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Automotive industry in Turkey

February 16, 2024

The automotive industry in Turkey plays an important role in the manufacturing sector of the Turkish economy. The companies operating in the Turkish automotive sector are mainly located in the Marmara Region, especially Bursa.

Turkish automotive companies like TEMSA, Otokar and BMC are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers.

In 2022 Turkey produced 1,352,648 motor vehicles, ranking as the 13th largest producer in the world (production peaked at 1,695,731 motor vehicles in 2017, when Turkey also ranked 13th).[1] Turkish automotive companies like TEMSA, Otokar and BMC are among the world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers. Togg, or Turkey's Automobile Joint Venture Group Inc. is the first all-electric vehicle company of Turkey. With a cluster of car-makers and parts suppliers, the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases, exporting nearly $20 billion worth of motor vehicles and components.[2] In 2017 nearly 85% of exports went to Europe.[3] Global car manufacturers with production plants include Fiat/Tofaş, Oyak-Renault, Hyundai, Toyota, Ford Otosan.

The foundations of the industry were laid in the 1950s when TOE (Türk Otomotiv Endüstrileri A.Ş.) started producing REO military truck and later trucks by International Harvester. A brief foray in car production was stopped short. In 1961 the first domestic car Devrim was made by a train manufacturer TÜLOMSAŞ. With the establishment of the Otosan assembly factory in 1959, mass production of the domestic car Anadol started in 1966.

History edit

 
Turkish Aircraft, Automobile and Engine Limited Company (Tayyare Otomobil Türk Anonim Şirketi, TOMTAŞ) in early 20th century.
 
Last sample of Devrim at TÜLOMSAŞ
 
Anadol A1 (manufactured at Ford Otosan)
 
Tofaş Murat 124
 
Oyak-Renault 12
 
Anadol STC-16 (manufactured at Ford Otosan)
 
Karsan Peugeot J9
 
Etox Zafer Coupé

On 15 August 1925 the Turkish Aircraft, Automobile and Engine Limited Company (Tayyare Otomobil Türk Anonim Şirketi, TOMTAŞ) factory was founded in Turkey.

In 1929 the first car was assembled in Istanbul by Ford Motor Company. 48 cars were produced daily. However, production ended due to the Great Depression of the 1930s.

In 1954 the Jeep factory was established for the production of Turkey's Willys-Overland vehicles in Tuzla, Turkey.

In 1959 the Otosan factory was established in Istanbul to produce the models of the Ford Motor Company under licence in Turkey. Production of the Ford Consul at the Otosan factory began in 1960.

In 1961 four Devrim sedan prototypes were built at the Tülomsaş factory in Eskişehir. It was the first indigenously designed and produced Turkish automobile, but it did not enter production.

In 1964 the production of the Austin and Morris vehicles of the British Motor Corporation began at the BMC factory in İzmir. The BMC brand was later fully acquired by Turkey's Çukurova Group in 1989, which currently produces all BMC models in the world.

In 1966 Anadol became the first mass-produced Turkish automobile brand. All Anadol models were produced by the Otosan factory in Istanbul.

In 1968 the Tofaş factory was opened in Bursa for producing Fiat models under licence.

In 1969 the Oyak-Renault factory was established in Bursa for producing Renault models.

Other global automotive manufacturers such as Toyota, Honda, Opel, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz and MAN Truck & Bus produce automobiles, vans, buses and trucks in their Turkish factories. There are also a number of Turkish bus and truck brands, such as BMC, Otokar and TEMSA.

By 2004, Turkey was exporting 518,000 vehicles a year, mostly to the European Union member states.[4]

In 2006, the European Investment Bank loaned Tofaş €175 million to jointly develop and produce with PSA Peugeot Citroën and Fiat Auto small commercial vehicles for the European market. The loan, part-financing for total investments estimated at €400 million, was intended to result in an important expansion of the company's production capabilities and create around 5,000 new jobs. The vehicles will be produced at the manufacturing plant of Tofaş in Bursa with an additional, initial, annual capacity of 135.000 cars, due to roll off the assembly line in late 2007.[5]

The first official introduction of Etox Zafer took place on 30 August 2007.

Like in many countries, the car manufacturing industry has been significantly affected by the global financial crisis. In March 2009, Turkey's Automotive Industry Association (OSD) said the automotive production fell by 63% on year in the first two months of 2009, as exports dropped by 61.6% in the same period.[6]

In 2019, the high automotive export figures were boosted by the substantial increase in sales to the Netherlands and the U.S., which saw a rise of 131% and 55%, respectively. According to Uludağ Automotive Industry Exporters.

Togg, a Turkish automotive manufacturer of electric luxury cars, is presented on December 27, 2019[7] during a public event in Gebze in the province of Kocaeli, where the Turkish president unveiled the prototypes of a compact sedan, the T10S, and a compact SUV, the T10X, designed by Murat Günak and the design firm Pininfarina. The opening of the Togg factory in Gemlik is inaugurated on October 29, 2022, the Turkish Republic Day. The factory was built in a quick time of just over 2 years, with construction having started on July 18, 2020 for a total of 1.2 million square meters.[8] During the event, the company was presented by its vision, its mission, its production objectives as well as its approach to users. This day also saw the first Togg vehicle, an Anadolu red T10X, come off the assembly line. In addition, the public was able to learn of the arrival of a 4-door coupé model, the C-XCoupe, in 2026.

Manufacturers edit

Active edit

Defunct edit

Production edit

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
 
Showcase of the Togg C-SUV[9] model at Zorlu Center in Istanbul. Togg[10] is a Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing EVs.[11][12][9]
 
World map of motor vehicle production in 2007.

In 2022 Turkey produced 1,352,648 motor vehicles, ranking as the 13th largest producer in the world.[1]

Annual production in Turkey had earlier peaked at 1,695,731 motor vehicles in 2017, when the country also ranked 13th in the world.[1]

Turkey produced 1,124,982 motor vehicles in 2010,[13] ranking as the 7th largest automotive producer in Europe; behind Germany (5,819,614), France (3,174,260), Spain (2,770,435), the United Kingdom (1,648,388), Russia (1,508,358) and Italy (1,211,594), respectively.[14]

In 2008 Turkey produced 1,147,110 motor vehicles, ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe (behind the United Kingdom and above Italy) and the 15th largest producer in the world.[15][16]

The combined capacity of the 6 companies producing passenger cars stood at 726,000 units per year in 2002, reaching 991,621 units per year in 2006.[17] In 2002, Fiat/Tofaş had 34% of this capacity, Oyak/Renault 31%, Hyundai/Assan and Toyota 14% each, Honda 4%, and Ford/Otosan 3%.

With a cluster of car-makers and parts suppliers, the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases, exporting over $22,944,000,000 worth of motor vehicles and components in 2008.[18][19]

Domestic Turkish car edit

 
TOGG Models in Ankara
Main article: Togg

Existing diesel vehicles cause air pollution in Turkey.[20] On 2 November 2017, Turkey announced that five Turkish companies, under coordination by the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, decided to take part in the consortium for domestically-made EV production, which was established in 2018 with the name Togg.[21][22] The first prototypes, designed by Pininfarina, were presented to the media in 2019 and commercial sales are scheduled to begin by 2022.[21][22][23]

The electric cars will be produced in five models (C-segment hatchback, C-segment sedan, C-segment MPV, C-segment SUV and B-segment SUV) and the initial production rate will be 175,000 vehicles per annum. Production may not be enough to avoid the risk to the economy of Turkey of high oil import bills in the mid-2020s.[24]

The Togg consortium includes the following Turkish companies:

2 and 3 wheelers edit

Turkey manufactures electric bicycles, escooters and 3 wheelers.[25][26][27]

Lorries edit

Electric lorries are produced.[28]

Batteries edit

Despite large reserves of amorphous graphite not enough is mined and there are missing links in processing it into negative electrodes (sometimes called anodes).[29][30]

Charging network edit

As of 2020, although the public charging network has enough fast DC charging for the Istanbul Ankara motorway, it is sparse or non-existent in many other parts of the country,[31] but would be technically easy to expand.[32]

Economics edit

As of 2021 the special consumption tax(Turkish) – a sales tax on luxuries, such as private cars – is

  • Up to 85 kW motor - 60%
  • 85 kW to 120 kW - 150%
  • 120 kW and over 220%[33]

The is a 40% import tariff on Chinese electric cars,[34] whereas the EU and US have 10% and 27.5% tariffs on them.[35]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "2022 Production Statistics". www.oica.net. OICA. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  2. ^ . Invest in Turkey. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  3. ^ (PDF) (Report). December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  4. ^ "TURKEY: CAR EXPORTS ESTIMATED. | Goliath Business News". Goliath.ecnext.com. 8 June 2005. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  5. ^ "Turkey's car industry in perpetual motion". Eib.org. 8 June 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  6. ^ . Businessneweurope.eu. 27 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  7. ^ "Présidence de la République de Turquie : « TOGG est une fierté commune pour l'ensemble de 85 millions »". www.tccb.gov.tr. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  8. ^ "'Fulfillment of a 60-year dream': Türkiye rolls out first electric car TOGG". 'Fulfillment of a 60-year dream': Türkiye rolls out first electric car TOGG. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  9. ^ a b Dan Mihalascu (4 November 2022). "Turkey's National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV". insideevs.com.
  10. ^ "TOGG Official Website". togg.com.tr. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  11. ^ Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). "Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG". autoweek.com.
  12. ^ "'A game changer': Türkiye inaugurates its first national car plant". TRT World. 30 October 2022.
  13. ^ Turkish Automotive Production 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Turkish Automotive Producers' Association
  14. ^ "OICA: WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2005-2006" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  15. ^ "Türkiye otomotiv sektöründe büyüyor". Ulaşım Online. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2009.
  16. ^ "2008 PRODUCTION STATISTICS". OICA. from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  17. ^ Özpeynirci, Emre (27 June 2007). "Otomotiv üretiminde 17'nciliğe yükseldik, Belçika'yı da geçtik". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 August 2008.
  18. ^ "Otomotiv İhracatı 2008'de 22 Milyar 944 Milyon Dolara Ulaştı". Haberler. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  19. ^ 3 April 2011 Pazar 09:04. "2008'de otomotiv ihracatı rekor kırdı". HaberX. Retrieved 3 April 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Tezel-Oguz, Melike Nese; Sari, Deniz; Ozkurt, Nesimi; Keskin, S. Sinan (22 June 2020). "Application of reduction scenarios on traffic-related NOx emissions in Trabzon, Turkey". Atmospheric Pollution Research. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2020.06.014. ISSN 1309-1042.
  21. ^ a b Jay Ramey (30 December 2019). "Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina-Designed TOGG". autoweek.com.
  22. ^ a b "TOGG Official Website". togg.com.tr. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  23. ^ "5 Turkish companies take part in consortium for domestically-made car production". Daily Sabah. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  24. ^ "Europe could face oil shortage in a decade, study warns". the Guardian. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  25. ^ Teknoloji, E2. . Volta Motor | Elektrikli bisiklet, Elektrikli Motosiklet ve 50cc benzinli modellerimiz (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Electric Vehicles. "Elexycle | Electric Bikes, Electric Scooters and Electric Motorcycles". Elexycle | Electric Bikes, Electric Scooters and Electric Motorcycles. Retrieved 23 February 2021.[permanent dead link]
  27. ^ "Production Relocation; What About Turkey as Country's Bike Export Grows Rapidly?". Bike Europe. 23 January 2020. from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  28. ^ "Produced in Turkey, Anadolu Isuzu NPR10 first domestic EV Electric Vehicle". en.rayhaber.com. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  29. ^ "Sari: Hidden graphite resources in Turkey: a new supply candidate for Europe?". Eurogeologists. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  30. ^ "Turkish university to produce lithium-ion batteries".
  31. ^ "Unicharge: An Application For Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles".
  32. ^ . SHURA Enerji Dönüşümü Merkezi. Archived from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Elektrikli araçların ÖTV oranı üç kattan fazla artırıldı" [Special consumption tax on EVs more than tripled]. Yeşil Ekonomi (in Turkish). 2 February 2021. from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  34. ^ "Turkey imposes 40% additional tariff on electric vehicles imports from China". Reuters. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  35. ^ "How geopolitical tensions could disrupt the global car industry". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 23 May 2023.

February 16, 2024
automotive, industry, turkey, automotive, industry, turkey, plays, important, role, manufacturing, sector, turkish, economy, companies, operating, turkish, automotive, sector, mainly, located, marmara, region, especially, bursa, turkish, automotive, companies,. The automotive industry in Turkey plays an important role in the manufacturing sector of the Turkish economy The companies operating in the Turkish automotive sector are mainly located in the Marmara Region especially Bursa Turkish automotive companies like TEMSA Otokar and BMC are among the world s largest van bus and truck manufacturers In 2022 Turkey produced 1 352 648 motor vehicles ranking as the 13th largest producer in the world production peaked at 1 695 731 motor vehicles in 2017 when Turkey also ranked 13th 1 Turkish automotive companies like TEMSA Otokar and BMC are among the world s largest van bus and truck manufacturers Togg or Turkey s Automobile Joint Venture Group Inc is the first all electric vehicle company of Turkey With a cluster of car makers and parts suppliers the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases exporting nearly 20 billion worth of motor vehicles and components 2 In 2017 nearly 85 of exports went to Europe 3 Global car manufacturers with production plants include Fiat Tofas Oyak Renault Hyundai Toyota Ford Otosan The foundations of the industry were laid in the 1950s when TOE Turk Otomotiv Endustrileri A S started producing REO military truck and later trucks by International Harvester A brief foray in car production was stopped short In 1961 the first domestic car Devrim was made by a train manufacturer TULOMSAS With the establishment of the Otosan assembly factory in 1959 mass production of the domestic car Anadol started in 1966 Contents 1 History 2 Manufacturers 2 1 Active 2 2 Defunct 3 Production 4 Domestic Turkish car 5 2 and 3 wheelers 6 Lorries 7 Batteries 8 Charging network 9 Economics 10 See also 11 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp Turkish Aircraft Automobile and Engine Limited Company Tayyare Otomobil Turk Anonim Sirketi TOMTAS in early 20th century nbsp Last sample of Devrim at TULOMSAS nbsp Anadol A1 manufactured at Ford Otosan nbsp Tofas Murat 124 nbsp Oyak Renault 12 nbsp Anadol STC 16 manufactured at Ford Otosan nbsp Karsan Peugeot J9 nbsp Etox Zafer CoupeOn 15 August 1925 the Turkish Aircraft Automobile and Engine Limited Company Tayyare Otomobil Turk Anonim Sirketi TOMTAS factory was founded in Turkey In 1929 the first car was assembled in Istanbul by Ford Motor Company 48 cars were produced daily However production ended due to the Great Depression of the 1930s In 1954 the Jeep factory was established for the production of Turkey s Willys Overland vehicles in Tuzla Turkey In 1959 the Otosan factory was established in Istanbul to produce the models of the Ford Motor Company under licence in Turkey Production of the Ford Consul at the Otosan factory began in 1960 In 1961 four Devrim sedan prototypes were built at the Tulomsas factory in Eskisehir It was the first indigenously designed and produced Turkish automobile but it did not enter production In 1964 the production of the Austin and Morris vehicles of the British Motor Corporation began at the BMC factory in Izmir The BMC brand was later fully acquired by Turkey s Cukurova Group in 1989 which currently produces all BMC models in the world In 1966 Anadol became the first mass produced Turkish automobile brand All Anadol models were produced by the Otosan factory in Istanbul In 1968 the Tofas factory was opened in Bursa for producing Fiat models under licence In 1969 the Oyak Renault factory was established in Bursa for producing Renault models Other global automotive manufacturers such as Toyota Honda Opel Hyundai Mercedes Benz and MAN Truck amp Bus produce automobiles vans buses and trucks in their Turkish factories There are also a number of Turkish bus and truck brands such as BMC Otokar and TEMSA By 2004 Turkey was exporting 518 000 vehicles a year mostly to the European Union member states 4 In 2006 the European Investment Bank loaned Tofas 175 million to jointly develop and produce with PSA Peugeot Citroen and Fiat Auto small commercial vehicles for the European market The loan part financing for total investments estimated at 400 million was intended to result in an important expansion of the company s production capabilities and create around 5 000 new jobs The vehicles will be produced at the manufacturing plant of Tofas in Bursa with an additional initial annual capacity of 135 000 cars due to roll off the assembly line in late 2007 5 The first official introduction of Etox Zafer took place on 30 August 2007 Like in many countries the car manufacturing industry has been significantly affected by the global financial crisis In March 2009 Turkey s Automotive Industry Association OSD said the automotive production fell by 63 on year in the first two months of 2009 as exports dropped by 61 6 in the same period 6 In 2019 the high automotive export figures were boosted by the substantial increase in sales to the Netherlands and the U S which saw a rise of 131 and 55 respectively According to Uludag Automotive Industry Exporters Togg a Turkish automotive manufacturer of electric luxury cars is presented on December 27 2019 7 during a public event in Gebze in the province of Kocaeli where the Turkish president unveiled the prototypes of a compact sedan the T10S and a compact SUV the T10X designed by Murat Gunak and the design firm Pininfarina The opening of the Togg factory in Gemlik is inaugurated on October 29 2022 the Turkish Republic Day The factory was built in a quick time of just over 2 years with construction having started on July 18 2020 for a total of 1 2 million square meters 8 During the event the company was presented by its vision its mission its production objectives as well as its approach to users This day also saw the first Togg vehicle an Anadolu red T10X come off the assembly line In addition the public was able to learn of the arrival of a 4 door coupe model the C XCoupe in 2026 Manufacturers editActive edit BMC Bora Diardi Erkunt Etox FNSS Defence Systems Ford Otosan Hyundai Isuzu Karsan Kral Onuk Otokar Oyak Renault Pilotcar TEMSA Tofas Togg Toyota VolkicarDefunct edit Anadol Askam Devrim EVT Motor Honda Imza Otokar Renault Vehicules Industriels Otoser OzaltinProduction editSee also List of countries by motor vehicle production nbsp Showcase of the Togg C SUV 9 model at Zorlu Center in Istanbul Togg 10 is a Turkish automotive company established in 2018 for producing EVs 11 12 9 nbsp World map of motor vehicle production in 2007 In 2022 Turkey produced 1 352 648 motor vehicles ranking as the 13th largest producer in the world 1 Annual production in Turkey had earlier peaked at 1 695 731 motor vehicles in 2017 when the country also ranked 13th in the world 1 Turkey produced 1 124 982 motor vehicles in 2010 13 ranking as the 7th largest automotive producer in Europe behind Germany 5 819 614 France 3 174 260 Spain 2 770 435 the United Kingdom 1 648 388 Russia 1 508 358 and Italy 1 211 594 respectively 14 In 2008 Turkey produced 1 147 110 motor vehicles ranking as the 6th largest producer in Europe behind the United Kingdom and above Italy and the 15th largest producer in the world 15 16 The combined capacity of the 6 companies producing passenger cars stood at 726 000 units per year in 2002 reaching 991 621 units per year in 2006 17 In 2002 Fiat Tofas had 34 of this capacity Oyak Renault 31 Hyundai Assan and Toyota 14 each Honda 4 and Ford Otosan 3 With a cluster of car makers and parts suppliers the Turkish automotive sector has become an integral part of the global network of production bases exporting over 22 944 000 000 worth of motor vehicles and components in 2008 18 19 Domestic Turkish car edit nbsp TOGG Models in AnkaraMain article Togg Existing diesel vehicles cause air pollution in Turkey 20 On 2 November 2017 Turkey announced that five Turkish companies under coordination by the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey decided to take part in the consortium for domestically made EV production which was established in 2018 with the name Togg 21 22 The first prototypes designed by Pininfarina were presented to the media in 2019 and commercial sales are scheduled to begin by 2022 21 22 23 The electric cars will be produced in five models C segment hatchback C segment sedan C segment MPV C segment SUV and B segment SUV and the initial production rate will be 175 000 vehicles per annum Production may not be enough to avoid the risk to the economy of Turkey of high oil import bills in the mid 2020s 24 The Togg consortium includes the following Turkish companies Anadolu Group BMC Turkcell Zorlu Holding2 and 3 wheelers editTurkey manufactures electric bicycles escooters and 3 wheelers 25 26 27 Lorries editElectric lorries are produced 28 Batteries editDespite large reserves of amorphous graphite not enough is mined and there are missing links in processing it into negative electrodes sometimes called anodes 29 30 Charging network editAs of 2020 update although the public charging network has enough fast DC charging for the Istanbul Ankara motorway it is sparse or non existent in many other parts of the country 31 but would be technically easy to expand 32 Economics editAs of 2021 update the special consumption tax Turkish a sales tax on luxuries such as private cars is Up to 85 kW motor 60 85 kW to 120 kW 150 120 kW and over 220 33 The is a 40 import tariff on Chinese electric cars 34 whereas the EU and US have 10 and 27 5 tariffs on them 35 See also editList of companies of Turkey Automotive industry Economy of TurkeyReferences edit a b c 2022 Production Statistics www oica net OICA Retrieved 8 April 2023 Turkish auto industry at full throttle despite the slowdown in Europe Invest in Turkey Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 Retrieved 13 November 2013 Measures to be Taken Regarding the Turkish Automotive Industry s Sustainability in Export and Production Competitiveness in Light of Emerging Disruptive Automotive Technologies PDF Report December 2019 Archived from the original PDF on 27 January 2022 Retrieved 29 June 2020 TURKEY CAR EXPORTS ESTIMATED Goliath Business News Goliath ecnext com 8 June 2005 Retrieved 3 April 2011 Turkey s car industry in perpetual motion Eib org 8 June 2006 Retrieved 3 April 2011 Car industry turns into a Turkey BUSINESS NEW EUROPE Businessneweurope eu 27 March 2009 Archived from the original on 15 October 2009 Retrieved 3 April 2011 Presidence de la Republique de Turquie TOGG est une fierte commune pour l ensemble de 85 millions www tccb gov tr Retrieved 28 March 2023 Fulfillment of a 60 year dream Turkiye rolls out first electric car TOGG Fulfillment of a 60 year dream Turkiye rolls out first electric car TOGG Retrieved 28 March 2023 a b Dan Mihalascu 4 November 2022 Turkey s National Carmaker Togg Starts Production Of 2023 C SUV EV insideevs com TOGG Official Website togg com tr Retrieved 3 April 2020 Jay Ramey 30 December 2019 Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina Designed TOGG autoweek com A game changer Turkiye inaugurates its first national car plant TRT World 30 October 2022 Turkish Automotive Production Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Turkish Automotive Producers Association OICA WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY 2005 2006 PDF Retrieved 3 April 2011 Turkiye otomotiv sektorunde buyuyor Ulasim Online 29 June 2009 Retrieved 6 July 2009 2008 PRODUCTION STATISTICS OICA Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 Retrieved 3 April 2011 Ozpeynirci Emre 27 June 2007 Otomotiv uretiminde 17 ncilige yukseldik Belcika yi da gectik Hurriyet in Turkish Retrieved 29 August 2008 Otomotiv Ihracati 2008 de 22 Milyar 944 Milyon Dolara Ulasti Haberler Retrieved 3 April 2011 3 April 2011 Pazar 09 04 2008 de otomotiv ihracati rekor kirdi HaberX Retrieved 3 April 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link permanent dead link Tezel Oguz Melike Nese Sari Deniz Ozkurt Nesimi Keskin S Sinan 22 June 2020 Application of reduction scenarios on traffic related NOx emissions in Trabzon Turkey Atmospheric Pollution Research doi 10 1016 j apr 2020 06 014 ISSN 1309 1042 a b Jay Ramey 30 December 2019 Turkey Bets on EVs with the Pininfarina Designed TOGG autoweek com a b TOGG Official Website togg com tr Retrieved 3 April 2020 5 Turkish companies take part in consortium for domestically made car production Daily Sabah 2 November 2017 Retrieved 2 November 2017 Europe could face oil shortage in a decade study warns the Guardian 22 June 2020 Retrieved 23 June 2020 Teknoloji E2 Volta Motor Elektrikli bisiklet Elektrikli Motosiklet ve 50cc benzinli modellerimiz Volta Motor Elektrikli bisiklet Elektrikli Motosiklet ve 50cc benzinli modellerimiz in Turkish Archived from the original on 4 July 2020 Retrieved 3 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Electric Vehicles Elexycle Electric Bikes Electric Scooters and Electric Motorcycles Elexycle Electric Bikes Electric Scooters and Electric Motorcycles Retrieved 23 February 2021 permanent dead link Production Relocation What About Turkey as Country s Bike Export Grows Rapidly Bike Europe 23 January 2020 Archived from the original on 19 September 2020 Retrieved 4 January 2021 Produced in Turkey Anadolu Isuzu NPR10 first domestic EV Electric Vehicle en rayhaber com Retrieved 9 October 2020 Sari Hidden graphite resources in Turkey a new supply candidate for Europe Eurogeologists Retrieved 29 June 2020 Turkish university to produce lithium ion batteries Unicharge An Application For Smart Charging of Electric Vehicles Publications SHURA Enerji Donusumu Merkezi SHURA Enerji Donusumu Merkezi Archived from the original on 19 September 2021 Retrieved 13 September 2020 Elektrikli araclarin OTV orani uc kattan fazla artirildi Special consumption tax on EVs more than tripled Yesil Ekonomi in Turkish 2 February 2021 Archived from the original on 2 February 2021 Retrieved 29 April 2021 Turkey imposes 40 additional tariff on electric vehicles imports from China Reuters 3 March 2023 Retrieved 23 May 2023 How geopolitical tensions could disrupt the global car industry The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 23 May 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Automotive industry in Turkey amp oldid 1195222399, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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