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International Energy Agency

July 06, 2023

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the entire global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13[1] association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.[2]

International Energy Agency
  Member countries
  Association countries
  Accession countries
AbbreviationIEA
Established
  • November 1974 (1974-11)
TypeAutonomous intergovernmental organisation
Headquarters9, rue de la Fédération, Paris, France
Membership
31 member countries
Official languages
English
Fatih Birol
Deputy Executive Director
Mary Burce Warlick
Websitewww.iea.org

The IEA was set up under the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis to respond to physical disruptions in global oil supplies, provide data and statistics about the global oil market and energy sector, promote energy savings and conservation, and establish international technical collaboration on innovation and research.[3] Since its founding, the IEA has also coordinated use of the oil reserves that its members are required to hold.

In subsequent decades, the IEA's role expanded to cover the entire global energy system, encompassing traditional fuels such as gas, and coal as well as cleaner and fast-growing energy sources and technologies including renewable energy sources; solar photovoltaics, wind power, biofuels as well as nuclear power, and hydrogen, and the critical minerals needed for these technologies.

The core activity of the IEA is providing policy advice to its 31 member states, as well as to its 13 Associated countries, which include Argentina,[4] Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Kenya,[5] Senegal,[6] South Africa, Ukraine, Singapore, Thailand, Egypt and Morocco to support their energy security and advance their transition to clean energy.[3] The Agency publishes policy recommendations and solutions to help all countries ensure secure, affordable and sustainable energy, as well as analysis, roadmaps, policy reviews, detailed data on more than 150 countries. Recently, it has focused in particular on supporting global efforts to accelerate clean energy transition, mitigate climate change, and reach net zero emissions.[7]

As the COVID-19 pandemic set off a global health and economic crisis in early 2020, the IEA called on governments to ensure that their economic recovery plans focus on clean energy investments in order to create the conditions for a sustainable recovery and long-term structural decline in carbon emissions.[2][8]

In May 2021, the IEA published a roadmap for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and to prevent global temperatures from rising above 1.5 °C.[9] All IEA member countries have signed the Paris Agreement which aims to limit warming to 1.5 °C, and two thirds of IEA member governments have made commitments to emission neutrality by 2050.

In March 2022, the IEA's Ministerial Meeting gave the agency a broader mandate to focus on the clean energy transition.[10][11] The IEA has been criticised for historically undervaluing the role of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics in future energy systems as well as under-estimating their declining cost. Environmental groups, investors and companies have been urging the IEA to do more to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement.[9]

The IEA's current executive director is Fatih Birol, who took office in late 2015.[12] Birol was re-appointed for a third term in March 2022.[13] IEA publishes a range of reports and other information including its flagship publication, the annual World Energy Outlook, as well as the Net Zero by 2050 report.[10][11][14]

History

The IEA was founded on November 18, 1974, after the 1973 oil crisis, to avoid future shocks by helping to ensure reliable energy supplies, promote energy efficiency, ensure energy security and encourage technological research and innovation.[15][2]

The Agreement on an International Energy Program (IEP Agreement) established the mandates and structure of the IEA, chartering it as an autonomous organisation under the umbrella of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[2]

The IEA operates autonomously, with its own budget and governance structure. The organization began with 16 founding member countries and has since expanded to 31, with the latest addition being Lithuania in 2022. Full members of the IEA must also be members of the OECD and are required to hold 90 days worth of oil imports as emergency stocks. These emergency stocks can be released to stabilize oil markets worldwide and have been activated five times: January 1991 due to the Gulf War, 2005 after devastation in the Gulf of Mexico from hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2011 during the Libyan crisis, and twice in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[2][16]

In addition to the emergency release mechanism, the IEA's initial mandates include reducing dependence on oil, developing alternative energy sources, energy research and development, and collaboration with oil-producing companies and countries to create a stable energy market. Members are expected to draw up plans on demand reduction and efficiency measures that can be implemented during energy emergencies.

In 2015, the IEA's chief economist Fatih Birol was appointed executive director, the first time an official from within the organization was picked to lead it.[17] They have a mandate to modernize the agency on three major pillars: broadening the IEA's mandate on energy security beyond oil to include natural gas and electricity; increasing engagement in emerging economies through new Association partnerships; and expanding the IEA's core focus on clean energy technology and energy efficiency.[2][18]

The new category of "Association countries" was created in 2015,[19] allowing countries that do not fit the criteria for IEA membership to become affiliated with the organization and participate in its work.[20] China, Indonesia, and Thailand were the first to join and the IEA now has thirteen[21] Association countries, including Ukraine since July 2022.[22][23] IEA member and Association countries represent over 75% of global energy consumption.[2]

After the IEA's 2022 Ministerial meeting, a bi-annual high-level meeting of IEA countries, member countries once again expanded the organisation's mandate to include accelerating the global clean energy transition by "supporting countries in the global effort to attain net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector by mid-century."[10][2] The "IEA 3.0" mandate also doubles down on strengthening energy security and recognizes the importance of tracking critical minerals and materials to the clean energy transition.[10][2]

Leadership

Executive Directors of the International Energy Agency
No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Previous position Ref.
1 Ulf Lantzke   Germany 1975 31 March 1984 Special Advisor on Energy Issues to the Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [24][25][26]
2 Helga Steeg   Germany 1 July 1984 30 September 1994 Director-General for Trade, Federal Ministry of Finance of the Federal Republic of Germany [24][27][28][29]
3 Robert Priddle   United Kingdom 1 December 1994 31 December 2002 Head of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, UK Department of Energy and Trade and Industry [24][30]
4 Claude Mandil   France 1 February 2003 31 August 2007 Chairman and CEO of the Institut français du pétrole, 2000–2003[30] [24][30][31]
5 Nobuo Tanaka   Japan 1 September 2007 31 August 2011 Director for Science, Technology and Industry at the OECD, 1992–2007[24] [24][32][33]
6 Maria van der Hoeven   Netherlands 1 September 2011 31 August 2015 Minister of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands, 2007–2010 [24][33]
7 Fatih Birol   Turkey 1 September 2015 Incumbent Chief Economist, International Energy Agency [24][34]

Structure

The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.[35]

The Governing Board constitutes the main decision-making body of the organisation. It is composed of member country representatives and meets three to four times a year.[35] The Governing Board is responsible for the IEA's administrative proceedings and approving binding decisions in relation to energy developments.[35]

The IEA Ministerial Meeting is the biennial gathering of energy ministers who determine the broad direction of the IEA.[35] The Ministerial allows for the development of ideas which are subsequently put to the Governing Board.[35]

Standing Groups meet multiple times a year and are made up of officials from member states. The IEA has several Standing Groups and Committees, focusing on energy research and technology, long-term cooperation, emergency preparedness, and other topics.[35]

Membership

The 31 member countries and 13[36] association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.[2]

Member countries

Only OECD member states may join the IEA. Member are required to maintain total oil stock levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.[37][3] Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more crude oil to enter the global market.[3]

Country Membership Notes
  Australia 1979[24]
  Austria 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Belgium 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Canada 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Czech Republic 2001[24]
  Denmark 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Estonia 2014
  Finland 1992[24]
  France 1992[24]
  Germany 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Greece 1976[24]
  Hungary 1997[24]
  Ireland 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Italy 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Japan 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Lithuania 2022
  Luxembourg 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Mexico 2018
  Netherlands 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  New Zealand 1977[24]
  Norway 18 November 1974[38] Founding member (under a special Agreement)[24]
  Portugal 1981[24]
  Poland 2 October 2007[39]
  Slovakia 7 March 2007[40]
  South Korea 20 April 2001[41]
  Spain 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Sweden 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Switzerland 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  Turkey 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  United Kingdom 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]
  United States 18 November 1974[38] Founding member[24]

Accession countries

Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.[42]

The following countries are currently undergoing the accession process:

Association countries

Association was formally launched in 2015 and currently includes 13[43] countries. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.[44] Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,[10][45] and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.[46]

  Argentina
  Brazil
  China
  Egypt
  India
  Indonesia
  Kenya
  Morocco
  Senegal
  Singapore
  South Africa
  Thailand
  Ukraine

Areas of work

The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

The IEA's analytical work is split into various categories including policy recommendations, tracking, market forecasts, technical roadmapping, and scenario analysis.

Data

The IEA publishes comprehensive data, statistics, and analysis that inform national energy policies and support long-term planning for energy sector investments. The IEA analyses and releases data and information on trends in energy supply, demand, prices, public research and development, and energy efficiency metrics. The data also serves to track short- and long-term trends in countries energy transitions.[47]

The Policies and Measures Database (PAMS) makes available to the public data on government policies and programs to reduce carbon emissions, support energy efficiency, and improve the development and use of renewable and clean energy sources. The database compiles data from several IEA and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) data sources dating back to 1999 and includes information on past, current, and planned policy measures.[48]

Key publications

World Energy Outlook (WEO)

This section is an excerpt from World Energy Outlook.[edit]

The annual World Energy Outlook (WEO) is the International Energy Agency's (IEA) flagship publication on global energy projections and analysis.[49] It contains medium to long-term energy market projections, extensive statistics, analysis and advice for both governments and the energy business regarding energy security, environmental protection and economic development. The first WEO was published in 1977 and it has been an annual publication since 1998.[49]

The World Energy Outlook uses three scenarios to examine future energy trends. The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario is normative, in that it is designed to achieve specific outcomes – an emissions trajectory consistent with keeping the temperature rise in 2100 below 1.5 °C (with a 50% probability), universal access to modern energy services and major improvements in air quality – and shows a pathway to reach it.[50] The Announced Pledges Scenario, and the Stated Policies Scenario are exploratory, in that they define a set of starting conditions, such as policies and targets, and then see where they lead based on model representations of energy systems, including market dynamics and technological progress. The scenarios are not predictions but enable policy-makers and other readers to compare different possible versions of the future and the levers and actions that produce them, with the aim of stimulating insights about the future of global energy.[50]
 
A 2022 report on renewable energy

Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector

Net Zero by 2050 was published in May 2021 and presented the first comprehensive pathway for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050. The report introduced the Net Zero Emissions scenario, showing how to transition to net zero by 2050 while maintaining secure and affordable energy supplies, extending energy access, and encouraging robust economic growth. The report was the basis for a game created by the IEA and the Financial Times in which players compete to see if they can reduce emissions to net zero.[51][52]

Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP)

First issued in 2006, ETP is a bi-annual guidebook on clean energy technology. The publication focuses on challenges, growth areas, and strengths of emerging clean energy technologies and their contribution to global energy and environmental policy-making.[53]

Global EV Outlook (GEVO)

Published annually with the support of the members of the Elective Vehicles Initiative, GEVO highlights and analyses recent developments in EVs and electric mobility. The publication combines historical analysis with projections to 2030 for topics such as charging infrastructure, CO2 emissions, energy use, and related policy developments. The report includes policy recommendations to advance EV adoption.[54]

Oil Market Report

First published in 1983, the monthly Oil Market Report analyses the global oil market, providing data and forecasts aimed for an audience of industry, financial, and government officials as well as an academic and NGO audience. Country specific analysis on trade and production tracks both OECD and non-OECD states.[55]

Electricity Market Report

The Electricity Market Report provides regular forecasts for global electricity demand, supply, generation and emissions, with a special focus on recent developments.[56]

Gas Market Report

The Gas Market Report is updated quarterly, providing the latest developments and data for global gas markets.[56]

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency is an annual report on global progress and developments in the crucial role that efficient appliances, equipment, buildings, transport and industry play in reducing energy use and the resulting emissions.[56]

Renewable Energy Market Update

The Renewable Energy Market Update surveys new additions in global renewable power capacity and demand for biofuel. The report, which is updated several times a year, also discusses important variables and policy implications that may affect projections for the years to come.[57]

World Energy Investment

The annual World Energy Investment tracks investment across the energy world, examining how investors are assessing risks and opportunities across all areas of fuel and electricity supply, critical minerals, efficiency and research and development.[56]

Tracking Clean Energy Progress

TCEP reports on the status of 46 critical energy technologies and sectors needed to achieve net zero emissions by mid-century, and provides recommendations on how to accelerate their development and deployment.[56]

Country Reviews

Since 1976, the IEA has published in-depth energy policy reviews. These country policy reviews are typically conducted every five years for member countries, and cover the full range of the country's energy systems and policies, with recent reports placing particular focus on progress towards reaching climate goals. The most recent reports were on Norway, Poland, Belgium, and Canada. The IEA also produces in-depth energy reviews of its accession and association countries, as well as partner countries.[56]

Energy Efficiency

In its focus on energy efficiency, the IEA convenes policy leaders and other stakeholders with an eye toward scaling up progress on energy efficiency as a way to mitigate climate change, contribute to energy security, and deliver economic, and support economies and communities.[58] The IEA has created Energy Efficiency Indicators based on over ten years of data to highlight the drivers of individual nations’ energy use in order to track energy efficiency and improve national policies. The data covers major sectors such as residential services, industry, and transport.[59]

Clean Energy Transitions Programme

CETP's focus is to "accelerate global clean energy transitions, particularly in major emerging economies." The program supports governments whose energy policies will be key to the global energy transition and involves collaborative analytics, technology cooperation, stakeholder convenings, and training and capacity-building. CETP has identified Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa as priority countries as well as the regions of Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa.[60][61]

People-Centered Clean Energy Transition

As part of its work on the energy transition, the IEA convenes the Global Commission for People-Centred Clean Energy Transitions to "ensure the benefits and costs involved in the transformation of our energy system are distributed fairly and in a way that protects the most vulnerable in society." The approach focuses on skill development, jobs, worker protections, economic development, equity and fairness, social inclusion, and engaging individuals as stakeholders in the process.[62] The commission is composed of national leaders, government ministers, and representatives from civil society. In October 2021, the Commission published a report for twelve recommendations for a people-centered approach to the clean energy transition.[63][62]

Resilience of the Energy Sector to Climate Change Impacts

Given the implications of climate change impacts for energy security, the IEA also works to understand climate impacts on energy systems and provide guidance on measures to improve their resilience to these impacts. This includes an assessment of hydropower under different climate scenarios[64][65][66] and a report focused on climate hazards for power systems and measures to enhance their climate resilience.[67] The IEA also provides an overview of the level of climate hazards in its member countries, along with key planning and policy documents to address energy sector climate resilience.[68]

Technology Collaboration Programs (TCPs)

TCPs provide support to independent, international groups of government and industry experts to research, develop, and commercialise energy technologies and related issues. Over 6,000 experts are involved in TCPs across approximately 300 organisations in 55 countries. Examples of TCPs include the Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC), Photovoltaic Power Systems (PVPS), and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV).

Criticism

Bias against renewable energy

 
Real development of global photovoltaics additions vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016

The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of renewable energy sources in future energy systems such as photovoltaics and their cost reductions.[69][70][71]

In the past, the IEA has been criticized by environmental groups for underplaying the role of renewable energy technologies in favor of nuclear[72] and fossil fuels.[73] In 2009, Guy Pearse stated that the IEA has consistently underestimated the potential for renewable energy alternatives.[74]

The Energy Watch Group (EWG), a coalition of scientists and politicians which analyses official energy industry predictions, claims that the IEA has had an institutional bias towards traditional energy sources and has been using "misleading data" to undermine the case for renewable energy, such as wind and solar. A 2008 EWG report compares IEA projections about the growth of wind power capacity and finds that it has consistently underestimated the amount of energy the wind power industry can deliver.[75]

For example, in 1998, the IEA predicted global wind electricity generation would total 47.4 GW by 2020, but EWG's report states that this level was reached by the end of 2004.[76] The report also said that the IEA has not learned the lesson of previous underestimates, and last year net additions of wind power globally were four times greater than the average IEA estimate from its 1995–2004 predictions.[75] This pattern seems to have continued through 2016.[77]

Amid discontent from across the renewables sector at the IEA's performance as a global energy watchdog, the International Renewable Energy Agency was formed on January 26, 2009. The aim is to have the agency fully operational by 2010 with an initial annual budget of €25M.[78]

The IEA's current forecasts for solar power do not accord with the exponential growth in the sector. The misleading projections have perpetuated the impression that the growth of solar power requires huge subsidies, and has the potential to discourage investment in solar energy market and consequently, hold back even faster growth.[79][80]

In 2018 the IEA was criticized in Davos by Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister Al-Falih, for hyping the US shale oil industry amid forecasts of oversupply for the oil market in their January Oil Market Report. Al-Falih was exasperated with those claims, arguing that natural depletion, and strong demand growth meant that there was plenty of room for new supplies, while the shale drillers would not crash the market. He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.[81]

Accuracy of forecasting

Ahead of the launch of the 2009 World Energy Outlook, the British daily newspaper The Guardian, referring to an unidentified senior IEA official, alleged that the agency was deliberately downplaying the risk of peak oil under pressures from the US. According to a second unidentified former senior IEA official it was "imperative not to anger the Americans" and that the world has already entered the "peak oil zone".[82]

The Guardian also referred to a team of scientists from Uppsala University in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. According to their peer-reviewed report, oil production in 2030 would not exceed 75 million barrels per day (11.9×10^6 m3/d) while the IEA forecasts a production of 105 million barrels per day (16.7×10^6 m3/d). The lead author of the report, Kjell Aleklett, has claimed that IEA's reports are "political documents".[83] Other research from the same group has thoroughly reviewed oil projections done by the IEA World Energy Outlook.[84]

The anticorruption NGO Global Witness wrote in its report Heads in the Sand that "Global Witness' analysis demonstrates that the Agency continues to retain an overly-optimistic, and therefore misleading, view about potential future oil production." According to Global Witness, "the Agency's over-confidence, despite credible data, external analysis and underlying fundamentals all strongly suggesting a more precautionary approach, has had a disastrous global impact."[85]

Sustainable development models not in line climate science

Environmental groups have become critical[86][87] of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In March 2017, the IEA (along with IRENA) published a report[88] that considers a safer climate scenario than their current 450S. This scenario offers improved chances of limiting global warming to less than two degrees, but – according to research organization Oil Change International – still falls short of adequately addressing climate science and the decarbonization required to reach agreed upon global climate limits.[89] The IEA has stopped updating this safer climate scenario.

Concerns regarding the IEA's Sustainable Development Scenario (the successor to the 450 scenario) has also been raised by climate scientists and key financial institutions, who have called for 1.5 °C scenario placed centrally in the World Energy Outlook.[90] As of December 2019, two-thirds of IEA member states have committed to net-zero emissions by 2050;[91] however, the IEA's Sustainable Development Scenario only gets to net-zero by 2070, two decades too late.

Restricting access to data

In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at Our World in Data for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".[92][93][94][95] The authors of the Our World in Data open letter suggested that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".[94]

See also

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July 06, 2023
international, energy, agency, paris, based, autonomous, intergovernmental, organisation, established, 1974, that, provides, policy, recommendations, analysis, data, entire, global, energy, sector, member, countries, association, countries, represent, global, . The International Energy Agency IEA is a Paris based autonomous intergovernmental organisation established in 1974 that provides policy recommendations analysis and data on the entire global energy sector The 31 member countries and 13 1 association countries of the IEA represent 75 of global energy demand 2 International Energy Agency Member countries Association countries Accession countriesAbbreviationIEAEstablishedNovember 1974 1974 11 TypeAutonomous intergovernmental organisationHeadquarters9 rue de la Federation Paris FranceMembership31 member countries Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United StatesOfficial languagesEnglishExecutive DirectorFatih BirolDeputy Executive DirectorMary Burce WarlickWebsitewww wbr iea wbr orgThe IEA was set up under the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis to respond to physical disruptions in global oil supplies provide data and statistics about the global oil market and energy sector promote energy savings and conservation and establish international technical collaboration on innovation and research 3 Since its founding the IEA has also coordinated use of the oil reserves that its members are required to hold In subsequent decades the IEA s role expanded to cover the entire global energy system encompassing traditional fuels such as gas and coal as well as cleaner and fast growing energy sources and technologies including renewable energy sources solar photovoltaics wind power biofuels as well as nuclear power and hydrogen and the critical minerals needed for these technologies The core activity of the IEA is providing policy advice to its 31 member states as well as to its 13 Associated countries which include Argentina 4 Brazil China India Indonesia Kenya 5 Senegal 6 South Africa Ukraine Singapore Thailand Egypt and Morocco to support their energy security and advance their transition to clean energy 3 The Agency publishes policy recommendations and solutions to help all countries ensure secure affordable and sustainable energy as well as analysis roadmaps policy reviews detailed data on more than 150 countries Recently it has focused in particular on supporting global efforts to accelerate clean energy transition mitigate climate change and reach net zero emissions 7 As the COVID 19 pandemic set off a global health and economic crisis in early 2020 the IEA called on governments to ensure that their economic recovery plans focus on clean energy investments in order to create the conditions for a sustainable recovery and long term structural decline in carbon emissions 2 8 In May 2021 the IEA published a roadmap for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and to prevent global temperatures from rising above 1 5 C 9 All IEA member countries have signed the Paris Agreement which aims to limit warming to 1 5 C and two thirds of IEA member governments have made commitments to emission neutrality by 2050 In March 2022 the IEA s Ministerial Meeting gave the agency a broader mandate to focus on the clean energy transition 10 11 The IEA has been criticised for historically undervaluing the role of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics in future energy systems as well as under estimating their declining cost Environmental groups investors and companies have been urging the IEA to do more to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement 9 The IEA s current executive director is Fatih Birol who took office in late 2015 12 Birol was re appointed for a third term in March 2022 13 IEA publishes a range of reports and other information including its flagship publication the annual World Energy Outlook as well as the Net Zero by 2050 report 10 11 14 Contents 1 History 2 Leadership 3 Structure 4 Membership 4 1 Member countries 4 2 Accession countries 4 3 Association countries 5 Areas of work 5 1 Data 5 2 Key publications 5 3 Energy Efficiency 5 4 Clean Energy Transitions Programme 5 5 People Centered Clean Energy Transition 5 6 Resilience of the Energy Sector to Climate Change Impacts 5 7 Technology Collaboration Programs TCPs 6 Criticism 6 1 Bias against renewable energy 6 2 Accuracy of forecasting 6 3 Sustainable development models not in line climate science 6 4 Restricting access to data 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistory EditThe IEA was founded on November 18 1974 after the 1973 oil crisis to avoid future shocks by helping to ensure reliable energy supplies promote energy efficiency ensure energy security and encourage technological research and innovation 15 2 The Agreement on an International Energy Program IEP Agreement established the mandates and structure of the IEA chartering it as an autonomous organisation under the umbrella of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 2 The IEA operates autonomously with its own budget and governance structure The organization began with 16 founding member countries and has since expanded to 31 with the latest addition being Lithuania in 2022 Full members of the IEA must also be members of the OECD and are required to hold 90 days worth of oil imports as emergency stocks These emergency stocks can be released to stabilize oil markets worldwide and have been activated five times January 1991 due to the Gulf War 2005 after devastation in the Gulf of Mexico from hurricanes Katrina and Rita 2011 during the Libyan crisis and twice in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine 2 16 In addition to the emergency release mechanism the IEA s initial mandates include reducing dependence on oil developing alternative energy sources energy research and development and collaboration with oil producing companies and countries to create a stable energy market Members are expected to draw up plans on demand reduction and efficiency measures that can be implemented during energy emergencies In 2015 the IEA s chief economist Fatih Birol was appointed executive director the first time an official from within the organization was picked to lead it 17 They have a mandate to modernize the agency on three major pillars broadening the IEA s mandate on energy security beyond oil to include natural gas and electricity increasing engagement in emerging economies through new Association partnerships and expanding the IEA s core focus on clean energy technology and energy efficiency 2 18 The new category of Association countries was created in 2015 19 allowing countries that do not fit the criteria for IEA membership to become affiliated with the organization and participate in its work 20 China Indonesia and Thailand were the first to join and the IEA now has thirteen 21 Association countries including Ukraine since July 2022 22 23 IEA member and Association countries represent over 75 of global energy consumption 2 After the IEA s 2022 Ministerial meeting a bi annual high level meeting of IEA countries member countries once again expanded the organisation s mandate to include accelerating the global clean energy transition by supporting countries in the global effort to attain net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector by mid century 10 2 The IEA 3 0 mandate also doubles down on strengthening energy security and recognizes the importance of tracking critical minerals and materials to the clean energy transition 10 2 Leadership EditExecutive Directors of the International Energy Agency No Name Country of origin Took office Left office Previous position Ref 1 Ulf Lantzke Germany 1975 31 March 1984 Special Advisor on Energy Issues to the Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD 24 25 26 2 Helga Steeg Germany 1 July 1984 30 September 1994 Director General for Trade Federal Ministry of Finance of the Federal Republic of Germany 24 27 28 29 3 Robert Priddle United Kingdom 1 December 1994 31 December 2002 Head of Consumer and Corporate Affairs UK Department of Energy and Trade and Industry 24 30 4 Claude Mandil France 1 February 2003 31 August 2007 Chairman and CEO of the Institut francais du petrole 2000 2003 30 24 30 31 5 Nobuo Tanaka Japan 1 September 2007 31 August 2011 Director for Science Technology and Industry at the OECD 1992 2007 24 24 32 33 6 Maria van der Hoeven Netherlands 1 September 2011 31 August 2015 Minister of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands 2007 2010 24 33 7 Fatih Birol Turkey 1 September 2015 Incumbent Chief Economist International Energy Agency 24 34 Structure EditThe IEA s structure includes a Governing Board Ministerial Meetings and Standing Groups and Committees 35 The Governing Board constitutes the main decision making body of the organisation It is composed of member country representatives and meets three to four times a year 35 The Governing Board is responsible for the IEA s administrative proceedings and approving binding decisions in relation to energy developments 35 The IEA Ministerial Meeting is the biennial gathering of energy ministers who determine the broad direction of the IEA 35 The Ministerial allows for the development of ideas which are subsequently put to the Governing Board 35 Standing Groups meet multiple times a year and are made up of officials from member states The IEA has several Standing Groups and Committees focusing on energy research and technology long term cooperation emergency preparedness and other topics 35 Membership EditThe 31 member countries and 13 36 association countries of the IEA represent 75 of global energy demand 2 Member countries Edit Only OECD member states may join the IEA Member are required to maintain total oil stock levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year s net imports 37 3 Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more crude oil to enter the global market 3 Country Membership Notes Australia 1979 24 Austria 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Belgium 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Canada 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Czech Republic 2001 24 Denmark 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Estonia 2014 Finland 1992 24 France 1992 24 Germany 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Greece 1976 24 Hungary 1997 24 Ireland 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Italy 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Japan 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Lithuania 2022 Luxembourg 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Mexico 2018 Netherlands 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 New Zealand 1977 24 Norway 18 November 1974 38 Founding member under a special Agreement 24 Portugal 1981 24 Poland 2 October 2007 39 Slovakia 7 March 2007 40 South Korea 20 April 2001 41 Spain 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Sweden 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Switzerland 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Turkey 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 United Kingdom 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 United States 18 November 1974 38 Founding member 24 Accession countries Edit Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board discussions with the executive director and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat 42 The following countries are currently undergoing the accession process Chile Colombia IsraelAssociation countries Edit Association was formally launched in 2015 and currently includes 13 43 countries The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy related issues determined through joint programmes of work Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings 44 Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022 10 45 and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022 and joined in July 2022 46 Argentina Brazil China Egypt India Indonesia Kenya Morocco Senegal Singapore South Africa Thailand UkraineAreas of work EditThe IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies on global and regional markets as well as specific country level reports and studies on key technologies minerals and materials for the clean energy transition It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries The IEA s analytical work is split into various categories including policy recommendations tracking market forecasts technical roadmapping and scenario analysis Data Edit The IEA publishes comprehensive data statistics and analysis that inform national energy policies and support long term planning for energy sector investments The IEA analyses and releases data and information on trends in energy supply demand prices public research and development and energy efficiency metrics The data also serves to track short and long term trends in countries energy transitions 47 The Policies and Measures Database PAMS makes available to the public data on government policies and programs to reduce carbon emissions support energy efficiency and improve the development and use of renewable and clean energy sources The database compiles data from several IEA and International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA data sources dating back to 1999 and includes information on past current and planned policy measures 48 Key publications Edit World Energy Outlook WEO This section is an excerpt from World Energy Outlook edit The annual World Energy Outlook WEO is the International Energy Agency s IEA flagship publication on global energy projections and analysis 49 It contains medium to long term energy market projections extensive statistics analysis and advice for both governments and the energy business regarding energy security environmental protection and economic development The first WEO was published in 1977 and it has been an annual publication since 1998 49 The World Energy Outlook uses three scenarios to examine future energy trends The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario is normative in that it is designed to achieve specific outcomes an emissions trajectory consistent with keeping the temperature rise in 2100 below 1 5 C with a 50 probability universal access to modern energy services and major improvements in air quality and shows a pathway to reach it 50 The Announced Pledges Scenario and the Stated Policies Scenario are exploratory in that they define a set of starting conditions such as policies and targets and then see where they lead based on model representations of energy systems including market dynamics and technological progress The scenarios are not predictions but enable policy makers and other readers to compare different possible versions of the future and the levers and actions that produce them with the aim of stimulating insights about the future of global energy 50 A 2022 report on renewable energy Net Zero by 2050 a roadmap for the global energy sectorNet Zero by 2050 was published in May 2021 and presented the first comprehensive pathway for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050 The report introduced the Net Zero Emissions scenario showing how to transition to net zero by 2050 while maintaining secure and affordable energy supplies extending energy access and encouraging robust economic growth The report was the basis for a game created by the IEA and the Financial Times in which players compete to see if they can reduce emissions to net zero 51 52 Energy Technology Perspectives ETP First issued in 2006 ETP is a bi annual guidebook on clean energy technology The publication focuses on challenges growth areas and strengths of emerging clean energy technologies and their contribution to global energy and environmental policy making 53 Global EV Outlook GEVO Published annually with the support of the members of the Elective Vehicles Initiative GEVO highlights and analyses recent developments in EVs and electric mobility The publication combines historical analysis with projections to 2030 for topics such as charging infrastructure CO2 emissions energy use and related policy developments The report includes policy recommendations to advance EV adoption 54 Oil Market ReportFirst published in 1983 the monthly Oil Market Report analyses the global oil market providing data and forecasts aimed for an audience of industry financial and government officials as well as an academic and NGO audience Country specific analysis on trade and production tracks both OECD and non OECD states 55 Electricity Market ReportThe Electricity Market Report provides regular forecasts for global electricity demand supply generation and emissions with a special focus on recent developments 56 Gas Market ReportThe Gas Market Report is updated quarterly providing the latest developments and data for global gas markets 56 Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency is an annual report on global progress and developments in the crucial role that efficient appliances equipment buildings transport and industry play in reducing energy use and the resulting emissions 56 Renewable Energy Market UpdateThe Renewable Energy Market Update surveys new additions in global renewable power capacity and demand for biofuel The report which is updated several times a year also discusses important variables and policy implications that may affect projections for the years to come 57 World Energy InvestmentThe annual World Energy Investment tracks investment across the energy world examining how investors are assessing risks and opportunities across all areas of fuel and electricity supply critical minerals efficiency and research and development 56 Tracking Clean Energy ProgressTCEP reports on the status of 46 critical energy technologies and sectors needed to achieve net zero emissions by mid century and provides recommendations on how to accelerate their development and deployment 56 Country ReviewsSince 1976 the IEA has published in depth energy policy reviews These country policy reviews are typically conducted every five years for member countries and cover the full range of the country s energy systems and policies with recent reports placing particular focus on progress towards reaching climate goals The most recent reports were on Norway Poland Belgium and Canada The IEA also produces in depth energy reviews of its accession and association countries as well as partner countries 56 Energy Efficiency Edit In its focus on energy efficiency the IEA convenes policy leaders and other stakeholders with an eye toward scaling up progress on energy efficiency as a way to mitigate climate change contribute to energy security and deliver economic and support economies and communities 58 The IEA has created Energy Efficiency Indicators based on over ten years of data to highlight the drivers of individual nations energy use in order to track energy efficiency and improve national policies The data covers major sectors such as residential services industry and transport 59 Clean Energy Transitions Programme Edit CETP s focus is to accelerate global clean energy transitions particularly in major emerging economies The program supports governments whose energy policies will be key to the global energy transition and involves collaborative analytics technology cooperation stakeholder convenings and training and capacity building CETP has identified Brazil China India Indonesia Mexico and South Africa as priority countries as well as the regions of Southeast Asia Latin America and Africa 60 61 People Centered Clean Energy Transition Edit As part of its work on the energy transition the IEA convenes the Global Commission for People Centred Clean Energy Transitions to ensure the benefits and costs involved in the transformation of our energy system are distributed fairly and in a way that protects the most vulnerable in society The approach focuses on skill development jobs worker protections economic development equity and fairness social inclusion and engaging individuals as stakeholders in the process 62 The commission is composed of national leaders government ministers and representatives from civil society In October 2021 the Commission published a report for twelve recommendations for a people centered approach to the clean energy transition 63 62 Resilience of the Energy Sector to Climate Change Impacts Edit Given the implications of climate change impacts for energy security the IEA also works to understand climate impacts on energy systems and provide guidance on measures to improve their resilience to these impacts This includes an assessment of hydropower under different climate scenarios 64 65 66 and a report focused on climate hazards for power systems and measures to enhance their climate resilience 67 The IEA also provides an overview of the level of climate hazards in its member countries along with key planning and policy documents to address energy sector climate resilience 68 Technology Collaboration Programs TCPs Edit TCPs provide support to independent international groups of government and industry experts to research develop and commercialise energy technologies and related issues Over 6 000 experts are involved in TCPs across approximately 300 organisations in 55 countries Examples of TCPs include the Energy in Buildings and Communities EBC Photovoltaic Power Systems PVPS and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles HEV Criticism EditBias against renewable energy Edit Real development of global photovoltaics additions vs predictions by the IEA 2002 2016 The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of renewable energy sources in future energy systems such as photovoltaics and their cost reductions 69 70 71 In the past the IEA has been criticized by environmental groups for underplaying the role of renewable energy technologies in favor of nuclear 72 and fossil fuels 73 In 2009 Guy Pearse stated that the IEA has consistently underestimated the potential for renewable energy alternatives 74 The Energy Watch Group EWG a coalition of scientists and politicians which analyses official energy industry predictions claims that the IEA has had an institutional bias towards traditional energy sources and has been using misleading data to undermine the case for renewable energy such as wind and solar A 2008 EWG report compares IEA projections about the growth of wind power capacity and finds that it has consistently underestimated the amount of energy the wind power industry can deliver 75 For example in 1998 the IEA predicted global wind electricity generation would total 47 4 GW by 2020 but EWG s report states that this level was reached by the end of 2004 76 The report also said that the IEA has not learned the lesson of previous underestimates and last year net additions of wind power globally were four times greater than the average IEA estimate from its 1995 2004 predictions 75 This pattern seems to have continued through 2016 77 Amid discontent from across the renewables sector at the IEA s performance as a global energy watchdog the International Renewable Energy Agency was formed on January 26 2009 The aim is to have the agency fully operational by 2010 with an initial annual budget of 25M 78 The IEA s current forecasts for solar power do not accord with the exponential growth in the sector The misleading projections have perpetuated the impression that the growth of solar power requires huge subsidies and has the potential to discourage investment in solar energy market and consequently hold back even faster growth 79 80 In 2018 the IEA was criticized in Davos by Saudi Arabia s Oil Minister Al Falih for hyping the US shale oil industry amid forecasts of oversupply for the oil market in their January Oil Market Report Al Falih was exasperated with those claims arguing that natural depletion and strong demand growth meant that there was plenty of room for new supplies while the shale drillers would not crash the market He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market and how the core job of the IEA is not to take things out of context 81 Accuracy of forecasting Edit Ahead of the launch of the 2009 World Energy Outlook the British daily newspaper The Guardian referring to an unidentified senior IEA official alleged that the agency was deliberately downplaying the risk of peak oil under pressures from the US According to a second unidentified former senior IEA official it was imperative not to anger the Americans and that the world has already entered the peak oil zone 82 The Guardian also referred to a team of scientists from Uppsala University in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable According to their peer reviewed report oil production in 2030 would not exceed 75 million barrels per day 11 9 10 6 m3 d while the IEA forecasts a production of 105 million barrels per day 16 7 10 6 m3 d The lead author of the report Kjell Aleklett has claimed that IEA s reports are political documents 83 Other research from the same group has thoroughly reviewed oil projections done by the IEA World Energy Outlook 84 The anticorruption NGO Global Witness wrote in its report Heads in the Sand that Global Witness analysis demonstrates that the Agency continues to retain an overly optimistic and therefore misleading view about potential future oil production According to Global Witness the Agency s over confidence despite credible data external analysis and underlying fundamentals all strongly suggesting a more precautionary approach has had a disastrous global impact 85 Sustainable development models not in line climate science Edit Environmental groups have become critical 86 87 of the IEA s 450 Scenario created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord contending it does not align with up to date climate science nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1 5 degrees Celsius In March 2017 the IEA along with IRENA published a report 88 that considers a safer climate scenario than their current 450S This scenario offers improved chances of limiting global warming to less than two degrees but according to research organization Oil Change International still falls short of adequately addressing climate science and the decarbonization required to reach agreed upon global climate limits 89 The IEA has stopped updating this safer climate scenario Concerns regarding the IEA s Sustainable Development Scenario the successor to the 450 scenario has also been raised by climate scientists and key financial institutions who have called for 1 5 C scenario placed centrally in the World Energy Outlook 90 As of December 2019 two thirds of IEA member states have committed to net zero emissions by 2050 91 however the IEA s Sustainable Development Scenario only gets to net zero by 2070 two decades too late Restricting access to data Edit In 2021 the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at Our World in Data for publishing its detailed global energy data behind paywalls making it unusable in the public discourse and preventing many researchers from accessing it 92 93 94 95 The authors of the Our World in Data open letter suggested that countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding 94 See also EditWorld Energy Outlook Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre Consensus Economics Surveys of International Economic Forecasts Economics IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme International Energy Agency Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme IEA ECBCS Annex 48 Heat Pumping and Reversible Air Conditioning International Atomic Energy Agency International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation International Renewable Energy Agency Nuclear Energy Agency One Watt Initiative OPEC Peak oil REN21 SolarPACES Task 40References Edit Kenya and Senegal to join the IEA News IEA Retrieved 30 June 2023 a b c d e f g h i j International Energy Agency History About IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 a b c d International Energy Agency Membership About IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 BNamericas Argentina joins the International Energy Age Kenya and Senegal to join the IEA News IEA Retrieved 30 June 2023 Kenya and Senegal to join the IEA News IEA Retrieved 30 June 2023 IEA pins climate change goals on developing world transition IEA 27 January 2021 How the IEA sees the future of energy IEA 13 October 2020 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 a b Foundation Thomson Reuters Investors step up pressure on global energy watchdog over climate change news trust org Retrieved 18 December 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a first has generic name help a b c d e International Energy Agency 24 March 2022 2022 IEA Ministerial Communique News IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 a b International Energy Agency 24 March 2022 Press release IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 International Energy Agency 7 March 2022 Leadership Paris IEA Retrieved 19 May 2022 International Energy Agency 25 March 2022 IEA reappoints Fatih Birol for new term as Executive Director Paris IEA Retrieved 19 March 2022 World Energy Outlook 2020 International Energy Agency Paris IEA 2020 Retrieved 8 March 2021 Turk Henning 2014 The oil crisis of 1973 as a challenge to multilateral energy cooperation among Western industrialized countries Historical Social Research 39 2014 2014 209 230 doi 10 12759 hsr 39 2014 4 209 230 International Energy Agency 3 May 2022 Oil security Energy security IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 OECD 15 November 1974 DECISION OF THE COUNCIL Establishing an International Energy Agency of the Organisation PDF Paris IEA 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Online Personen Internationales Biographisches Archiv Retrieved 17 May 2022 Scott vol 1 p 260 Long Russell B Ribicoff Abe et al U S Senate committee on Finance Subcommittee on International Trade 1975 Consensus or Confrontation International Economic Policy at the Crossroads Washington DC U S Government Printing Office p 2 Scott vol 4 p 66 a b c International Energy Agency 17 January 2003 Claude Mandil Elected Executive Director of the IEA Paris IEA Retrieved 17 May 2022 M Nobuo TANAKA succedera a M Claude MANDIL a la tete de l AIE Mr Nobuo Tanaka will succeed Mr Claude Mandil as head of the IEA Actu Environnement in French 14 December 2006 Retrieved 17 May 2022 Nobuo Tanaka nominated to succeed Claude Mandil as IEA Executive Director in September 2007 PDF Press release IEA 14 December 2006 Archived from the original PDF on 12 November 2011 Retrieved 3 September 2011 a b Former Dutch Minister Maria van der Hoeven Named Next Executive Director of the IEA to Start in September 2011 Press 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Twenty Sixth Member Paris IEA Retrieved 25 May 2022 Scott Richard 1994 The History of the International Energy Agency 1974 1994 PDF Vol 1 Paris International Energy Agency p 336 Kenya and Senegal to join the IEA News IEA Retrieved 30 June 2023 Singapore becomes IEA Association Country News IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member the Canadian News 24 March 2022 Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA www aljazeera com Retrieved 23 July 2022 Data overview IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Policy database Data amp Statistics IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 a b IEA 2022 World Energy Outlook 2022 IEA Paris https www iea org reports world energy outlook 2022 License CC BY 4 0 report CC BY NC SA 4 0 Annex A a b Global Energy and Climate Model Documentation PDF International Energy Agency December 2022 Retrieved 12 January 2023 This article incorporates text from this source which is available under the CC BY 4 0 license The Climate Game Can you reach net zero FT Retrieved 23 July 2022 Net Zero by 2050 Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Energy Technology Perspectives Topics IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Global EV Outlook 2022 Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Oil Market Report Topics IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 a b c d e f Areas of work IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Renewable Energy Market Update May 2022 Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Energy efficiency Topics IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Energy Efficiency Indicators Overview Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Clean Energy Transitions Programme Programmes IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Clean Energy Transitions Programme Programmes and partnerships IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 a b Recommendations of the Global Commission on People Centred Clean Energy Transitions Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Global Commission of government leaders and prominent figures announces key recommendations for putting people at the centre of clean energy transitions News IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Climate Impacts on Latin American Hydropower Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Climate impacts on African hydropower Climate Impacts on African Hydropower Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Climate Impacts on South and Southeast Asian Hydropower Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Climate Resilience Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Climate Resilience Policy Indicator Analysis IEA Retrieved 23 July 2022 Felix Creutzig et al The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change In Nature Energy 2 2017 doi 10 1038 nenergy 2017 140 Auke Hoekstra et al Creating Agent Based Energy Transition Management Models That Can Uncover Profitable Pathways to Climate Change Mitigation In Complexity 2017 doi 10 1155 2017 1967645 Konrad Mertens Photovoltaik Lehrbuch zu Grundlagen Technologie und Praxis 4 edition Hanser Munich p 340 Nuclear Institute Login Register Henning Gloystein 23 November 2011 Renewable energy becoming cost competitive IEA says Reuters Guy Pearse 2009 Quarry Vision Quarterly Essay Issue 33 p 93 a b IEA accused of deliberately undermining global renewables industry 12 January 2009 Wind Power in Context A clean Revolution in the Energy Sector p 10 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 January 2009 Drum Kevin 22 May 2017 In 2002 the IEA Predicted Solar Was Going Nowhere And in 2003 And 2004 And 2005 Mother Jones Retrieved 8 March 2021 International Renewable Energy Agency launches today 26 January 2009 Underestimating the Contribution of Solar PV Risks Damaging Policy Making The Energy Collective 27 September 2017 Retrieved 9 February 2018 How the IEA exaggerates the costs and underestimates the growth of solar power EnergyPost 4 March 2014 Retrieved 9 February 2018 Cunningham Nick Saudi Oil Minister Tired Of Shale Hype Retrieved 27 January 2018 Terry Macalister 9 November 2009 Key oil figures were distorted by US pressure says whistleblower The Guardian Retrieved 23 January 2010 Terry Macalister 12 November 2009 Oil future world shortages are being drastically underplayed say experts The Guardian Retrieved 23 January 2010 Wachtmeister Henrik Henke Petter Hook Mikael 2018 Oil projections in retrospect Revisions accuracy and current uncertainty Applied Energy 220 138 153 doi 10 1016 j apenergy 2018 03 013 Heads in the Sand Governments Ignore the Oil Supply Crunch and Threaten the Climate PDF Global Witness 45 47 October 2009 Retrieved 19 February 2011 Beyond 450 Why the IEA s Climate Scenario Falls Short 6 April 2016 http priceofoil org content uploads 2016 11 IEA open letter modelling for climate success August 12 2016 pdf bare URL PDF http www irena org DocumentDownloads Publications Perspectives for the Energy Transition 2017 pdf bare URL PDF OFF TRACK The IEA and Climate Change Oil Change International 5 April 2018 Retrieved 18 December 2019 Foundation Thomson Reuters Investors step up pressure on global energy watchdog over climate change news trust org Retrieved 18 December 2019 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a first has generic name help COP25 Sitio Oficial cop25 cl Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 18 December 2019 Ambrose Jillian 10 December 2021 Energy watchdog urged to give free access to government data The Guardian London United Kingdom ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 10 December 2021 Ritchie Hannah 5 October 2021 Covid s lessons for climate sustainability and more from our World in Data PDF Nature 598 7879 9 Bibcode 2021Natur 598 9R doi 10 1038 d41586 021 02691 4 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 34611360 S2CID 238411009 Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b Roser Max Ritchie Hannah 7 October 2021 The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed global energy data we all need but its funders force it behind paywalls let s ask them to change it Our World in Data Oxford United Kingdom Retrieved 8 October 2021 Schafer Malte et al 8 December 2021 Open letter to the International Energy Agency and its member countries please remove paywalls from global energy data and add appropriate open licenses Open Energy Modelling Initiative Retrieved 19 January 2022 Schafer is the coordinating author External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Energy Agency International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook Climate Game at the Financial Times Portals Energy Renewable Energy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Energy Agency amp oldid 1163289658, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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