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History of the electric vehicle

April 09, 2024

This article is about history of all-electric vehicles. For the history of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles that use plug-in rechargeable batteries, see history of plug-in hybrids.

Crude electric carriages were first invented in the late 1820s and 1830s. Practical, commercially available electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s. An electric vehicle held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900. In the early 20th century, the high cost, low top speed, and short-range of battery electric vehicles, compared to internal combustion engine vehicles, led to a worldwide decline in their use as private motor vehicles. Electric vehicles have continued to be used for loading and freight equipment and for public transport – especially rail vehicles.

Modern mass market all-electric passenger cars. Clockwise from upper left: Jaguar I-Pace, Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, and BMW i3

At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and alternative fuel vehicles in private motor vehicles increased due to: growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by their emissions; the sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure; and improvements in electric vehicle technology.

Since 2010, combined sales of all-electric cars and utility vans achieved 1 million units delivered globally in September 2016,[1] 4.8 million electric cars in use at the end of 2019,[2] and cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in electric cars reached the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020.[3] The global ratio between annual sales of battery electric cars and plug-in hybrids went from 56:44 in 2012 to 74:26 in 2019, and fell to 69:31 in 2020.[3][4][5] As of August 2020, the fully electric Tesla Model 3 is the world's all-time best selling plug-in electric passenger car, with around 645,000 units.[6]

Early history edit

Electric model cars edit

Designs of electric motors by individuals such as Benjamin Franklin led to ideas for electric vehicles.[7][8][9] The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people.[10] In 1828, the Hungarian priest and physicist Ányos Jedlik invented an early type of electric motor, and created a small model car powered by his new motor. Between 1832 and 1839, Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electric carriage.[11] In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker from Germany also created a small-scale electric car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[12]

Electric locomotives edit

In 1834, Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built a similar contraption which operated on a short, circular, electrified track.[13] The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837, in Scotland by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen. It was powered by galvanic cells (batteries). Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The 7,100 kg (7-long-ton) vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple commutators. It hauled a load of 6,100 kg (6 long tons) at 6.4 km/h (4 mph) for a distance of 2.4 km (1.5 mi). It was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their security of employment.[14][15][16][17]

A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840, and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847.[18] The first battery rail car was used in 1887 on the Royal Bavarian State Railways.[19]

First full-scale electric cars edit

Rechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859, with the invention of the lead–acid battery by French physicist Gaston Planté.[20][21] Camille Alphonse Faure, another French scientist, significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881; his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale.[22]

What is likely the first human-carrying electric vehicle with its own power source was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor Gustave Trouvé.[23] In 1880 Trouvé improved the efficiency of a small electric motor developed by Siemens (from a design purchased from Johann Kravogl [de] in 1867) and using the recently developed rechargeable battery, fitted it to an English James Starley tricycle, so inventing the world's first electric vehicle.[24] Although this was successfully tested on 19 April 1881 along the Rue Valois in central Paris, he was unable to patent it.[25] Trouvé swiftly adapted his battery-powered motor to marine propulsion; to make it easy to carry his marine conversion to and from his workshop to the nearby River Seine, Trouvé made it portable and removable from the boat, thus inventing the outboard motor. On 26 May 1881, the 5-metre Trouvé boat prototype, called Le Téléphone reached a speed of 3.6 km/h (2.2 mph) going upstream and 9.0 km/h (5.6 mph) downstream.[26]

English inventor Thomas Parker, who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the London Underground, overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel coalite, built his first electric car in Wolverhampton in 1884, although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895.[27]

Parker's long-held interest in the construction of more fuel-efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles. He also may have been concerned about the malign effects smoke and pollution were having in London.[28] Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell-Parker Company, established in 1882 for the construction and sale of electric trams. The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation; this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s. The company manufactured the first electric 'dog cart' in 1896.[29]

France and the United Kingdom were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles.[11] German engineer Andreas Flocken built the first real electric car in 1888.[30][31][32][33]

Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of mines, as their motors did not use up precious oxygen. Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion engines, electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records.[34] Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by Camille Jenatzy on 29 April 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped' vehicle Jamais Contente, which reached a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Also notable was Ferdinand Porsche's design and construction of an all-wheel drive electric car, powered by a motor in each hub, which also set several records in the hands of its owner E.W. Hart.

The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890–91 by Scotland-born William Morrison (es) of Des Moines, Iowa; the vehicle was a six-passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 23 km/h (14 mph). It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles after A.L. Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U.S.[35]

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    Gustave Trouvé's tricycle (1881), world's first electric car
  •  
    Electric car built in England by Thomas Parker, photo from 1895
  •  
    Flocken Elektrowagen, 1888 (reconstruction, 2011)
  •  
    Columbia Electric's (1896–99) "Victoria" electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave., Washington D.C., seen from Lafayette Square in 1905, driving in front of the White House.
  •  
    German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on top

1890s-1910s: Golden age edit

Interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Electric battery-powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century. In London, Walter Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London in 1897.[36] They were soon nicknamed "Hummingbirds" due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made.[37] In the same year in New York City, the Samuel's Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs.[38] The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company.[39]

Electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars. They also did not require gear changes. (While steam-powered cars also had no gear shifting, they suffered from long start-up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings.) The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine.

Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers who used them as city cars, where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage.

Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure.[40] In the United States by the turn of the century, 40 per cent of automobiles were powered by steam, 38 per cent by electricity, and 22 per cent by petrol. A total of 33,842 electric cars were registered in the United States, and the U.S. became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance.[41] Most early electric vehicles were massive, ornate carriages designed for the upper-class customers that made them popular. They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials. Electric vehicles were often marketed as luxury cars for women, which may have generated a stigma among male consumers.[42][43] Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s. There were over 300 listed manufacturers who produced a vehicle in the United States until 1942.[44]

In 1910s, The Standard Electric used Westinghouse electric motors and claimed to have a range of 110 miles on a charge. It was operated by a tiller from the left-hand side. The controller had six forward speeds, and had a top speed of 20-mph. The model M was a closed model Coupe or open Runabout, and priced from $1,785 to $1,900.[45]

Power as a service and General Vehicle edit

To overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles, and the lack of recharging infrastructure, an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896.[46] The concept was first put into practice by Hartford Electric Light Company through the GeVeCo battery service and was initially available for electric trucks. The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company (GVC, a subsidiary of the General Electric Company) without a battery and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through an exchangeable battery. The owner paid a variable per-mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover the maintenance and storage of the truck. Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange. The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles. Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries.[46]

In New York City, in the pre-World War I era, ten electric vehicle companies banded together to form the New York Electric Vehicle Association.[47] The association included manufacturers and dealers, among them General Motors' truck division, and the aforementioned General Vehicle division of General Electric, which claimed to have almost 2,000 operating vehicles in the metropolitan region.[48] When opening their flagship department store, Lord and Taylor boasted of its electric vehicle fleet – numbering 38 trucks – and the conveyor system to efficiently load and unload goods.[48][49]

1920s–1950s: Dark age of Electric Vehicles edit

After enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century, the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market. A number of developments contributed to this situation. By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure improved travel times, creating a need for vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars. Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide availability of affordable petrol, making petrol-powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed (no more than 24–32 km/h or 15–20 mph[41]) and low range (50–65 km or 30–40 miles[41]), and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics.

Gasoline cars also overcame much of their negatives compared to electrics, in several areas. Whereas ICE cars originally had to be hand-cranked to start – a difficult and sometimes dangerous activity – the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912[50] eliminated the need of a hand starting crank. Further, while gasoline engines are inherently noisier than electric motors, the invention of the muffler by Milton O. Reeves and Marshall T. Reeves in 1897 significantly reduced the noise to tolerable levels. Finally, the initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down.[51] By contrast, the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise; by 1912, an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car.[11]

Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s. Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems. Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923.[52] In Europe, especially the United Kingdom, milk floats were powered by electricity, and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world's battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats.[53] Electric golf carts were produced by Lektro as early as 1954.[54] By the 1920s, the early heyday of electric cars had passed, and a decade later, the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared.[55]

Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars. Fuel-starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British milk floats and the French Bréguet Aviation car, but overall, while ICE development progressed at a brisk pace, electric vehicle technology stagnated. In the late 1950s, Henney Coachworks and the National Union Electric Company, makers of Exide batteries, formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car, the Henney Kilowatt, based on the French Renault Dauphine. The car was produced in 36-volt and 72-volt configurations.[56] The 72-volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km/h (60 mph) and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge. Despite Kilowatt's improved performance with respect to previous electric cars, it was about double the cost of a regular gasoline-powered Dauphine, and production ended in 1961.[57]

1960s–1990s: Revival of interest edit

In 1959, American Motors Corporation (AMC) and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a "self-charging" battery.[58] AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate nickel-cadmium batteries that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead-acid versions.[59] That same year, Nu-Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one-piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960.[58]

In the mid-1960s a few battery-electric concept cars appeared, such as the Scottish Aviation Scamp (1965),[60] and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car, the Electrovair (1966).[61] None of them entered production. The 1973 Enfield 8000 did make it into small-scale production, 112 were eventually produced.[62] In 1967, AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk.[63] A nickel-cadmium battery supplied power to an all-electric 1969 Rambler American station wagon.[63] Other "plug-in" experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the Amitron (1967) and the similar Electron (1977).[64]

On 31 July 1971, an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first crewed vehicle to drive on the Moon; that car was the Lunar Roving Vehicle, which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission. The "Moon buggy" was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics (co-founded by Kettering)[50] featured a DC drive motor in each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.

After years outside the limelight, the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. However, vehicles such as the intensely-marketed Sinclair C5 failed.[65] General Motors created a concept car using another gasoline car as the base, the Electrovette (1976). At the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show, General Motors President Roger Smith unveiled the GM Impact electric concept car, along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public.

From the 1960s to the 1990s, a number of companies made battery electric vehicles converted from existing manufactured models, often using gliders. None were sold in large numbers, with sales hampered by high cost and a limited range. Most of these vehicles were sold to government agencies and electric utility companies. The passage of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Act of 1976 in the US provided government incentives for development of electric vehicles in the US.[66] Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation (now Apollo Energy Systems) produced the Electrosport (a converted AMC Hornet), the Mars I (a converted Renault Dauphine), and the Mars II (a converted Renault R-10). Jet Industries sold the Electra-Van 600 (a converted Subaru Sambar 600), the Electra-Van 750 (converted Mazda B2000/Ford Courier pickup trucks), the Electrica (converted Ford Escort/Mercury Lynx cars) and the Electrica 007 (converted Dodge Omni 024/Plymouth Horizon TC3 cars). U.S. Electricar Corp., based in Massachusetts, sold the Lectric Leopard, a converted Renault 5.[67] Electric Vehicle Associates sold the Current Fare (a converted Ford Fairmont) and the Change of Pace (a converted AMC Pacer).[68] U.S. Electricar, Inc., based in California, sold a converted Geo Prizm.[69] Solectria Corporation (now Azure Dynamics) sold the Solectria Force (a converted Geo Metro) and the E10 (a converted Chevrolet S-10). Later, General Motors would also produce an electric S-10, the Chevrolet S-10 EV, based on the General Motors EV1.[70]

In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency", began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles.[71][72] In response, automakers developed electric models, including the Chrysler TEVan, Ford Ranger EV pickup truck, GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup, Honda EV Plus hatchback, Nissan lithium-battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV. The Altra was notable for being the first production EV to use lithium-ion batteries.[73][74] The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market, while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars, all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB's mandate.[72] GM's program came under particular scrutiny; in an unusual move, consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s, but were instead asked to sign closed-end leases, meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period, with no option to purchase, despite lease interest in continuing to own the cars.[72] Chrysler, Toyota, and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court.[75]

After public protests by EV drivers' groups upset by the repossession of their cars, Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4-EVs for sale to the general public for six months until 22 November 2002. Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by their manufacturers.[72] Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4-EVs in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage. GM famously de-activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums.[76]

Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States, who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices. Domestic U.S. automakers chose to focus their product lines on truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan.

Most electric vehicles on the world roads were low-speed, low-range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). Pike Research estimated there were almost 479,000 NEVs on world roads in 2011.[77] As of July 2006, there were between 60,000 and 76,000 low-speed battery-powered vehicles in use in the United States, up from about 56,000 in 2004.[78] North America's top-selling NEV is the Global Electric Motorcars (GEM) vehicles, with more than 50,000 units sold worldwide by mid-2014.[79] The world's two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States, with 14,737 units sold, and France, with 2,231 units.[80] Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the Kewet, since 1991, and replaced by the Buddy, launched in 2008.[81] Also the Th!nk City was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties.[82] Production restarted in Finland in December 2009.[83] The Th!nk was sold in several European countries and the U.S.[84][85] In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted.[86] Worldwide sales reached 1,045 units by March 2011.[87] A total of 200,000 low-speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013, most of which are powered by lead-acid batteries. These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns, and consequently, do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal plug-in electric cars.[88]

2000s: Modern highway-capable electric cars edit

California electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster, which was first delivered to customers in 2008.[90] The Roadster was the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge.[91] Since 2008, Tesla sold approximately 2,450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012.[92] Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012, when its supply of Lotus Elise gliders ran out, as its contract with Lotus Cars for 2,500 gliders expired at the end of 2011.[93][94] Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U.S. market in August 2011,[95][96] and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe, Asia and Australia.[97][98]

 
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in Japan in 2009

The Mitsubishi i-MiEV was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009, and for individual customers in April 2010,[99][100][101] followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010, and Australia in July 2010 via leasing.[102][103] The i-MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010, including a rebadged version sold in Europe as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.[104][105] The market launch in the Americas began in Costa Rica in February 2011, followed by Chile in May 2011.[106][107] Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U.S. and Canada began in December 2011.[108][109][110] Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand, Mitsubishi reports around 27,200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012, including the minicab MiEVs sold in Japan, and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero in the European market.[111]

Senior leaders at several large automakers, including Nissan and General Motors, have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent-up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, GM vice-chairman Bob Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us – and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't?' That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam."[112]

2010s edit

 
The global stock of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) has grown steadily since the 2010s.[113]
 
The first Nissan Leaf delivered in the U.S. went to a customer in the San Francisco Bay Area

The Nissan Leaf, introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer.[114][115] As of January 2013, the Leaf is also available in Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.[116]

The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model. The Renault Fluence Z.E. was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark.[117] Better Place launched its first battery-swapping station in Israel, in Kiryat Ekron, near Rehovot in March 2011. The battery exchange process took five minutes.[118] As of December 2012, there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car.[119] By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties, and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non-core activities in North America, as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets.[120][121][122] On 26 May 2013, Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel.[123] The company's financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, about US$850 million in private capital, and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi. Less than 1,000 Fluence Z.E. cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark.[124][125]

The Smart electric drive, Wheego Whip LiFe, Mia electric, Volvo C30 Electric, and the Ford Focus Electric were launched for retail customers during 2011. The BYD e6, released initially for fleet customers in 2010, began retail sales in Shenzhen, China in October 2011.[126] The Bolloré Bluecar was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the Autolib' carsharing service in Paris.[127] Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Île-de-France area.[128] In February 2011, the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than 10,000 units, including the models badged in Europe as Citroën C-Zero and Peugeot. The record was officially registered by Guinness World Records. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all-electric car ever,[129] and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50,000 unit mark.[116]

The next Tesla vehicle, the Model S, was released in the U.S. on 22 June 2012[130] and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013.[131] Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014.[132] The next model was the Tesla Model X.[133] Other models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the BMW ActiveE, Coda, Renault Fluence Z.E., Honda Fit EV, Toyota RAV4 EV, Renault Zoe, Roewe E50, Mahindra e2o, Chevrolet Spark EV, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive, Fiat 500e, Volkswagen e-Up!, BMW i3, and Kandi EV. Toyota released the Scion iQ EV in the U.S. (Toyota eQ in Japan) in 2013. The car production is limited to 100 units. The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan.[134]

The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013, after selling only about 100 units in California. Its manufacturer, Coda Automotive, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 1 May 2013. The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing.[135]

The Tesla Model S ranked as the top-selling plug-in electric car in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4,900 cars sold, ahead of the Nissan Leaf (3,695).[136] European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Oslo in August 2013,[137] and during its first full month in the market, the Model S ranked as the top-selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013, becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country, and contributing to a record all-electric car market share of 8.6% of new car sales during that month.[138][139] In October 2013, an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row. This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month.[140][141]

 
Retail deliveries of the BMW i3 began in Europe in November 2013[142] The i3 ranked as the third best selling all-electric car in 2014.[143]

The Renault–Nissan Alliance reached global sales of 100,000 all-electric vehicles in July 2013.[144] The 100,000th customer was a U.S. student who bought a Nissan Leaf.[145] In mid January 2014, global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100,000 unit milestone, representing a 45% market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010.[146]

As of June 2014, there were over 500,000 plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world, with the U.S. leading plug-in electric car sales with a 45% share of global sales.[147][148] In September 2014, sales of plug-in electric cars in the United States reached the 250,000 unit milestone.[149] Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50,000 unit milestone in October 2014.[150] In November 2014 the Renault–Nissan Alliance reached 200,000 all-electric vehicles delivered globally, representing a 58% share of the global light-duty all-electric market segment.[151]

The world's top-selling all-electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf (61,507), Tesla Model S (31,655), BMW i3 (16,052), and the Renault Zoe (11,323). Accounting for plug-in hybrids, the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondingly among the world's top 10 selling plug-in electric cars.[143] All-electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E, Chery eQ, Geely-Kandi Panda EV, Zotye Zhidou E20, Kia Soul EV, Volkswagen e-Golf, Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive, and Venucia e30.

 
Global sales of the Renault Zoe, released in 2012, achieved the 50,000 unit milestone in June 2016.[152]

General Motors unveiled the Chevrolet Bolt EV concept car at the 2015 North American International Auto Show.[153] The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a model year 2017.[154] GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an all-electric range more than 320 km (200 miles), with pricing starting at US$37,500 before any applicable government incentives.[155] The European version, marketed as the Opel Ampera-e, will go into production in 2017.[156]

In May 2015, global sales of highway legal all-electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500,000 unit milestone, accounting for sales since 2008. Out these, Nissan accounts for about 35%, Tesla Motors about 15%, and Mitsubishi about 10%.[157] Also in May 2015, the Renault Zoe and the BMW i3 passed the 25,000 unit global sales milestone.[158] Worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75,000 unit milestone in June 2015.[150]

By early June 2015, the Renault–Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all-electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250,000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light-duty all-electric market segment. Nissan sales totaled 185,000 units, which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e-NV200 van. Renault has sold 65,000 electric vehicles, and its line-up includes the ZOE passenger car, the Kangoo Z.E. van, the SM3 Z.E. (previously Fluence Z.E.) sedan and the Twizy heavy quadricycle.[159]

By mid-September 2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone, with the pure electrics capturing about 62% of global sales.[160] The United States is the plug-in segment market leader with a stock of over 363,000 plug-in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015, representing 36.3% of global sales.[160] The state of California is the largest plug-in car regional market, with more than 158,000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015, representing 46.5% of all plug-in cars sold in the U.S.[161][162][163][164] Until December 2014, California not only had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation, but also more than any other country.[165][166]

As of August 2015, China ranked as the world's second top-selling country plug-in market, with over 157,000 units sold since 2011 (15.7%), followed by Japan with more than 120,000 plug-in units sold since 2009 (12.1%).[160] As of June 2015, over 310,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010.[167][168] European sales are led by Norway, followed by the Netherlands, and France.[160] In the heavy-duty segment, China is the world's leader, with over 65,000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015.[160]

As of December 2015, global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200,000 units sold making the Leaf the world's top-selling highway-capable electric car in history. The Tesla Model S, with global deliveries of more than 100,000 units, listed as the world's second best selling all-electric car of all time.[169] The Model S ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2015, up from second best in 2014.[170][171] The Model S was also the top-selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2015.[172] Most models released in the world's markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug-in hybrids. The only new series production all-electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the BYD e5 and the Tesla Model X, together with several variants of the Tesla Model S line-up.[173]

 
The Tesla Model S was the top-selling plug-in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016.[174]

The Tesla Model 3 was unveiled on 31 March 2016. With pricing starting at US$35,000 and an all-electric range of 345 km (215 miles), the Model 3 is Tesla Motors first vehicle aimed for the mass market. Before the unveiling event, over 115,000 people had reserved the Model 3.[175] As of 7 April 2016, one week after the event, Tesla Motors reported over 325,000 reservations, more than triple the 107,000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015. These reservations represent potential sales of over US$14 billion.[176][177] As of 31 March 2016, Tesla Motors has sold almost 125,000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008.[178] Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373,000 as of 15 May 2016, after about 8,000 customer cancellations and about 4,200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators.[179][180]

The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016, and sold over 1,000 units during its first two months in the market.[181] The Renault-Nissan Alliance achieved the milestone of 350,000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016, and also set an industry record of 100,000 electric vehicles sold in a single year.[182] Nissan global electric vehicle sales passed the 250,000 unit milestone also in August 2016.[182] Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in early September 2016.[183] Global sales of the Tesla Model X passed the 10,000 unit mark in August 2016, with most cars delivered in the United States.[184]

 
The first Chevrolet Bolt EVs were delivered to customers in the San Francisco Bay Area in December 2016[185]

Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016.[1] Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150,000 unit milestone in November 2016, four years and five months after its introduction, and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone.[186] Norway achieved the milestone of 100,000 all-electric vehicles registered in December 2016.[187] Retail deliveries of the 383 km (238 miles) Chevrolet Bolt EV began in the San Francisco Bay Area on 13 December 2016.[185] In December 2016, Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km (1.9 billion miles) driven collectively through November 2016, saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg (1,100 million lb) of CO2 emissions.[188] Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250,000 units delivered in December 2016.[189][190] The Tesla Model S was the world's best-selling plug-in electric car in 2016 for the second year running, with 50,931 units delivered globally.[174][191]

In December 2016, Norway became the first country where 5% of all registered passenger cars were plug-in electric cars.[192] When new car sales in Norway are categorised by powertrain or fuel, nine of the top ten best-selling models in 2016 were electric-drive models. The Norwegian electric-drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40.2% of new passenger car sales in 2016, consisting of 15.7% for all-electric cars, 13.4% for plug-in hybrids, and 11.2% for conventional hybris.[193] A record monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37.5% of new car sales; the plug-in hybrid segment reached a 20.0% market share of new passenger cars, and the all-electric car segment had a 17.5% market share.[194] Also in January 2017, the electrified passenger car segment, consisting of plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and conventional hybrids, for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine, with a market share of 51.4% of new car sales that month.[194][195] For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50%, and have several other benefits, such as use of bus lanes and free parking.[196] Many of these perks have been extended to 2020.[197]

 
Dedicated free parking lot for electric cars in Oslo. In October 2018, 1 out of every 10 passenger cars on Norwegian roads was a plug-in.[198]

In February 2017 Consumer Reports named Tesla as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers.[199] Deliveries of the Tesla Model S passed the 200,000 unit milestone during the fourth quarter of 2017.[200] Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018.[201]

In September 2018, the Norwegian market share of all-electric cars reached 45.3% and plug-in hybrids 14.9%, for a combined market share of the plug-in car segment of 60.2% of new car registrations that month, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly market share for the plug-in electric passenger segment in Norway and in any country. Accounting for conventional hybrids, the electrified segment achieved an all-time record 71.5% market share in September 2018.[202][203] In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered is a plug-in electric vehicle.[198] Norway ended 2018 with plug-in market share of 49.1%, meaning that every second new passenger car sold in the country in 2018 was a plug-in electric. The market share for the all-electric segment was 31.2% in 2018.[204]

 
The Nissan Leaf listed as all-time best selling plug-in electric passenger car until December 2019, with 450,000 global sales.[205][206]

Tesla delivered its 100,000th Model 3 in October 2018.[207] U.S. sales of the Model 3 reached the 100,000 unit milestone in November 2018, quicker than any previous model sold in the country.[208] The Model 3 was the top-selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. for 12 consecutive months since January 2018, ending 2018 as the best-selling plug-in with an estimated all-time record of 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100 thousand units in a single year.[209][210][211] In 2018, for the first time in any country, an all-electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment. The Nissan Leaf was Norway's best selling new passenger car model in 2018.[212][213] The Tesla Model 3 listed as the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2018.[214]

 
Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2022.

In January 2019, with 148,046 units sold since inception in the American market, the Model 3 overtook the Model S to become the all-time best selling all-electric car in the U.S.[215] Until 2019, the Nissan Leaf was the world's all-time top-selling highway legal electric car, with global sales of 450,000 units through December 2019.[205] The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world's best selling plug-in electric car for the second consecutive year, with just over 300,000 units delivered.[214][5] Also, the Model 3 topped the annual list of best selling passenger car models in the overall market in two countries, Norway and the Netherlands.[216][217]

The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars reached 5.1 million units in December 2018, consisting of 3.3 million all-electric cars (65%) and 1.8 million plug-in hybrid cars (35%).[218][214] The global ratio between BEVs and PHEVs has been shifting towards fully electric cars, it went from 56:44 in 2012 to 60:40 in 2015, and rose from 69:31 in 2018 to 74:26 in 2019.[5][214][4] Despite the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 motor vehicles on the world's roads at the end of 2018.[219]

2020s edit

The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's best selling electric car ever, with more than 500,000 total units sold by March 2020.[206] However, the Tesla Model Y is the bestselling electric vehicle in terms of yearly units.[220] Tesla also became the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars in March 2020.[221] Global sales of the Model 3 passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021, the first electric car model to do so.[222] However, later in May 2023, the Model Y became the world's best selling vehicle in Q1.[223]

The Nissan Leaf achieved the milestone of 500,000 units sold globally in early December 2020, 10 years after its inception.[224] Combined sales of plug-in electric cars and light-duty commercial vans since 2010 achieved the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020. Just a year and a half later, the combined sales doubled to 20 million in June 2022.[225]

Electric bicycle edit

Main article: Electric bicycle

The principal manufacturer of e-bikes globally is China, with 2009 seeing the manufacturing of 22.2 million units. In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E-bikes. Pedego is the best selling in the U.S. China accounts for nearly 92% of the market worldwide. In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010. Jiangsu Yadea, an electric bicycle producer of renown in China, leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council (CNLIC) electric bicycle industry for three years. It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year.

In 1997, Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U.S. company to come out with a pedelec.

First models of electric bicycles appeared in late 19th century. US Patent office registered several e-bike patents since 1895 to 1899 (Ogden Bolton patented battery-powered bicycle in 1895, Hosea W. Libbey patented bicycle with double electric motor in 1897 and John Schnepf patented electric motor with roller wheel).

Timeline of milestones edit

 
Evolution of annual sales of plug-in electric passenger cars in the world's top markets (countries/regions) between 2011 and 2022.
Date Timeline of electric vehicle milestones
1875 World's first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg, Russia, invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky.[226][227]
1881 World's first commercially successful electric tram, the Gross-Lichterfelde tramway
in Lichterfelde near Berlin in Germany built by Werner von Siemens
who contacted Pirotsky. It initially drew current from the rails, with overhead wire being installed in 1883.
1882 The trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr. Ernst Werner Siemens
demonstrated his "Elektromote" in a Berlin suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882
1883 Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram, Vienna, Austria, first electric tram
powered by overhead wire.
1884 Thomas Parker built an electric car in Wolverhampton using his own
specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.
Dec 1996 Launch of the limited production General Motors EV1[228][229]
1998 Launch of Nissan Altra EV, becoming the first highway
legal electric car to use lithium-ion batteries[73][74]
Jul 2009 Launch of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, the first modern highway legal series production electric car[101]
Dec 2010 Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt deliveries began[230]
2011 The Nissan Leaf passed the Mitsubishi i MiEV as the world's all-time best selling all-electric car[129]
Jun 2012 Launch of the Tesla Model S[231]
Mar 2014 1% of all cars in use in Norway are plug-ins[232]
Sep 2015 Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 1 million units.[233]
Nov 2016 Global all-electric car/van sales passed 1 million.[1]
Dec 2016 Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 2 million units[234]
5% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins[192]
Early
2017		 1 millionth domestic new energy car sold in China[235][236]
Jul 2017 Launch of the Tesla Model 3[237]
Nov 2017 Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 3 million units[218]
Dec 2017 Annual global sales passed the 1 million unit mark[238]
5% of all cars in use in Norway are all-electric.[239]
Annual global market share passed 1% for the first time[238]
First half
2018		 1 millionth plug-in electric car sold in Europe[240]
Sep 2018 1 millionth plug-in electric car sold in the U.S.[241]
2 millionth new energy vehicle sold in China[242]
(includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles)
Oct 2018 10% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins[243]
Nov 2018 500,000th plug-in car sold in California[244]
Dec 2018 Annual global sales passed the 2 million unit mark[214][245]
Tesla Model 3 becomes first plug-in to exceed 100,000 sales in a single year[246]
Dec 2019 One out of two new passenger cars registered in Norway in 2019 was a plug-in electric car[247]
Early
2020		 The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf as the world's best selling plug-in electric car in history[206]
Mar 2020 The Tesla Model 3 is the first electric car to sell more than 500,000 units since inception.[206]
Tesla, Inc. becomes the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars[221]
Apr 2020 10% of all cars on the road in Norway are all-electric[248]
Dec 2020 Nissan Leaf global sales reached 500,000 units.[224]
Cumulative global plug-in sales passed the 10 million unit milestone [3]
The Norwegian plug-in car segment achieved a record annual market share of 74.7% of new car sales.[249]
Over 15% of all cars on Norwegian roads are plug-in electric.[250]
June 2021 Tesla Model 3 global sales passed 1,000,000 units.[251]
May 2022 Cumulative global plug-in sales passed the 20 million unit milestone[225]
January 2023 EVs surpass 10% in global market share[252]
May 2023 Tesla Model Y becomes the world's best selling vehicle[223]

Notable production vehicles edit

See also: List of production battery electric vehicles

Selected list of battery electric vehicles include (in chronological order):[253][254]

Name Production years Number produced Range Notability
Baker Electric 1899–1915 80 km (50 miles) One of the first electric cars. Largest electric automaker in the world, as of 1906.
Studebaker Electric 1902–1912 1,841 30–80 miles One of the first electric cars.
Detroit Electric 1907–1939 13,000[255] 130 km (80 miles) Over 13,000 manufactured, making it one of the most successful early electric vehicles.
Henney Kilowatt 1958–1960 <100 First mass production electric car since they fell out of favour in the early 1900s.
Sebring-Vanguard Citicar 1974–1982 4,444
including variants[256]		 Approximately
65 km (40 miles) 		Most popular electric car of its time, post-war.
General Motors EV1 1996–2003 1,117 255 km (160 miles) First purpose-designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the outset.
Honda EV Plus 1997–1999 ~300 130–175 km (80–110 miles) First known vehicle from a major automaker to eschew the use of lead-acid batteries in favour of NiMH.
Toyota RAV4 EV 1997–2002 1,900[257] 140 km (87 miles) First electric vehicle to be publicly sold by Toyota
REVAi 2001–2012 4,000+[258] 80 km (50 miles)
Tesla Roadster 2008–2012 2,500 355 km (220 miles) First vehicle by Tesla, Inc.
Mitsubishi i MiEV
(Peugeot iOn/Citroën C-Zero) 		2009– 50,000 (2015)[259] 160 km (100 miles) (Japanese cycle)
100 km (62 miles) (EPA cycle) 		First significantly popular production electric vehicle (over 50,000 sold).
Nissan Leaf 2010– 470,000 (2020)[260] 175 km (109 miles) (New European Driving Cycle) Surpassed the Mitsubishi i-MiEV to become the most successful electric vehicle until the Tesla Model 3. Over 500,000 sold.
BYD F3DM 2010-2013 3,284 97 km (60 miles) First mass-produced plug-in hybrid automobile.
Renault Kangoo Z.E. 2011– 50,000 (2020)[261][262] As of December 2019, the top-selling all-electric light commercial vehicle in Europe.
Tesla Model S 2012– 200,000 (2017)[200] 560 km (348 miles) Performance mode

402 miles (647 km) Long Range Plus [263]

 First clean-slate design from Tesla, Inc.
Renault Zoe 2013– 200,000 (2020)[174][262] Since 2020, Europe's all-time best selling plug-in electric car.
BMW i3 2013– 165,000 (2020)[264] 130 to 160 km (80 to 100 miles)[265] First purpose-designed electric car from BMW.
Chevrolet Bolt 2017– 51,600 (2018)[266] 238 miles (383 km)[267]
Tesla Model 3[268] 2017– More than 500,000
by March 2020[206]		 355 km (220 miles) Standard version,

500 km (310 miles) Long Range version

Most successful electric car worldwide, as of 2020.

See also edit

Country specific

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External links edit

  • An Extensive Electric Vehicle History
  • Hybrid-Vehicle.org: Early Electric Cars
  • Analysis by Richard H. Schallenberg for the IEEE Transactions on Education
  • 1997 Dissertation by David A. Kirsch, Stanford University
  • "1955 Business Analysis of Early Electric Vehicles", John B. Rae, Associate Professor of History, MIT
  • History And Directory Of Electric Cars From 1834 to 1987
  • Short Electric, And Other Vehicle History
  • Mikes Railway History, 1935: Electric Traction
  • Electric Car Society
  • Timeline: History of the Electric Car, Public Broadcasting Service.
  • Watch how much electric cars have changed over time in one GIF, Tech Insider, May 2016.

April 09, 2024
history, electric, vehicle, this, article, about, history, electric, vehicles, history, plug, hybrid, electric, vehicles, hybrid, electric, vehicles, that, plug, rechargeable, batteries, history, plug, hybrids, crude, electric, carriages, were, first, invented. This article is about history of all electric vehicles For the history of plug in hybrid electric vehicles hybrid electric vehicles that use plug in rechargeable batteries see history of plug in hybrids Crude electric carriages were first invented in the late 1820s and 1830s Practical commercially available electric vehicles appeared during the 1890s An electric vehicle held the vehicular land speed record until around 1900 In the early 20th century the high cost low top speed and short range of battery electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles led to a worldwide decline in their use as private motor vehicles Electric vehicles have continued to be used for loading and freight equipment and for public transport especially rail vehicles Modern mass market all electric passenger cars Clockwise from upper left Jaguar I Pace Tesla Model 3 Nissan Leaf and BMW i3 At the beginning of the 21st century interest in electric and alternative fuel vehicles in private motor vehicles increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon fueled vehicles including damage to the environment caused by their emissions the sustainability of the current hydrocarbon based transportation infrastructure and improvements in electric vehicle technology Since 2010 combined sales of all electric cars and utility vans achieved 1 million units delivered globally in September 2016 1 4 8 million electric cars in use at the end of 2019 2 and cumulative sales of light duty plug in electric cars reached the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020 3 The global ratio between annual sales of battery electric cars and plug in hybrids went from 56 44 in 2012 to 74 26 in 2019 and fell to 69 31 in 2020 3 4 5 As of August 2020 update the fully electric Tesla Model 3 is the world s all time best selling plug in electric passenger car with around 645 000 units 6 Contents 1 Early history 1 1 Electric model cars 1 2 Electric locomotives 2 First full scale electric cars 3 1890s 1910s Golden age 3 1 Power as a service and General Vehicle 4 1920s 1950s Dark age of Electric Vehicles 5 1960s 1990s Revival of interest 6 2000s Modern highway capable electric cars 7 2010s 8 2020s 9 Electric bicycle 10 Timeline of milestones 11 Notable production vehicles 12 See also 13 References 14 External linksEarly history editElectric model cars edit Designs of electric motors by individuals such as Benjamin Franklin led to ideas for electric vehicles 7 8 9 The invention of the first model electric vehicle is attributed to various people 10 In 1828 the Hungarian priest and physicist Anyos Jedlik invented an early type of electric motor and created a small model car powered by his new motor Between 1832 and 1839 Scottish inventor Robert Anderson also invented a crude electric carriage 11 In 1835 Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker from Germany also created a small scale electric car powered by non rechargeable primary cells 12 Electric locomotives edit In 1834 Vermont blacksmith Thomas Davenport built a similar contraption which operated on a short circular electrified track 13 The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 in Scotland by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen It was powered by galvanic cells batteries Davidson later built a larger locomotive named Galvani exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841 The 7 100 kg 7 long ton vehicle had two direct drive reluctance motors with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle and simple commutators It hauled a load of 6 100 kg 6 long tons at 6 4 km h 4 mph for a distance of 2 4 km 1 5 mi It was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use It was destroyed by railway workers who saw it as a threat to their security of employment 14 15 16 17 A patent for the use of rails as conductors of electric current was granted in England in 1840 and similar patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in the United States in 1847 18 The first battery rail car was used in 1887 on the Royal Bavarian State Railways 19 First full scale electric cars editRechargeable batteries that provided a viable means for storing electricity on board a vehicle did not come into being until 1859 with the invention of the lead acid battery by French physicist Gaston Plante 20 21 Camille Alphonse Faure another French scientist significantly improved the design of the battery in 1881 his improvements greatly increased the capacity of such batteries and led directly to their manufacture on an industrial scale 22 What is likely the first human carrying electric vehicle with its own power source was tested along a Paris street in April 1881 by French inventor Gustave Trouve 23 In 1880 Trouve improved the efficiency of a small electric motor developed by Siemens from a design purchased from Johann Kravogl de in 1867 and using the recently developed rechargeable battery fitted it to an English James Starley tricycle so inventing the world s first electric vehicle 24 Although this was successfully tested on 19 April 1881 along the Rue Valois in central Paris he was unable to patent it 25 Trouve swiftly adapted his battery powered motor to marine propulsion to make it easy to carry his marine conversion to and from his workshop to the nearby River Seine Trouve made it portable and removable from the boat thus inventing the outboard motor On 26 May 1881 the 5 metre Trouve boat prototype called Le Telephone reached a speed of 3 6 km h 2 2 mph going upstream and 9 0 km h 5 6 mph downstream 26 English inventor Thomas Parker who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the London Underground overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham and the smokeless fuel coalite built his first electric car in Wolverhampton in 1884 although the only documentation is a photograph from 1895 27 Parker s long held interest in the construction of more fuel efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles He also may have been concerned about the malign effects smoke and pollution were having in London 28 Production of the car was in the hands of the Elwell Parker Company established in 1882 for the construction and sale of electric trams The company merged with other rivals in 1888 to form the Electric Construction Corporation this company had a virtual monopoly on the British electric car market in the 1890s The company manufactured the first electric dog cart in 1896 29 France and the United Kingdom were the first nations to support the widespread development of electric vehicles 11 German engineer Andreas Flocken built the first real electric car in 1888 30 31 32 33 Electric trains were also used to transport coal out of mines as their motors did not use up precious oxygen Before the pre eminence of internal combustion engines electric automobiles also held many speed and distance records 34 Among the most notable of these records was the breaking of the 100 km h 62 mph speed barrier by Camille Jenatzy on 29 April 1899 in his rocket shaped vehicle Jamais Contente which reached a top speed of 105 88 km h 65 79 mph Also notable was Ferdinand Porsche s design and construction of an all wheel drive electric car powered by a motor in each hub which also set several records in the hands of its owner E W Hart The first electric car in the United States was developed in 1890 91 by Scotland born William Morrison es of Des Moines Iowa the vehicle was a six passenger wagon capable of reaching a speed of 23 km h 14 mph It was not until 1895 that consumers began to devote attention to electric vehicles after A L Ryker introduced the first electric tricycles to the U S 35 nbsp Gustave Trouve s tricycle 1881 world s first electric car nbsp Electric car built in England by Thomas Parker photo from 1895 nbsp Flocken Elektrowagen 1888 reconstruction 2011 nbsp Columbia Electric s 1896 99 Victoria electric cab on Pennsylvania Ave Washington D C seen from Lafayette Square in 1905 driving in front of the White House nbsp German electric car 1904 with the chauffeur on top1890s 1910s Golden age editInterest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s and early 1900s Electric battery powered taxis became available at the end of the 19th century In London Walter Bersey designed a fleet of such cabs and introduced them to the streets of London in 1897 36 They were soon nicknamed Hummingbirds due to the idiosyncratic humming noise they made 37 In the same year in New York City the Samuel s Electric Carriage and Wagon Company began running 12 electric hansom cabs 38 The company ran until 1898 with up to 62 cabs operating until it was reformed by its financiers to form the Electric Vehicle Company 39 Electric vehicles had a number of advantages over their early 1900s competitors They did not have the vibration smell and noise associated with gasoline cars They also did not require gear changes While steam powered cars also had no gear shifting they suffered from long start up times of up to 45 minutes on cold mornings The cars were also preferred because they did not require a manual effort to start as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to start the engine Electric cars found popularity among well heeled customers who used them as city cars where their limited range proved to be even less of a disadvantage Acceptance of electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power infrastructure 40 In the United States by the turn of the century 40 per cent of automobiles were powered by steam 38 per cent by electricity and 22 per cent by petrol A total of 33 842 electric cars were registered in the United States and the U S became the country where electric cars had gained the most acceptance 41 Most early electric vehicles were massive ornate carriages designed for the upper class customers that made them popular They featured luxurious interiors and were replete with expensive materials Electric vehicles were often marketed as luxury cars for women which may have generated a stigma among male consumers 42 43 Sales of electric cars peaked in the early 1910s There were over 300 listed manufacturers who produced a vehicle in the United States until 1942 44 In 1910s The Standard Electric used Westinghouse electric motors and claimed to have a range of 110 miles on a charge It was operated by a tiller from the left hand side The controller had six forward speeds and had a top speed of 20 mph The model M was a closed model Coupe or open Runabout and priced from 1 785 to 1 900 45 Power as a service and General Vehicle edit To overcome the limited operating range of electric vehicles and the lack of recharging infrastructure an exchangeable battery service was first proposed as early as 1896 46 The concept was first put into practice by Hartford Electric Light Company through the GeVeCo battery service and was initially available for electric trucks The vehicle owner purchased the vehicle from General Vehicle Company GVC a subsidiary of the General Electric Company without a battery and the electricity was purchased from Hartford Electric through an exchangeable battery The owner paid a variable per mile charge and a monthly service fee to cover the maintenance and storage of the truck Both vehicles and batteries were modified to facilitate a fast battery exchange The service was provided between 1910 and 1924 and during that period covered more than 6 million miles Beginning in 1917 a similar successful service was operated in Chicago for owners of Milburn Wagon Company cars who also could buy the vehicle without the batteries 46 In New York City in the pre World War I era ten electric vehicle companies banded together to form the New York Electric Vehicle Association 47 The association included manufacturers and dealers among them General Motors truck division and the aforementioned General Vehicle division of General Electric which claimed to have almost 2 000 operating vehicles in the metropolitan region 48 When opening their flagship department store Lord and Taylor boasted of its electric vehicle fleet numbering 38 trucks and the conveyor system to efficiently load and unload goods 48 49 nbsp Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913 nbsp 1912 Detroit Electric advertisement1920s 1950s Dark age of Electric Vehicles editAfter enjoying success at the beginning of the 20th century the electric car began to lose its position in the automobile market A number of developments contributed to this situation By the 1920s an improved road infrastructure improved travel times creating a need for vehicles with a greater range than that offered by electric cars Worldwide discoveries of large petroleum reserves led to the wide availability of affordable petrol making petrol powered cars cheaper to operate over long distances Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow speed no more than 24 32 km h or 15 20 mph 41 and low range 50 65 km or 30 40 miles 41 and gasoline cars were now able to travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics Gasoline cars also overcame much of their negatives compared to electrics in several areas Whereas ICE cars originally had to be hand cranked to start a difficult and sometimes dangerous activity the invention of the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912 50 eliminated the need of a hand starting crank Further while gasoline engines are inherently noisier than electric motors the invention of the muffler by Milton O Reeves and Marshall T Reeves in 1897 significantly reduced the noise to tolerable levels Finally the initiation of mass production of gas powered vehicles by Henry Ford brought their price down 51 By contrast the price of similar electric vehicles continued to rise by 1912 an electric car sold for almost double the price of a gasoline car 11 Most electric car makers stopped production at some point in the 1910s Electric vehicles became popular for certain applications where their limited range did not pose major problems Forklift trucks were electrically powered when they were introduced by Yale in 1923 52 In Europe especially the United Kingdom milk floats were powered by electricity and for most of the 20th century the majority of the world s battery electric road vehicles were British milk floats 53 Electric golf carts were produced by Lektro as early as 1954 54 By the 1920s the early heyday of electric cars had passed and a decade later the electric automobile industry had effectively disappeared 55 Years passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars Fuel starved European countries fighting in World War II experimented with electric cars such as the British milk floats and the French Breguet Aviation car but overall while ICE development progressed at a brisk pace electric vehicle technology stagnated In the late 1950s Henney Coachworks and the National Union Electric Company makers of Exide batteries formed a joint venture to produce a new electric car the Henney Kilowatt based on the French Renault Dauphine The car was produced in 36 volt and 72 volt configurations 56 The 72 volt models had a top speed approaching 96 km h 60 mph and could travel for nearly an hour on a single charge Despite Kilowatt s improved performance with respect to previous electric cars it was about double the cost of a regular gasoline powered Dauphine and production ended in 1961 57 nbsp Electric vehicle TAMA produced by Tachikawa Aircraft Company in 1947 Mechanical Engineering Heritage Japan No 40 nbsp East German electric vans of the Deutsche Post in 1953 nbsp The Henney Kilowatt a 1961 production electric car1960s 1990s Revival of interest editIn 1959 American Motors Corporation AMC and Sonotone Corporation announced a joint research effort to consider producing an electric car powered by a self charging battery 58 AMC had a reputation for innovation in economical cars while Sonotone had technology for making sintered plate nickel cadmium batteries that could be recharged rapidly and weighed less than traditional lead acid versions 59 That same year Nu Way Industries showed an experimental electric car with a one piece plastic body that was to begin production in early 1960 58 In the mid 1960s a few battery electric concept cars appeared such as the Scottish Aviation Scamp 1965 60 and an electric version of General Motors gasoline car the Electrovair 1966 61 None of them entered production The 1973 Enfield 8000 did make it into small scale production 112 were eventually produced 62 In 1967 AMC partnered with Gulton Industries to develop a new battery based on lithium and a speed controller designed by Victor Wouk 63 A nickel cadmium battery supplied power to an all electric 1969 Rambler American station wagon 63 Other plug in experimental AMC vehicles developed with Gulton included the Amitron 1967 and the similar Electron 1977 64 On 31 July 1971 an electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the first crewed vehicle to drive on the Moon that car was the Lunar Roving Vehicle which was first deployed during the Apollo 15 mission The Moon buggy was developed by Boeing and GM subsidiary Delco Electronics co founded by Kettering 50 featured a DC drive motor in each wheel and a pair of 36 volt silver zinc potassium hydroxide non rechargeable batteries After years outside the limelight the energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought about renewed interest in the perceived independence electric cars had from the fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market However vehicles such as the intensely marketed Sinclair C5 failed 65 General Motors created a concept car using another gasoline car as the base the Electrovette 1976 At the 1990 Los Angeles Auto Show General Motors President Roger Smith unveiled the GM Impact electric concept car along with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for sale to the public From the 1960s to the 1990s a number of companies made battery electric vehicles converted from existing manufactured models often using gliders None were sold in large numbers with sales hampered by high cost and a limited range Most of these vehicles were sold to government agencies and electric utility companies The passage of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research Development and Demonstration Act of 1976 in the US provided government incentives for development of electric vehicles in the US 66 Electric Fuel Propulsion Corporation now Apollo Energy Systems produced the Electrosport a converted AMC Hornet the Mars I a converted Renault Dauphine and the Mars II a converted Renault R 10 Jet Industries sold the Electra Van 600 a converted Subaru Sambar 600 the Electra Van 750 converted Mazda B2000 Ford Courier pickup trucks the Electrica converted Ford Escort Mercury Lynx cars and the Electrica 007 converted Dodge Omni 024 Plymouth Horizon TC3 cars U S Electricar Corp based in Massachusetts sold the Lectric Leopard a converted Renault 5 67 Electric Vehicle Associates sold the Current Fare a converted Ford Fairmont and the Change of Pace a converted AMC Pacer 68 U S Electricar Inc based in California sold a converted Geo Prizm 69 Solectria Corporation now Azure Dynamics sold the Solectria Force a converted Geo Metro and the E10 a converted Chevrolet S 10 Later General Motors would also produce an electric S 10 the Chevrolet S 10 EV based on the General Motors EV1 70 In the early 1990s the California Air Resources Board CARB the government of California s clean air agency began a push for more fuel efficient lower emissions vehicles with the ultimate goal being a move to zero emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles 71 72 In response automakers developed electric models including the Chrysler TEVan Ford Ranger EV pickup truck GM EV1 and S10 EV pickup Honda EV Plus hatchback Nissan lithium battery Altra EV miniwagon and Toyota RAV4 EV The Altra was notable for being the first production EV to use lithium ion batteries 73 74 The automakers were accused of pandering to the wishes of CARB in order to continue to be allowed to sell cars in the lucrative Californian market while failing to adequately promote their electric vehicles in order to create the impression that the consumers were not interested in the cars all the while joining oil industry lobbyists in vigorously protesting CARB s mandate 72 GM s program came under particular scrutiny in an unusual move consumers were not allowed to purchase EV1s but were instead asked to sign closed end leases meaning that the cars had to be returned to GM at the end of the lease period with no option to purchase despite lease interest in continuing to own the cars 72 Chrysler Toyota and a group of GM dealers sued CARB in Federal court 75 After public protests by EV drivers groups upset by the repossession of their cars Toyota offered the last 328 RAV4 EVs for sale to the general public for six months until 22 November 2002 Almost all other production electric cars were withdrawn from the market and were in some cases seen to have been destroyed by their manufacturers 72 Toyota continues to support the several hundred Toyota RAV4 EVs in the hands of the general public and in fleet usage GM famously de activated the few EV1s that were donated to engineering schools and museums 76 Throughout the 1990s interest in fuel efficient or environmentally friendly cars declined among consumers in the United States who instead favored sport utility vehicles which were affordable to operate despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower gasoline prices Domestic U S automakers chose to focus their product lines on truck based vehicles which enjoyed larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were preferred in places like Europe or Japan Most electric vehicles on the world roads were low speed low range neighborhood electric vehicles NEVs Pike Research estimated there were almost 479 000 NEVs on world roads in 2011 77 As of July 2006 update there were between 60 000 and 76 000 low speed battery powered vehicles in use in the United States up from about 56 000 in 2004 78 North America s top selling NEV is the Global Electric Motorcars GEM vehicles with more than 50 000 units sold worldwide by mid 2014 79 The world s two largest NEV markets in 2011 were the United States with 14 737 units sold and France with 2 231 units 80 Other micro electric cars sold in Europe was the Kewet since 1991 and replaced by the Buddy launched in 2008 81 Also the Th nk City was launched in 2008 but production was halted due to financial difficulties 82 Production restarted in Finland in December 2009 83 The Th nk was sold in several European countries and the U S 84 85 In June 2011 Think Global filed for bankruptcy and production was halted 86 Worldwide sales reached 1 045 units by March 2011 87 A total of 200 000 low speed small electric cars were sold in China in 2013 most of which are powered by lead acid batteries These electric vehicles are not considered by the government as new energy vehicles due to safety and environmental concerns and consequently do not enjoy the same benefits as highway legal plug in electric cars 88 nbsp Charging station with NEMA connector for electric AMC Gremlin used by Seattle City Light in 1973 89 nbsp The Honda EV Plus one of the cars introduced as a result of the CARB ZEV mandate nbsp Three Lunar Roving Vehicles are currently parked on the Moon nbsp Th nk City and Buddy in Oslo Norway nbsp The General Motors EV1 one of the cars introduced due to the California Air Resources Board mandate had a range of 260 km 160 miles with NiMH batteries in 1999 2000s Modern highway capable electric cars editCalifornia electric car maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 on the Tesla Roadster which was first delivered to customers in 2008 90 The Roadster was the first production all electric car to travel more than 320 km 200 miles per charge 91 Since 2008 Tesla sold approximately 2 450 Roadsters in over 30 countries through December 2012 92 Tesla sold the Roadster until early 2012 when its supply of Lotus Elise gliders ran out as its contract with Lotus Cars for 2 500 gliders expired at the end of 2011 93 94 Tesla stopped taking orders for the Roadster in the U S market in August 2011 95 96 and the 2012 Tesla Roadster was sold in limited numbers only in Europe Asia and Australia 97 98 nbsp The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in Japan in 2009The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in Japan for fleet customers in July 2009 and for individual customers in April 2010 99 100 101 followed by sales to the public in Hong Kong in May 2010 and Australia in July 2010 via leasing 102 103 The i MiEV was launched in Europe in December 2010 including a rebadged version sold in Europe as Peugeot iOn and Citroen C Zero 104 105 The market launch in the Americas began in Costa Rica in February 2011 followed by Chile in May 2011 106 107 Fleet and retail customer deliveries in the U S and Canada began in December 2011 108 109 110 Accounting for all vehicles of the iMiEV brand Mitsubishi reports around 27 200 units sold or exported since 2009 through December 2012 including the minicab MiEVs sold in Japan and the units rebadged and sold as Peugeot iOn and Citroen C Zero in the European market 111 Senior leaders at several large automakers including Nissan and General Motors have stated that the Roadster was a catalyst which demonstrated that there is pent up consumer demand for more efficient vehicles In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker GM vice chairman Bob Lutz was quoted as saying All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium ion technology is 10 years away and Toyota agreed with us and boom along comes Tesla So I said How come some tiny little California startup run by guys who know nothing about the car business can do this and we can t That was the crowbar that helped break up the log jam 112 2010s edit nbsp The global stock of both plug in hybrid electric vehicles PHEVs and battery electric vehicles BEVs has grown steadily since the 2010s 113 nbsp The first Nissan Leaf delivered in the U S went to a customer in the San Francisco Bay AreaThe Nissan Leaf introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010 became the first modern all electric zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer 114 115 As of January 2013 update the Leaf is also available in Australia Canada and 17 European countries 116 The Better Place network was the first modern commercial deployment of the battery swapping model The Renault Fluence Z E was the first mass production electric car enable with switchable battery technology and sold for the Better Place network in Israel and Denmark 117 Better Place launched its first battery swapping station in Israel in Kiryat Ekron near Rehovot in March 2011 The battery exchange process took five minutes 118 As of December 2012 update there were 17 battery switch stations fully operational in Denmark enabling customers to drive anywhere across the country in an electric car 119 By late 2012 the company began to suffer financial difficulties and decided to put on hold the roll out in Australia and reduce its non core activities in North America as the company decided to concentrate its resources on its two existing markets 120 121 122 On 26 May 2013 Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel 123 The company s financial difficulties were caused by the high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure about US 850 million in private capital and a market penetration significantly lower than originally predicted by Shai Agassi Less than 1 000 Fluence Z E cars were deployed in Israel and around 400 units in Denmark 124 125 The Smart electric drive Wheego Whip LiFe Mia electric Volvo C30 Electric and the Ford Focus Electric were launched for retail customers during 2011 The BYD e6 released initially for fleet customers in 2010 began retail sales in Shenzhen China in October 2011 126 The Bollore Bluecar was released in December 2011 and deployed for use in the Autolib carsharing service in Paris 127 Leasing to individual and corporate customers began in October 2012 and is limited to the Ile de France area 128 In February 2011 the Mitsubishi i MiEV became the first electric car to sell more than 10 000 units including the models badged in Europe as Citroen C Zero and Peugeot The record was officially registered by Guinness World Records Several months later the Nissan Leaf overtook the i MiEV as the best selling all electric car ever 129 and by February 2013 global sales of the Leaf reached the 50 000 unit mark 116 The next Tesla vehicle the Model S was released in the U S on 22 June 2012 130 and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7 August 2013 131 Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014 132 The next model was the Tesla Model X 133 Other models released to the market in 2012 and 2013 include the BMW ActiveE Coda Renault Fluence Z E Honda Fit EV Toyota RAV4 EV Renault Zoe Roewe E50 Mahindra e2o Chevrolet Spark EV Mercedes Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive Fiat 500e Volkswagen e Up BMW i3 and Kandi EV Toyota released the Scion iQ EV in the U S Toyota eQ in Japan in 2013 The car production is limited to 100 units The first 30 units were delivered to the University of California Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission Vehicle Network Enabled Transport ZEV NET carsharing fleet Toyota announced that 90 out of the 100 vehicles produced globally will be placed in carsharing demonstration projects in the United States and the rest in Japan 134 The Coda sedan went out of production in 2013 after selling only about 100 units in California Its manufacturer Coda Automotive filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on 1 May 2013 The company stated that it expects to emerge from the bankruptcy process to focus on energy storage solutions as it has decided to abandon car manufacturing 135 The Tesla Model S ranked as the top selling plug in electric car in North America during the first quarter of 2013 with 4 900 cars sold ahead of the Nissan Leaf 3 695 136 European retail deliveries of the Tesla Model S began in Oslo in August 2013 137 and during its first full month in the market the Model S ranked as the top selling car in Norway with 616 units delivered representing a market share of 5 1 of all the new cars sold in the country in September 2013 becoming the first electric car to top the new car sales ranking in any country and contributing to a record all electric car market share of 8 6 of new car sales during that month 138 139 In October 2013 an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold representing a 5 6 of new car sales that month 140 141 nbsp Retail deliveries of the BMW i3 began in Europe in November 2013 142 The i3 ranked as the third best selling all electric car in 2014 143 The Renault Nissan Alliance reached global sales of 100 000 all electric vehicles in July 2013 144 The 100 000th customer was a U S student who bought a Nissan Leaf 145 In mid January 2014 global sales of the Nissan Leaf reached the 100 000 unit milestone representing a 45 market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010 146 As of June 2014 update there were over 500 000 plug in electric passenger cars and utility vans in the world with the U S leading plug in electric car sales with a 45 share of global sales 147 148 In September 2014 sales of plug in electric cars in the United States reached the 250 000 unit milestone 149 Global cumulative sales of the Tesla Model S passed the 50 000 unit milestone in October 2014 150 In November 2014 the Renault Nissan Alliance reached 200 000 all electric vehicles delivered globally representing a 58 share of the global light duty all electric market segment 151 The world s top selling all electric cars in 2014 were the Nissan Leaf 61 507 Tesla Model S 31 655 BMW i3 16 052 and the Renault Zoe 11 323 Accounting for plug in hybrids the Leaf and the Model S also ranked first and second correspondingly among the world s top 10 selling plug in electric cars 143 All electric models released to the retail customers in 2014 include the BMW Brilliance Zinoro 1E Chery eQ Geely Kandi Panda EV Zotye Zhidou E20 Kia Soul EV Volkswagen e Golf Mercedes Benz B Class Electric Drive and Venucia e30 nbsp Global sales of the Renault Zoe released in 2012 achieved the 50 000 unit milestone in June 2016 152 General Motors unveiled the Chevrolet Bolt EV concept car at the 2015 North American International Auto Show 153 The Bolt is scheduled for availability in late 2016 as a model year 2017 154 GM anticipates the Bolt will deliver an all electric range more than 320 km 200 miles with pricing starting at US 37 500 before any applicable government incentives 155 The European version marketed as the Opel Ampera e will go into production in 2017 156 In May 2015 global sales of highway legal all electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles passed the 500 000 unit milestone accounting for sales since 2008 Out these Nissan accounts for about 35 Tesla Motors about 15 and Mitsubishi about 10 157 Also in May 2015 the Renault Zoe and the BMW i3 passed the 25 000 unit global sales milestone 158 Worldwide sales of the Model S passed the 75 000 unit milestone in June 2015 150 By early June 2015 the Renault Nissan Alliance continued as the leading all electric vehicle manufacturer with global sales of over 250 000 pure electric vehicles representing about half of the global light duty all electric market segment Nissan sales totaled 185 000 units which includes the Nissan Leaf and the e NV200 van Renault has sold 65 000 electric vehicles and its line up includes the ZOE passenger car the Kangoo Z E van the SM3 Z E previously Fluence Z E sedan and the Twizy heavy quadricycle 159 By mid September 2015 the global stock of highway legal plug in electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the one million sales milestone with the pure electrics capturing about 62 of global sales 160 The United States is the plug in segment market leader with a stock of over 363 000 plug in electric cars delivered since 2008 through August 2015 representing 36 3 of global sales 160 The state of California is the largest plug in car regional market with more than 158 000 units sold between December 2010 and June 2015 representing 46 5 of all plug in cars sold in the U S 161 162 163 164 Until December 2014 California not only had more plug in electric vehicles than any other state in the nation but also more than any other country 165 166 As of August 2015 update China ranked as the world s second top selling country plug in market with over 157 000 units sold since 2011 15 7 followed by Japan with more than 120 000 plug in units sold since 2009 12 1 160 As of June 2015 update over 310 000 light duty plug in electric vehicles have been registered in the European market since 2010 167 168 European sales are led by Norway followed by the Netherlands and France 160 In the heavy duty segment China is the world s leader with over 65 000 buses and other commercial vehicles sold through August 2015 160 As of December 2015 update global sales of electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf with over 200 000 units sold making the Leaf the world s top selling highway capable electric car in history The Tesla Model S with global deliveries of more than 100 000 units listed as the world s second best selling all electric car of all time 169 The Model S ranked as the world s best selling plug in electric vehicle in 2015 up from second best in 2014 170 171 The Model S was also the top selling plug in car in the U S in 2015 172 Most models released in the world s markets to retail customers during 2015 were plug in hybrids The only new series production all electric cars launched up to October 2015 were the BYD e5 and the Tesla Model X together with several variants of the Tesla Model S line up 173 nbsp The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016 174 The Tesla Model 3 was unveiled on 31 March 2016 With pricing starting at US 35 000 and an all electric range of 345 km 215 miles the Model 3 is Tesla Motors first vehicle aimed for the mass market Before the unveiling event over 115 000 people had reserved the Model 3 175 As of 7 April 2016 update one week after the event Tesla Motors reported over 325 000 reservations more than triple the 107 000 Model S cars Tesla had sold by the end of 2015 These reservations represent potential sales of over US 14 billion 176 177 As of 31 March 2016 update Tesla Motors has sold almost 125 000 electric cars worldwide since delivery of its first Tesla Roadster in 2008 178 Tesla reported the number of net reservations totaled about 373 000 as of 15 May 2016 update after about 8 000 customer cancellations and about 4 200 reservations canceled by the automaker because these appeared to be duplicates from speculators 179 180 The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in South Korea in July 2016 and sold over 1 000 units during its first two months in the market 181 The Renault Nissan Alliance achieved the milestone of 350 000 electric vehicles sold globally in August 2016 and also set an industry record of 100 000 electric vehicles sold in a single year 182 Nissan global electric vehicle sales passed the 250 000 unit milestone also in August 2016 182 Renault global electric vehicle sales passed the 100 000 unit milestone in early September 2016 183 Global sales of the Tesla Model X passed the 10 000 unit mark in August 2016 with most cars delivered in the United States 184 nbsp The first Chevrolet Bolt EVs were delivered to customers in the San Francisco Bay Area in December 2016 185 Cumulative global sales of pure electric passenger cars and utility vans passed the 1 million unit milestone in September 2016 1 Global sales of the Tesla Model S achieved the 150 000 unit milestone in November 2016 four years and five months after its introduction and just five more months than it took the Nissan Leaf to achieve the same milestone 186 Norway achieved the milestone of 100 000 all electric vehicles registered in December 2016 187 Retail deliveries of the 383 km 238 miles Chevrolet Bolt EV began in the San Francisco Bay Area on 13 December 2016 185 In December 2016 Nissan reported that Leaf owners worldwide achieved the milestone of 3 billion km 1 9 billion miles driven collectively through November 2016 saving the equivalent of nearly 500 million kg 1 100 million lb of CO2 emissions 188 Global Nissan Leaf sales passed 250 000 units delivered in December 2016 189 190 The Tesla Model S was the world s best selling plug in electric car in 2016 for the second year running with 50 931 units delivered globally 174 191 In December 2016 Norway became the first country where 5 of all registered passenger cars were plug in electric cars 192 When new car sales in Norway are categorised by powertrain or fuel nine of the top ten best selling models in 2016 were electric drive models The Norwegian electric drive segment achieved a combined market share of 40 2 of new passenger car sales in 2016 consisting of 15 7 for all electric cars 13 4 for plug in hybrids and 11 2 for conventional hybris 193 A record monthly market share for the plug in electric passenger segment in any country was achieved in Norway in January 2017 with 37 5 of new car sales the plug in hybrid segment reached a 20 0 market share of new passenger cars and the all electric car segment had a 17 5 market share 194 Also in January 2017 the electrified passenger car segment consisting of plug in hybrids all electric cars and conventional hybrids for the first time ever surpassed combined sales of cars with a conventional diesel or gasoline engine with a market share of 51 4 of new car sales that month 194 195 For many years Norwegian electric vehicles have been subsidised by approximately 50 and have several other benefits such as use of bus lanes and free parking 196 Many of these perks have been extended to 2020 197 nbsp Dedicated free parking lot for electric cars in Oslo In October 2018 1 out of every 10 passenger cars on Norwegian roads was a plug in 198 In February 2017 Consumer Reports named Tesla as the top car brand in the United States and ranked it 8th among global carmakers 199 Deliveries of the Tesla Model S passed the 200 000 unit milestone during the fourth quarter of 2017 200 Global sales of the Nissan Leaf achieved the 300 000 unit milestone in January 2018 201 In September 2018 the Norwegian market share of all electric cars reached 45 3 and plug in hybrids 14 9 for a combined market share of the plug in car segment of 60 2 of new car registrations that month becoming the world s highest ever monthly market share for the plug in electric passenger segment in Norway and in any country Accounting for conventional hybrids the electrified segment achieved an all time record 71 5 market share in September 2018 202 203 In October 2018 Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered is a plug in electric vehicle 198 Norway ended 2018 with plug in market share of 49 1 meaning that every second new passenger car sold in the country in 2018 was a plug in electric The market share for the all electric segment was 31 2 in 2018 204 nbsp The Nissan Leaf listed as all time best selling plug in electric passenger car until December 2019 with 450 000 global sales 205 206 Tesla delivered its 100 000th Model 3 in October 2018 207 U S sales of the Model 3 reached the 100 000 unit milestone in November 2018 quicker than any previous model sold in the country 208 The Model 3 was the top selling plug in electric car in the U S for 12 consecutive months since January 2018 ending 2018 as the best selling plug in with an estimated all time record of 139 782 units delivered the first time a plug in car sold more than 100 thousand units in a single year 209 210 211 In 2018 for the first time in any country an all electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment The Nissan Leaf was Norway s best selling new passenger car model in 2018 212 213 The Tesla Model 3 listed as the world s best selling plug in electric car in 2018 214 nbsp Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and 2022 In January 2019 with 148 046 units sold since inception in the American market the Model 3 overtook the Model S to become the all time best selling all electric car in the U S 215 Until 2019 the Nissan Leaf was the world s all time top selling highway legal electric car with global sales of 450 000 units through December 2019 205 The Tesla Model 3 ended 2019 as the world s best selling plug in electric car for the second consecutive year with just over 300 000 units delivered 214 5 Also the Model 3 topped the annual list of best selling passenger car models in the overall market in two countries Norway and the Netherlands 216 217 The global stock of plug in electric passenger cars reached 5 1 million units in December 2018 consisting of 3 3 million all electric cars 65 and 1 8 million plug in hybrid cars 35 218 214 The global ratio between BEVs and PHEVs has been shifting towards fully electric cars it went from 56 44 in 2012 to 60 40 in 2015 and rose from 69 31 in 2018 to 74 26 in 2019 5 214 4 Despite the rapid growth experienced the plug in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 motor vehicles on the world s roads at the end of 2018 219 2020s editThe Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world s best selling electric car ever with more than 500 000 total units sold by March 2020 206 However the Tesla Model Y is the bestselling electric vehicle in terms of yearly units 220 Tesla also became the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars in March 2020 221 Global sales of the Model 3 passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021 the first electric car model to do so 222 However later in May 2023 the Model Y became the world s best selling vehicle in Q1 223 The Nissan Leaf achieved the milestone of 500 000 units sold globally in early December 2020 10 years after its inception 224 Combined sales of plug in electric cars and light duty commercial vans since 2010 achieved the 10 million unit milestone by the end of 2020 Just a year and a half later the combined sales doubled to 20 million in June 2022 225 nbsp The Tesla Model 3 is the world s all time best selling plug in electric car and became the first electric car to sell 1 million units in June 2021 206 Electric bicycle editMain article Electric bicycle The principal manufacturer of e bikes globally is China with 2009 seeing the manufacturing of 22 2 million units In the world Geoby is the leading manufacturers of E bikes Pedego is the best selling in the U S China accounts for nearly 92 of the market worldwide In China the number of electric bicycles on the road was 120 million in 2010 Jiangsu Yadea an electric bicycle producer of renown in China leads the ranking of China National Light Industry Council CNLIC electric bicycle industry for three years It retains capacity of nearly 6 million electric bicycles a year In 1997 Charger Electric Bicycle was the first U S company to come out with a pedelec First models of electric bicycles appeared in late 19th century US Patent office registered several e bike patents since 1895 to 1899 Ogden Bolton patented battery powered bicycle in 1895 Hosea W Libbey patented bicycle with double electric motor in 1897 and John Schnepf patented electric motor with roller wheel Timeline of milestones edit nbsp Evolution of annual sales of plug in electric passenger cars in the world s top markets countries regions between 2011 and 2022 Date Timeline of electric vehicle milestones1875 World s first electric tram line operated in Sestroretsk near Saint Petersburg Russia invented and tested by Fyodor Pirotsky 226 227 1881 World s first commercially successful electric tram the Gross Lichterfelde tramway in Lichterfelde near Berlin in Germany built by Werner von Siemens who contacted Pirotsky It initially drew current from the rails with overhead wire being installed in 1883 1882 The trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882 when Dr Ernst Werner Siemens demonstrated his Elektromote in a Berlin suburb This experiment continued until 13 June 18821883 Modling and Hinterbruhl Tram Vienna Austria first electric tram powered by overhead wire 1884 Thomas Parker built an electric car in Wolverhampton using his own specially designed high capacity rechargeable batteries Dec 1996 Launch of the limited production General Motors EV1 228 229 1998 Launch of Nissan Altra EV becoming the first highway legal electric car to use lithium ion batteries 73 74 Jul 2009 Launch of the Mitsubishi i MiEV the first modern highway legal series production electric car 101 Dec 2010 Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt deliveries began 230 2011 The Nissan Leaf passed the Mitsubishi i MiEV as the world s all time best selling all electric car 129 Jun 2012 Launch of the Tesla Model S 231 Mar 2014 1 of all cars in use in Norway are plug ins 232 Sep 2015 Cumulative global plug in sales passed 1 million units 233 Nov 2016 Global all electric car van sales passed 1 million 1 Dec 2016 Cumulative global plug in sales passed 2 million units 234 5 of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug ins 192 Early 2017 1 millionth domestic new energy car sold in China 235 236 Jul 2017 Launch of the Tesla Model 3 237 Nov 2017 Cumulative global plug in sales passed 3 million units 218 Dec 2017 Annual global sales passed the 1 million unit mark 238 5 of all cars in use in Norway are all electric 239 Annual global market share passed 1 for the first time 238 First half 2018 1 millionth plug in electric car sold in Europe 240 Sep 2018 1 millionth plug in electric car sold in the U S 241 2 millionth new energy vehicle sold in China 242 includes heavy duty commercial vehicles Oct 2018 10 of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug ins 243 Nov 2018 500 000th plug in car sold in California 244 Dec 2018 Annual global sales passed the 2 million unit mark 214 245 Tesla Model 3 becomes first plug in to exceed 100 000 sales in a single year 246 Dec 2019 One out of two new passenger cars registered in Norway in 2019 was a plug in electric car 247 Early2020 The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf as the world s best selling plug in electric car in history 206 Mar 2020 The Tesla Model 3 is the first electric car to sell more than 500 000 units since inception 206 Tesla Inc becomes the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars 221 Apr 2020 10 of all cars on the road in Norway are all electric 248 Dec 2020 Nissan Leaf global sales reached 500 000 units 224 Cumulative global plug in sales passed the 10 million unit milestone 3 The Norwegian plug in car segment achieved a record annual market share of 74 7 of new car sales 249 Over 15 of all cars on Norwegian roads are plug in electric 250 June 2021 Tesla Model 3 global sales passed 1 000 000 units 251 May 2022 Cumulative global plug in sales passed the 20 million unit milestone 225 January 2023 EVs surpass 10 in global market share 252 May 2023 Tesla Model Y becomes the world s best selling vehicle 223 Notable production vehicles editSee also List of production battery electric vehicles Selected list of battery electric vehicles include in chronological order 253 254 Name Production years Number produced Range NotabilityBaker Electric 1899 1915 80 km 50 miles One of the first electric cars Largest electric automaker in the world as of 1906 Studebaker Electric 1902 1912 1 841 30 80 miles One of the first electric cars Detroit Electric 1907 1939 13 000 255 130 km 80 miles Over 13 000 manufactured making it one of the most successful early electric vehicles Henney Kilowatt 1958 1960 lt 100 First mass production electric car since they fell out of favour in the early 1900s Sebring Vanguard Citicar 1974 1982 4 444including variants 256 Approximately65 km 40 miles Most popular electric car of its time post war General Motors EV1 1996 2003 1 117 255 km 160 miles First purpose designed electric vehicle of the modern era from a major automaker and the first GM car designed to be an electric vehicle from the outset Honda EV Plus 1997 1999 300 130 175 km 80 110 miles First known vehicle from a major automaker to eschew the use of lead acid batteries in favour of NiMH Toyota RAV4 EV 1997 2002 1 900 257 140 km 87 miles First electric vehicle to be publicly sold by ToyotaREVAi 2001 2012 4 000 258 80 km 50 miles Tesla Roadster 2008 2012 2 500 355 km 220 miles First vehicle by Tesla Inc Mitsubishi i MiEV Peugeot iOn Citroen C Zero 2009 50 000 2015 259 160 km 100 miles Japanese cycle 100 km 62 miles EPA cycle First significantly popular production electric vehicle over 50 000 sold Nissan Leaf 2010 470 000 2020 260 175 km 109 miles New European Driving Cycle Surpassed the Mitsubishi i MiEV to become the most successful electric vehicle until the Tesla Model 3 Over 500 000 sold BYD F3DM 2010 2013 3 284 97 km 60 miles First mass produced plug in hybrid automobile Renault Kangoo Z E 2011 50 000 2020 261 262 As of December 2019 the top selling all electric light commercial vehicle in Europe Tesla Model S 2012 200 000 2017 200 560 km 348 miles Performance mode 402 miles 647 km Long Range Plus 263 First clean slate design from Tesla Inc Renault Zoe 2013 200 000 2020 174 262 Since 2020 Europe s all time best selling plug in electric car BMW i3 2013 165 000 2020 264 130 to 160 km 80 to 100 miles 265 First purpose designed electric car from BMW Chevrolet Bolt 2017 51 600 2018 266 238 miles 383 km 267 Tesla Model 3 268 2017 More than 500 000by March 2020 206 355 km 220 miles Standard version 500 km 310 miles Long Range version Most successful electric car worldwide as of 2020 See also editHistory of the automobile History of plug in hybrids History of electric motorcycles and scooters List of production battery electric vehiclesCountry specificElectric car use by country Plug in electric vehicles in Japan Plug in electric vehicles in the Netherlands Plug in electric vehicles in Norway Plug in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom Plug in electric vehicles in the United StatesReferences edit a b c Shahan Zachary 22 November 2016 1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide EV Revolution Begins Clean Technica Retrieved 23 November 2016 Global EV Outlook 2020 Entering the decade of electric drive International Energy Agency IEA Clean Energy Ministerial and Electric Vehicles Initiative EVI June 2020 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Asia and Australia Autoblog Green Retrieved 13 January 2012 Gordon Bloomfield Nikki 11 January 2012 Tesla Updates Roadster For 2012 There s Just One Catch Green Car Reports Retrieved 16 January 2012 Mitsubishi Motors Begins Production of i MiEV Targeting 1 400 Units in Fiscal 2009 Green Car Congress 5 June 2009 Retrieved 4 April 2010 Kageyama Yuri 31 March 2010 Japanese Start Buying Affordable Electric Cars The Seattle Times Associated Press Retrieved 24 April 2010 a b Kim Chang Ran 30 March 2010 Mitsubishi Motors lowers price of electric i MiEV Reuters Retrieved 22 May 2020 Mitsubishi Begins Sales of i MiEV to Individuals in Hong Kong First Individual Sales Outside of Japan Green Car Congress 20 May 2010 Retrieved 21 May 2010 Mitsubishi Motors to Begin Shipping i MiEV to Australia in July 2nd Market Outside Japan Green Car Congress 2 June 2010 Retrieved 2 June 2010 The i MiEV goes on sale in 15 European countries near term plan to boost that to 19 GreenCarCongress 14 January 2011 Halvorson Bengt 4 October 2011 2012 Mitsubishi i First Drive U S Spec MiEV Green Car Reports Retrieved 4 October 2011 Mitsubishi To Launch Its Electric Car First in Costa Rica InsideCostaRica 27 December 2010 Retrieved 12 January 2011 Ibarra Alejandro Mariman 4 May 2011 Mitsubishi i MIEV Lanzado oficialmente en Chile in Spanish Yahoo Chile Archived from the original on 21 October 2011 Retrieved 21 July 2011 Woodyard Chris 8 December 2011 Mitsubishi delivers its first i electric car USA Today Retrieved 10 December 2011 Mitsubishi Motors North America 12 December 2011 Mitsubishi Motors Governor of Hawaii and Cutter Mitsubishi Hand Over Keys to First 2012 Mitsubishi i MiEV Retail Customer ABC Action News Press release Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 Retrieved 12 December 2011 Blanco Sebastian 8 June 2011 Mitsubishi sets Canadian i MiEV price at 32 998 AutoblogGreen Retrieved 8 June 2011 Ingram Antony 24 January 2013 Mitsubishi i MiEV Electric Cars Recalled To Fix Braking Problem Green Car Reports Retrieved 9 February 2013 Friend Tad 7 January 2009 Elon Musk and electric cars The New Yorker Retrieved 16 July 2010 Global EV Outlook 2023 Trends in electric light duty vehicles International Energy Agency April 2023 Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 Doggett Scott 11 December 2010 First Production Nissan Leaf Electric Vehicle Delivered to Customer Edmunds com Retrieved 11 December 2010 Nissan Rolls Out Leaf Electric Car in Japan Associated Press 3 December 2010 Retrieved 3 December 2010 a b Nissan LEAF Smashes 50 000 Global Sales Milestone Press release Nissan Media Room 14 February 2013 Retrieved 15 February 2013 The Renault Fluence ZE Better Place 22 October 2010 Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 Retrieved 22 October 2010 Udasin Sharon 24 March 2011 Better Place launches 1st Israeli battery switching station The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 25 March 2011 Better Place Delivers For Demanding Amsterdam Taxi Drivers Better Place Archived from the original on 7 December 2012 Retrieved 19 December 2012 McCowen David 18 February 2013 The rise and fall of Better Place Drive com au Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Beissmann Tim 13 December 2012 Renault Fluence Z E launch delayed due to infrastructure hold ups Car Advice Retrieved 21 April 2013 Better Place winding down ops in North America and Australia to focus on Denmark and Israel Green Car Congress 17 April 2013 Retrieved 21 April 2013 Voelcker John 26 May 2013 Better Place Electric Car Service Files For Bankruptcy Green Car Reports Retrieved 26 May 2013 Kershner Isabel 26 May 2013 Israeli Venture Meant to Serve Electric Cars Is Ending Its Run The New York Times Retrieved 27 May 2013 Elis Niv 26 May 2013 Death of Better Place Electric car co to dissolve The Jerusalem Post Retrieved 30 May 2013 First Pure Electric Vehicle now available for Consumers in China BYD Company 27 October 2011 Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 Retrieved 29 October 2011 Lord Richard 5 December 2011 Autolib electric car sharing service launches in Paris France Sustainable Guernsey Retrieved 20 December 2011 Lepsch Laurent 8 October 2012 Louez une Bluecarpour 500 par mois Lease a Bluecar for 500 per month in French Auto News Retrieved 12 October 2012 a b Guinness World Records 2012 Best selling electric car Guinness World Records Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 Retrieved 22 May 2020 Boudreau John 22 June 2012 In a Silicon Valley milestone Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars San Jose Mercury News Retrieved 22 June 2012 Ingram Antony 7 August 2013 First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America In Oslo Green Car Reports Retrieved 7 August 2013 Makinen Julie 22 April 2014 Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China delays upset some Los Angeles Times Retrieved 7 May 2014 Blanco Sebastian 5 November 2014 Tesla Model X delayed again but Musk says Model S demand remains high Autoblog Green Retrieved 5 November 2014 UC Irvine s car sharing program charges ahead Press release University of California Irvine 21 March 2013 Retrieved 28 March 2013 Electric Car Maker Files for Bankruptcy Protection The New York Times Reuters 1 May 2013 Retrieved 1 May 2013 Ohnsman Alan 8 May 2013 Tesla Posts First Quarterly Profit on Model S Deliveries Bloomberg Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 Retrieved 8 May 2013 During Q1 2013 a total of 4 900 Model S cars were delivered in North America mostly in the U S and a few units delivered in Canada Volt and Leaf sales correspond to the U S and Canada combined Ingram Antony 7 August 2013 First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America In Oslo Green Car Reports Retrieved 7 August 2013 Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil Norway s best selling car in September is an electric vehicle in Norwegian Gronn bil 1 October 2013 Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 Retrieved 2 October 2013 Gasnier Mat 2 October 2013 Norway September 2013 Tesla Model S in pole position Best Selling Cars Blog Retrieved 2 October 2013 Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct car sales beats Toyota Auris VW Golf Automotive News Europe Reuters 1 November 2013 Retrieved 2 November 2013 Gasnier Mat 2 November 2013 Norway October 2013 Nissan Leaf new leader Best Selling Cars Blog Retrieved 2 November 2013 The new BMW i3 Press pack BMW Group Press release 6 November 2013 Retrieved 7 November 2013 a b Cobb Jeff 10 February 2015 2014 s Top 10 Global Best Selling Plug in Cars hybridcars com Retrieved 6 November 2015 Renault Media 23 July 2013 Renault Nissan sells its 100 000th electric car Green Car Congress Retrieved 28 July 2013 Renault Nissan sells its 100 000th Zero Emission car Renault Media Press release 23 July 2013 Retrieved 28 July 2013 Nissan News Release 20 January 2014 Nissan LEAF global sales reach 100 000 units Automotive World Press release Retrieved 20 January 2014 Cobb Jeff 9 July 2014 Plug In Car Sales Cross Global Half Million Mark hybridcars com Retrieved 10 July 2014 Mercedes Benz BMW Battle Shifts To Plug In Electric Vehicles in the U S Forbes 25 June 2014 Retrieved 10 July 2014 Cobb Jeff 9 September 2014 Americans Buy Their 250 000th Plug In Car hybridcars com Retrieved 4 October 2014 a b Cobb Jeff 16 June 2015 Tesla Due To Sell 75 000th Model S This Month hybridcars com Retrieved 17 June 2015 Renault Nissan Alliance sells its 200 000th electric vehicle Press release Paris and Yokohama Renault Media 26 November 2014 Retrieved 28 November 2014 Cobb Jeff 1 August 2016 Renault Zoe and BMW i3 Join The 50 000 Sales Club hybridcars com Retrieved 1 August 2016 As of June 2016 update cumulative global sales of the top selling plug in electric cars were led by the Nissan Leaf about 225 000 Tesla Model S over 129 000 BYD Qin 56 191 Renault Zoe 51 193 and BMW i3 almost 50 000 Turkus Brandon 12 January 2015 Chevrolet Bolt EV Concept foreshadows an affordable 200 mile EV future w videos Autoblog com Retrieved 12 January 2015 Chevrolet Commits to Bolt EV Production Press release General Motors Media 12 February 2015 Retrieved 17 February 2015 Thevenot Brian Hirsch Jerry 12 January 2015 Chevy Bolt electric car targets Tesla with low price long range Los Angeles Times Retrieved 13 January 2015 Korosec Kirsten 11 February 2016 GM Unveils an All Electric Car for Europe Fortune Retrieved 12 February 2016 Cobb Jeff 1 June 2015 Renault Nissan And Leaf Lead All in Global EV Proliferation HybridCars com Retrieved 14 June 2015 About 510 000 battery electric cars and light duty vans have been sold worldwide by May 2015 Cobb Jeff 15 June 2015 Three More Plug in Cars Cross 25 000 Sales Milestone HybridCars com Retrieved 19 December 2015 Groupe Renault June 2015 Ventes Mensuelles Monthly Sales in French Renault com Retrieved 26 June 2015 Includes passenger and light utility variants Click on Ventes mensuelles mai 2015 to download the files XLSX 187 Ko for CYTD 2015 sales through May and open the tab Sales by Model a b c d e Cobb Jeff 16 September 2015 One Million Global Plug In Sales Milestone Reached HybridCars com Retrieved 16 September 2015 Cumulative global sales totaled about 1 004 000 highway legal plug in electric passenger cars and light duty vehicles by mid September 2015 Cobb Jeff 18 March 2015 Californians Bought More Plug in Cars Than China Last Year hybridcars com Retrieved 18 March 2015 Ohnsman Alan 9 September 2014 Californians Propel Plug In Car Sales With 40 of Market Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 9 September 2014 Retrieved 9 September 2014 California Auto Outlook Covering Fourth Quarter 2014 New Light Vehicle Registrations Likely to Exceed 1 9 million units in 2015 PDF California New Car Dealers Association CNCDA February 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 23 September 2015 Retrieved 15 March 2015 Registrations through December 2014 since 2010 California New Vehicle Market Continues to Post Impressive Gains PDF California New Car Dealers Association CNCDA August 2015 Archived from the original PDF on 8 January 2016 Retrieved 10 October 2015 Registrations through June 2015 since 2011 Revised figures for 2014 Medina Jennifer 21 September 2014 Jerry Brown Seeks More Electric Cars in California The New York Times Retrieved 27 September 2014 Hull Dana 8 September 2014 California charges ahead with electric vehicles San Jose Mercury News Retrieved 15 March 2015 Schreffler Roger 23 September 2015 PSA Toyota Lead Way as European Cars Get Cleaner Ward s Auto Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 24 September 2015 Cumulative plug in hybrid and all electric sales in Europe totaled 233 022 units as of December 2014 Amiot Maxime 10 September 2015 Quand l hybride rechargeable fait de l ombre a la voiture electrique When the plug in hybrid overshadows the electric car Les Echos in French France Retrieved 16 September 2015 A total of 77 259 plug in electric cars were sold in Europe during the first half of 2015 consisting of 40 558 all electric cars and 36 701 plug in hybrids Cobb Jeff 15 December 2015 Tesla Model S Crossed 100 000 Sales Milestone This Month hybridcars com Retrieved 17 December 2015 Accounting for global cumulative sales by December 2015 plug in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf 200 000 followed by the Tesla Model S 100 000 As of November 2015 update Mitsubishi i MiEV family 50 000 BYD Qin 45 275 BMW i3 38 581 Renault Zoe 36 040 and the Ford Fusion Energi 26 742 Combines sales of the top 10 PEV models represent almost 50 of cumulative global PEV sales through November 2015 Cobb Jeff 12 January 2016 Tesla Model S Was World s Best Selling Plug in Car in 2015 hybridcars com Retrieved 13 January 2016 Cobb Jeff 11 February 2015 2014 s Top 10 Global Best Selling Plug in Cars HybridCars com Retrieved 11 February 2015 A total of 31 655 units were sold worldwide in 2014 Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled 56 782 Model S cars by the end of 2014 Cobb Jeff 6 January 2016 December 2015 Dashboard hybridcars com Retrieved 14 March 2016 Millikin Mike 30 September 2015 Tesla CEO Musk launches Model X electric SUV safest SUV ever Green Car Congress Retrieved 3 October 2015 a b c Cobb Jeff 31 January 2017 Tesla Model S Is World s Best Selling Plug in Car For Second Year in a Row hybridcars com Retrieved 4 February 2017 See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs Stoll John 10 February 2016 Tesla s Musk Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115 000 Within 24 Hours The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 2 April 2016 Hull Dana 7 April 2016 Tesla Says It Received More Than 325 000 Model 3 Reservations Bloomberg News Retrieved 7 April 2016 Baker David R 1 April 2016 Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232 000 San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 2 April 2016 Tesla Motors had sold 107 000 Model S cars by the end of 2015 Young Angelo 4 April 2016 Tesla Motors TSLA 1Q 2016 Sales 14 820 Model S Model X Cars Were Delivered In First Three Months Model S Sales Jumped 45 International Business Times Retrieved 4 April 2016 Cole Jay 18 May 2016 Tesla Musk Plan 2 Billion Stock Sale To Build Model 3 373 000 People Reserved InsideEVs Retrieved 18 May 2016 Hull Dana 18 May 2016 Tesla to Sell 1 4 Billion in Shares for Expanded Production Bloomberg News Retrieved 18 May 2016 Hyundai s Ioniq EV sales top 1 000 units Yonhap News Agency 12 September 2016 Retrieved 22 September 2016 a b Renault Nissan Alliance hits milestone of 350 000 electric vehicles sold maintains position as global EV leader Press release Paris Yokohama Renault Nissan Alliance 13 September 2016 Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 Retrieved 13 September 2016 The Alliance has sold its 350 000th electric vehicle since December 2010 when the Nissan LEAF went on sale The milestone was achieved in August 2016 The Alliance also set an industry record of 100 000 EVs sold in a single year Renault hands over the key to its 100 000th electric vehicle Press release Oslo Groupe Renault 9 September 2016 Retrieved 11 September 2016 Kane Mark 14 September 2016 Tesla Model X Crosses The 10 000 Sold Mark InsideEVs com Retrieved 15 September 2016 a b Cobb Jeff First Chevy Bolt EVs Delivered Today hybridcars com Archived from the original on 14 December 2016 Retrieved 13 December 2016 Cobb Jeff 5 December 2016 Tesla Model S Is Second Plug in Car To Cross 150 000 Sales Milestone hybridcars com Retrieved 5 December 2016 The Volt Ampera family of vehicles is the world s all time third best selling plug in electric car after the Nissan Leaf 240 000 and the Tesla Model S over 150 000 with 130 500 vehicles sold globally through November 2016 Frydenlund Stale 13 December 2016 Norway now has 100 000 electric cars Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association Retrieved 13 December 2016 New Nissan Electric Cafe opens in Paris as the brand celebrates three billion EV kilometres worldwide Press release Paris Nissan Newsroom Europe 16 December 2016 Retrieved 17 December 2016 Nissan Intelligent Mobility at CES Press release Las Vegas Nissan USA 5 January 2017 Retrieved 7 January 2017 Cobb Jeff 9 January 2017 Nissan s Quarter Millionth Leaf Means It s The Best Selling Plug in Car in History hybridcars com Retrieved 10 January 2017 As of December 2016 update the Nissan Leaf is the world s best selling plug in car in history with more than 250 000 units delivered followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158 000 sales through November 2016 These are the only plug in electric cars so far with over 100 000 global sales Sharan Zachary 4 February 2017 Tesla Model S amp Nissan LEAF Clocked As World s Best Selling Electric Cars In 2016 cleantechnica comm Retrieved 4 February 2017 a b Cobb Jeff 17 January 2017 Top 10 Plug in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016 hybridcars com Retrieved 23 January 2017 Bilaret 2016 status og trender Car sales 2016 status and trends PDF Norwegian Road Federation OFV in Norwegian 10 January 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2017 Retrieved 4 March 2017 a b Bilsalget i januar Car sales in January Norwegian Road Federation OFV in Norwegian February 2017 Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 Retrieved 9 February 2017 A total of 5 457 plug in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in January 207 consisting of 2 289 new electric cars 494 used imported all electric cars 2 609 new plug in hybrid cars 54 new all electric vans and 11 used imported all electric vans Sales of new plug in hybrids achieved a market share of 20 0 all electric cars 17 5 excluding FCVs conventional hybrids 13 9 diesel cars excluding hybrids 23 9 and gasoline cars excluding hybrids 24 7 Moberg Knut 6 February 2017 Bilsalget i januar 2017 BMW foran Toyota Car sales in January 2017 BMW surpassed Toyota Dinside no in Norwegian Retrieved 9 February 2017 Mirani Leo 7 May 2015 Norway s electric car incentives were so good they had to be stopped Quartz Retrieved 23 November 2017 Brown Bruce 9 November 2016 How long will new electric car purchase incentive programs be needed Digital Trends Retrieved 23 November 2017 a b Kane Mark 7 October 2018 10 Of Norway s Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins InsideEVs com Retrieved 7 November 2018 Bartlett Jeff S 28 February 2017 Which Car Brands Make the Best Vehicles Consumer Reports Retrieved 3 March 2017 a b Cobb Jeff 22 January 2018 Tesla Quietly Sold 200 000th Model S Last Year hybridcars com Retrieved 20 October 2018 Tesla sold its 200 000 Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017 in October or early November becoming the second plug in car to cross this sales threshold after the Nissan Leaf 300 000 units by early 2017 As of December 2017 update Tesla reported global sales of 212 874 Model S cars Nissan delivers 300 000th Nissan LEAF Press release Yokohama Nissan 8 January 2018 Retrieved 14 January 2018 Norwegian Road Federation OFV October 2018 Bilsalget i september Car sales in September in Norwegian OFV Archived from the original on 24 October 2018 Retrieved 24 October 2018 The market share of all electric cars reached 45 3 and plug in hybrids 14 9 for a combined market share of the plug in car segment of 60 2 of new car registrations in September 2018 Kane Mark 2 October 2018 Plug ins reach record market share in Norway InsideEVs com Retrieved 2 November 2018 Norwegian Road Federation OFV 2 January 2019 Bilsalget i 2018 Car sales in 2018 in Norwegian OFV Archived from the original on 7 February 2019 Retrieved 6 February 2019 a b The E side of EV Nissan brings excitement from the road to the track with LEAF Nismo RC unleashed for the first time in Europe Press release Valencia Spain Nissan Europe 20 January 2020 Retrieved 3 May 2020 a b c d e f Holland Maximilian 10 February 2020 Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone amp Model 3 Becomes All Time Best Seller CleanTechnica Archived from the original on 12 April 2020 Retrieved 23 May 2020 Halvorson Bengt 8 November 2018 Finalist for Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2019 Tesla Model 3 Green Car Reports Retrieved 9 November 2018 Loveday Eric 4 December 2018 Tesla Model 3 Sales Charge Way Past Milestone of 100 000 in U S InsideEVs com Retrieved 4 December 2018 Mark Kane 3 January 2019 U S Tesla Sales In December 2018 Up By 249 Inside EVs Retrieved 9 January 2019 Steven Loveday 7 January 2019 December 2018 U S EV Sales Recap Over 360K Secured Inside EVs Retrieved 9 January 2019 Kane Mark 24 January 2019 US Plug In Electric Car Sales Charted December 2018 InsideEVs com Retrieved 24 January 2019 See Graph Top 10 U S Plug in cars cumulative sales and U S Plug in Car Sales cumulative Haugneland Petter 4 January 2019 Nissan LEAF mest solgte bilmodell i 2018 Nissan LEAF is the most sold car model in 2018 in Norwegian Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association Retrieved 10 January 2019 Oystein Fossum 5 January 2019 Dette var nordmenns favoritt biler i 2018 These were Norwegians favorite cars in 2018 Dinside no in Norwegian Retrieved 11 January 2019 a b c d e Jose Pontes 31 January 2019 Global Top 20 December 2018 EVSales com Retrieved 31 January 2019 Global sales totaled 2 018 247 plug in passenger cars in 2018 with a BEV PHEV ratio of 69 31 and a market share of 2 1 The world s top selling plug in car was the Tesla Model 3 and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug in passenger cars in 2018 followed by BYD Kane Mark 4 February 2019 US Plug In Electric Car Sales Charted January 2019 InsideEVs com Retrieved 6 February 2019 See Graph Top 10 U S Plug in cars cumulative sales In January 209 the Tesla Model 3 148 046 overtook the Model S 144 767 The Chevrolet Volt 152 819 continues as the all time best selling plug in car in the U S Shahan Zachary 19 January 2020 Tesla Model 3 1 Best Selling Auto In Netherlands amp Norway In 2019 Clean Technica Retrieved 16 May 2020 In Norway and the Netherlands the Model 3 was the 1 best selling automobile of any kind in any class in 2019 Norwegian Road Federation OFV January 2020 OFV Registreringsstatistikk OFV Registration Statistics in Norwegian OFV Retrieved 10 May 2020 To access the sales ranking by model choose Modell and the tabs for 2019 and Desember The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15 683 units registered a b Vaughan Adam 25 December 2017 Electric and plug in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide The Guardian Retrieved 20 January 2018 The number of fully electric and plug in hybrid cars on the world s roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017 Coren Michael J 25 January 2019 E nough Automakers may have completely overestimated how many people want electric cars Quartz Retrieved 25 January 2019 The plug in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world s roads by the end of 2018 A rate of 1 250 translates into 0 40 of all vehicles on the world s roads Capparella Joey 5 January 2022 Top 25 Bestselling Cars Trucks and SUVs of 2021 CarAndDriver Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 Retrieved 12 April 2022 a b Lambert Fred 10 March 2020 Tesla produces its 1 millionth electric car Electrek Retrieved 28 March 2020 Shahan Zachary 26 August 2021 Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales CleanTechnica Retrieved 26 August 2021 a b The best selling car in Q1 The Tesla Model Y Yahoo Finance 30 May 2023 Retrieved 25 June 2023 a b Nissan 3 December 2020 Nissan marks 10 years of LEAF sales with over 500 000 sold worldwide Automotive World Retrieved 11 December 2020 Nissan today celebrated the 10th anniversary of the Nissan LEAF and the delivery of 500 000 LEAF vehicles since the model was first introduced More than 148 000 have been sold in the United States a b Bloomberg 9 April 2022 World s electric vehicle fleet set to cross 20 million as adoption increases globally The National Retrieved 25 June 2023 Pyrgidis C N 2016 Railway Transportation Systems Design Construction and Operation Florida CRC Press p 156 Petrova Ye N 2003 St Petersburg in Focus Photographers of the Turn of the Century in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St Petersburg Palace Ed p 12 ISBN 9785933321149 Quiroga Tony August 2009 Driving the Future Car and Driver p 52 Dean Paul Reed Mack 6 December 1996 An Electric Start Media Billboards Web Site Herald Launch of the EV1 The Los Angeles Times Retrieved 22 May 2020 Cobb Jeff 10 December 2014 Retrospective Four Years of Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt HybridCars com Retrieved 1 October 2016 John Boudreau 22 June 2012 In a Silicon Valley milestone Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars San Jose Mercury News Retrieved 22 May 2020 Klippenstein Matthew 8 April 2014 One Percent of Norway s Cars Are Already plug ins Green Car Reports Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jeff Cobb 16 September 2015 One Million Global Plug In Sales Milestone Reached HybridCars com Retrieved 10 October 2015 Cobb Jeff 16 January 2017 The World Just Bought Its Two Millionth Plug in Car hybridcars com Retrieved 17 January 2017 An estimated 2 032 000 highway legal plug in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016 The top selling markets are China 645 708 new energy cars including imports Europe 638 000 EVs and the United States 570 187 plug in cars The top European country markets are Norway 135 276 the Netherlands 113 636 France 108 065 and the UK 91 000 Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles including buses and truck totaled 951 447 vehicles China was the top selling EV market in 2016 and also has the world s largest stock of plug in cars Cobb Jeff 28 September 2016 China Buys Half Millionth Passenger Plug in Car On Track To Surpass US hybridcars com Retrieved 28 September 2016 Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689 447 units between 2011 and August 2016 Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493 290 units between 2010 and August 2016 Automotive News China 16 January 2018 Electrified vehicle sales surge 53 in 2017 Automotive News China Retrieved 22 May 2020 Chinese sales of domestically built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777 000 Krok Andrew 29 July 2017 By the numbers Tesla Model 3 vs Chevrolet Bolt EV CNET Retrieved 29 July 2017 a b Jose Pontes 29 January 2018 World Top 20 December 2017 Updated EV Sales Retrieved 17 February 2018 Global sales totaled 1 224 103 plug in cars in 2017 with a market share of over 1 Norwegian Road Federation OFV January 2018 Tredje storste bilsalgsaret i historien Third largest car sales year in history in Norwegian OFV Archived from the original on 20 October 2018 Retrieved 12 November 2018 Electric cars exceed 1m in Europe as sales soar by more than 40 The Guardian 26 August 2018 Retrieved 23 October 2018 Kane Mark 6 October 2018 Plug In Electric Cars Sales in U S Surpass 1 Million InsideEVs Retrieved 23 October 2018 Automotive News China 23 October 2018 China s electrified vehicle fleet tops 2 21 million Automotive News China Retrieved 21 October 2018 China s fleet of electric vehicles and plug in hybrids topped 2 21 million by the end of September as sales of electrified vehicles continued to surge in the country Of the total EVs accounted for 1 78 million or nearly 81 per cent The rest were plug in hybrids China s Ministry of Public Security said this week Electrified cargo vehicles which include trucks pickups and delivery vans approached 254 000 representing 11 per cent of the electrified vehicle fleet as of last month Kane Mark 7 October 2018 10 Of Norway s Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins InsideEVs com Retrieved 7 November 2018 Szczesny Joseph 11 December 2018 Sales of Electric Vehicles Growing Steadily in California The Detroit Bureau Retrieved 13 December 2018 Deloitte UK 21 January 2019 21 million more electric vehicles expected worldwide by 2030 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited Press release UK Retrieved 22 January 2019 2018 a record year for electric vehicles as two million units sold globally Routley Nick 16 March 2019 Visualizing EV Sales Around the World Visual Capitalist Retrieved 2 September 2019 Kane Mark 4 January 2020 In 2019 Plug In Electric Car Sales In Norway Increased By 10 InsideEVs com Retrieved 22 May 2020 The Norwegian market share for the plug in car segment was 55 9 in 2019 Hill Joshua S 25 June 2020 Thanks to electric cars Norway will reach climate target in 2020 The Driven Retrieved 3 July 2020 The share of electric cars on Norway s roads reached more than 10 of the total fleet in April Norwegian Road Federation OFV 5 January 2021 Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020 Car sales in December and throughout 2020 in Norwegian OFV Retrieved 7 January 2021 Haugneland Petter January 2021 Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt pa drivstoff passenger car stock in Norway by fuel in Norwegian Norsk Elbilforening Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association Retrieved 22 January 2021 See graph under Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt pa drivstoff As of 31 December 2020 update there were 12 06 all electric cars and 5 11 are plug in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads Combined plug in electric passenger cars represented 17 17 of all cars in circulation in the country up from 13 45 in 2019 Shahan Zachary 26 August 2021 Tesla Model 3 Has Passed 1 Million Sales CleanTechnica Retrieved 26 August 2021 Zinkula Jacob Electric vehicles accounted for 10 of global auto sales last year this could quadruple by 2030 Business Insider Retrieved 25 June 2023 Full Size Electric Vehicles Archived from the original on 6 April 2005 Retrieved 19 January 2010 Electric Car Companies Electric amp Hybrid Cars US 2017 Retrieved 13 April 2020 Voelcker John 19 March 2013 All Electric Sports Car Coming Next Month From Detroit Startup Green Car Reports Retrieved 19 March 2013 Electric car for the average Joe not far away wheels ca 14 September 2012 Retrieved 9 August 2014 75 Years of Toyota Section 8 Integrating IT and Exploring New Energy Sources Item 2 Responding to the Energy Problem toyota global com Retrieved 6 October 2021 Sharma Praveena 17 March 2011 Govt subsidy may rev up Reva sales Daily News amp Analysis India Retrieved 31 March 2011 Bill Moore 19 March 2015 Mitsubishi Firsts EV World Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 Retrieved 19 March 2015 Kane Mark 8 May 2020 Nissan Electric Car Sales May Already Exceed 500 000 InsideEVs com Retrieved 22 May 2020 More than 470 000 Leaf cars have been sold globally by May 2020 Ventes Mensuelles Monthly Sales in French Groupe Renault January 2017 Retrieved 18 January 2017 Includes passenger and light utility variants Click on decembre 2016 to download the file XLSX 239 Ko for CYTD sales in 2016 and open the tab Sales by Model Click on Voir plus See more to download the files Ventes mensuelles du groupe decembre 2011 xls 183 Ko Ventes mensuelles decembre 2012 xls 289 Ko Ventes mensuelles decembre 2013 xlsx 227 Ko XLSX 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles decembre 2014 Ventes mensuelles decembre 2015 to download the file XLSX 227 Ko for 2011 2012 2013 2014 and 2015 sales Sales figures for 2013 were revised in the 2014 report a b Groupe Renault April 2020 Ventes Mensuelles Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault Monthly Sales Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group in French Renault com Retrieved 17 May 2020 Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants Click on the corresponding link to download the file and open the tab Sales by Model to access sales figures for 2017 2018 and 2019 Model S Tesla Retrieved 29 June 2020 Six years of BMW i3 Electric vehicle pioneers drive over 200 000 km in their BMW i3 Press release Munich BMW Group 1 February 2020 Retrieved 17 May 2020 Since its market launch the BMW i3 has been the most widely sold electric vehicle in the premium compact segment with more than 165 000 units already sold worldwide Cole Jay 29 July 2013 BMW i3 Range Extender To Offer Up to 87 More Miles Decreases Performance InsideEVs com Retrieved 29 July 2013 Chevrolet Bolt EV Sales Numbers GM Authority 2 August 2016 Retrieved 14 March 2019 2019 Bolt EV Electric Car An Affordable All Electric Car Chevrolet Archived from the original on 25 October 2019 Retrieved 14 March 2019 Model 3 US Tesla Retrieved 13 April 2020 External links editAlternative Fuel Vehicles Timeline An Extensive Electric Vehicle History Hybrid Vehicle org Early Electric Cars Analysis by Richard H Schallenberg for the IEEE Transactions on Education 1997 Dissertation by David A Kirsch Stanford University 1955 Business Analysis of Early Electric Vehicles John B Rae Associate Professor of History MIT History And Directory Of Electric Cars From 1834 to 1987 Short Electric And Other Vehicle History Mikes Railway History 1935 Electric Traction some Electric information as well SVE Website Electric Car Society EV World US Internet Journal about EVs Timeline History of the Electric Car Public Broadcasting Service Watch how much electric cars have changed over time in one GIF Tech Insider May 2016 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title History of the electric vehicle amp oldid 1217864124, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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