oriented center screen, a screen for the rear passengers, increased headroom and legroom, particularly in the rear seat area, lower noise via acoustic glass, a new, customizable user interface, and improved gaming (via the AMD RDNA 2 GPU).[146][149] The company estimated that deliveries will reach 1000/week in Q3 of 2021.[145]

The Plaid has 1,020 hp (760 kW) and 1,050 lb⋅ft (1,420 N⋅m) of torque. It was independently tested by Motor Trend to go 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 2.07 seconds (1.98 on a prepped drag strip, ex. with PJ1 TrackBite) and cover a quarter-mile (400 m) in 9.34 seconds at 152.2 mph (244.9 km/h).[150] Tesla stated it will reach a 200 mph (320 km/h) top speed.[145]

Charging edit

 
A Tesla Model S connected to a high-speed Supercharger station at the Harris Ranch on Interstate 5 in California's Central Valley
See also: Tesla Supercharger

Tesla recommends overnight charging at home as the primary method of charging. In general, the convenience of plugging in overnight outweighs the far longer charging interval.

For charging outside the home, Tesla has partnered with businesses to install Tesla Wall Connectors to provide a charging network called Tesla Destination. The units are provided to the businesses by Tesla for free or at a discounted price. The business is responsible for the cost of electricity. Not all destination chargers are available to the public, as some businesses limit them to customers, employees, or residents only.[151]

Tesla operates a global network of 480-volt charging stations. The Tesla network is usable only by Tesla vehicles apart from select countries in Europe where Tesla is currently running their Non-Tesla Supercharging Pilot. Supercharging hardware is standard on all new vehicles and most earlier editions.[40][152][153] The Supercharger is a DC rapid-charging station that provides up to 250 kW of power, adding up to 15 mi (24 km) per minute.[citation needed]

Tesla originally designed the Model S to allow fast battery swapping, which also facilitated vehicle assembly.[154] In 2013, Tesla demonstrated a battery swap operation taking around 90 seconds, about half the time it takes to refill an empty gas tank.[155][156] Tesla originally planned to support widespread battery swapping, but supposedly abandoned the plan due to perceived lack of interest by customers.[157] Tesla has been accused of gaming the California Air Resources Board system for zero-emission vehicle credits by launching the "battery swap" program that was never made available to the public.[158][159] Tesla announced in 2020 that it would integrate the batteries into the body to increase strength and reduce weight and cost.[160]

Sales and markets edit

 
Model S first retail deliveries ceremony at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, held on June 22, 2012

U.S. deliveries began June 2012.[8] Tesla reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week they were available[161] and by December 2012, a total 15,000 net reservations (after deliveries and cancellations) had been received by year-end.[162]

The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out before deliveries began in June 2012, and according to Tesla all models were sold out for that year shortly after.[163][164] A total of 2,650 cars were delivered in North America in 2012.[165]

Tesla delivered 50,658 Model S/X units in 2015.[166][167] Tesla sold more than 50,000 Model S cars globally in 2016, making it the world's top selling plug-in electric that year.[168] In 2017, it became only the second EV to sell more than 200,000 units behind the Nissan Leaf.

The Model S was released in Europe in early August 2013, and the first deliveries took place in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[169] By November 2013, the Model S was on sale in 20 countries.[170] By the end of 2013, Norway and Switzerland became the company's largest per capita sales markets.[171]

Retail deliveries in China began in April 2014.[172] The right-hand-drive model was released in the UK in June 2014,[173] followed by Hong Kong in July 2014[174] and Japan in September 2014.[175] Deliveries in Australia began in December 2014.[176]

The Model S ranked as the world's second best selling plug-in electric vehicle after the Nissan Leaf.[177] About 55% of deliveries went to North America, 30% to Europe, and 15% to the Asia-Pacific market.[178]

As of June 2015, the Model S was sold in 30 countries.[179] The Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2015, ahead of the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000 units).[167][180]

2016–2020 edit

The Model S was the world's top selling plug-in car for the second year running.[19][20] As of 2018, the Model S rank fell to second place after the BAIC EC-Series city car, which sold over 78,000 units in China.[14]

The Model S continued to rank as the second most-sold electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf.[14][15][16][17] As of December 2018, cumulative global sales totaled about 263,504 units.[14][15][16][17][181]

In 2019, in-year sales of the Model 3 exceeded the total number of the Model S ever sold. By 2021, combined quarterly sales of the Model 3 and Model Y exceeded the total number of the Model S ever sold.[citation needed]

Sales by country edit

Sales/registrations by top national markets
Country Cumulative

sales

% of global

sales[a]

 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
US[182][18][183][184][185] ~163,201 55.9% 14,425[186] 29,959 26,500 29,156 25,202 16,689 ~18,650 ~2,620
China[187][188][189] 11,858[b] [c] [c] [c] 6,334 3,025[b] 2,499 — —
Norway[190][191][192][193][194][195] 20,639 7.4% 1,181 3,633 3,712 2,051 4,039 4,040 1,983 —
Netherlands[196][197][198][199][200][201] 13,839 5.3% 5,633 2,051 1,693 1,805 1,465 1,192 —
Canada[202] 6,731 3.2% 1,675 1,466 2,010 847 638 95
Germany[79][203][204][205][206][207] 7,551 2.9% 1,248 2,241 1,474 1,582 815 191 —
UK[208][209][210][211] 9,300[d] 2.9% 1,756 2,518 2,367 1,389 698 — —
Switzerland [e][212] 4,695 2.2% 1,131 1,299 1,556 496 213 —
Denmark[213][214][215] 3,432 1.6% 46 78 2,736 460 112 —
Sweden[216][217][218][219][220] 3,788 1.4% 883 800 838 996 266 5 —
France[221][222][223][224] 3,455 1.3% 749 850 785 708 328 35 —
Belgium[225][226][227][228][229] 3,358 1.3% 535 659 675 820 521 148 —
Hong Kong[230] 2,221[f] 1.0% [c] [c] 2,221 — — —
Austria[231][232][233][234] 1,835 0.9% 584 575 492 136 48 —
Australia[235][236] ~1,319 0.6% [c] [c] ~1,250 69[g] — — —
Italy[237][238] 662 0.3% 264 218 120 52 8 —
Global[14][15][16][17][181] 263,504 28,248[239] 50,630[15][16][17][181] 54,715[14] 50,931[19] 50,446[183][180] 31,655[177] 22,477[240] ~2,650[162]
  1. ^ Percentage of global sales by country, inception through December 2019.
  2. ^ a b Chinese market sales in 2015 only through September.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Sales figures not available
  4. ^ UK registrations at the end of June 2019 (not cumulative sales).
  5. ^ Includes registrations in Liechtenstein.
  6. ^ Hong Kong sales for 2015 only.
  7. ^ Only includes registrations in New South Wales and Victoria.

Asia/Pacific edit

 
Model S at a quick charging CHAdeMO station in Japan[241]

The first nine Australian units were delivered in Sydney on December 9, 2014. Tesla opened its first store and service centre in St Leonards, and its first Supercharger station at Pyrmont in December 2014.[242][243]

The Model S was the top selling all-electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015.[244]

The first Chinese deliveries took place on April 22, 2014.[172] The standard equipment was the same as the European version, with larger back seats because the car was expected to be driven by a chauffeur.[245] By mid-2018, China ranked as Tesla’s second largest market.[246] Sales began in Hong Kong in July 2014.[174]

Europe edit

 
First European deliveries were at Tesla's Oslo store in August 2013.

European retail deliveries began in August 2013, in Norway, Switzerland and the Netherlands.[169] Europe's first delivery took place in Oslo on August 7, 2013.[247] By the end of August, Europe's first six charging stations opened, in Lyngdal, Aurland, Dombås, Gol, Sundebru and Lillehammer.[248] Sales rose most rapidly in Norway. In April 2014 the Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide all-electric taxi service in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol.[249] The Model S topped the European luxury car segment in 2015, ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (14,990), the traditional leader.[250]

Sales in 2015 totaled 1,805 units,[198] and declined to 1,693 in 2016.[199] As of October 2016, combined registrations of the Model S (5,681) and the Model X (250) represented 48.6% of the 12,196 all-electric cars on Dutch roads at the end of that month.[251] The Model S was the all-time top selling all-electric car in the Netherlands with 12,394 cars registered at the end of March 2021, however it has since been overtaken by the Tesla Model 3, with 38,745 cars registered in March 2021.[252]

In the UK from 2021 to 2022, deliveries of Model S vehicles dropped significantly to almost zero.[253] In 2023, Tesla also stated that the Model S will not be sold in the UK or Ireland in right-hand drive for the 'foreseeable future'.[254] In July 2023, the Plaid model was launched in the UK, and the standard Model S was relaunched, but both are only available in left-hand drive Unlike most cars sold in the country.[255][256]

 
Model S used since 2014 for all-electric taxi service at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

North America edit

The world's first delivery took place on June 1, 2012 in California, to a Tesla board member, while formal deliveries to the public began at a large ceremony on June 22, 2013.[257]

The first Model S sedans were delivered in Canada in December 2012.[202]

Retail sales began in Mexico City in December 2015. Initially, no Supercharger stations are available in the country.[258]

 
Personalized delivery of Model S

Retail sales model edit

Main article: Tesla US dealership disputes

Tesla sells its cars directly to consumers without a dealer network, as other manufacturers have done and as many states require by legislation. In support of its approach, the company fought legal and legislative battles in Ohio, New Jersey, New York and other states.[259][260] The Tesla direct sales model was permitted in 22 states as of March 2015.[261][262] In other states the Tesla salesperson is not allowed to discuss prices, and the ultimate sale must be made online.[263][264]

Safety edit

Tesla has made many claims about the safety of its vehicles, encompassing vehicle structure and driver assist software.

Features edit

External videos
  NHTSA Frontal crash test on YouTube
  NHTSA Side crash test on YouTube
  NHTSA Pole crash test on YouTube
  Euro NCAP crash test on YouTube
  Tesla EV Safety Training for rescuers on YouTube

In 2014, the Model S had a 5-star safety rating from both Euro NCAP and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).[265][266] At that time, only two other cars had earned the same recognition since 2011 (when the NHTSA introduced its latest rating scheme).[267]

NHTSA[268]
Overall      
Frontal, driver      
Frontal, passenger      
Side, driver      
Side, passenger      
Side pole, driver      
Rollover       / 5.7%
Euro NCAP[269]
Overall      
Adult occupant 35.8 pts / 94%
Child occupant 45 pts / 91%
Vulnerable road users 45.9 pts / 85%
Safety assist 15.7 pts / 98%
IIHS[270][271]
Small overlap front (Driver) Acceptable
Moderate overlap frontal offset Good
Side impact (original test) Good
Roof strength Good
Roof strength (P100D) Good
Headlights Poor
Front crash prevention (Vehicle-to-Vehicle) Superior
Child seat anchors (LATCH) ease of use Marginal

Incidents edit

Initial battery fire incidents edit

See also: Tesla Model S fire incidents

The first widely reported fire occurred several minutes after the vehicle hit metal debris on the Washington State Route 167 highway on October 1, 2013.[272] The driver "was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system, bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury".[273] He then contacted authorities and, while awaiting their arrival, smoke began coming out the front of the vehicle. The driver stated that he hit something while exiting the HOV lane.[272][274][275] Tesla stated that the fire was caused by the "direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 battery modules", and that by design, the modules were separated by firewalls, limiting the fire to "a small section in the front of the vehicle".[272]

The module was evidently punctured by a "curved section" that fell off a truck and was recovered near the accident. Tesla stated that the debris punched a 3-inch (76 mm) diameter hole through the .25-inch (6.4 mm) armor plate under the vehicle, applying force of some 25 tons. Built-in vents directed the flames away from the vehicle so that the fire did not enter the passenger compartment. According to Tesla, the firefighters followed standard procedure; using water to extinguish the fire was correct,[276] however, puncturing the metal firewall to gain access to the fire also allowed the flames to spread to the front trunk.[273] Tesla also stated that because the battery pack contains "only about 10% of the energy contained in a gasoline tank", the effective combustion potential of a single module is only about 1% that of a conventional vehicle.[273]

NHTSA reported, "After reviewing all available data, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards."[277] The following month, the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine "the potential risks associated with undercarriage strikes on model year 2013 Tesla Model S vehicles".[278][279] On March 28, 2014, NHTSA closed its investigation, claiming that the (new) titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates, along with increased ground clearance, "should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk".[280]

Subsequent fires edit

On November 6, 2013, a fire broke out after a Model S struck a tow hitch on the roadway, causing damage beneath the vehicle.[281] The incidents led Tesla to extend its warranty to cover fire damage and to apply a software update to increase ground clearance when operating at highway speed.[278][282]

Another fire took place in Toronto, Canada, in February 2014. The Model S was parked in a garage and was not charging when the fire started. The origin of the fire is undetermined.[283] According to Tesla "in this particular case, we don't yet know the precise cause, but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery, the charging system, the adapter or the electrical receptacle, as these components were untouched by the fire".[284]

Starting with vehicle bodies manufactured as of 6 March 2014, all units were outfitted with a triple underbody shield. Existing cars were retrofitted upon request or as part of routine service.[285][286]

On January 1, 2016, a 2014 Model S caught fire while supercharging unsupervised in Brokelandsheia, Norway. The vehicle was destroyed but nobody was injured.[287][288][289] The fire was slow, and the owner had time to unplug the car and retrieve possessions.[290] An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board (AIBN) indicated that the fire originated in the car, but was otherwise inconclusive.[291] In March 2016, Tesla stated that their own investigation into the incident concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle's distribution box, but that the amount of damage prevented them from determining the exact cause.[290] Tesla stated that the Supercharger detected the short circuit and deactivated, and a future Model S software update would stop the vehicle from charging if a short circuit is detected.[292]

NTSB stated that Teslas are not more prone to fires than other vehicles.[293]

Recalls edit

As of December 2021, Tesla had had seven Model S recalls:[294][295][296]

  • On June 14, 2013, Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured between May 10, 2013, and June 8, 2013, due to improper methods for aligning the left hand seat back striker to the bracket, which could weaken the weld between the bracket and frame.[297]
  • On January 13, 2014, Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured in 2013, because the adapter, cord, or wall outlet could overheat during charging.[298]
  • On November 20, 2015, Tesla announced a voluntary recall of all of its 90,000 Model S vehicles, in order to check for a possible defect in the cars' front seat belt assemblies. The problem was raised by one customer in Europe. Tesla's resulting investigation was unable to identify a root cause for the failure, and the company decided to examine every car. Tesla reported that no accidents or injuries were related to the problem.[299][300]
  • On January 20, 2017, Tesla recalled Model S made from 2012 in January 2017 due to defective Takata airbags. Cars manufactured later (until 2017) had smaller risk.[301]
  • On April 20, 2017, Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 of the 76,000 Model S and Model X vehicles sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes.[302][303]
  • On March 30, 2018, all 123,000 Model S cars manufactured before April 2016 were recalled due to excessive corrosion of the bolts which secure the power steering, particularly those cars used in cold countries where roads are salted.[295]
  • In December 2021, 119,009 Model S vehicles were recalled because of the possibility of latch failure allowing front hoods to open unexpectedly.[296]

Autopilot edit

The first known fatal accident when Autopilot was active occurred in Williston, Florida on May 7, 2016. In June 2016, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) opened a formal investigation into the accident, working with the Florida Highway Patrol. According to NHTSA, preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor-trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway, and the driver and the car failed to apply the brakes.[304][305][306] NHTSA's preliminary evaluation examined the design and performance of automated driving systems, which involved an estimated 25,000 cars.[307]

According to Tesla, "neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor-trailer against a brightly lit sky, so the brake was not applied." The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer, "with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S." Tesla also stated that this was Tesla's first known Autopilot-related death in over 130 million mi (209 million km) driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated. According to Tesla a fatality occurred every 94 million mi (150 million km) among all type of vehicles in the U.S.[304][305][308] In January 2017, NTSB concluded Tesla was not at fault since the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and take action; the investigation revealed that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent under autopilot.[309][310]

NHTSA safety edit

On August 19, 2013, based on NHTSA safety ratings, a Tesla press release claimed that the Model S had achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested. Tesla stated, "NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5, however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score (VSS) provided to manufacturers, where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5.4 stars."[311][312][313][314][315] However, a few days later NHTSA rebutted Tesla's claim, explaining that the rating for the Model S was equal to any other car receiving 5-stars, and claiming that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines.[316][317][318]

In July 2017, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found that during front crash tests, the Model S safety belts let the driver's torso move too far forward, resulting in the head striking the steering wheel hard through the airbag. This problem was already pointed out in one of the IIHS's earliers tests, to which Tesla responded they would improve their safety belt design, which, according to the IIHS's latest tests, has not been done. The IIHS also gave the Model S the worst possible rating for its headlights.[319] The report caused Tesla to lose 6.4% of its stock value.[271]

Issues and criticism edit

Range limitation edit

On February 8, 2013, The New York Times published a review by John M. Broder about a trip between Washington, D.C., and Boston using Tesla's Supercharger network. At the time it included only two stations on the East Coast. Broder made a variety of critical claims about the battery's performance in cold weather and the distance between charging stations. The trip ended with the Model S carried on a flatbed truck to the Milford, Connecticut, station.[320]

Tesla responded by publishing logs of the vehicle's charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder's account.[321] Tesla implied that Broder's behavior forced the car to fail. Broder replied to the criticism, suggesting that the speed discrepancies may have been because the car had been equipped with 19-inch wheels rather than the specified 21-inch wheels.[322] In the midst of the controversy, a CNN reporter recreated Broder's trip without exhausting the battery. However, two differences distinguished the journeys. The weather was about 10 °F (6 °C) warmer and CNN completed the trip in one day; the Times let the car sit overnight while not plugged in.[323] A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents.[324] One week later, a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder's trip without problems.[325][326]

On February 18, 2013, The New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took "casual and imprecise notes" and used poor judgment, but she maintained that the article was written in good faith. She admitted that Broder's vehicle logs were "sometimes quite misleading."[327][328][329]

In July and September 2014 tests performed by an independent German car magazine in cooperation with the TÜV (German Association for Technical Inspection) and Tesla owners seemed to reveal issues with the battery's performance. According to the magazine, Tesla did not take up the invitation to repeat the test, and seemed to refuse to offer vehicles for a second test.[330][331] A test performed by another German publication ("Die Welt") supported the findings.[332]

Power dissipation when not in use edit

Older versions of the system software suffered from power drain issues when the car wasn't being used, with the batteries losing 4.5 kWh overnight (known commonly as "vampire drain").[333] System software v5.8 (v1.49.30), released December 12, 2013, reduced overnight energy loss substantially, to 1.1 kWh per night, or around 3 miles.[334]

Consumer Reports' recommendation edit

In October 2015, two months after naming the Tesla 'the best car ever tested,' Consumer Reports declined to give the Tesla Model S a "recommended" designation, citing too many complaints from owners. Complaints ranged from misaligned doors and squeaky body, to total drive train failure and inoperable door handles. Tesla's shares dropped 15%, both because of the magazine's cut and because of concerns over the Tesla Model X luxury SUV.[335][336] Similarly, Edmunds.com found quality and safety issues in their long-term road test and "amassed quite the repair résumé during the last 17 months."[337] Both Edmunds and Consumer Reports reported the vehicle stalling while driving.[338][better source needed]

In their 2016 Annual Auto Reliability Survey, Consumer Reports improved the Model S rating to average reliability. The magazine raised "serious concerns about how some automakers, including Tesla, have designed, deployed, and marketed semi-autonomous technology."[339] By 2017, in the Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey, Tesla's position on the list moved up four spots; and the predicted reliability rating for Model S reached "above average" for the first time.[340] In 2018, the annual Consumer Reports reliability survey found Tesla cars amongst the worst, with the brand falling six spots from 2017 and third worst amongst the brands surveyed.[341][342] The Model S dropped "below average" in reliability with suspension problems and other issues that included the extending door handle.[342] In 2019, the model S achieved a Consumer Reports "recommended" designation[343] due to improved reliability, with the Model S as the second-most reliable out of four ultra-luxury cars tested.

Power discrepancy edit

The P85D "insane mode" was widely reported to have 691 horsepower,[344][345][346] but some owners reported 20% less power on the dynamometer in various circumstances.[347][348] As of November 2015, Tesla website showed battery-limited combined 345 kilowatts (463 hp) for P85D (397 kilowatts (532 hp) for "Ludicrous").[349][347] A lawsuit by 126 owners in Norway[350] was settled in December 2016.[351]

Power consumption edit

In early March 2016, a report by Stuff magazine revealed that a test performed by VICOM, Ltd on behalf of Singapore's Land Transport Authority had found a 2014 Tesla Model S to be consuming 444 Wh/km (0.715 kW⋅h/mi),[352][353] which was greater than the 240 Wh/km (0.38 kW⋅h/mi) reported by EPA[354] and the 181 Wh/km (0.291 kW⋅h/mi) reported by Tesla.[355] As a result, a carbon surcharge was imposed on the Model S, making Singapore the only country in the world to impose an environmental surcharge on a fully electric car.[356] The Land Transport Authority justified this by stating that it had to "account for CO2 emissions during the electricity generation process" and therefore "a grid emission factor of 0.5 g/watt-hour was also applied to the electric energy consumption".[357] Tesla countered that when the energy used to extract, refine, and distribute gasoline was taken into account, the Model S produced approximately one-third the CO2 of an equivalent gasoline-powered vehicle.[355]

Later that month, the Land Transport Authority released a statement stating that they and the VICOM Emission Test Laboratory would work with Tesla engineers to determine whether the test was flawed,[358] and a Tesla statement indicated that the discussions were "positive" and that they were confident of a quick resolution.[355]

Plaid+ reservation issues edit

After it was announced that Plaid+ was canceled, some reservation holders discovered their reservations had been converted into a full order for the regular Plaid version and with no refund included for their Plaid+ deposit.[359]

Awards edit

The Model S has received numerous awards, including:

  • 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader's Choice Car of the Year[360]
  • 2013 World Green Car of the Year[361]
  • Automobile Magazine's 2013 Car of the Year, a unanimous decision[362]
  • CNET Tech Car of the Year for 2012[363]
  • Consumer Reports gave the Model S a score of 103 out of 100, its highest ever. The Model S broke the rating scale of Consumer Reports during its test.[364] A Consumer Reports' 2013 survey of owner satisfaction produced a score of 99 out of 100, "the highest the magazine has seen in years."[365] In 2014, the Model S topped for the second year in a row Consumer Reports survey of owner satisfaction. The Model S scored 98 out of 100.[366]
  • Consumer Reports found the Model S to be 'Best Overall' for 2014 across all 10 categories of cars, light trucks and SUVs, chosen from more than 260 vehicles the organization has recently tested. The magazine considers the Model S a "technological tour de force, while pricey, is brimming with innovation."[367] In 2015, they rated the Model S at 103 (breaking the scale).[368][369]
  • Green Car Reports' Best Car To Buy 2013[370]
  • Hagerty Greatest Car of the Decade (2010s)[371]
  • Motor Trend 2013 Car of the Year, also a unanimous decision and the first winner in the award's history to not be powered by an internal combustion engine[372]
  • Natural Resources Canada 2013 EcoENERGY for Vehicles Awards in the full-size category[373]
  • Popular Science's Auto Grand Award Winner Best of What's New list 2012[374]
  • The Telegraph included the Model S in its list of the top 10 cars that changed the world published in December 2014, and also named the electric sedan the most important car of the last 20 years.[375][376]
  • Time magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award.[377] In 2019, the Model S was included in Time's list of best gadgets of the 2010s.[378]
  • Yahoo! Autos 2013 Car of the Year[379]
  • American Automobile Association Green Car Guide 2015, top spot (P85D).[380] The Model S also won the 2014 AAA Green Car Guide.[381]
  • 2019 Green Car Reports Car of the Decade[382]

Records edit

All of these records used hypermiling techniques such as front motor only, low speed 24 mph (39 km/h), no air conditioning and minimal use of the brakes.[383][384] These attempts were inspired by a blog written by Elon Musk about the planned range and efficiency of the Tesla Model S, offering a prize for anyone exceeding 400 miles (640 km) on a single charge, where it was estimated the 85 kWh model could do it by driving at a constant 36 mph (58 km/h) under ideal conditions.[385]

In early September 2019, a prototype ("plaid" tri motor) Model S went faster than the official record for the fastest "four-door electric sports car" at the Laguna Seca Raceway, beating a previous time held by the Tesla Model 3 Performance.[386][387]

Configuration Distance Date Team Notes
P100D 670 mi (1,080 km) August 5, 2017 Italian drivers First production electric car to exceed 620 mi (1,000 km) on a single charge.[388]
P100D 560 miles (901.2 km) June 20, 2017 Belgian drivers.[389]
85 kWh 423.5 miles (681.6 km) November 2012 David and Adam Metcalf[390][391]

See also edit

References edit

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January 12, 2024
tesla, model, model, redirects, here, fighter, aircraft, curtiss, model, battery, electric, full, size, with, liftback, body, style, built, tesla, since, 2012, model, features, battery, powered, dual, motor, wheel, drive, layout, although, earlier, versions, f. Model S redirects here For the fighter aircraft see Curtiss Model S The Tesla Model S is a battery electric full size car with a liftback body style built by Tesla Inc since 2012 The Model S features a battery powered dual motor all wheel drive layout although earlier versions featured a rear motor and rear wheel drive layout Tesla Model SOverviewManufacturerTesla Inc Production2012 presentAssemblyUnited States Fremont California Fremont Factory Netherlands Tilburg Tilburg final assembly 2013 2021 DesignerFranz von HolzhausenBody and chassisClassFull size carBody style5 door liftback sedanLayoutRear motor rear wheel drive Dual motor all wheel drive D models RelatedTesla Model XPowertrainEngine3 phase AC induction motorElectric motorFront and rear motor combined output up to 615 kW 825 bhp 1 300 N m 960 lb ft 3 phase AC induction motorTransmission1 speed fixed gear ratio 9 734 1 or 9 325 1 direct drive 1 2 Battery100 kWh lithium ionDiscontinued 60 70 75 85 90 kWhElectric range320 405 mi 515 652 km EPA Discontinued 75 kWh 249 259 mi 401 417 km EPA 85 kWh 253 272 mi 407 438 km EPA 310 mi 500 km NEDC 90 kWh 270 294 mi 435 473 km EPA Plug in chargingOnboard charger3ϕ 400 V 16 A Type 2 3 1ϕ 85 300 V 48 A new front fascia variant Optional charger 20 kW from 1ϕ 277 V 72 ADual charger 21 1 kW from 1ϕ 264 V 80 A and 22 kW from 3ϕ 400 V 32 A 19 2 kW from 2ϕ 240 V 80 A 4 old front fascia variant 16 5 kW from 3ϕ 400 V 24 A new front fascia variant citation needed Offboard chargerSupercharger at 150 250 kW DCDimensionsWheelbase116 5 in 2 960 mm Length195 9 in 4 980 mm Width77 3 in 1 964 mm ex mirrors 86 2 in 2 189 mm inc mirrors Height56 5 in 1 440 mm Curb weight4 323 4 960 lb 1 961 2 250 kg 5 6 7 Development of the Model S began prior to 2007 under the codename WhiteStar The Model S was officially announced on June 30 2008 and a prototype vehicle was unveiled in March 2009 The Model S debuted on June 22 2012 8 A revised dual motor all wheel drive version known as the 60D debuted on October 9 2014 The 60D was followed by the 70D which made dual motor and all wheel drive the standard followed by the 85D P85D and P90D Along with these updates Tesla offered the Autopilot driving assistance system The first major design refresh came in April 2016 when the Model S was updated with a new front hood design In October of the same year hardware became standard that supports Tesla s Full Self Driving FSD capability As part of the update integrated standard cameras around the car were added In February 2017 the Tesla Model S P100D debuted which included a revised motor and was the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range exceeding 300 miles 483 km The second major design refresh codenamed Palladium was introduced in June 2021 offering a new Plaid performance model along with a revised interior powertrain and suspension The Model S became the first electric car to top the monthly new car sales ranking in any country leading twice in Norway in September and December 2013 9 10 11 12 and in Denmark in December 2015 13 Sales passed 250 000 units in September 2018 14 15 16 17 The Model S was the top selling plug in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016 although it was later surpassed by the Model 3 18 19 20 Upon its release the Model S received positive reviews with praise for its acceleration and range although initial models received criticism for their high cost and braking issues Contents 1 Development 1 1 Subsequent changes 2 Design 2 1 Powertrain 2 2 Battery 2 2 1 Cell group module pack 2 2 2 Placement 2 3 Energy consumption 2 4 Charger 2 4 1 North America 2 4 2 Europe Asia Pacific 2 5 Suspension 2 6 Autopilot 2 7 Instrument panel 2 7 1 Touchscreen 2 8 Autoshift 2 9 Interior material 3 Versions 3 1 Signature Signature Performance 3 2 60 85 P85 3 3 70D 3 4 85D 3 5 P85D 3 6 P90D 3 7 P100D 3 8 Raven 3 9 Palladium Plaid 4 Charging 5 Sales and markets 5 1 2016 2020 5 2 Sales by country 5 2 1 Asia Pacific 5 2 2 Europe 5 3 North America 5 4 Retail sales model 6 Safety 6 1 Features 6 2 Incidents 6 2 1 Initial battery fire incidents 6 2 2 Subsequent fires 6 3 Recalls 6 3 1 Autopilot 6 4 NHTSA safety 7 Issues and criticism 7 1 Range limitation 7 2 Power dissipation when not in use 7 3 Consumer Reports recommendation 7 4 Power discrepancy 7 5 Power consumption 7 6 Plaid reservation issues 8 Awards 8 1 Records 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External linksDevelopment editThe Model S was developed by a team led by Franz von Holzhausen who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations 21 Holzhausen drew upon the design of the CLS series of cars 22 Codenamed WhiteStar prior to its official unveiling the Model S was designed with an electric powertrain in mind unlike other electric vehicles where the manufacturer swaps out an internal combustion engine with an electric motor 23 24 25 As a result the Model S offers features such as a front trunk frunk in addition to a rear trunk and an enlarged crumple zone 26 In January 2007 Tesla announced plans to build consumer level sedans starting in 2009 27 production was later delayed to 2011 28 The Model S was officially announced on June 30 2008 29 30 and a prototype vehicle was displayed on March 26 2009 31 In May 2010 Tesla announced it would produce the Model S at the former NUMMI plant in Fremont California 32 nbsp Tesla Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor ShowThe Model S officially launched on June 22 2012 Production grew from 15 20 cars completed per week in August 2012 citation needed to about 1 000 cars per week in 2015 33 Upon its release United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA rated the range for the base model at 208 mi 335 km 34 while the longer range model was estimated to have a range of 265 miles 426 km 35 36 Musk claimed that the Model S battery offered twice the energy density of the Nissan Leaf s with more than double the range increased by a low drag coefficient motor efficiency and rolling resistance 37 The original battery was made up of cells similar to the Panasonic NCR18650B that offered an energy density of 265 Wh kg 38 Analysts estimated battery costs to be around 21 22 of the car cost 39 The 60 kWh battery was guaranteed for eight years or 125 000 miles 200 000 km while the 85 kWh was guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles citation needed Throughout 2012 Tesla began building a network of 480 volt charging stations called Tesla Superchargers to facilitate long distance travel 40 nbsp First production Model S with owner and Tesla board member Steve JurvetsonSubsequent changes edit On October 9 2014 Tesla introduced all wheel drive AWD versions of the Model S 60 85 and P85 models designated by a D at the end of the model number the P represents performance 41 42 43 Deliveries of the P85D started in December 2014 with the 85D models following in February 2015 and the 70D models in April 2015 42 In September 2014 the Model S began to be equipped with cameras forward looking radar 44 45 and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors that provided a 360 degree view to be used with Tesla Autopilot Autopilot later arrived in October 2015 as part of a software update 46 In June 2015 Tesla stated that the Model S had traveled over 1 billion miles 1 6 billion km the first all electric car to reach that total 47 48 Globally Model S sales passed 100 000 units that year 49 and 150 000 in November 2016 50 The 200 000 milestone was achieved by early in the fourth quarter of 2017 14 Throughout 2015 Tesla would make various changes to the Model S including an enhanced powertrain that would last for one million miles 51 An update that year introduced electromechanical brakes 52 That same year Tesla introduced a 70 kWh battery to replace the existing 60 kWh batteries and base 60 kWh Model S vehicles 53 54 Tesla also introduced a 90 kWh battery as a range upgrade and explained that the 6 energy increase was due to improved cell chemistry 51 and the introduction of silicon into the cell s graphite anode 55 After being discontinued the year prior the 60 and 60D returned in 2016 with a software limited upgradeable 75 kWH battery and a new air filter dubbed Bioweapon Defense Mode 56 In April 2016 Tesla removed the black nose cone and added a body colored fascia 57 The front fascia has a similar design as the Model X adding adaptive LED headlights A HEPA cabin air filtration system was added The standard charger increased from 40 to 48 amps speeding charging at higher power outlets Two ash wood interior options were added 58 In August of that year Tesla announced the P100D with a Ludicrous mode option a 100 kWh battery with 315 miles 507 km of range 59 weighing 625 kg in a 0 40 m3 volume a density of 160 Wh kg 60 In 2017 Tesla introduced ludicrous mode plus which includes launch mode claiming that with both modes the car can accelerate 0 to 60 mph 0 to 97 km h in 2 3 seconds 61 In April 2017 Tesla discontinued the 60 kWh software limited battery option The lowest capacity option subsequently became the 75 kWh battery Additionally Tesla significantly reduced the software upgrade options for the facelifted 60 and 70 models to be upgraded over the air to 75 and rebadged at their next visit to a Tesla service center In August 2017 Tesla announced that HW2 5 included a secondary processor node to provide more computing power and additional wiring redundancy to improve reliability it also enabled dashcam and sentry mode capabilities 62 63 In March 2018 the Media Control Unit MCU was updated 64 improving the performance of the center screen and adding games to the MCU such as Cuphead and streaming services such as Netflix to the MCU 65 In May of that year in collaboration with the Software Freedom Conservancy Tesla released some of the internal source code of Model S on a GitHub repository as part of their software license compliance process 66 67 In May 2019 as part of an engineering refresh the range of the Model S was increased to 370 mi 600 km and smart air suspension was added 68 The range would be increased further in February 2020 to 390 mi 630 km of range 69 In August 2020 the EPA updated the results of their range test of the Model S to 402 miles 647 km 70 On October 15 2020 the U S price of the long range version was lowered to 69 420 a reduction of 2 570 from two days prior 71 72 73 nbsp Until 2018 the Model S had an optional folding third row with rear facing seats for two children with a five point harness In early 2021 with the introduction of an entirely new interior now with landscape orientation of the MCU more rear seat room and a lightly modified exterior Tesla changed the Performance and Long Range Model S branding in favor of Plaid and Long Range respectively On June 10 2021 the Model S Plaid was released at a delivery event at the factory with nearly 30 new owners taking delivery that evening the Plaid version notably featured a return of the third row seating allowing a total of seven passengers citation needed although third row seating is not present within the consumer version of the car citation needed The Long Range version was EPA rated to a new high of 405 mi 652 km when equipped with the standard 19 wheels making it the longest range EV in the world at the time the Plaid was listed at 396 mi 637 km of range 74 Design editThe Model S is classified as a full size luxury sedan in the United States although the EPA refers to the Model S as a Large Car 75 greater than or equal to 120 cu ft or 3 4 m3 or Luxury Sedan 76 The Euro Car Segment classifies the Model S as a S segment sports car 77 78 in Germany the Model S is classified as Oberklasse F segment 79 All versions of the Model S have the same body and normally seat five passengers Other configurations were once available so as to allow for a third row seat with two additional seats for a total of seven passengers Powertrain edit nbsp Model S front trunk compartment 80 The Model S powertrain has gone through several iterations since its first release increasing in efficiency power and durability In 2014 Tesla claimed that the Model S recovered the energy that went into producing it in fewer than 10 000 miles 16 000 km citation needed The powertrain provides regenerative braking power of more than 60 kW which both reduces energy consumption and greatly reduces brake wear citation needed The rear axle has a traditional open differential Models with Dual Drive dual motors also have an open differential on the front axles The front and rear axles have no mechanical linkage with dual motors the power distribution among them is controlled electronically With the introduction of the tri motor Plaid version in mid 2021 new performance levels were achieved making the Model S Plaid the fastest accelerating production car in the world 81 until the debut of Rimac s Nevera in mid 2022 82 Battery edit nbsp The Model S battery is made of several thousand cylindrical cells 18650 The battery pack includes thousands of identical cylindrical 18650 battery cells 18 mm in diameter and 65 mm in height These cells use a graphite silicon 55 anode and a nickel cobalt aluminum cathode with an aqueous electrolyte and lithium ions as charge carriers 83 The battery capacity within the Model S has changed numerous times since its debut ranging from 60 100 kWH The batteries are the heaviest component within the Model S the 85 kWh battery pack weighed 1 200 lb 540 kg 84 better source needed Tesla manufactures some Model S cells internally and some in partnership with Panasonic citation needed Cell group module pack edit nbsp Model S chassis with powertrain and battery pack 85 The P85 pack contains 7 104 lithium ion battery cells in 16 modules wired in series 14 in the flat section and two stacked on the front 86 Each module contains 6 groups of 74 cells 87 wired in parallel the 6 groups are then wired in series within the module 87 88 89 90 The motor controller and battery temperatures are controlled by a liquid cooling heating circuit 91 and the battery is uninsulated 24 Waste heat from the motor heats the battery in cold conditions battery performance is reduced until heated by motor generated heat until a suitable battery temperature is reached in contrast to using an electric battery heater 92 The battery can be pre heated by a 6 kW internal heater either from itself using battery power or from a charger 24 Placement edit In contrast to most earlier battery electric vehicles including the Tesla Roadster the battery pack of the Model S forms the floor of the vehicle between the axles with several advantages The center of gravity height is 18 inches 460 mm 84 93 about the same as a Lotus Elise 94 helping it to achieve a lateral acceleration of 0 9 g 95 and rollover protection 96 97 The bulk of the mass is between the axles which lowers rotational inertia and allows it to turn more quickly for its weight The battery cage increases the rigidity of the passenger compartment improving passive safety Energy consumption edit Under its five cycle testing protocol the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA rated the 90 kWh version at a combined fuel economy equivalent of 104 MPGe 2 26 L 100 km or 125 mpg imp with an equivalent 102 mpg US 2 3 L 100 km 122 mpg imp in city driving and 107 mpg US 2 2 L 100 km 129 mpg imp on highways 98 External images nbsp Speed dependent power consumption nbsp Speed dependent ranges of various Model S nbsp Speed dependent mileage Model S amp RoadsterVehicle energy consumption is highly dependent on speed the Model S requires 10 kW 14 hp at 70 mph 110 km h and 31 kW 42 hp at 100 mph 160 km h 99 Ancillary equipment climate control battery conditioning etc may consume 15 25 depending on outside temperature 24 Charger edit The charge port is located behind a door in the left taillight 100 During charging the charge port pulses green The pulse frequency slows as the charge level approaches full When charging is complete the light turns solid green 100 The Model S comes equipped with a different charger and connector in North America versus other markets 101 The Mobile Connector allows charging at up to 72 amps 102 and includes adapters for connecting to a variety of electricity sources citation needed Tesla supports the SAE J1772 Type 2 and CHAdeMO charging standards via certain adapters citation needed North America edit nbsp Tesla Universal Mobile Connector UMC NEMA 5 15 Adapter plugged in wall AC socket NEMA 14 50 Adapter and SAE J1772 to Tesla TSL02 Charging Connector AdapterIn North America adapters for 120 volt NEMA 5 15 outlets as well as an adapter for SAE J1772 charging stations are included citation needed Other adapters including the popular NEMA 14 50 250V adapter can be purchased from Tesla for use with the Mobile Connector Charging times depend on the battery pack s state of charge its capacity the available voltage and the available amperage From a 120 volt 15 amp household outlet the range increases by 3 75 miles 6 km for every hour of charging From a 10 kW NEMA 14 50 240 V 50 A outlet like those used by RVs or stoves the charge rate is 28 75 miles 46 km per hour Using Tesla s 20 kW 240 V High Power Wall Connector increases the rate to 57 miles 92 km per hour if the car is configured with dual chargers 20 kW 103 Europe Asia Pacific edit nbsp Type 2 compatible outlet found on Tesla Superchargers in Europe Middle East and Asia PacificIn Europe and the Asia Pacific region the Model S uses a Type 2 charger Suspension edit While some Model S s were built with a base steel spring suspension the vast majority have a self leveling height adjustable air suspension This is accomplished via adjustable Bilstein shock absorbers controlled by the driver The car lowers itself at highway speeds and can be set to a higher level to traverse steep driveways and rough terrain mitigating the default 6 in 150 mm ground clearance and relatively long 116 in 2 900 mm wheelbase 104 The suspension system has evolved via over the air software updates The height adjustment feature remembers locations where the driver has requested higher clearance and automatically adjusts each time the car returns to that location 105 In early 2019 as part of the Raven update the Model S was upgraded to feature an enhanced Smart Air Suspension with automatic dynamic suspension adjustments 106 Autopilot edit Main article Tesla Autopilot Autopilot uses cameras radar and ultrasound to detect road signs lane markings obstacles pedestrians cyclists traffic lights and other vehicles Additionally Autopilot includes adaptive cruise control and lane centering and supports semi autonomous drive and parking capabilities 107 108 109 Instrument panel edit nbsp Production dashboard with 12 3 inch 310 mm main dashboard digital display left and central 17 inch 430 mm touchscreen control panel right The instrument panel is located directly in front of the driver It includes a 12 3 inch 310 mm liquid crystal display electronic instrument cluster that indicates speed charge level estimated range and active gear as well as navigation directions The Model S s touchscreen display was originally powered by a Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing Module VCM while the instrument cluster was driven by a separate Nvidia Tegra 2 VCM 110 111 The Tegra system on a chip SoC integrated eight specialized processors including a multi core ARM CPU a GPU and dedicated audio video and image processors citation needed Touchscreen edit The original touchscreen was a 17 inch 430 mm multi touch panel divided into four areas A top line displayed status symbols and provided shortcuts for charging HomeLink driver profiles vehicle information and Bluetooth The second line provided access to apps including Media Nav driven by Google Maps which was separate from the navigation on instrument panel Energy Web Camera and Phone The main viewing area displayed the two active apps subdivided into upper and lower areas Most apps can be expanded to take up the entire area At the bottom was access to various controls and settings for the vehicle such as doors locks and lights as well as temperature controls and a secondary volume control In June 2021 as part of the refresh of the Model S the touchscreen was shifted to be in landscape mode rather than a portrait mode citation needed The map display requires a constant Internet connection limiting navigation in areas without service Automatic navigation to charging stations is included 112 The operating system powering the touchscreen runs Linux 113 Autoshift edit Introduced in mid 2021 the Plaid and Long Range versions of the Model S feature no steering column mounted shift stalk instead the Model S uses cameras to infer whether to shift into forward or reverse Earlier versions controlled transmission selection via a shift stalk on the right side of the steering column citation needed Interior material edit As of 2023 the materials used within the seats are animal free made of synthetic fiber with the steering wheel covers shifting to an animal free material in late 2019 as well 114 The original impetus for this years long transition to animal free interiors may have been two shareholder proposals presented at an annual Tesla shareholders meeting in 2015 in which the substantial environmental damage caused by animal agriculture was highlighted along with the obvious conflict with Tesla s stated mission Versions editThe Model S exists in several versions differing in energy capacity motor size and power and equipment Signature Signature Performance edit nbsp The official car of the Chief Minister of Gibraltar a Signature Model S bought in 2014 115 Tesla allocated its first 1 000 units to its Signature and Signature Performance limited edition configurations equipped with the 85 kWh battery pack 116 117 A custom Model S was designed for the Oceanic Preservation Society in collaboration with Obscura Digital and was used to project images of endangered animals to help educate the public about ongoing Holocene mass extinction as featured in the 2015 documentary Racing Extinction 60 85 P85 edit The base Model S 60 was released with 60 kWh battery capacity and used a 270 kW 362 hp 441 N m 325 ft lb motor The model 85 was a RWD 85 kWh battery with 278 kW 373 hp and 441 N m 325 lbf ft 118 The Performance variant P85 offered a three phase four pole AC induction 310 kW 416 hp 601 N m 443 ft lb rear mounted electric motor with a copper rotor 119 The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd 0 24 120 lower than any other production car when released 121 Independent measurements by Car and Driver in May 2014 confirmed the figure 99 70D edit nbsp Tesla Model S75D model year 2017The 70D replaced the 60 60D and P85 offering all wheel drive and an improved range of 240 miles 385 km 122 123 In January 2019 Tesla made the 100D the base version and discontinued the 75D version 124 85D edit The 85D replaced the rear drive unit with a smaller motor while a second motor of similar size was added to the front wheels The resulting AWD car offered comparable power and acceleration to the rear wheel drive The 85D offered a 2 5 mile range increase and 11 increase in top speed over the 85 125 P85D edit nbsp Model S P85 using regenerative braking power in excess of 60 kW During regenerative braking the power indicator is green The P85D was a dual motor all wheel drive vehicle The high power rear drive unit was retained while the additional front drive motor increased power by about 50 increasing acceleration and top speed Tesla originally said the total output could reach 515 kW 691 hp However the battery was unable to supply both motors with their maximum power at the same time so total power is limited to 345 kW 463 hp 126 It had a governed top speed of 155 mph 249 km h 127 and it accelerated from 0 to 60 miles per hour 0 to 97 km h in 3 2 seconds tested to 3 1 seconds under Insane Mode with 1g of acceleration 127 128 P90D edit The P90D had a top speed of 155 mph 249 km h and it could accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour 0 to 97 km h in 2 8 seconds despite the lower total motor power in part due to the improved traction of the all wheel drive powertrain An optional Ludicrous Mode hardware package improved the 0 to 60 mph 0 to 97 km h time to 2 8 seconds at 1 1g 129 130 131 The P90D combined a front axle power of 259 horsepower 193 kW and rear axle power of 503 horsepower 375 kW for a 0 60 mph 0 97 km h time of 2 8 seconds The acceleration of the P90D can reach 1 1g described by Tesla as faster than falling 51 132 In June 2017 Tesla discontinued selling the 90 kWh battery pack option 133 P100D edit The P100D outputs 439 kW 589 hp and 1 248 N m 920 lbf ft torque on a dynamometer 134 As of March 2017 P100D was the world s quickest production vehicle with a NHRA rolling start to 60 mph 97 km h in Motor Trend tests in 2 28 seconds acceleration clock started after 0 26 seconds at 5 9 mph 9 5 km h in Ludicrous mode 135 Owing to overheating issues the radiator has no blower 24 multiple uses of Ludicrous mode required rest periods to protect the battery 136 137 According to Motor Trend selecting the Yes bring it on option for maximum acceleration initiates a process of battery and motor conditioning wherein the battery temperature is raised slightly and the motors are cooled using the air conditioning system It usually takes just a few minutes longer in extreme ambient temperatures or after repeated runs You should expect to wait a minimum of 10 minutes in between runs 135 It offered an EPA estimated range of 315 mi 507 km 138 It was the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range greater than 300 miles 485 km 26 Raven edit In 2019 the Performance and Long Range Plus variants offered the Raven powertrain 139 It included the permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor from the Tesla Model 3 as the front motor 139 The motor was more powerful and more efficient than its predecessor 139 The Raven powertrain included a new adaptive air suspension 139 Palladium Plaid edit nbsp A 2021 Tesla Model S Long Range The refreshed exterior may be distinguished by the shape of the fog lights and black trim instead of chrome The Palladium refresh was announced in January 2021 with initial deliveries in June 2021 The refresh included a new interior new powertrain suspension and thermal management amongst other improvements 140 The refresh originally consisted of three models the Long Range LR the Plaid and the Plaid although the Plaid was cancelled shortly before deliveries began The Plaid name is applied to the performance model and is a reference to the only speed faster than Ludicrous in the movie Spaceballs 141 The Plaid model includes one motor for the front axle and two motors for the rear axle the starting price was 131 100 142 At the core of the Plaid s performance are innovative new motors featuring a carbon wrapped rotor to allow much higher motor RPM 143 Musk said that this presented challenges because carbon and copper the rotor material have different thermal expansion rates 144 The Long Range model includes the front motor and a single rear motor its starting price was 80k but it was raised to 85k soon after deliveries began 145 Track Mode allows for adjustment from 100 FWD to 100 RWD in 5 increments traction control strength in 21 stages and regenerative braking strength from 0 to 100 in 5 increments citation needed At its debut the Palladium models had the lowest drag coefficient of any production car with Cd 0 208 146 The new HVAC system uses a heat pump that Tesla says provides 30 longer range and requires 50 less energy in cold weather conditions than the previous Model S 147 Charging was said to increase by 187 mi 301 km in 15 minutes on a 250 kW supercharger 146 The interior features a non circular yoke steering wheel 148 a landscape oriented center screen a screen for the rear passengers increased headroom and legroom particularly in the rear seat area lower noise via acoustic glass a new customizable user interface and improved gaming via the AMD RDNA 2 GPU 146 149 The company estimated that deliveries will reach 1000 week in Q3 of 2021 145 The Plaid has 1 020 hp 760 kW and 1 050 lb ft 1 420 N m of torque It was independently tested by Motor Trend to go 0 60 mph 0 97 km h in 2 07 seconds 1 98 on a prepped drag strip ex with PJ1 TrackBite and cover a quarter mile 400 m in 9 34 seconds at 152 2 mph 244 9 km h 150 Tesla stated it will reach a 200 mph 320 km h top speed 145 Charging edit nbsp A Tesla Model S connected to a high speed Supercharger station at the Harris Ranch on Interstate 5 in California s Central ValleySee also Tesla Supercharger Tesla recommends overnight charging at home as the primary method of charging In general the convenience of plugging in overnight outweighs the far longer charging interval For charging outside the home Tesla has partnered with businesses to install Tesla Wall Connectors to provide a charging network called Tesla Destination The units are provided to the businesses by Tesla for free or at a discounted price The business is responsible for the cost of electricity Not all destination chargers are available to the public as some businesses limit them to customers employees or residents only 151 Tesla operates a global network of 480 volt charging stations The Tesla network is usable only by Tesla vehicles apart from select countries in Europe where Tesla is currently running their Non Tesla Supercharging Pilot Supercharging hardware is standard on all new vehicles and most earlier editions 40 152 153 The Supercharger is a DC rapid charging station that provides up to 250 kW of power adding up to 15 mi 24 km per minute citation needed Tesla originally designed the Model S to allow fast battery swapping which also facilitated vehicle assembly 154 In 2013 Tesla demonstrated a battery swap operation taking around 90 seconds about half the time it takes to refill an empty gas tank 155 156 Tesla originally planned to support widespread battery swapping but supposedly abandoned the plan due to perceived lack of interest by customers 157 Tesla has been accused of gaming the California Air Resources Board system for zero emission vehicle credits by launching the battery swap program that was never made available to the public 158 159 Tesla announced in 2020 that it would integrate the batteries into the body to increase strength and reduce weight and cost 160 Sales and markets edit nbsp Model S first retail deliveries ceremony at the Tesla Factory in Fremont California held on June 22 2012U S deliveries began June 2012 8 Tesla reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week they were available 161 and by December 2012 a total 15 000 net reservations after deliveries and cancellations had been received by year end 162 The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out before deliveries began in June 2012 and according to Tesla all models were sold out for that year shortly after 163 164 A total of 2 650 cars were delivered in North America in 2012 165 Tesla delivered 50 658 Model S X units in 2015 166 167 Tesla sold more than 50 000 Model S cars globally in 2016 making it the world s top selling plug in electric that year 168 In 2017 it became only the second EV to sell more than 200 000 units behind the Nissan Leaf The Model S was released in Europe in early August 2013 and the first deliveries took place in Norway Switzerland and the Netherlands 169 By November 2013 the Model S was on sale in 20 countries 170 By the end of 2013 Norway and Switzerland became the company s largest per capita sales markets 171 Retail deliveries in China began in April 2014 172 The right hand drive model was released in the UK in June 2014 173 followed by Hong Kong in July 2014 174 and Japan in September 2014 175 Deliveries in Australia began in December 2014 176 The Model S ranked as the world s second best selling plug in electric vehicle after the Nissan Leaf 177 About 55 of deliveries went to North America 30 to Europe and 15 to the Asia Pacific market 178 As of June 2015 update the Model S was sold in 30 countries 179 The Model S was the world s best selling plug in electric car in 2015 ahead of the Nissan Leaf about 43 000 units 167 180 2016 2020 edit The Model S was the world s top selling plug in car for the second year running 19 20 As of 2018 the Model S rank fell to second place after the BAIC EC Series city car which sold over 78 000 units in China 14 The Model S continued to rank as the second most sold electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf 14 15 16 17 As of December 2018 update cumulative global sales totaled about 263 504 units 14 15 16 17 181 In 2019 in year sales of the Model 3 exceeded the total number of the Model S ever sold By 2021 combined quarterly sales of the Model 3 and Model Y exceeded the total number of the Model S ever sold citation needed Sales by country edit Sales registrations by top national markets Country Cumulative sales of global sales a 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012US 182 18 183 184 185 163 201 55 9 14 425 186 29 959 26 500 29 156 25 202 16 689 18 650 2 620China 187 188 189 11 858 b c c c 6 334 3 025 b 2 499 Norway 190 191 192 193 194 195 20 639 7 4 1 181 3 633 3 712 2 051 4 039 4 040 1 983 Netherlands 196 197 198 199 200 201 13 839 5 3 5 633 2 051 1 693 1 805 1 465 1 192 Canada 202 6 731 3 2 1 675 1 466 2 010 847 638 95Germany 79 203 204 205 206 207 7 551 2 9 1 248 2 241 1 474 1 582 815 191 UK 208 209 210 211 9 300 d 2 9 1 756 2 518 2 367 1 389 698 Switzerland e 212 4 695 2 2 1 131 1 299 1 556 496 213 Denmark 213 214 215 3 432 1 6 46 78 2 736 460 112 Sweden 216 217 218 219 220 3 788 1 4 883 800 838 996 266 5 France 221 222 223 224 3 455 1 3 749 850 785 708 328 35 Belgium 225 226 227 228 229 3 358 1 3 535 659 675 820 521 148 Hong Kong 230 2 221 f 1 0 c c 2 221 Austria 231 232 233 234 1 835 0 9 584 575 492 136 48 Australia 235 236 1 319 0 6 c c 1 250 69 g Italy 237 238 662 0 3 264 218 120 52 8 Global 14 15 16 17 181 263 504 28 248 239 50 630 15 16 17 181 54 715 14 50 931 19 50 446 183 180 31 655 177 22 477 240 2 650 162 Percentage of global sales by country inception through December 2019 a b Chinese market sales in 2015 only through September a b c d e f g Sales figures not available UK registrations at the end of June 2019 not cumulative sales Includes registrations in Liechtenstein Hong Kong sales for 2015 only Only includes registrations in New South Wales and Victoria Asia Pacific edit nbsp Model S at a quick charging CHAdeMO station in Japan 241 The first nine Australian units were delivered in Sydney on December 9 2014 Tesla opened its first store and service centre in St Leonards and its first Supercharger station at Pyrmont in December 2014 242 243 The Model S was the top selling all electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015 244 The first Chinese deliveries took place on April 22 2014 172 The standard equipment was the same as the European version with larger back seats because the car was expected to be driven by a chauffeur 245 By mid 2018 China ranked as Tesla s second largest market 246 Sales began in Hong Kong in July 2014 174 Europe edit nbsp First European deliveries were at Tesla s Oslo store in August 2013 European retail deliveries began in August 2013 in Norway Switzerland and the Netherlands 169 Europe s first delivery took place in Oslo on August 7 2013 247 By the end of August Europe s first six charging stations opened in Lyngdal Aurland Dombas Gol Sundebru and Lillehammer 248 Sales rose most rapidly in Norway In April 2014 the Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide all electric taxi service in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 249 The Model S topped the European luxury car segment in 2015 ahead of the Mercedes Benz S Class 14 990 the traditional leader 250 Sales in 2015 totaled 1 805 units 198 and declined to 1 693 in 2016 199 As of October 2016 update combined registrations of the Model S 5 681 and the Model X 250 represented 48 6 of the 12 196 all electric cars on Dutch roads at the end of that month 251 The Model S was the all time top selling all electric car in the Netherlands with 12 394 cars registered at the end of March 2021 however it has since been overtaken by the Tesla Model 3 with 38 745 cars registered in March 2021 252 In the UK from 2021 to 2022 deliveries of Model S vehicles dropped significantly to almost zero 253 In 2023 Tesla also stated that the Model S will not be sold in the UK or Ireland in right hand drive for the foreseeable future 254 In July 2023 the Plaid model was launched in the UK and the standard Model S was relaunched but both are only available in left hand drive Unlike most cars sold in the country 255 256 nbsp Model S used since 2014 for all electric taxi service at Amsterdam Airport SchipholNorth America edit The world s first delivery took place on June 1 2012 in California to a Tesla board member while formal deliveries to the public began at a large ceremony on June 22 2013 257 The first Model S sedans were delivered in Canada in December 2012 202 Retail sales began in Mexico City in December 2015 Initially no Supercharger stations are available in the country 258 nbsp Personalized delivery of Model SRetail sales model edit Main article Tesla US dealership disputes Tesla sells its cars directly to consumers without a dealer network as other manufacturers have done and as many states require by legislation In support of its approach the company fought legal and legislative battles in Ohio New Jersey New York and other states 259 260 The Tesla direct sales model was permitted in 22 states as of March 2015 261 262 In other states the Tesla salesperson is not allowed to discuss prices and the ultimate sale must be made online 263 264 Safety editTesla has made many claims about the safety of its vehicles encompassing vehicle structure and driver assist software Features edit Parts of this article those related to the 2021 and later Model S has significantly improved safety 1 need to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 External videos nbsp NHTSA Frontal crash test on YouTube nbsp NHTSA Side crash test on YouTube nbsp NHTSA Pole crash test on YouTube nbsp Euro NCAP crash test on YouTube nbsp Tesla EV Safety Training for rescuers on YouTubeIn 2014 the Model S had a 5 star safety rating from both Euro NCAP and the U S National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA 265 266 At that time only two other cars had earned the same recognition since 2011 when the NHTSA introduced its latest rating scheme 267 NHTSA 268 Overall nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Frontal driver nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Frontal passenger nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Side driver nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Side passenger nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Side pole driver nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Rollover nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp 5 7 Euro NCAP 269 Overall nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp nbsp Adult occupant 35 8 pts 94 Child occupant 45 pts 91 Vulnerable road users 45 9 pts 85 Safety assist 15 7 pts 98 IIHS 270 271 Small overlap front Driver AcceptableModerate overlap frontal offset GoodSide impact original test GoodRoof strength GoodRoof strength P100D GoodHeadlights PoorFront crash prevention Vehicle to Vehicle SuperiorChild seat anchors LATCH ease of use MarginalIncidents edit Initial battery fire incidents edit See also Tesla Model S fire incidentsThe first widely reported fire occurred several minutes after the vehicle hit metal debris on the Washington State Route 167 highway on October 1 2013 272 The driver was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury 273 He then contacted authorities and while awaiting their arrival smoke began coming out the front of the vehicle The driver stated that he hit something while exiting the HOV lane 272 274 275 Tesla stated that the fire was caused by the direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 battery modules and that by design the modules were separated by firewalls limiting the fire to a small section in the front of the vehicle 272 The module was evidently punctured by a curved section that fell off a truck and was recovered near the accident Tesla stated that the debris punched a 3 inch 76 mm diameter hole through the 25 inch 6 4 mm armor plate under the vehicle applying force of some 25 tons Built in vents directed the flames away from the vehicle so that the fire did not enter the passenger compartment According to Tesla the firefighters followed standard procedure using water to extinguish the fire was correct 276 however puncturing the metal firewall to gain access to the fire also allowed the flames to spread to the front trunk 273 Tesla also stated that because the battery pack contains only about 10 of the energy contained in a gasoline tank the effective combustion potential of a single module is only about 1 that of a conventional vehicle 273 NHTSA reported After reviewing all available data the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards 277 The following month the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine the potential risks associated with undercarriage strikes on model year 2013 Tesla Model S vehicles 278 279 On March 28 2014 NHTSA closed its investigation claiming that the new titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates along with increased ground clearance should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk 280 Subsequent fires edit On November 6 2013 a fire broke out after a Model S struck a tow hitch on the roadway causing damage beneath the vehicle 281 The incidents led Tesla to extend its warranty to cover fire damage and to apply a software update to increase ground clearance when operating at highway speed 278 282 Another fire took place in Toronto Canada in February 2014 The Model S was parked in a garage and was not charging when the fire started The origin of the fire is undetermined 283 According to Tesla in this particular case we don t yet know the precise cause but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery the charging system the adapter or the electrical receptacle as these components were untouched by the fire 284 Starting with vehicle bodies manufactured as of 6 March 2014 update all units were outfitted with a triple underbody shield Existing cars were retrofitted upon request or as part of routine service 285 286 On January 1 2016 a 2014 Model S caught fire while supercharging unsupervised in Brokelandsheia Norway The vehicle was destroyed but nobody was injured 287 288 289 The fire was slow and the owner had time to unplug the car and retrieve possessions 290 An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board AIBN indicated that the fire originated in the car but was otherwise inconclusive 291 In March 2016 Tesla stated that their own investigation into the incident concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle s distribution box but that the amount of damage prevented them from determining the exact cause 290 Tesla stated that the Supercharger detected the short circuit and deactivated and a future Model S software update would stop the vehicle from charging if a short circuit is detected 292 NTSB stated that Teslas are not more prone to fires than other vehicles 293 Recalls edit As of December 2021 update Tesla had had seven Model S recalls 294 295 296 On June 14 2013 Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured between May 10 2013 and June 8 2013 due to improper methods for aligning the left hand seat back striker to the bracket which could weaken the weld between the bracket and frame 297 On January 13 2014 Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured in 2013 because the adapter cord or wall outlet could overheat during charging 298 On November 20 2015 Tesla announced a voluntary recall of all of its 90 000 Model S vehicles in order to check for a possible defect in the cars front seat belt assemblies The problem was raised by one customer in Europe Tesla s resulting investigation was unable to identify a root cause for the failure and the company decided to examine every car Tesla reported that no accidents or injuries were related to the problem 299 300 On January 20 2017 Tesla recalled Model S made from 2012 in January 2017 due to defective Takata airbags Cars manufactured later until 2017 had smaller risk 301 On April 20 2017 Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53 000 of the 76 000 Model S and Model X vehicles sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes 302 303 On March 30 2018 all 123 000 Model S cars manufactured before April 2016 were recalled due to excessive corrosion of the bolts which secure the power steering particularly those cars used in cold countries where roads are salted 295 In December 2021 119 009 Model S vehicles were recalled because of the possibility of latch failure allowing front hoods to open unexpectedly 296 Autopilot edit The first known fatal accident when Autopilot was active occurred in Williston Florida on May 7 2016 In June 2016 the U S National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NHTSA opened a formal investigation into the accident working with the Florida Highway Patrol According to NHTSA preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non controlled access highway and the driver and the car failed to apply the brakes 304 305 306 NHTSA s preliminary evaluation examined the design and performance of automated driving systems which involved an estimated 25 000 cars 307 According to Tesla neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor trailer against a brightly lit sky so the brake was not applied The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S Tesla also stated that this was Tesla s first known Autopilot related death in over 130 million mi 209 million km driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated According to Tesla a fatality occurred every 94 million mi 150 million km among all type of vehicles in the U S 304 305 308 In January 2017 NTSB concluded Tesla was not at fault since the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and take action the investigation revealed that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent under autopilot 309 310 NHTSA safety edit On August 19 2013 based on NHTSA safety ratings a Tesla press release claimed that the Model S had achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested Tesla stated NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5 however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score VSS provided to manufacturers where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5 4 stars 311 312 313 314 315 However a few days later NHTSA rebutted Tesla s claim explaining that the rating for the Model S was equal to any other car receiving 5 stars and claiming that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines 316 317 318 In July 2017 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety IIHS found that during front crash tests the Model S safety belts let the driver s torso move too far forward resulting in the head striking the steering wheel hard through the airbag This problem was already pointed out in one of the IIHS s earliers tests to which Tesla responded they would improve their safety belt design which according to the IIHS s latest tests has not been done The IIHS also gave the Model S the worst possible rating for its headlights 319 The report caused Tesla to lose 6 4 of its stock value 271 Issues and criticism editRange limitation edit Parts of this article those related to in the recent decade the Supercharger network has expanded significantly and the new Model S has a 100 kWh battery pack which has up to a 405 mile EPA range one of the best among electric cars need to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information December 2022 On February 8 2013 The New York Times published a review by John M Broder about a trip between Washington D C and Boston using Tesla s Supercharger network At the time it included only two stations on the East Coast Broder made a variety of critical claims about the battery s performance in cold weather and the distance between charging stations The trip ended with the Model S carried on a flatbed truck to the Milford Connecticut station 320 Tesla responded by publishing logs of the vehicle s charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder s account 321 Tesla implied that Broder s behavior forced the car to fail Broder replied to the criticism suggesting that the speed discrepancies may have been because the car had been equipped with 19 inch wheels rather than the specified 21 inch wheels 322 In the midst of the controversy a CNN reporter recreated Broder s trip without exhausting the battery However two differences distinguished the journeys The weather was about 10 F 6 C warmer and CNN completed the trip in one day the Times let the car sit overnight while not plugged in 323 A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents 324 One week later a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder s trip without problems 325 326 On February 18 2013 The New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took casual and imprecise notes and used poor judgment but she maintained that the article was written in good faith She admitted that Broder s vehicle logs were sometimes quite misleading 327 328 329 In July and September 2014 tests performed by an independent German car magazine in cooperation with the TUV German Association for Technical Inspection and Tesla owners seemed to reveal issues with the battery s performance According to the magazine Tesla did not take up the invitation to repeat the test and seemed to refuse to offer vehicles for a second test 330 331 A test performed by another German publication Die Welt supported the findings 332 Power dissipation when not in use edit Older versions of the system software suffered from power drain issues when the car wasn t being used with the batteries losing 4 5 kWh overnight known commonly as vampire drain 333 System software v5 8 v1 49 30 released December 12 2013 reduced overnight energy loss substantially to 1 1 kWh per night or around 3 miles 334 Consumer Reports recommendation edit In October 2015 two months after naming the Tesla the best car ever tested Consumer Reports declined to give the Tesla Model S a recommended designation citing too many complaints from owners Complaints ranged from misaligned doors and squeaky body to total drive train failure and inoperable door handles Tesla s shares dropped 15 both because of the magazine s cut and because of concerns over the Tesla Model X luxury SUV 335 336 Similarly Edmunds com found quality and safety issues in their long term road test and amassed quite the repair resume during the last 17 months 337 Both Edmunds and Consumer Reports reported the vehicle stalling while driving 338 better source needed In their 2016 Annual Auto Reliability Survey Consumer Reports improved the Model S rating to average reliability The magazine raised serious concerns about how some automakers including Tesla have designed deployed and marketed semi autonomous technology 339 By 2017 in the Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey Tesla s position on the list moved up four spots and the predicted reliability rating for Model S reached above average for the first time 340 In 2018 the annual Consumer Reports reliability survey found Tesla cars amongst the worst with the brand falling six spots from 2017 and third worst amongst the brands surveyed 341 342 The Model S dropped below average in reliability with suspension problems and other issues that included the extending door handle 342 In 2019 the model S achieved a Consumer Reports recommended designation 343 due to improved reliability with the Model S as the second most reliable out of four ultra luxury cars tested Power discrepancy edit The P85D insane mode was widely reported to have 691 horsepower 344 345 346 but some owners reported 20 less power on the dynamometer in various circumstances 347 348 As of November 2015 update Tesla website showed battery limited combined 345 kilowatts 463 hp for P85D 397 kilowatts 532 hp for Ludicrous 349 347 A lawsuit by 126 owners in Norway 350 was settled in December 2016 351 Power consumption edit In early March 2016 a report by Stuff magazine revealed that a test performed by VICOM Ltd on behalf of Singapore s Land Transport Authority had found a 2014 Tesla Model S to be consuming 444 Wh km 0 715 kW h mi 352 353 which was greater than the 240 Wh km 0 38 kW h mi reported by EPA 354 and the 181 Wh km 0 291 kW h mi reported by Tesla 355 As a result a carbon surcharge was imposed on the Model S making Singapore the only country in the world to impose an environmental surcharge on a fully electric car 356 The Land Transport Authority justified this by stating that it had to account for CO2 emissions during the electricity generation process and therefore a grid emission factor of 0 5 g watt hour was also applied to the electric energy consumption 357 Tesla countered that when the energy used to extract refine and distribute gasoline was taken into account the Model S produced approximately one third the CO2 of an equivalent gasoline powered vehicle 355 Later that month the Land Transport Authority released a statement stating that they and the VICOM Emission Test Laboratory would work with Tesla engineers to determine whether the test was flawed 358 and a Tesla statement indicated that the discussions were positive and that they were confident of a quick resolution 355 Plaid reservation issues edit After it was announced that Plaid was canceled some reservation holders discovered their reservations had been converted into a full order for the regular Plaid version and with no refund included for their Plaid deposit 359 Awards editThe Model S has received numerous awards including 2013 AutoGuide com Reader s Choice Car of the Year 360 2013 World Green Car of the Year 361 Automobile Magazine s 2013 Car of the Year a unanimous decision 362 CNET Tech Car of the Year for 2012 363 Consumer Reports gave the Model S a score of 103 out of 100 its highest ever The Model S broke the rating scale of Consumer Reports during its test 364 A Consumer Reports 2013 survey of owner satisfaction produced a score of 99 out of 100 the highest the magazine has seen in years 365 In 2014 the Model S topped for the second year in a row Consumer Reports survey of owner satisfaction The Model S scored 98 out of 100 366 Consumer Reports found the Model S to be Best Overall for 2014 across all 10 categories of cars light trucks and SUVs chosen from more than 260 vehicles the organization has recently tested The magazine considers the Model S a technological tour de force while pricey is brimming with innovation 367 In 2015 they rated the Model S at 103 breaking the scale 368 369 Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2013 370 Hagerty Greatest Car of the Decade 2010s 371 Motor Trend 2013 Car of the Year also a unanimous decision and the first winner in the award s history to not be powered by an internal combustion engine 372 Natural Resources Canada 2013 EcoENERGY for Vehicles Awards in the full size category 373 Popular Science s Auto Grand Award Winner Best of What s New list 2012 374 The Telegraph included the Model S in its list of the top 10 cars that changed the world published in December 2014 and also named the electric sedan the most important car of the last 20 years 375 376 Time magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award 377 In 2019 the Model S was included in Time s list of best gadgets of the 2010s 378 Yahoo Autos 2013 Car of the Year 379 American Automobile Association Green Car Guide 2015 top spot P85D 380 The Model S also won the 2014 AAA Green Car Guide 381 2019 Green Car Reports Car of the Decade 382 Records edit All of these records used hypermiling techniques such as front motor only low speed 24 mph 39 km h no air conditioning and minimal use of the brakes 383 384 These attempts were inspired by a blog written by Elon Musk about the planned range and efficiency of the Tesla Model S offering a prize for anyone exceeding 400 miles 640 km on a single charge where it was estimated the 85 kWh model could do it by driving at a constant 36 mph 58 km h under ideal conditions 385 In early September 2019 a prototype plaid tri motor Model S went faster than the official record for the fastest four door electric sports car at the Laguna Seca Raceway beating a previous time held by the Tesla Model 3 Performance 386 387 Configuration Distance Date Team NotesP100D 670 mi 1 080 km August 5 2017 Italian drivers First production electric car to exceed 620 mi 1 000 km on a single charge 388 P100D 560 miles 901 2 km June 20 2017 Belgian drivers 389 85 kWh 423 5 miles 681 6 km November 2012 David and Adam Metcalf 390 391 See also editElectric car use by country Government incentives for plug in electric vehicles List of electric cars currently available List of fastest production cars by acceleration List of production cars by power output List of modern production plug in electric vehicles List of production battery electric vehicles List of Easter eggs in Tesla productsReferences edit Dorian Drew October 13 2020 2021 Tesla Model S Review Pricing and Specs Car and Driver 2020 Tesla Model S Specs amp Features Edmunds Model S Optionen und Preis Model S options and Price Tesla Motors in German Germany Tesla Motors Retrieved August 8 2013 Tesla Model S Dual 80 A Charger second onboard 40 A Charger Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Archived from the original on December 4 2016 Sabatini Jeff November 2014 2014 Tesla Model S 60 Full Test Review Car and Driver Retrieved May 7 2015 Cantle Chriss October 9 2014 Tesla Model S P85D Dual motors AWD 691 hp 3 2 to 60 Road amp Track Retrieved May 12 2015 Sherman Don May 2015 2015 Tesla Model S 70D Car and Driver Retrieved May 12 2015 a b Boudreau John June 22 2012 In a Silicon Valley milestone Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars San Jose Mercury News Retrieved June 22 2012 Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil Norway s best selling car in September is an electric vehicle in Norwegian Gronn bil October 1 2013 Archived from the original 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Model S cars a b c d e Tesla Q1 2018 Vehicle Production and Deliveries Tesla Palo Alto California Tesla April 3 2018 Retrieved September 2 2018 a b c d e Tesla Second Quarter 2018 Delivery Tesla Palo Alto California Tesla July 2 2018 Retrieved September 2 2018 a b c d e Tesla Q3 2018 Vehicle Production and Deliveries Tesla Press release Palo Alto California Tesla October 2 2018 Retrieved October 20 2018 a b Cobb Jeff January 11 2017 America s Plug in Car Sales Were Their Best Ever in 2016 HybridCars com Baum amp Associates Retrieved January 12 2017 Plug in electric car sales in the U S totaled 157 181 units up 37 6 from 2015 114 248 The plug in car segment achieved an all time high market share of 0 90 of new car sales in 2016 December sales totaled a record monthly volume of 23 288 units and also achieved a record monthly market share of 1 39 of new car sales The top selling model for the second year in a row was the Tesla Model S with 29 156 units sold in 2016 followed by the Chevrolet Volt 24 739 Tesla Model X 18 028 Ford Energi Fusion 15 938 and the Nissan Leaf 14 006 As of December 2016 cumulative sales totaled 570 187 plug in cars since 2008 with the Chevrolet Volt as the all time best selling plug in car with 113 489 units The Tesla Model S ranks third with an estimated 92 317 units since its inception in 2012 a b c Cobb Jeff January 26 2017 Tesla Model S Is World s Best Selling Plug in Car For Second Year In A Row HybridCars com Retrieved January 26 2017 a b Sharan Zachary February 4 2017 Tesla Model S amp Nissan LEAF Clocked As World s Best Selling Electric Cars In 2016 CleanTechnica Retrieved February 4 2017 Wert Ray February 20 2007 Darryl Siry responds to rumor on Jalopnik forum Jalopnik com Retrieved November 27 2010 Vance Ashlee January 24 2017 Elon Musk Tesla SpaceX and the quest for a fantastic future First Ecco paperback ed New York NY p 160 ISBN 978 0 06 230125 3 OCLC 933272365 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite 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Retrieved July 19 2016 Musk Elon elonmusk July 17 2016 Promising call today with BoschGlobal maker of our radar sensor Looks like significant improvements possible via OTA software update Tweet via Twitter Nelson Gabe October 14 2015 Tesla beams down autopilot mode to Model S Automotive News Retrieved October 19 2015 Tesla Model S one billion miles Western Morning News June 23 2015 Archived from the original on June 24 2015 Retrieved June 23 2015 Cobb Jeff June 23 2015 Happy 3rd Birthday Tesla Model S Fleet Is First To Travel One Billion Miles Hybrid Cars Retrieved June 23 2015 Cobb Jeff December 15 2015 Tesla Model S Crossed 100 000 Sales Milestone This Month Hybrid Cars Retrieved December 16 2015 Cobb Jeff December 5 2016 Tesla Model S Is Second Plug in Car To Cross 150 000 Sales Milestone HybridCars com Retrieved December 5 2016 a b c Blanco Sebastian July 17 2015 Tesla announces Model S Ludicrous upgrade 90 kWh battery Autoblog Retrieved July 17 2015 Cantle Chris October 9 2014 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2012 Ludlow Edward January 27 2021 Tesla s Model S Plaid Is Fastest Accelerating Production Car Bloomberg US Retrieved May 2 2023 Stafford Eric May 17 2023 Rimac Nevera Electric Hypercar Is Claimed to Have Set 23 Records in One Day Car and Driver US Retrieved September 4 2023 Yoney Domenick August 7 2018 Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Tesla Batteries InsideEVs Retrieved June 16 2021 a b Roper L David Tesla Model S Data Retrieved April 5 2015 Dillard Ted September 23 2014 Rare Look Inside A Tesla Model S Battery Pack InsideEVs Retrieved September 23 2014 Cunningham Wayne October 6 2010 Tesla Model S The battery pack C Net Retrieved February 20 2014 a b US patent 8286743 Rawlinson Peter Dore Vehicle Battery Pack Ballistic Shield issued 2012 10 16 US patent 2007009787 Method and Apparatus for Mounting Cooling Connecting and Protecting Batteries issued 2007 1 11 Beltran Balbino A Dunlap Michael L Richardson Frank D August 7 2013 REPORT NUMBER NCAP305I KAR 13 054 NEW CAR ASSESSMENT PROGRAM NCAP FMVSS NO 305 INDICANT TEST TESLA MOTORS INC 2013 TESLA MODEL S 5 DOOR HATCHBACK NHTSA NUMBER MD5001 Report U S Department of Transportation National Highway Safety Adminitstration p A 13 Archived from the original on February 26 2014 Retrieved February 20 2014 Garthaite Josie June 23 2012 Leaving Baggage on the Dock a Flagship Departs From California The New York Times Retrieved June 24 2012 Blankenship George November 28 2016 Tesla Patent Outlines Sensible Approach to Cabin Heating InsideEVs Retrieved November 28 2016 Bower George 2016 Tesla Model S Recycles Waste Heat to Warm the Battery InsideEVs Retrieved July 1 2017 Once you start driving heat generated by the motor is used to heat up the battery it might take several minutes before the battery is warm enough to provide full acceleration Biello David How Tesla Motors Builds One of the World s Safest Cars Video Scientific American Suspension February 4 2014 Archived from the original on June 25 2016 Retrieved June 5 2016 The Lotus Elise has a kinematic roll center height of 30mm above the ground and a center of gravity height of 470mm The Lotus Elise RCH is 6 the height of the CG meaning 6 of lateral force is transferred through the suspension arms and 94 is transferred through the springs and dampers 2015 Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat vs 2015 Tesla Model S P85D Head 2 Head Ep 65 at 14m Motor Trend Channel April 29 2015 Read Richard August 20 2013 Tesla Model S So Safe It Broke NHTSA s Testing Equipment TheCarConnection com Archived from the original on September 3 2015 Retrieved September 1 2015 NHTSA s normal tests couldn t induce the car to flip so the agency had to resort to special means Tesla credits the sedan s battery pack for that which gives the Model S a very low center of gravity Ingram Antony Tesla Models S Gets Highest Safety Test Score Ever Awarded By NHTSA Green Car Reports Compare Side by Side fueleconomy gov U S Environmental Protection Agency and U S Department of Energy Retrieved April 21 2017 a b Sherman Don June 2014 Drag Queens Aerodynamics Compared Comparison Test Car and Driver Archived from the original on November 7 2018 Retrieved June 9 2014 a b Tesla Model S Owner s Manual PDF Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Archived from the original PDF on March 19 2015 Retrieved July 9 2015 Why is Tesla charging different The Driven Should you go with a 48 amp or a 72 amp Charger for your next Tesla InsideEVs Retrieved March 31 2020 Charge your Model S Adapter Guide High Power Charging and Supercharge Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Retrieved June 23 2012 Edmunds Dan September 26 2012 2012 Tesla Model S Signature Performance Suspension Walkaround Edmunds com Retrieved March 21 2015 Korosec Kirsten September 19 2014 Potholes and Tesla s Model S Never the twain shall meet Fortunes Retrieved March 21 2015 Tesla Adaptive Suspension Raven Explained February 20 2021 Riding shotgun in Tesla s fastest car ever Engadget Retrieved October 10 2014 Tesla D is as expected an AWD Model S but new autopilot features surprise AutoblogGreen Retrieved October 10 2014 White Joseph B October 10 2014 Tesla Aims to Leapfrog Rivals The Wall Street Journal Retrieved March 21 2015 NVIDIA Powers Digital Dashboard in New Tesla Motors Electric Sedan Press release NVidia June 21 2012 Archived from the original on June 25 2012 Retrieved January 14 2013 Hesseldahl Arik October 14 2014 What s Inside the Tesla Model S Dashboard Re code Olsen Stein Jarle March 19 2015 Tesla Model S Slik vil Tesla gjore slutt pa rekkeviddeangsten Tesla Model S How will end the Tesla range anxiety Teknisk Ukeblad in Norwegian Retrieved April 6 2015 2015 Annual Shareholder Meeting Tesla Motors Press release Tesla Motors Archived from the original on April 28 2015 Tesla Eliminates Leather Seating Options On Model S And Model X InsideEVs Retrieved August 24 2020 Smith John January 27 2016 First hybrid taxi arrives in Gibraltar EuroWeekly News Retrieved August 4 2018 Ingram Antony June 4 2012 Want A 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Edition Too Late They re All Gone Green Cars Reports Retrieved June 21 2012 Garthwaite Josie May 6 2011 Tesla Prepares for a Gap as Roadster Winds Down The New York Times Retrieved May 7 2011 Specs of Tesla Model S 85 EVcompare Retrieved November 10 2023 Model S Specifications Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Retrieved December 5 2015 Tesla Model S first drive CNET Retrieved January 28 2013 Berman Bradley September 28 2012 One Big Step for Tesla One Giant Leap for E V s The New York Times Retrieved September 29 2012 Noland David November 11 2014 2014 Tesla Model S 2014 Tesla Model S Killing 3 Versions 2 Colors Some Options Green Car Reports Retrieved November 27 2014 Bruce Chris April 8 2015 Tesla adds Model S 70D with all wheel drive to lineup for 75k AutoBlog Retrieved April 17 2015 Capparella Joey January 10 2019 Tesla Is Getting Rid of the Base 75D Model S and Model X Car and Driver Retrieved October 17 2020 Model S Design Studio Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Archived from the original on July 5 2015 Retrieved July 7 2015 Tingwall Eric May 20 2016 2015 Tesla Model S P85D Not quite weatherproof Car and Driver US Retrieved May 20 2016 a b Tingwall Eric June 2015 2015 Tesla Model S P85D Driving 40 000 miles 250 miles at a time Car and Driver Archived from the original on September 28 2015 Shahan Zachary September 23 2015 JB Straubel Answers Trolls Tesla Horsepower Critics Clean Technica Tesla Model S Performance Battery Tesla Motors Tesla Motors Retrieved June 22 2012 Davies Alex July 17 2015 Tesla s New Ludicrous Mode Makes the Model S a Supercar Wired Retrieved September 11 2015 Eisenstein Paul A July 17 2015 When Insane Mode Isn t Enough Tesla Adds Luuudicrous Mode The Detroit Bureau Acceleration chart MotorTrend Lambert Fred June 2 2017 Tesla will discontinue the 90 kWh battery pack next week Electrek Retrieved December 29 2019 Sorokanich Bob February 21 2017 World s First Tesla Model S P100D Dyno Run 920 Lb Ft of Torque at the Wheels Road amp Track a b Markus Frank February 7 2017 2017 Tesla Model S P100D First Test A New Record 0 60 MPH in 2 28 Seconds Motor Trend Retrieved December 2 2017 Yvkoff Liane January 11 2017 Tesla May Reduce Vehicle Power After Too Many Ludicrous Mode Engagements The Drive Retrieved July 13 2017 Porsche Manager Reportedly Calls Tesla s Ludicrous Mode a Facade Road amp Track June 16 2016 Retrieved July 13 2017 Lambert Fred August 24 2016 Tesla s new Model S P100D is not only quick it s the first all electric car with over 300 miles of range Eleckrek Retrieved September 8 2016 a b c d What Is the Tesla Raven Powertrain MotorTrend February 19 2020 Retrieved April 14 2020 Hilliard Justin January 28 2021 2022 Tesla Model S and Model X pricing and specs detailed Facelifts for electric car and SUV headlined by ludicrous Plaid power CarsGuide Retrieved June 12 2021 Alonzo Isaiah September 22 2020 Tesla Model S Plaid With Spaceball Inspired Ludicrous Speed Set for 2021 For 134 000 Tech Times Retrieved October 7 2020 Ewing Steven June 10 2021 Tesla Model S Plaid arrives with 131 100 price tag 390 mile range Roadshow Retrieved July 17 2021 Schmidt Bridie June 11 2021 Tesla launches crazy fast tri motor Model S Plaid raises price The Driven Retrieved July 17 2021 Tesla Equips Model S Plaid with Innovative New Electric Motor with Carbon Wrapped Rotor TESMANIAN Retrieved June 15 2021 a b c Lambert Fred June 11 2021 Tesla launches Model S Plaid with new motor tech faster charging and new entertainment features Electrek Retrieved June 16 2021 a b c Morris James June 12 2021 Is The Tesla Model S Plaid The Best Car On The Planet Forbes Retrieved July 17 2021 Ewing Steven June 10 2021 Tesla Model S Plaid offers repeatable 0 to 60 times better cold weather range Musk says Roadshow Retrieved July 17 2021 Model S Owner s Manual Steering Yoke Tesla US Tesla 2021 Retrieved December 17 2022 Hollister Sean June 1 2021 AMD confirms it s powering the gaming rig inside Tesla s Model S and Model X The Verge Retrieved July 17 2021 Tesla Model S Plaid First Test 0 60 MPH in 1 98 Seconds MotorTrend June 17 2021 Field Kyle April 29 2016 Tesla Makes Full Court Press With Destination Charging Clean Technica Sustainable Enterprises Media Retrieved June 4 2017 Cobb Jeff October 12 2012 First Tesla Superchargers Open October 19 Hybrid Cars Retrieved December 23 2012 Motavalli Jim December 21 2012 Tesla Begins East Coast Fast Charging Corridor The New York Times Retrieved December 23 2012 Blanco Sebastian September 27 2009 Report Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind Autoblog Green Retrieved June 22 2013 Rogowsky Mark June 21 2013 Tesla 90 Second Battery Swap Tech Coming This Year Forbes Retrieved June 22 2013 Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S Green Car Congress June 21 2013 Retrieved June 22 2013 Sorokanich Bob June 10 2015 Musk Tesla unlikely to pursue battery swapping stations Road amp Track Retrieved July 17 2021 It Is Literally Everything Desperate Vulnerable Elon Musk Believers Beg Neuralink For Disease Help Finanz dk Retrieved September 12 2020 Voelcker John Is Tesla s new battery swap station just a ploy to gain zero emission vehicle credits Business Insider Retrieved April 18 2020 Etherington Darrell September 22 2020 Future Teslas will have batteries that double as structure making them extra stiff while improving efficiency safety and cost TechCrunch Retrieved July 17 2021 520 Model S Reserved in the First Week Business Wire April 1 2009 Retrieved June 25 2012 a b Lienert Paul February 20 2013 UPDATE 2 Tesla Motors expects first profit in Q1 Reuters Retrieved February 20 2013 A total of about 2 650 Model S sedans were sold during 2012 Lienert Anita June 4 2012 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Series Is Sold Out Edmunds Inside Line Retrieved June 25 2012 Motavalli Jim May 12 2012 In White Plains Tesla Motors Sells the Sizzle and Maybe a Car or Two The New York Times Retrieved June 25 2012 Yoney Domenick February 20 2013 Tesla delivered 2 650 Model S EVs last year Musk confident of profit in Q1 and beyond Autoblog Green Retrieved March 10 2013 Tesla Motors Third Quarter 2015 Shareholder Letter PDF Press release Palo Alto California Tesla Motors November 3 2015 Archived from the original PDF on November 21 2015 Retrieved November 3 2015 via shareholder com Tesla global electric car sales totaled 11 603 units during the third quarter of 2015 including six Model X units a b Tesla Fourth Quarter amp Full Year 2015 Update PDF Tesla Motors February 10 2016 Retrieved February 10 2016 via shareholder com A total of 17 478 units were delivered globaly during the fourth quarter of 2015 including 206 Model X vehicles Model S sales in the United States totaled 16 689 units in 2014 and 25 202 in 2015 Tesla Model S amp Nissan LEAF Clocked As World s Best Selling Electric Cars In 2016 February 4 2017 Retrieved November 27 2018 a b Tesla Motors Inc Second Quarter 2013 Shareholder Letter PDF Tesla Motors August 7 2013 Archived from the original PDF on April 22 2014 Retrieved August 7 2013 via shareholder com Tesla Motors Inc Third Quarter 2013 Shareholder Letter PDF Tesla Motors November 5 2013 Archived from the original PDF on August 4 2014 Retrieved November 6 2013 via shareholder com Hull Dana February 14 2013 Elon Musk vs The New York Times battle escalates Thursday with dueling blog posts San Jose Mercury News Retrieved September 15 2014 a b Makinen Julie April 22 2014 Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China delays upset some Los Angeles Times Retrieved April 22 2014 Loveday Eric June 7 2014 First Right Hand Drive Tesla Model S EVs Get Delivered in UK InsideEVs com Retrieved June 8 2014 a b Loveday Eric July 30 2014 Tesla Celebrates First Model S Deliveries in Hong Kong Video InsideEVs com Retrieved July 30 2014 Mochizuki Takashi September 8 2014 Tesla s Musk in Tokyo Says Heart of Model S Is Japanese The Wall Street Journal Retrieved September 8 2014 Crowe Philippe December 9 2014 Tesla Officially Open For Business in Australia HybridCars com Retrieved December 9 2014 a b Cobb Jeff February 11 2015 2014 s Top 10 Global Best Selling Plug in Cars Hybrid Cars Retrieved February 11 2015 A total of 31 655 units were sold worldwide in 2014 Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled 56 782 Model S cars by the end of 2014 Tesla Motors Fourth Quarter amp Full Year 2014 Shareholder Letter PDF Tesla Motors February 11 2014 Retrieved February 11 2014 via shareholder com Global sales during 4Q 2014 totaled 9 834 units Tesla Motors Second Quarter 2015 Shareholder Letter PDF Tesla Motors August 5 2015 Retrieved August 5 2015 via shareholder com A total of 11 532 units were delivered globally during the second quarter of 2015 The Model S was the best selling electric vehicle in the U S for the first half of 2015 a b Cobb Jeff January 12 2016 Tesla Model S Was World s Best Selling Plug in Car in 2015 HybridCars com Retrieved January 13 2016 a b c Tesla Fourth Quarter 2018 Delivery Tesla Palo Alto Tesla January 5 2019 Retrieved January 9 2019 Kane Mark January 3 2019 U S Tesla Sales In December 2018 Up By 249 InsideEVs Retrieved January 28 2019 Cumulative sales in the U S of the three Tesla models available in 2018 totaled 351 298 vehicles consisting of 143 892 Model S cars 141 546 Model 3 cars and 65 852 Model X SUVs all since inception a b Tesla Fourth Quarter amp Full Year 2015 Update PDF Tesla Motors February 10 2016 Retrieved February 10 2016 via shareholder com A total of 17 478 units were delivered globally during the fourth quarter of 2015 including 206 Model X vehicles Model S sales in the United States totaled 16 689 units in 2014 and 25 202 in 2015 Cobb Jeff January 6 2014 December 2013 Dashboard HybridCars com Baum amp Associates Retrieved July 6 2015 An estimated 18 650 Model S sedans were sold in the U S in 2013 and about 2 620 in 2012 See section December 2013 Plug in Electric Car Sales Numbers Cobb Jeff January 4 2018 December 2017 Dashboard HybridCars com Baum amp Associates Retrieved January 23 2018 TESLA MODEL S SALES FIGURES Retrieved June 27 2021 Spring Jake October 23 2015 CORRECTED OFFICIAL UPDATE 2 Tesla CEO says negotiating with China on local production Reuters Retrieved October 24 2015 Tesla sold sold 3 025 Model S cars in China from January to September 2015 Tesla cutting 30 of staff in China Want China Times March 7 2015 Archived from the original on March 8 2015 Retrieved March 9 2015 Tesla imported 4 800 Model S cars in 2014 but only 2 499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China Schmitt Bertel March 4 2017 Tesla s Sudden Chinese Billion Where Are The Cars Behind It Forbes Retrieved March 6 2017 Bilsalget i desember og hele 2013 Car sales in December and during 2013 in Norwegian Opplysningsradet for Veitrafikken AS OFV Norwegian Road Federation January 2014 Archived from the original on January 4 2014 Retrieved July 31 2014 Bilsalget i 2014 Car sales in 2014 in Norwegian Opplysningsradet for Veitrafikken AS OFV Norwegian Road Federation January 2015 Archived from the original on September 30 2016 Retrieved February 12 2015 Click on Modellfordelt to display the top 20 selling new cars in Norway A total of 4 040 Model S cars were sold in 2014 representing a 2 8 market share of new car sales in the country Bilsalget i desember Car sales in December in Norwegian Opplysningsradet for Veitrafikken AS OFV Norwegian Road Federation January 2016 Archived from the original on February 7 2016 Retrieved February 3 2016 A total of 4 039 new Model S cars were registered in Norway in 2015 Bilsalget i 2016 Car sales in 2016 in Norwegian Norwegian Road Federation OFV January 2017 Archived from the original on January 18 2017 Retrieved January 25 2017 Tesla Model S registrations in Norway totaled 2 051 new units in 2016 Bilsalget i 2017 Car sales in 2017 in Norwegian Opplysningsradet for Veitrafikken AS OFV Archived from the original on January 10 2018 Retrieved January 23 2018 Bilsalget i 2018 Car sales in 2018 in Norwegian Norwegian Road Federation OFV January 2 2019 Archived from the original on February 7 2019 Retrieved January 9 2019 via OFV Verkoopstatistieken Meer marktinformatie Sales Statistics More Market Information in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 24 2014 Archived from the original on June 25 2014 Retrieved June 8 2014 Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312 Verkoopstatistieken Sales Statistics PDF in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 27 2015 Archived from the original PDF on July 9 2015 Retrieved January 31 2015 Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2014 nieuwverkoop personenautos 201412 Archived 2015 02 01 at the Wayback Machine a b Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk Model New passenger cars sales by brand model in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 2016 Archived from the original on March 6 2016 Retrieved February 28 2016 A total of 1 805 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2015 a b RAI BOVAG Persbericht Verkopen Personenauto s RAI BOVAG Press Release car sales PDF in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 A total of 1 693 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2016 Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers Monthly sales figures in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 22 2018 Retrieved January 28 2018 Download the XLS file Personenauto s maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2017 A total of 2 051 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2017 Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers Monthly sales figures in Dutch RAI Vereniging January 7 2019 Retrieved January 14 2019 Download the XLS file Personenauto s maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2018 A total of 1 613 i3 cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2018 a b Klippenstein Matthew January 2018 Canadian Plug in Electric Vehicle Sales Green Car Reports Retrieved January 31 2018 Tesla Model S sales figures from IHS data Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen 2013 nach Herstellern Handelsnamen und ausgewahlten Merkmalen New registrations of passenger cars 2013 by manufacturers trade names and selected characteristics PDF Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt Bundesamtes FZ 4 Jahr 2013 in German Kraftfahrt Bundesamt KBA May 2014 Retrieved April 13 2015 A total of 183 units were registered in Germany in 2013 Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014 New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2014 PDF in German Kraftfahrt Bundesamt KBA January 2015 Archived from the original PDF on February 5 2015 Retrieved February 8 2015 A total of 815 units were registered in Germany in 2014 Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2016 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen New registrations of passenger cars in December 2016 by segments and models PDF in German Kraftfahrt Bundesamt KBA January 2017 Archived from the original PDF on January 15 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 A total of 1 474 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2016 Bekker Henk January 9 2018 2017 Full Year Germany Best Selling Electric Car Brands and Models best selling cars com Retrieved January 23 2018 Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 FZ 11 xlsx 75 KB Datei ist nicht barrierefrei New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2018 in German Kraftfahrt Bundesamt KBA January 2019 Retrieved January 14 2019 Click on the link Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Marken und Modellreihen im Dezember 2018 FZ 11 xlsx 75 KB Datei ist nicht barrierefrei to download the file with registrations figures by model Plug in grant eligible vehicles licensed at the end of Q3 2017 UK RAC Foundation January 2018 Retrieved February 6 2018 This figure corresponds to eligible vehicles for the plug in car and van grant schemes as licensed in the UK at the end of Q2 2017 not cumulative sales Plug in grant eligible vehicles licensed at the end of Q1 2016 UK RAC Foundation Retrieved June 7 2016 Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding quarter Lilly Chris September 17 2015 Outlander PHEV tops ultra low emission league table as plug in sales soar Next Green Car Retrieved September 24 2015 A total of 1 047 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of June 2015 Plug in grant eligible vehicles licensed at the end of Q3 2016 UK RAC Foundation March 2017 Retrieved March 9 2017 A total of 3 907 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of September 2016 Autoverkaufe nach Modellen Modellstatistik Passenger cars by model Statistics by model in German Auto Schweiz Suisse Archived from the original on February 2 2014 Retrieved January 28 2018 Under Modellstatistik Januar Dezember 2017 download the xls file for 2017 sales under Modellstatistiken 2011 2016 download the xls file ModellePW2016 for 2016 sales click 2015 Statistik to download the file ModellePW2015 with sales by model for 2015 2014 Statistik to download the file ModellePW2014 with sales by model for 2014 and 2013 Statistik to download the file ModellePW2013 with sales by model for 2013 Statistik Nyregistreringstal Personbiler Pr model januar juni 2016 Statistics Passenger cars by model January June 2015 in Danish Bilimp July 2016 Archived from the original on May 8 2013 Retrieved August 9 2016 Select 2015 or 2014 or 2013 Hele aret for the corresponding year and click on Pr model for details of sales by brand and model Bilsalget i december samt hele 2016 Car sales in December and throughout 2016 in Danish Bilimp January 3 2017 Retrieved March 8 2017 Download the file 12 2016 xls and click on the tab Pressemeddelelse ARETS BILSALG 2017 Car sales 2017 in Danish Bilimp January 8 2018 Retrieved January 28 2018 Download the file 12 2017 xls and click on the tab Pressemeddelelse Topplistan december 2014 def Highscore in December 2014 definitely PDF in Swedish Bil Sweden January 6 2015 Archived from the original PDF on June 26 2015 Retrieved April 13 2015 Nyregistreringar december 2016 def New Registrations December 2015 final in Swedish Bil Sweden January 4 2016 Archived from the original on April 15 2016 Retrieved April 15 2016 Download the pdf file Nyregistreringar december 2015 def See table Nyregistrerade miljopersonbilar December 2015 Nyregistrerade miljobilar december 2016 def New Registrations Super Green car December 2016 final in Swedish Bil Sweden January 4 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 Download the file Nyregistrerade miljobilar december 2016 def Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017 Definitive new registrations in 2017 in Swedish Bil Sweden January 8 2018 Retrieved January 28 2018 Download the pdf file PressRel1712 DEF pdf See table Nyregistrerade supermiljobilar december 2017 Nyregistreringar december 2018 def Definitive new registrations December 2018 final in Swedish Bil Sweden January 7 2019 Retrieved January 20 2018 Download the pdf file PressRel1812 DEF pdf See table Nyregistrerade laddbara personbilar december 2018 Torregrossa Michael January 15 2014 Tesla Model S Plus de 22 000 ventes dans le monde en 2013 Tesla Model S More than 22 000 sales worldwide in 2013 in French Association pour l Avenir du Vehicule Electrique Mediterraneen AVEM Retrieved February 12 2015 A total of 15 units were registered in France in 2013 Chiffres de vente amp immatriculations de voitures electriques en France Sales figures amp electric car registrations in France in French Automobile Propre January 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 See Ventes de voitures electriques in 2016 2015 2014 and 2013 It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016 A total of 785 Model S cars were registered in 2016 708 in 2015 and 328 in 2014 Pres de 31 000 vehicules electriques immatricules en France en 2017 Nearly 31 000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2017 in French France France Mobilite Electrique AVERE January 9 2018 Archived from the original on January 18 2018 Retrieved January 23 2018 Barometre annuel pres de 40 000 vehicules electriques immatricules en France en 2018 Annual barometer nearly 40 000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018 in French France Mobilite Electrique AVERE France January 9 2019 Archived from the original on January 17 2019 Retrieved January 28 2019 Pontes Jose January 18 2014 Belgium December 2013 EV Sales Retrieved January 25 2014 Immatriculations de Voitures Neuves Par Marque December 2015 New Car Registrations per Brand December 2015 PDF in French Federation Belge De L Autombile Et Du Cycle FEBIAC January 2016 Retrieved January 19 2016 See in the left side cumulative sales for 2015 820 and 2014 521 Pontes Jose January 24 2017 Belgium December 2016 EV Sales Retrieved March 10 2017 Pontes Jose January 4 2018 Belgium December 2017 EV Sales Retrieved January 28 2018 Jose Pontes January 4 2019 Belgium December 2018 EV Sales Retrieved February 2 2019 Soo Zen January 25 2016 With Tesla s Model S now Hong Kong s top selling sedan chief Elon Musk predicts city to become world leader in electric vehicles South China Morning Post Retrieved February 2 2016 Bundeslander Statistik Dezember 2015 Federal Statistics December 2015 in German Myampera wordpress com August 2016 Retrieved August 12 2016 Click on the tables by model by year Neuzulassungen nach Jahren Registrations by year in German Statistik Austria January 2015 Retrieved February 12 2015 Download the pdf file Kfz Neuzulassungen Janner bis Dezember 2014 for Tesla s monthly sales during 2014 BEV Overview table Austria European Alternative Fuels Observatory March 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 Filter by country Austria Pontes Jose January 17 2018 Austria December 2017 EV Sales Retrieved January 28 2018 Gasnier Mat January 12 2016 Australia Full Year 2015 Mazda first full importer to 2 in record market Best Selling Cars Blog Retrieved January 18 2016 Model S deliveries estimated at 1 250 units in 2015 McCowen David May 26 2015 Why the Tesla is Australia s best selling electric car Drive Retrieved January 18 2016 There were 65 Tesla Model S registered in New South Wales at the end of 2014 and 4 in Victoria BEV Overview table Italy European Alternative Fuels Observatory March 2017 Retrieved March 10 2017 Filter by country Italy Moroni Luca January 6 2018 Dados para a venda de carros eletricos na Italia em dezembro de 2017 Electric car salles data in Italy in December 2017 in Italian Green Start Retrieved January 28 2018 Shahan Zachary February 6 2020 1 Tesla Model 3 14 Of World s Electric Vehicle Sales In 2019 CleanTechnica US Retrieved July 1 2023 Hirsch Jerry February 19 2014 Tesla Motors ends year with higher sales but still a big loss Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 22 2014 Retrieved February 19 2014 A total of 22 477 Model S sedans were sold in 2013 Tesla CHAdeMO Adapter Archived from the original on April 7 2017 Crowe Philippe December 9 2014 Tesla Officially Open For Business in Australia HybridCars com Retrieved July 14 2015 Loveday Eric December 10 2014 Tesla Model S Launches in Australia First Australian Supercharger Comes Online InsideEVs com Retrieved July 14 2015 McCowen David May 26 2015 Why the Tesla is Australia s best selling electric car Drive Retrieved July 13 2015 Wang Ucilia November 5 2013 Tesla Makes Record Delivery of Model S Promises A Pioneering Approach To Servicing Its Cars Forbes Retrieved November 5 2013 Over 5 500 units delivered during 3Q 2013 Dobush Grace August 1 2018 Why Tesla Is Investing 5 Billion in a New China Factory Its First Outside the U S Fortune Retrieved January 28 2019 Ingram Antony August 7 2013 First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America In Oslo Green Car Reports Retrieved August 7 2013 Kane Mark August 30 2013 First Six Tesla Supercharger Stations Up And Runing sic in Norway 120 kW of Power InsideEVs com Retrieved September 1 2013 Schiphol kiest voor duurzaam taxivervoer Tesla Schiphol chooses sustainable taxi Tesla Groen7 nl Press release in Dutch Schiphol Group April 9 2014 Retrieved April 21 2014 Tesla s Model S outsold Mercedes S Class in Europe last year Automotive Industry Data AID April 1 2016 Retrieved April 7 2016 During 2015 Tesla Models S sales in Western Europe totaled 15 787 units while Mercedes Benz S Class sales totaled 14 990 units Cobb Jeff November 17 2016 The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100 000 Plug in Vehicles HybridCars com Retrieved November 18 2016 Nederland Elektrisch Cijfers en statistieken EV s in Nederland nederlandelektrisch nl Tesla Model S model family How Many Left howmanyleft co uk Retrieved July 3 2023 Holding Joe May 12 2023 Tesla Model S and Model X won t be sold in the UK or Ireland for the foreseeable future Top Gear Retrieved December 20 2023 Verpraet Illya August 11 2023 Tesla Model S Plaid review Autocar co uk Retrieved December 20 2023 Ingram Richard July 7 2023 New Tesla Model S Plaid 2023 review AutoExpress UK Retrieved December 20 2023 Voelcker John June 6 2012 First 2012 Tesla Model S Delivered To Earliest Depositor Steve Jurvetson Video Green Car Reports Retrieved June 6 2012 Kane Mark December 24 2015 Tesla Model S Now on Sale in Mexico InsideEVs com Retrieved December 24 2015 See more details in video in Spanish Ingram Antony December 3 2013 Tesla Wins Vs Ohio Car Dealers Amendment Defeated Green Car Reports Retrieved December 3 2013 Voelcker John June 21 2013 New York Auto Dealers Try To Make Registering Tesla Stores Illegal Green Car Reports Retrieved December 17 2013 Where can Tesla sell cars mojomotors Mojo Motors Inc March 19 2015 Archived from the original on July 8 2015 Retrieved July 7 2015 Tani Maxwell May 21 2015 Texas says no to Tesla direct sales Business Insider Retrieved July 7 2015 Hutchinson Lee May 21 2015 Bill to allow Tesla to sell cars in Texas dies in committee Ars Technica Retrieved July 8 2015 List of Tesla Stores Service Centers and Chargers teslamotors com Retrieved July 7 2015 Official Tesla Model S 2014 safety rating results EURO NCAP 2014 Retrieved August 16 2016 2014 Tesla Model S 5 HB RWD NHTSA 2014 Retrieved August 16 2016 Model S Achieves Euro NCAP 5 Star Safety Rating Tesla Motors Tesla Motors November 5 2013 Retrieved November 26 2014 2013 Tesla Model S 5 HB RWD U S Department of Transportation Retrieved October 25 2014 Official Tesla Model S 2022 safety rating Euro NCAP Retrieved January 11 2022 2017 Tesla Model S 4 door hatchback IIHS HLDI crash testing and highway safety a b Kilgore Tomi Assis Claudia July 6 2017 Tesla no longer biggest U S car company by market cap as stock plunges briefly into bear market territory MarketWatch Retrieved July 6 2017 a b c Christopher Jensen October 2 2013 Tesla Says Car Fire Started in Battery The New York Times Retrieved October 5 2013 a b c Steven Russolillo October 4 2013 Musk Explains Why Tesla Model S Caught on Fire The Wall Street Journal Retrieved October 5 2013 Crowe Phillipe October 4 2013 Tesla Model S Catches Fire HybridCars com Retrieved October 5 2013, wikipedia, wiki, 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