fbpx
Wikipedia

Vehicle-to-grid

October 10, 2023

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), also known as Vehicle-to-home (V2H), describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) sell demand response services to the grid. Demand services are either delivering electricity or reducing their charging rate. Demand services reduce pressure on the grid, which might otherwise experience disruption from load variations.[1][2][3] Vehicle-to-load (V2L) and Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) are related, but the AC phase is not sychronised with the grid, so the power is only available to an "off grid" load.

A V2G-enabled EV fast charger

Plug-in electric vehicles include battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrids (PHEV), and hydrogen vehicles. They share the ability to generate electricity. That electricity is typically used to power the vehicle. However, at any given time 95% of cars are parked, while their energy sits unused. V2G envisions sending some of the stored power to the grid (or reducing charge rates to pull less power from the grid). A 2015 report found that vehicle owners could receive significant payments.[4]

Batteries have a finite number of charging cycles, as well as a shelf-life, therefore V2G can impact battery longevity. Battery capacity is a complex function of battery chemistry, charge/discharge rates, temperature, state of charge and age, and evolves with improving technology. Most studies using slow discharge rates show only a few percent of additional degradation while one study suggested that using vehicles for grid storage could improve longevity.[5]

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) with tanks containing 5.6 kg of hydrogen can deliver more than 90 kWh of electricity.[6] Vehicle batteries may hold 100 kWh or more.

Reducing charge rates, termed uni-directional V2G, is technically simpler than delivering power which many PEVs are not equipped to do. [7] UV2G can be extended by throttling other activities such as air heating/cooling.[8][9]

History Edit

V2G began as vehicle to vehicle (V2V) as laid out by California company AC Propulsion in the early 1990s. Their 2-seater Tzero car featured 2-way charging.[10] V2G allows charging and discharging of the vehicle and the grid, dependent on different signals.[11]

Applications Edit

Peak load leveling Edit

V2G vehicles can provide power to help balance grid loads by "valley filling"[12] (charging at night when demand is low) and "peak shaving" (sending power to the grid when demand is high, see duck curve).[13] Peak load leveling supports regulation services (keeping voltage and frequency stable) and provides spinning reserves (to meet sudden demands for power). Coupling these services with "smart-meters" enables V2G.[14] V2G could buffer variable power sources by storing excess energy and providing it to the grid during high load periods.

It has been proposed that public utilities would not have to build as many natural gas or coal-fired power plants to meet peak demand or as an insurance policy against power outages.[15] Since demand can be measured locally by a simple frequency measurement, dynamic load leveling can be provided as needed on a highly local basis.[16] Carbitrage, a portmanteau of 'car' and 'arbitrage', is sometimes used to refer to the process of buying and selling power stored in a vehicle.[17]

Backup power Edit

Electric vehicles can generally store more than an average home's daily energy demand. Such a vehicle could supply emergency power to a home for several days, vehicle-to-home transmission (V2H).

Types Edit

California's grid operator, CAISO, defines four levels of Vehicle-Grid Interface (VGI):[18]

  1. Unidirectional power flow (V1G)
  2. V1G with aggregated resources
  3. V1G with fragmented actor objectives
  4. Bidirectional power flow (V2G)

V1G/Unidirectional V2G Edit

V1G involves varying the time/rate at which an electric vehicle is charged. It is also known as unidirectional managed charging services, unidirectional V2G or "smart charging". V1G approaches include charging in the middle of the day to absorb solar power that would otherwise be discarded (shed), and varying the charge rate to provide frequency response or load balancing services.

Bidirectional local V2G (V2H , V2B, V2X) Edit

Vehicle-to-home (V2H) or vehicle-to-building (V2B) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)[19] uses the vehicle to provide back-up power during a power outage or to displace grid energy with energy from renewable sources. For example, vehicles charged using solar power at work during the day could power a home through the night, without pulling power from the grid.

As of 2022 V2X had not yet reached market deployment, apart from Japan where commercial V2H solutions have been available since 2012.[20][21] Utrecht is installing thousands of bidirectional chargers in anticipation of the arrival of vehicles that support bidirectional energy flows.[22]

Bidirectional V2G Edit

V2G allows vehicles to provide electricity to the grid. The utility or transmission system operator purchases energy from customers.[23] In many jurisdictions meeting power demands during periods of peak demand is much more expensive than at other times. Power from EVs is a potentially lower cost alternative. In addition, EV power can facilitate ancillary services[24] such as balancing and frequency control, including primary frequency regulation and secondary reserve.[25]

V2G requires specialized hardware (e.g., bi-directional inverters), has significant losses and limited round-trip efficiency, and the charge/discharge cycling may shorten battery life. Revenues from V2G in a Southern California Edison pilot project were lower than project administration costs, eliminating its economic benefits.[26]

Bidirectional DC-charging Edit

Electric cars typically allows fast DC-charging, having the transformer in the charging station and connecting the battery directly to the station. There are technology under development for bidirectional DC-charging where the car can provide electricity to the station or reverse, without extra hardware in the car, having the DC-to-AC-converter in the station. In principle, cars without hardware support for Vehicle-to-grid could with only software upgrade get bidirectionality. [27][28]

Efficiency Edit

Most modern battery electric vehicles use lithium-ion cells that offer round-trip efficiency greater than 90%.[29] Efficiency depends on factors like charge rate, charge state, battery state of health, and temperature.[30][31]

The majority of losses are in system components other than the battery. Power electronics such as inverters typically dominate losses.[32] A study found round-trip efficiency for V2G system in the range of 53% to 62%.[33] Another study reports efficiency of about 70%.[34] Overall efficiency depends on multiple factors and can vary widely.[32]

Implementation by country Edit

A study conducted in 2012 by Idaho National Laboratory[35] reported estimates and plans for V2G in various countries. The potential is difficult to quantify because the technology is still nascent.

United States Edit

In July 2022, eight electric school buses in the San Diego Gas & Electric service territory were part of the first V2G project intended to boost reliability during electric emergencies.[36][37] Using V2G software from Nuvve,[38] the bus batteries are aggregated with others in a nearby school district to form a participating resource under the Emergency Load Reduction Program (ELRP),[39] which was started in 2021 by the California Public Utilities Commission. SDG&E, Pacific Gas and Electric and Southern California Edison manage the five-year ELRP pilot.

In September 2022, the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate, to "create a program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) flow capability.”[40]

In North America, at least two major school-bus manufacturers—Blue Bird and Lion—are working on proving the benefits of electrification and V2G technology. As of 2020, school buses in the U.S. used $3.2B of diesel a year; their electrification could potentially help stabilize the electrical grid, lessen the need for power plants, and reduce exposure to exhaust.[41][42][43]

In 2017, at University of California San Diego, V2G technology provider Nuvve launched a pilot program called INVENT, funded by the California Energy Commission, with the installation of 50 V2G bi-directional charging stations around the campus.[44] The program expanded in 2018 to include a fleet of PEVs for its Triton Rides shuttle service.[45]

In 2018 Nissan launched a pilot program under the Nissan Energy Share initiative in partnership with V2G systems company Fermata Energy to use V2G technology to partially power Nissan North America's headquarters in Franklin, Tennessee.[46] In 2020 Fermata Energy's bidirectional electric vehicle charging system became the first to be certified to the North American safety standard, UL 9741, the Standard for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging System Equipment.[47]

Japan Edit

Japan planned to spend $71.1 billion to upgrade existing grid infrastructure. Average Japanese homes use 10 to 12 KWh/day. The Nissan Leaf's 24 KWh battery capacity, could potentially provide up to two days of power.[citation needed]

In November 2018 in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, Toyota Tsusho Corporation and Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc initiated VsG demonstrations with electric vehicles. The demonstration examined how V2G systems balance demand and supply and power grid impacts. Two bi-directional charging stations, connected to a V2G aggregation server managed by Nuvve Corporation, were installed at a parking lot in Aichi Prefecture.[48]

Denmark Edit

The Edison Project intends to install enough turbines to accommodate 50% of Denmark's total power needs, while using V2G to protect the grid. The Edison Project plans to use PEVs while they are plugged into the grid to store additional wind energy that the grid cannot handle. Then, during peak energy use hours, or when the wind is calm, the power stored in these PEVs will be fed into the grid. To aid in the acceptance of PEVs, zero emission vehicles received subsidies.[citation needed]

Following the Edison project, the Nikola project was started[49] which focused on demonstrating V2G technology in a lab setting, located at the Risø Campus (DTU). DTU is a partner along with Nuvve and Nissan. The Nikola project completed in 2016, laying the groundwork for Parker, which used a fleet of EVs to demonstrate the technology in a real-life setting. This project is partnered by DTU,[50] Insero, Nuvve, Nissan and Frederiksberg Forsyning (Danish DSO in Copenhagen). The partners explored commercial opportunities by systematically testing and demonstrating V2G services across car brands. Economic and regulatory barriers were identified as well as the economic and technical impacts of the applications on the power system and markets.[51] The project started in August 2016 and ended in September 2018.

United Kingdom Edit

Starting in January 2011, programs and strategies to assist in PEV adoption were implemented.

In 2018, EDF Energy announced a partnership with Nuvve, to install up to 1,500 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) chargers. The chargers were to be offered to EDF Energy's business customers and at its own sites to provide up to 15 MW of energy storage capacity.[52]

In October 2019, a consortium called Vehicle to Grid Britain (V2GB) released a research report on the potential of V2G technologies.[53][54]

Poland Edit

Solaris opened a Charging Park in Bolechowo, Poland on September 29, 2022 which will be used to test charging and discharging of e-vehicles.[55]

Australia Edit

Since 2020, the Australian National University's Realising Electric Vehicle-to-grid Services (REVS) team has been studying the reliability and viability of vehicle-to-grid at scale,[56] spinning off the Battery Storage and Grid Integration Project[57] initiative.

In 2022 the first V2G charger became available to purchase in Australia, delays in roll-out have occurred due to regulatory processes (each State Power Authority needs to certify them compliant (after the Australian approval). There are also limitations in uptake due to high price and the fact that very few Electric Vehicles (EVs) are approved to use V2G (at present, only the Nissan Leaf EV and some Mitsubishi hybrid EVs). This roll-out follows Australian National University researchers' production of the ‘A to Z of V2G’, a comprehensive review of international V2G projects.[58]

Germany Edit

A project in Germany by The Mobility House in partnership with Nissan and TenneT used the Nissan Leaf to store energy.[59] The main idea is to generate an essential solution for the German energy market: wind energy from the north of the country is used to charge the EVs, at the same time, the EVs supply the grid during demand peaks, avoiding the use of fossil fuels. The project used ten vehicle charging stations. Smart energy redistribution measures were controlled by software, so the result showed that electromobility can be used to flexibly control renewable generation sources that vary with the climate.

Research Edit

Edison Edit

Denmark's Edison project, an abbreviation for 'Electric vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable energy and Open Networks' was a partially state funded research project on the island of Bornholm in Eastern Denmark. The consortium included IBM, Siemens the hardware and software developer EURISCO, Denmark's largest energy company Ørsted (formerly DONG Energy), the regional energy company Østkraft, the Technical University of Denmark and the Danish Energy Association. It explored how to balance the unpredictable electricity loads generated by Denmark's wind farms, then generating approximately 20 percent of the country's electricity, by using PEVs and their accumulators. The aim of the project is to develop necessary infrastructure.[60] At least one rebuilt V2G-capable Toyota Scion will be used in the project.[61] The project was important in Denmark's efforts to expand its wind-power generation to 50% by 2020.[62] According to a source of British newspaper The Guardian 'It's never been tried at this scale' previously.[63] The project concluded in 2013.[64]

E.ON and gridX Edit

In 2020, the utility company E.ON developed a V2H solution with gridX.[65] The two companies implemented their solution in a private household to test the interaction of a PV system, battery storage and bidirectional charging. The house is equipped with three batteries with a combined capacity of 27 kWh, a DC charger and a PV system of 5.6 kWp. A 40 kWh Nissan Leaf was used.

Southwest Research Institute Edit

In 2014, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) developed the first V2G aggregation system qualified by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). The system allows owners of electric delivery truck fleets to participate. When the grid frequency drops below 60 Hertz, the system suspends vehicle charging, removing that load on the grid, allowing the frequency to rise towards normal. The system operates autonomously.[66]

The system was originally developed as part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) Phase II program, led by Burns and McDonnell Engineering Company, Inc.[67] In November 2012, SwRI was awarded a $7 million contract from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to demonstrate V2G.[68] In 2013, SwRI researchers tested five DC fast-charge stations. The system passed integration and acceptance testing in August 2013.[69]

Delft University of Technology Edit

Prof. Dr. Ad van Wijk, Vincent Oldenbroek and Dr. Carla Robledo, researchers at Delft University of Technology, in 2016 conducted research on V2G technology with hydrogen FCEVs. Both experimental work with V2G FCEVs and techno-economic scenario studies for 100% renewable integrated energy and transport systems were done, using hydrogen and electricity as energy carriers.[70] They modified a Hyundai ix35 FCEV to deliver up to 10 kW DC Power[3] while maintaining road ready. With Accenda they developed a V2G unit converting the vehicle's DC power into 3-phase AC power and injecting it into the grid.[3] The Future Energy Systems Group tested whether FCEVs could offer frequency reserves.[71]

University of Delaware Edit

Kempton, Advani, and Prasad conducted V2G research. Kempton published articles on the technology and the concept.[72][73]

An operational implementation in Europe was conducted via the German government-funded MeRegioMobil project with Opel as vehicle partner and utility EnBW providing grid expertise.[74] Other investigators are the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Xcel Energy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and, in the United Kingdom, the University of Warwick.[75]

In 2010, Kempton and Poilasne co-founded Nuvve, a V2G solutions company. The company formed industry partnerships and implemented V2G pilot projects on five continents.[44][76]

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Edit

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed V2G-Sim, a simulation platform used to model spatial and temporal driving and charging behavior of individual PEVs on the grid. Its models investigate the challenges and opportunities of V2G services, such as modulation of charging time and charging rate for peak demand response and utility frequency regulation. Preliminary findings indicated that controlled V2G service can provide peak-shaving and valley-filling services to balance daily electric load and mitigate the duck curve. Uncontrolled vehicle charging was shown to exacerbate the duck curve.[77]

V2G-Sim reported that V2G would have minor battery degradation impacts on PEVs as compared to cycling losses and calendar aging.[78] Assuming daily V2G service from 7PM to 9PM at a charging rate of 1.440 kW, the incremental capacity losses over ten years were 2.68%, 2.66%, and 2.62%.

Nissan and Enel Edit

In May 2016, Nissan and Enel power company announced a collaborative V2G trial in the United Kingdom.[79] The trial used 100 V2G charging units including Nissan Leaf and e-NV200 electric vans.

University of Warwick Edit

WMG and Jaguar Land Rover collaborated with the Energy and Electrical Systems group of the university. Uddin analysed commercially available PEVs over a two-year period. He created a model of battery degradation and discovered that some patterns of vehicle-to-grid storage were able to significantly increase battery longevity over conventional charging strategies, given typical driving patterns.[80]

Drawbacks Edit

The more a battery is used the sooner it needs replacing. As of 2016 replacement cost was approximately 1/3 the cost of the car.[81] Batteries degrade with use.[82] JB Straubel, then CTO of Tesla Inc, discounted V2G claiming that battery wear outweighs economic benefit.[83] A 2017 study found decreasing capacity,[84][85] and a 2012 hybrid-EV study found minor benefit.[86]

A 2015 study[87] found that economic analyses favorable to V2G failed to include many of the less obvious costs associated with its implementation. When these less obvious costs are included, the study reported that V2G was an economically inefficient solution.

Another common criticism related to efficiency is that cycling power into and out of a battery, which includes "inverting" the DC power to AC inevitably incurs losses. This cycle of energy efficiency may be compared with the 70–80% efficiency of large-scale pumped-storage hydroelectricity.[88]

Power companies must be willing to adopt the technology in order to allow vehicles to give power to the power grid.[13] For vehicles to power the grid, "smart-meters" would have to be in place in order to support the accounting.[14]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher (2006). Dictionary of Energy. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-08-044578-6.
  2. ^ . Pacific Gas & Electric. 2007-04-07. Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
  3. ^ a b c Robledo, Carla B.; Oldenbroek, Vincent; Abbruzzese, Francesca; Wijk, Ad J.M. van (2018). "Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle-to-grid technology, photovoltaic power and a residential building". Applied Energy. 215: 615–629. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.038. S2CID 115673601.
  4. ^ He, Y.; Bhavsar, P.; Chowdhury, M.; Li, Z. (2015-10-01). "Optimizing the performance of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) enabled battery electric vehicles through a smart charge scheduling model". International Journal of Automotive Technology. 16 (5): 827–837. doi:10.1007/s12239-015-0085-3. ISSN 1976-3832. S2CID 38215809.
  5. ^ Uddin, Kotub; Jackson, Tim; Widanage, Widanalage D.; Chouchelamane, Gael; Jennings, Paul A.; Marco, James (August 2017). "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system". Energy. 133: 710–722. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.116.
  6. ^ Wassink, Jos (2016-07-18). "Hydrogen car as power backup". Delta TU Delft. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  7. ^ Chukwu, Uwakwe C.; Mahajan, Satish M. "V2G parking lot with PV rooftop for capacity enhancement of a distribution system". 5 (1): 119--127. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Yong, Jia Ying; et al. (2015). "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 49: 365–385. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.130.
  9. ^ Sortomme, Eric; El-Sharkawi, Mohamed (2011). "Optimal charging strategies for unidirectional vehicle-to-grid". Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on. 2 (1): 131–138. doi:10.1109/tsg.2010.2090910. S2CID 9522962.
  10. ^ Goldstein, Harry (2022-08-01). "What V2G Tells Us About EVs and the Grid". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  11. ^ "Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G): Everything you need to know". www.virta.global. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
  12. ^ Liasi, S.G.; Golkar, M.A. (2017). Electric vehicles connection to microgrid effects on peak demand with and without demand response. Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). Tehran. pp. 1272–1277. doi:10.1109/IranianCEE.2017.7985237.
  13. ^ a b Uddin, Kotub; Dubarry, Matthieu; Glick, Mark B. (February 2018). "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective". Energy Policy. 113: 342–347. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.015.
  14. ^ a b Pillai, Jayakrishnan R.; Bak-Jensen, Birgitte (September 2010). "Impacts of electric vehicle loads on power distribution systems". 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/vppc.2010.5729191. ISBN 978-1-4244-8220-7. S2CID 34017339.
  15. ^ Woody, Todd (2007-06-12). . Green Wombat. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
  16. ^ US 4317049, SCHWEPPE, FRED C., "Frequency adaptive, power-energy re-scheduler", published 1982-02-23 
  17. ^ (PDF). Rocky Mountain Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-07.
  18. ^ "Vehicle-Grid Integration (VGI) Roadmap: Enabling vehicle-based grid services" (PDF). California ISO. February 2014.
  19. ^ Paulraj, Pon (2019-12-10). "What are V1G, V2G and V2H / V2B / V2X smart charging? | Integrating electric vehicles into power grid". E-Mobility Simplified. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  20. ^ Cedillos, Dagoberto (2019-01-29). "V2X: how 'storage on wheels' can reshape our energy system". Open Energi. Retrieved 2020-06-15.
  21. ^ Storck, Carlos Renato; Duarte-Figueiredo, Fátima (2019-01-29). "A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles - MDPI". sensors.
  22. ^ Dumiak, Michael (2022-06-27). "This Dutch City Is Road-Testing Vehicle-to-Grid Tech". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2022-12-13.
  23. ^ Liasi, S.G.; Bathaee, S.M.T. (2017). Optimizing microgrid using demand response and electric vehicles connection to microgrid. Smart Grid Conference (SGC). Tehran. pp. 1–7. doi:10.1109/SGC.2017.8308873.
  24. ^ "Saldaña, Gaizka, Jose Ignacio San Martin, Inmaculada Zamora, Francisco Javier Asensio, and Oier Oñederra. "Electric vehicle into the grid: Charging methodologies aimed at providing ancillary services considering battery degradation." Energies 12, no. 12 (2019): 2443".
  25. ^ Schmidt, Bridie (2020-10-27). ""First" vehicle-to-grid electric car charger goes on sale in Australia". The Driven.
  26. ^ "Southern California Edison Company's Department of Defense Vehicle-to-Grid Final Report". California Public Utilities Commission. 2017.
  27. ^ “World first” trial with CCS could open up vehicle-to-everything technology to all EVs
  28. ^ AMBICHARGE BIDIRECTIONAL DC CHARGING TECHNOLOGY
  29. ^ Valøen, Lars Ole; Shoesmith, Mark I. (2007). The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance. 2007 Plug-in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference.
  30. ^ Tatiana Minav (2014-03-26). "Energy Regeneration and Efficiency in an Electro-Hydraulic Forklift with Lithium-Titanate Batteries, Chapter 5 Analysis. (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-05-20. battery efficiency during performed testes in average is 98 %
  31. ^ "Charging Lithium-ion Batteries". Battery University. Cadex. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2018-05-13. Charge efficiency is 97 to 99 percent
  32. ^ a b Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki; Codani, Paul; Kempton, Willett (2017-05-15). "Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging". Energy. 127: 730–742. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.015. ISSN 0360-5442.
  33. ^ Shirazi, Yosef A.; Sachs, David L. (2018-01-01). "Comments on "Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging" – Notable findings for V2G economics". Energy. 142: 1139–1141. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.081. ISSN 0360-5442.
  34. ^ Apostolaki-Iosifidou, Elpiniki; Kempton, Willett; Codani, Paul (2018-01-01). "Reply to Shirazi and Sachs comments on "Measurement of Power Loss During Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging"". Energy. 142: 1142–1143. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.080. ISSN 0360-5442.
  35. ^ Briones, Adrene; Francfort, James; Heitmann, Paul; Schey, Michael; Schey, Steven; Smart, John (2012-09-01). "Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power Flow" (PDF). Idaho National Laboratory. Retrieved 2015-04-29.[dead link]
  36. ^ Nora, Manthey (2022-07-20). "Nuvve and SDG&E launch V2G scheme for electric school buses". Electrive. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  37. ^ Hudson, Sangree (2022-08-02). "California Sees First V2G Reliability Project". RTO Insider. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  38. ^ "Home". NUVVE Holding Corp. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
  39. ^ "Emergency Load Reduction Program". www.cpuc.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-15.
  40. ^ Johnson, Peter (2022-09-30). "BIDIRECTIONAL Act introduced in US Senate to promote electric school buses feeding grid". Electrek. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
  41. ^ Lindeman, Tracey; Pearson, Jordan; Maiberg, Emanuel (2018-05-15). "Electric School Buses Can Be Backup Batteries For the US Power Grid". Motherboard. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  42. ^ Engle, John (2021-12-02). "Electric school bus charging hub could provide 'blueprint' for grid support". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  43. ^ Muller, Joann (2020-01-10). "Fleets of electric school buses are being tested to store power for the grid". Axios. Retrieved 2022-02-06.
  44. ^ a b "Xconomy: Startup Pioneers EV-to-Grid Technology in Pilot at UC San Diego". Xconomy. 2017-06-16. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  45. ^ "UC SAN DIEGO EXPANDS TRITON RIDES PROGRAM WITH VEHICLE-TO-GRID SERVICE FROM NUVVE". NUVVE Corp. 2018-10-30. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
  46. ^ "Nissan LEAF helps to power company's North American facilities with new charging technology". 2018-11-28.
  47. ^ "Fermata Energy Receives the First UL Certification for 'Vehicle-to-Grid' Electric Vehicle Charging System".
  48. ^ MarketScreener (2018-11-07). "Toyota Tsusho : and Chubu Electric Power Announce to Initiate Japan's First Ever Demonstration Project of Charging and Discharging from Storage Batteries of Electric Vehicles to the Electric Grid". www.marketscreener.com. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  49. ^ "Home". Nikola. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  50. ^ Andersen, Peter Bach; Marinelli, Mattia; Olesen, Ole Jan; Andersen, Claus Amtrup; Poilasne, Gregory; Christensen, Bjoern; Alm, Ole (2014). "The Nikola project intelligent electric vehicle integration" (PDF). Technical University of Denmark. Retrieved 2016-07-12.
  51. ^ "Parker | Danish project defines the electric vehicle of the future". Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  52. ^ "EDF Energy and Nuvve Corporation Announce Plans to Install 1,500 Smart Electric Chargers in the United Kingdom". Oil & Gas 360. 2018-10-31. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  53. ^ "Vehicle-to-Grid Britain". Energy Systems Catapult. 2019-10-01. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  54. ^ Deign, Jason (2018-03-19). "Why Is Vehicle-to-Grid Taking So Long to Happen?". www.greentechmedia.com. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  55. ^ "Solaris opens new warehouse hall and charging park for e-vehicles in Bolechowo". Sustainable Bus. 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  56. ^ "Electric vehicle fleets set to be on-call to backup the grid". Canberra: Australian National University. 2020-07-08. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  57. ^ "Battery Storage and Grid Integration Project". Canberra. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
  58. ^ Jones, Laura; Lucas-Healey, Kathryn; Sturmberg, Björn; Temby, Hugo; Islam, Monirul (January 2021). "A to Z of V2G – A comprehensive analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology worldwide". Australian Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved 2023-01-03.[clarification needed]
  59. ^ "V2G Redispatch - TenneT, Nissan, The Mobility House". V2GHub. 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
  60. ^ "Intelligent power grid". Zurich: IBM Research.
  61. ^ . Edison. Archived from the original on 2011-08-29. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  62. ^ . Danish Energy Agency. 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  63. ^ Graham-Rowe, Duncan (2009-06-19). "Denmark to power electric cars by wind in vehicle-to-grid experiment". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  64. ^ Rasmussen, Jan (2013-07-11). . Edison. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  65. ^ "Press Release: gridX and E.ON develop optimised charging and Vehicle2Home solution". www.gridx.ai. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  66. ^ "SwRI develops first ERCOT-qualified vehicle-to-grid aggregation system". Southwest Research Institute. 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  67. ^ "SPIDERS: The Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security" (PDF). Sandia National Laboratories.
  68. ^ "SwRI will participate in a U.S. Army program to demonstrate alternative sources for an emergency electrical power grid". Southwest Research Institute. 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  69. ^ "SwRI deploys novel vehicle-to-grid aggregation system". Southwest Research Institute. 2013-09-09. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
  70. ^ Oldenbroek, Vincent; Verhoef, Leendert A.; van Wijk, Ad J. M. (2017-03-23). "Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant: Fully renewable integrated transport and energy system design and analysis for smart city areas". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 42 (12): 8166–8196. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.155.
  71. ^ Michelle, Poorte (2017). "Technical and economic feasibility assessment of a Car Park as Power Plant offering frequency reserves". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  72. ^ "V2G : Vehicle to Grid Power". June 2001. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  73. ^ Kempton, Willett; Udo, Victor; Huber, Ken; Komara, Kevin; Letendre, Steve; Baker, Scott; Brunner, Doug; Pearre, Nat (November 2008). "A Test of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation in the PJM System" (PDF). University of Delaware. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  74. ^ Brinkman, Norm; Eberle, Ulrich; Formanski, Volker; Grebe, Uwe-Dieter; Matthe, Roland (2012). "Vehicle Electrification - Quo Vadis?". doi:10.13140/2.1.2638.8163. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  75. ^ Motavalli, Jim (2007-09-02). "Power to the People: Run Your House on a Prius". New York Times. Retrieved 2014-12-20.
  76. ^ "Our Story - NUVVE Corp". Retrieved 2020-02-22.
  77. ^ "Used EV Batteries Get New Life Powering the Grid". Fleetcarma.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  78. ^ Wang, Dai; Saxena, Samveg; Coignard, Jonathan; Iosifidou, Elpiniki; Guan, Xiaohong (2016-07-21). "Quantifying electric vehicle battery degradation from driving vs. V2G services". 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741180. ISBN 978-1-5090-4168-8. S2CID 434374.
  79. ^ "Nissan and Enel Launch Groundbreaking Vehicle-to-grid Project in the UK". Nissan Newsroom UK. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  80. ^ Uddin, Kotub; Jackson, Tim; Widanage, Widanalage D.; Chouchelamane, Gael; Jennings, Paul A.; Marco, James (2017-04-25). "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system" (PDF). Energy. University of Warwick. 133: 710–722. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.116. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
  81. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Electric Vehicles. Canadian Automobile Association. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  82. ^ "Lithium Ion UF103450P" (PDF). Panasonic. 2012. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  83. ^ Shahan, Zachary (2016-08-22). "Why Vehicle-To-Grid & Used EV Battery Storage Isn't Logical". Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-08-22.
  84. ^ "Green Car Congress: Hawaii study finds vehicle-to-grid discharge detrimental to EV batteries". www.greencarcongress.com. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  85. ^ Dubarry, Matthieu; Devie, Arnaud; McKenzie, Katherine (2017). "Durability and reliability of electric vehicle batteries under electric utility grid operations: Bidirectional charging impact analysis". Journal of Power Sources. 358: 39–49. Bibcode:2017JPS...358...39D. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.015.
  86. ^ Peterson, Scott B. (2012-01-05). Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: battery degradation, grid support, emissions, and battery size tradeoffs (Thesis). US: Carnegie Mellon University. p. 8.
  87. ^ Shirazi, Yosef; Carr, Edward; Knapp, Lauren (2015-12-01). "A cost-benefit analysis of alternatively fueled buses with special considerations for V2G technology". Energy Policy. 87: 591–603. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2015.09.038. ISSN 0301-4215. S2CID 154598691.
  88. ^ Levine, John. (PDF). US: Colorado University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-08-28.

Further reading Edit

  • Markel, T.; Meintz, A.; Hardy, K.; Chen, B.; Bohn, T.; Smart, J.; Scoffield, D.; Hovsapian, R.; Saxena, S.; MacDonald, J.; Kiliccote, S.; Kahl, K.; Pratt, R. (2015). "Multi-Lab EV Smart Grid Integration Requirements Study: Providing Guidance on Technology Development and Demonstration" (PDF). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  • Diehl, Stephen. . Green Mountain College. Archived from the original on 2008-02-25.
  • Kempton, Willett (2005-06-06). (PDF). Seattle V2G Technical Symposium, University of Delaware. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-04-28.
  • . UQM Technologies, Inc. March 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03.
  • Heather Silyn-Roberts. (2000). . Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-4636-9. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26 – via AC Propulsion Inc.

External links Edit

October 10, 2023
vehicle, grid, also, known, vehicle, home, describes, system, which, plug, electric, vehicles, sell, demand, response, services, grid, demand, services, either, delivering, electricity, reducing, their, charging, rate, demand, services, reduce, pressure, grid,. Vehicle to grid V2G also known as Vehicle to home V2H describes a system in which plug in electric vehicles PEV sell demand response services to the grid Demand services are either delivering electricity or reducing their charging rate Demand services reduce pressure on the grid which might otherwise experience disruption from load variations 1 2 3 Vehicle to load V2L and Vehicle to vehicle V2V are related but the AC phase is not sychronised with the grid so the power is only available to an off grid load A V2G enabled EV fast chargerPlug in electric vehicles include battery electric vehicles BEV plug in hybrids PHEV and hydrogen vehicles They share the ability to generate electricity That electricity is typically used to power the vehicle However at any given time 95 of cars are parked while their energy sits unused V2G envisions sending some of the stored power to the grid or reducing charge rates to pull less power from the grid A 2015 report found that vehicle owners could receive significant payments 4 Batteries have a finite number of charging cycles as well as a shelf life therefore V2G can impact battery longevity Battery capacity is a complex function of battery chemistry charge discharge rates temperature state of charge and age and evolves with improving technology Most studies using slow discharge rates show only a few percent of additional degradation while one study suggested that using vehicles for grid storage could improve longevity 5 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles FCV with tanks containing 5 6 kg of hydrogen can deliver more than 90 kWh of electricity 6 Vehicle batteries may hold 100 kWh or more Reducing charge rates termed uni directional V2G is technically simpler than delivering power which many PEVs are not equipped to do 7 UV2G can be extended by throttling other activities such as air heating cooling 8 9 Contents 1 History 2 Applications 2 1 Peak load leveling 2 2 Backup power 3 Types 3 1 V1G Unidirectional V2G 3 2 Bidirectional local V2G V2H V2B V2X 3 3 Bidirectional V2G 3 4 Bidirectional DC charging 4 Efficiency 5 Implementation by country 5 1 United States 5 2 Japan 5 3 Denmark 5 4 United Kingdom 5 5 Poland 5 6 Australia 5 7 Germany 6 Research 6 1 Edison 6 2 E ON and gridX 6 3 Southwest Research Institute 6 4 Delft University of Technology 6 5 University of Delaware 6 6 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 6 7 Nissan and Enel 6 8 University of Warwick 7 Drawbacks 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksHistory EditV2G began as vehicle to vehicle V2V as laid out by California company AC Propulsion in the early 1990s Their 2 seater Tzero car featured 2 way charging 10 V2G allows charging and discharging of the vehicle and the grid dependent on different signals 11 Applications EditPeak load leveling Edit V2G vehicles can provide power to help balance grid loads by valley filling 12 charging at night when demand is low and peak shaving sending power to the grid when demand is high see duck curve 13 Peak load leveling supports regulation services keeping voltage and frequency stable and provides spinning reserves to meet sudden demands for power Coupling these services with smart meters enables V2G 14 V2G could buffer variable power sources by storing excess energy and providing it to the grid during high load periods It has been proposed that public utilities would not have to build as many natural gas or coal fired power plants to meet peak demand or as an insurance policy against power outages 15 Since demand can be measured locally by a simple frequency measurement dynamic load leveling can be provided as needed on a highly local basis 16 Carbitrage a portmanteau of car and arbitrage is sometimes used to refer to the process of buying and selling power stored in a vehicle 17 Backup power Edit Electric vehicles can generally store more than an average home s daily energy demand Such a vehicle could supply emergency power to a home for several days vehicle to home transmission V2H Types EditCalifornia s grid operator CAISO defines four levels of Vehicle Grid Interface VGI 18 Unidirectional power flow V1G V1G with aggregated resources V1G with fragmented actor objectives Bidirectional power flow V2G V1G Unidirectional V2G Edit V1G involves varying the time rate at which an electric vehicle is charged It is also known as unidirectional managed charging services unidirectional V2G or smart charging V1G approaches include charging in the middle of the day to absorb solar power that would otherwise be discarded shed and varying the charge rate to provide frequency response or load balancing services Bidirectional local V2G V2H V2B V2X Edit Vehicle to home V2H or vehicle to building V2B or vehicle to everything V2X 19 uses the vehicle to provide back up power during a power outage or to displace grid energy with energy from renewable sources For example vehicles charged using solar power at work during the day could power a home through the night without pulling power from the grid As of 2022 V2X had not yet reached market deployment apart from Japan where commercial V2H solutions have been available since 2012 20 21 Utrecht is installing thousands of bidirectional chargers in anticipation of the arrival of vehicles that support bidirectional energy flows 22 Bidirectional V2G Edit V2G allows vehicles to provide electricity to the grid The utility or transmission system operator purchases energy from customers 23 In many jurisdictions meeting power demands during periods of peak demand is much more expensive than at other times Power from EVs is a potentially lower cost alternative In addition EV power can facilitate ancillary services 24 such as balancing and frequency control including primary frequency regulation and secondary reserve 25 V2G requires specialized hardware e g bi directional inverters has significant losses and limited round trip efficiency and the charge discharge cycling may shorten battery life Revenues from V2G in a Southern California Edison pilot project were lower than project administration costs eliminating its economic benefits 26 Bidirectional DC charging Edit Electric cars typically allows fast DC charging having the transformer in the charging station and connecting the battery directly to the station There are technology under development for bidirectional DC charging where the car can provide electricity to the station or reverse without extra hardware in the car having the DC to AC converter in the station In principle cars without hardware support for Vehicle to grid could with only software upgrade get bidirectionality 27 28 Efficiency EditMost modern battery electric vehicles use lithium ion cells that offer round trip efficiency greater than 90 29 Efficiency depends on factors like charge rate charge state battery state of health and temperature 30 31 The majority of losses are in system components other than the battery Power electronics such as inverters typically dominate losses 32 A study found round trip efficiency for V2G system in the range of 53 to 62 33 Another study reports efficiency of about 70 34 Overall efficiency depends on multiple factors and can vary widely 32 Implementation by country EditThis section s factual accuracy may be compromised due to out of date information Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information May 2020 A study conducted in 2012 by Idaho National Laboratory 35 reported estimates and plans for V2G in various countries The potential is difficult to quantify because the technology is still nascent United States Edit In July 2022 eight electric school buses in the San Diego Gas amp Electric service territory were part of the first V2G project intended to boost reliability during electric emergencies 36 37 Using V2G software from Nuvve 38 the bus batteries are aggregated with others in a nearby school district to form a participating resource under the Emergency Load Reduction Program ELRP 39 which was started in 2021 by the California Public Utilities Commission SDG amp E Pacific Gas and Electric and Southern California Edison manage the five year ELRP pilot In September 2022 the BIDIRECTIONAL Act was introduced in the US Senate to create a program dedicated to deploying electric school buses with bidirectional vehicle to grid V2G flow capability 40 In North America at least two major school bus manufacturers Blue Bird and Lion are working on proving the benefits of electrification and V2G technology As of 2020 school buses in the U S used 3 2B of diesel a year their electrification could potentially help stabilize the electrical grid lessen the need for power plants and reduce exposure to exhaust 41 42 43 In 2017 at University of California San Diego V2G technology provider Nuvve launched a pilot program called INVENT funded by the California Energy Commission with the installation of 50 V2G bi directional charging stations around the campus 44 The program expanded in 2018 to include a fleet of PEVs for its Triton Rides shuttle service 45 In 2018 Nissan launched a pilot program under the Nissan Energy Share initiative in partnership with V2G systems company Fermata Energy to use V2G technology to partially power Nissan North America s headquarters in Franklin Tennessee 46 In 2020 Fermata Energy s bidirectional electric vehicle charging system became the first to be certified to the North American safety standard UL 9741 the Standard for Bidirectional Electric Vehicle EV Charging System Equipment 47 Japan Edit Japan planned to spend 71 1 billion to upgrade existing grid infrastructure Average Japanese homes use 10 to 12 KWh day The Nissan Leaf s 24 KWh battery capacity could potentially provide up to two days of power citation needed In November 2018 in Toyota City Aichi Prefecture Toyota Tsusho Corporation and Chubu Electric Power Co Inc initiated VsG demonstrations with electric vehicles The demonstration examined how V2G systems balance demand and supply and power grid impacts Two bi directional charging stations connected to a V2G aggregation server managed by Nuvve Corporation were installed at a parking lot in Aichi Prefecture 48 Denmark Edit The Edison Project intends to install enough turbines to accommodate 50 of Denmark s total power needs while using V2G to protect the grid The Edison Project plans to use PEVs while they are plugged into the grid to store additional wind energy that the grid cannot handle Then during peak energy use hours or when the wind is calm the power stored in these PEVs will be fed into the grid To aid in the acceptance of PEVs zero emission vehicles received subsidies citation needed Following the Edison project the Nikola project was started 49 which focused on demonstrating V2G technology in a lab setting located at the Riso Campus DTU DTU is a partner along with Nuvve and Nissan The Nikola project completed in 2016 laying the groundwork for Parker which used a fleet of EVs to demonstrate the technology in a real life setting This project is partnered by DTU 50 Insero Nuvve Nissan and Frederiksberg Forsyning Danish DSO in Copenhagen The partners explored commercial opportunities by systematically testing and demonstrating V2G services across car brands Economic and regulatory barriers were identified as well as the economic and technical impacts of the applications on the power system and markets 51 The project started in August 2016 and ended in September 2018 United Kingdom Edit Starting in January 2011 programs and strategies to assist in PEV adoption were implemented In 2018 EDF Energy announced a partnership with Nuvve to install up to 1 500 Vehicle to Grid V2G chargers The chargers were to be offered to EDF Energy s business customers and at its own sites to provide up to 15 MW of energy storage capacity 52 In October 2019 a consortium called Vehicle to Grid Britain V2GB released a research report on the potential of V2G technologies 53 54 Poland Edit Solaris opened a Charging Park in Bolechowo Poland on September 29 2022 which will be used to test charging and discharging of e vehicles 55 Australia Edit Since 2020 the Australian National University s Realising Electric Vehicle to grid Services REVS team has been studying the reliability and viability of vehicle to grid at scale 56 spinning off the Battery Storage and Grid Integration Project 57 initiative In 2022 the first V2G charger became available to purchase in Australia delays in roll out have occurred due to regulatory processes each State Power Authority needs to certify them compliant after the Australian approval There are also limitations in uptake due to high price and the fact that very few Electric Vehicles EVs are approved to use V2G at present only the Nissan Leaf EV and some Mitsubishi hybrid EVs This roll out follows Australian National University researchers production of the A to Z of V2G a comprehensive review of international V2G projects 58 Germany Edit A project in Germany by The Mobility House in partnership with Nissan and TenneT used the Nissan Leaf to store energy 59 The main idea is to generate an essential solution for the German energy market wind energy from the north of the country is used to charge the EVs at the same time the EVs supply the grid during demand peaks avoiding the use of fossil fuels The project used ten vehicle charging stations Smart energy redistribution measures were controlled by software so the result showed that electromobility can be used to flexibly control renewable generation sources that vary with the climate Research EditEdison Edit Denmark s Edison project an abbreviation for Electric vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated market using Sustainable energy and Open Networks was a partially state funded research project on the island of Bornholm in Eastern Denmark The consortium included IBM Siemens the hardware and software developer EURISCO Denmark s largest energy company Orsted formerly DONG Energy the regional energy company Ostkraft the Technical University of Denmark and the Danish Energy Association It explored how to balance the unpredictable electricity loads generated by Denmark s wind farms then generating approximately 20 percent of the country s electricity by using PEVs and their accumulators The aim of the project is to develop necessary infrastructure 60 At least one rebuilt V2G capable Toyota Scion will be used in the project 61 The project was important in Denmark s efforts to expand its wind power generation to 50 by 2020 62 According to a source of British newspaper The Guardian It s never been tried at this scale previously 63 The project concluded in 2013 64 E ON and gridX Edit In 2020 the utility company E ON developed a V2H solution with gridX 65 The two companies implemented their solution in a private household to test the interaction of a PV system battery storage and bidirectional charging The house is equipped with three batteries with a combined capacity of 27 kWh a DC charger and a PV system of 5 6 kWp A 40 kWh Nissan Leaf was used Southwest Research Institute Edit In 2014 Southwest Research Institute SwRI developed the first V2G aggregation system qualified by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas ERCOT The system allows owners of electric delivery truck fleets to participate When the grid frequency drops below 60 Hertz the system suspends vehicle charging removing that load on the grid allowing the frequency to rise towards normal The system operates autonomously 66 The system was originally developed as part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security SPIDERS Phase II program led by Burns and McDonnell Engineering Company Inc 67 In November 2012 SwRI was awarded a 7 million contract from the U S Army Corps of Engineers to demonstrate V2G 68 In 2013 SwRI researchers tested five DC fast charge stations The system passed integration and acceptance testing in August 2013 69 Delft University of Technology Edit Prof Dr Ad van Wijk Vincent Oldenbroek and Dr Carla Robledo researchers at Delft University of Technology in 2016 conducted research on V2G technology with hydrogen FCEVs Both experimental work with V2G FCEVs and techno economic scenario studies for 100 renewable integrated energy and transport systems were done using hydrogen and electricity as energy carriers 70 They modified a Hyundai ix35 FCEV to deliver up to 10 kW DC Power 3 while maintaining road ready With Accenda they developed a V2G unit converting the vehicle s DC power into 3 phase AC power and injecting it into the grid 3 The Future Energy Systems Group tested whether FCEVs could offer frequency reserves 71 University of Delaware Edit Kempton Advani and Prasad conducted V2G research Kempton published articles on the technology and the concept 72 73 An operational implementation in Europe was conducted via the German government funded MeRegioMobil project with Opel as vehicle partner and utility EnBW providing grid expertise 74 Other investigators are the Pacific Gas and Electric Company Xcel Energy the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and in the United Kingdom the University of Warwick 75 In 2010 Kempton and Poilasne co founded Nuvve a V2G solutions company The company formed industry partnerships and implemented V2G pilot projects on five continents 44 76 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Edit Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed V2G Sim a simulation platform used to model spatial and temporal driving and charging behavior of individual PEVs on the grid Its models investigate the challenges and opportunities of V2G services such as modulation of charging time and charging rate for peak demand response and utility frequency regulation Preliminary findings indicated that controlled V2G service can provide peak shaving and valley filling services to balance daily electric load and mitigate the duck curve Uncontrolled vehicle charging was shown to exacerbate the duck curve 77 V2G Sim reported that V2G would have minor battery degradation impacts on PEVs as compared to cycling losses and calendar aging 78 Assuming daily V2G service from 7PM to 9PM at a charging rate of 1 440 kW the incremental capacity losses over ten years were 2 68 2 66 and 2 62 Nissan and Enel Edit In May 2016 Nissan and Enel power company announced a collaborative V2G trial in the United Kingdom 79 The trial used 100 V2G charging units including Nissan Leaf and e NV200 electric vans University of Warwick Edit WMG and Jaguar Land Rover collaborated with the Energy and Electrical Systems group of the university Uddin analysed commercially available PEVs over a two year period He created a model of battery degradation and discovered that some patterns of vehicle to grid storage were able to significantly increase battery longevity over conventional charging strategies given typical driving patterns 80 Drawbacks EditThe more a battery is used the sooner it needs replacing As of 2016 replacement cost was approximately 1 3 the cost of the car 81 Batteries degrade with use 82 JB Straubel then CTO of Tesla Inc discounted V2G claiming that battery wear outweighs economic benefit 83 A 2017 study found decreasing capacity 84 85 and a 2012 hybrid EV study found minor benefit 86 A 2015 study 87 found that economic analyses favorable to V2G failed to include many of the less obvious costs associated with its implementation When these less obvious costs are included the study reported that V2G was an economically inefficient solution Another common criticism related to efficiency is that cycling power into and out of a battery which includes inverting the DC power to AC inevitably incurs losses This cycle of energy efficiency may be compared with the 70 80 efficiency of large scale pumped storage hydroelectricity 88 Power companies must be willing to adopt the technology in order to allow vehicles to give power to the power grid 13 For vehicles to power the grid smart meters would have to be in place in order to support the accounting 14 See also Edit nbsp Energy portal nbsp Renewable energy portalCharge control Charging station Distributed generation Electranet Electric vehicle battery Electricity meter Energy demand management Feed in tariff Grid energy storage Grid tied electrical system Load profile Load balancing electrical power Operating reserve Peaking power plant Power outage RechargeIT Smart meter Solid state battery Vehicle to everything V2X References Edit Cleveland Cutler J Morris Christopher 2006 Dictionary of Energy Amsterdam Elsevier p 473 ISBN 978 0 08 044578 6 Pacific Gas and Electric Company Energizes Silicon Valley With Vehicle to Grid Technology Pacific Gas amp Electric 2007 04 07 Archived from the original on 2009 12 09 Retrieved 2009 10 02 a b c Robledo Carla B Oldenbroek Vincent Abbruzzese Francesca Wijk Ad J M van 2018 Integrating a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle with vehicle to grid technology photovoltaic power and a residential building Applied Energy 215 615 629 doi 10 1016 j apenergy 2018 02 038 S2CID 115673601 He Y Bhavsar P Chowdhury M Li Z 2015 10 01 Optimizing the performance of vehicle to grid V2G enabled battery electric vehicles through a smart charge scheduling model International Journal of Automotive Technology 16 5 827 837 doi 10 1007 s12239 015 0085 3 ISSN 1976 3832 S2CID 38215809 Uddin Kotub Jackson Tim Widanage Widanalage D Chouchelamane Gael Jennings Paul A Marco James August 2017 On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart grid system Energy 133 710 722 doi 10 1016 j energy 2017 04 116 Wassink Jos 2016 07 18 Hydrogen car as power backup Delta TU Delft Retrieved 2017 11 07 Chukwu Uwakwe C Mahajan Satish M V2G parking lot with PV rooftop for capacity enhancement of a distribution system 5 1 119 127 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Yong Jia Ying et al 2015 A review on the state of the art technologies of electric vehicle its impacts and prospects Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 365 385 doi 10 1016 j rser 2015 04 130 Sortomme Eric El Sharkawi Mohamed 2011 Optimal charging strategies for unidirectional vehicle to grid Smart Grid IEEE Transactions on 2 1 131 138 doi 10 1109 tsg 2010 2090910 S2CID 9522962 Goldstein Harry 2022 08 01 What V2G Tells Us About EVs and the Grid IEEE Spectrum Retrieved 2022 08 16 Vehicle to Grid V2G Everything you need to know www virta global Retrieved 2022 11 11 Liasi S G Golkar M A 2017 Electric vehicles connection to microgrid effects on peak demand with and without demand response Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering ICEE Tehran pp 1272 1277 doi 10 1109 IranianCEE 2017 7985237 a b Uddin Kotub Dubarry Matthieu Glick Mark B February 2018 The viability of vehicle to grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective Energy Policy 113 342 347 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2017 11 015 a b Pillai Jayakrishnan R Bak Jensen Birgitte September 2010 Impacts of electric vehicle loads on power distribution systems 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference pp 1 6 doi 10 1109 vppc 2010 5729191 ISBN 978 1 4244 8220 7 S2CID 34017339 Woody Todd 2007 06 12 PG amp E s Battery Power Plans Could Jump Start Electric Car Market Green Wombat Archived from the original on 2007 08 14 Retrieved 2007 08 19 US 4317049 SCHWEPPE FRED C Frequency adaptive power energy re scheduler published 1982 02 23 RMI Smart Garage Charrette Report PDF Rocky Mountain Institute Archived from the original PDF on 2010 10 07 Vehicle Grid Integration VGI Roadmap Enabling vehicle based grid services PDF California ISO February 2014 Paulraj Pon 2019 12 10 What are V1G V2G and V2H V2B V2X smart charging Integrating electric vehicles into power grid E Mobility Simplified Retrieved 2020 02 22 Cedillos Dagoberto 2019 01 29 V2X how storage on wheels can reshape our energy system Open Energi Retrieved 2020 06 15 Storck Carlos Renato Duarte Figueiredo Fatima 2019 01 29 A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles MDPI sensors Dumiak Michael 2022 06 27 This Dutch City Is Road Testing Vehicle to Grid Tech IEEE Spectrum Retrieved 2022 12 13 Liasi S G Bathaee S M T 2017 Optimizing microgrid using demand response and electric vehicles connection to microgrid Smart Grid Conference SGC Tehran pp 1 7 doi 10 1109 SGC 2017 8308873 Saldana Gaizka Jose Ignacio San Martin Inmaculada Zamora Francisco Javier Asensio and Oier Onederra Electric vehicle into the grid Charging methodologies aimed at providing ancillary services considering battery degradation Energies 12 no 12 2019 2443 Schmidt Bridie 2020 10 27 First vehicle to grid electric car charger goes on sale in Australia The Driven Southern California Edison Company s Department of Defense Vehicle to Grid Final Report California Public Utilities Commission 2017 World first trial with CCS could open up vehicle to everything technology to all EVs AMBICHARGE BIDIRECTIONAL DC CHARGING TECHNOLOGY Valoen Lars Ole Shoesmith Mark I 2007 The effect of PHEV and HEV duty cycles on battery and battery pack performance 2007 Plug in Highway Electric Vehicle Conference Tatiana Minav 2014 03 26 Energy Regeneration and Efficiency in an Electro Hydraulic Forklift with Lithium Titanate Batteries Chapter 5 Analysis PDF Download Available ResearchGate Retrieved 2017 05 20 battery efficiency during performed testes in average is 98 Charging Lithium ion Batteries Battery University Cadex 2016 01 29 Retrieved 2018 05 13 Charge efficiency is 97 to 99 percent a b Apostolaki Iosifidou Elpiniki Codani Paul Kempton Willett 2017 05 15 Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging Energy 127 730 742 doi 10 1016 j energy 2017 03 015 ISSN 0360 5442 Shirazi Yosef A Sachs David L 2018 01 01 Comments on Measurement of power loss during electric vehicle charging and discharging Notable findings for V2G economics Energy 142 1139 1141 doi 10 1016 j energy 2017 10 081 ISSN 0360 5442 Apostolaki Iosifidou Elpiniki Kempton Willett Codani Paul 2018 01 01 Reply to Shirazi and Sachs comments on Measurement of Power Loss During Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Energy 142 1142 1143 doi 10 1016 j energy 2017 10 080 ISSN 0360 5442 Briones Adrene Francfort James Heitmann Paul Schey Michael Schey Steven Smart John 2012 09 01 Vehicle to Grid V2G Power Flow PDF Idaho National Laboratory Retrieved 2015 04 29 dead link Nora Manthey 2022 07 20 Nuvve and SDG amp E launch V2G scheme for electric school buses Electrive Retrieved 2022 07 20 Hudson Sangree 2022 08 02 California Sees First V2G Reliability Project RTO Insider Retrieved 2022 08 02 Home NUVVE Holding Corp Retrieved 2022 08 15 Emergency Load Reduction Program www cpuc ca gov Retrieved 2022 08 15 Johnson Peter 2022 09 30 BIDIRECTIONAL Act introduced in US Senate to promote electric school buses feeding grid Electrek Retrieved 2022 10 02 Lindeman Tracey Pearson Jordan Maiberg Emanuel 2018 05 15 Electric School Buses Can Be Backup Batteries For the US Power Grid Motherboard Retrieved 2018 12 13 Engle John 2021 12 02 Electric school bus charging hub could provide blueprint for grid support Renewable Energy World Retrieved 2022 02 06 Muller Joann 2020 01 10 Fleets of electric school buses are being tested to store power for the grid Axios Retrieved 2022 02 06 a b Xconomy Startup Pioneers EV to Grid Technology in Pilot at UC San Diego Xconomy 2017 06 16 Retrieved 2018 12 13 UC SAN DIEGO EXPANDS TRITON RIDES PROGRAM WITH VEHICLE TO GRID SERVICE FROM NUVVE NUVVE Corp 2018 10 30 Retrieved 2018 12 13 Nissan LEAF helps to power company s North American facilities with new charging technology 2018 11 28 Fermata Energy Receives the First UL Certification for Vehicle to Grid Electric Vehicle Charging System MarketScreener 2018 11 07 Toyota Tsusho and Chubu Electric Power Announce to Initiate Japan s First Ever Demonstration Project of Charging and Discharging from Storage Batteries of Electric Vehicles to the Electric Grid www marketscreener com Retrieved 2019 01 09 Home Nikola Retrieved 2016 07 12 Andersen Peter Bach Marinelli Mattia Olesen Ole Jan Andersen Claus Amtrup Poilasne Gregory Christensen Bjoern Alm Ole 2014 The Nikola project intelligent electric vehicle integration PDF Technical University of Denmark Retrieved 2016 07 12 Parker Danish project defines the electric vehicle of the future Retrieved 2019 01 09 EDF Energy and Nuvve Corporation Announce Plans to Install 1 500 Smart Electric Chargers in the United Kingdom Oil amp Gas 360 2018 10 31 Retrieved 2019 01 09 Vehicle to Grid Britain Energy Systems Catapult 2019 10 01 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Deign Jason 2018 03 19 Why Is Vehicle to Grid Taking So Long to Happen www greentechmedia com Retrieved 2020 01 09 Solaris opens new warehouse hall and charging park for e vehicles in Bolechowo Sustainable Bus 2022 10 04 Retrieved 2022 10 05 Electric vehicle fleets set to be on call to backup the grid Canberra Australian National University 2020 07 08 Retrieved 2022 11 30 Battery Storage and Grid Integration Project Canberra Retrieved 2022 11 30 Jones Laura Lucas Healey Kathryn Sturmberg Bjorn Temby Hugo Islam Monirul January 2021 A to Z of V2G A comprehensive analysis of vehicle to grid technology worldwide Australian Renewable Energy Agency Retrieved 2023 01 03 clarification needed V2G Redispatch TenneT Nissan The Mobility House V2GHub 2023 Retrieved 2023 10 03 Intelligent power grid Zurich IBM Research WP3 Distributed integration technology development Edison Archived from the original on 2011 08 29 Retrieved 2011 08 30 Danish Climate and Energy Policy Danish Energy Agency 2013 Archived from the original on 2016 03 09 Retrieved 2016 03 08 Graham Rowe Duncan 2009 06 19 Denmark to power electric cars by wind in vehicle to grid experiment The Guardian London Retrieved 2011 08 30 Rasmussen Jan 2013 07 11 The Edison project is successfully closed Edison Archived from the original on 2016 04 05 Retrieved 2016 03 08 Press Release gridX and E ON develop optimised charging and Vehicle2Home solution www gridx ai Retrieved 2021 01 18 SwRI develops first ERCOT qualified vehicle to grid aggregation system Southwest Research Institute 2014 01 14 Retrieved 2015 02 26 SPIDERS The Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security PDF Sandia National Laboratories SwRI will participate in a U S Army program to demonstrate alternative sources for an emergency electrical power grid Southwest Research Institute 2012 11 13 Retrieved 2015 02 26 SwRI deploys novel vehicle to grid aggregation system Southwest Research Institute 2013 09 09 Retrieved 2015 02 26 Oldenbroek Vincent Verhoef Leendert A van Wijk Ad J M 2017 03 23 Fuel cell electric vehicle as a power plant Fully renewable integrated transport and energy system design and analysis for smart city areas International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 12 8166 8196 doi 10 1016 j ijhydene 2017 01 155 Michelle Poorte 2017 Technical and economic feasibility assessment of a Car Park as Power Plant offering frequency reserves a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help V2G Vehicle to Grid Power June 2001 Retrieved 2008 02 05 Kempton Willett Udo Victor Huber Ken Komara Kevin Letendre Steve Baker Scott Brunner Doug Pearre Nat November 2008 A Test of Vehicle to Grid V2G for Energy Storage and Frequency Regulation in the PJM System PDF University of Delaware Retrieved 2016 03 08 Brinkman Norm Eberle Ulrich Formanski Volker Grebe Uwe Dieter Matthe Roland 2012 Vehicle Electrification Quo Vadis doi 10 13140 2 1 2638 8163 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Motavalli Jim 2007 09 02 Power to the People Run Your House on a Prius New York Times Retrieved 2014 12 20 Our Story NUVVE Corp Retrieved 2020 02 22 Used EV Batteries Get New Life Powering the Grid Fleetcarma com Retrieved 2017 10 06 Wang Dai Saxena Samveg Coignard Jonathan Iosifidou Elpiniki Guan Xiaohong 2016 07 21 Quantifying electric vehicle battery degradation from driving vs V2G services 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting PESGM pp 1 5 doi 10 1109 PESGM 2016 7741180 ISBN 978 1 5090 4168 8 S2CID 434374 Nissan and Enel Launch Groundbreaking Vehicle to grid Project in the UK Nissan Newsroom UK Retrieved 2016 11 19 Uddin Kotub Jackson Tim Widanage Widanalage D Chouchelamane Gael Jennings Paul A Marco James 2017 04 25 On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart grid system PDF Energy University of Warwick 133 710 722 doi 10 1016 j energy 2017 04 116 Retrieved 2018 05 13 Frequently Asked Questions Electric Vehicles Canadian Automobile Association Retrieved 2016 03 08 Lithium Ion UF103450P PDF Panasonic 2012 Retrieved 2016 03 08 Shahan Zachary 2016 08 22 Why Vehicle To Grid amp Used EV Battery Storage Isn t Logical Clean Technica Retrieved 2016 08 22 Green Car Congress Hawaii study finds vehicle to grid discharge detrimental to EV batteries www greencarcongress com 2017 05 15 Retrieved 2017 05 18 Dubarry Matthieu Devie Arnaud McKenzie Katherine 2017 Durability and reliability of electric vehicle batteries under electric utility grid operations Bidirectional charging impact analysis Journal of Power Sources 358 39 49 Bibcode 2017JPS 358 39D doi 10 1016 j jpowsour 2017 05 015 Peterson Scott B 2012 01 05 Plug in hybrid electric vehicles battery degradation grid support emissions and battery size tradeoffs Thesis US Carnegie Mellon University p 8 Shirazi Yosef Carr Edward Knapp Lauren 2015 12 01 A cost benefit analysis of alternatively fueled buses with special considerations for V2G technology Energy Policy 87 591 603 doi 10 1016 j enpol 2015 09 038 ISSN 0301 4215 S2CID 154598691 Levine John Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage and Spatial Diversity of Wind Resources as Methods of Improving Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources PDF US Colorado University Archived from the original PDF on 2014 08 01 Retrieved 2014 08 28 Further reading EditMarkel T Meintz A Hardy K Chen B Bohn T Smart J Scoffield D Hovsapian R Saxena S MacDonald J Kiliccote S Kahl K Pratt R 2015 Multi Lab EV Smart Grid Integration Requirements Study Providing Guidance on Technology Development and Demonstration PDF National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 2016 03 08 Diehl Stephen Study suggests electric cars could pay their owners back Green Mountain College Archived from the original on 2008 02 25 Kempton Willett 2005 06 06 Automobiles Designing the 21st century fleet PDF Seattle V2G Technical Symposium University of Delaware Archived from the original PDF on 2006 04 28 20kW DC AC Power Inverter Preliminary Specifications For Distributed Power Applications UQM Technologies Inc March 2003 Archived from the original on 2008 03 03 Heather Silyn Roberts 2000 Reports Papers and Presentations Oxford Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 978 0 7506 4636 9 Archived from the original on 2008 10 26 via AC Propulsion Inc External links Edit Electric Vehicle Grid Integration National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved 2016 03 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vehicle to grid amp oldid 1179472997, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.