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Malabar District

February 19, 2024

This article is about the administrative district of colonial British India. For similarly named places, see Malabar (disambiguation).

Malabar District, also known as Malayalam District,[1][2] was an administrative district on the southwestern Malabar Coast of Bombay Presidency (1792–1800),[3] Madras Presidency (1800-1937),[4] Madras Province (1937–1950) and finally, Madras State (1950-1956) in India. It was the most populous and the third-largest district in the erstwhile Madras State.[5] The historic town of Calicut (now Kozhikode) was the admisnitrative headquarters of this district.

Malabar district
District of Madras
1792–1956

Malabar District with revenue divisions and taluks
CapitalCalicut
Area 
• 1951
15,027[1] km2 (5,802 sq mi)
Population 
• 1951
4,758,842[1]
Government
District collector 
History 
• Territories ceded by Tipu Sultan attached to Bombay Presidency
1792
• Divided into North Malabar and South Malabar
1793
• Attached to Madras Presidency
1800
• Reorganisation of Taluks
1860
• Transferred Gudalur and Pandalur to Nilgiris
1877
• Became part of Madras State
1950
• Kasaragod was added and became part of Kerala
1956
• Divided into the five districts of Kozhikode, Thrissur, Palakkad, Kannur, and Lakshadweep
1956

The district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad (excluding Chittur taluk), Chavakad Taluk and parts of Kodungallur Taluk of Thrissur district (former part of Ponnani Taluk), and Fort Kochi area of Ernakulam district in the northern and central parts of present Kerala state, the Lakshadweep Islands, and a major portion of the Nilgiris district in modern-day Tamil Nadu. The detached settlements of Tangasseri and Anchuthengu, which were British colonies within the kingdom of Travancore in southern Kerala, also formed part of Malabar District until 1927.[6]

Malayalam was the administrative as well as the most spoken lingua franca of Malabar district. Jeseri, a distinct dialect of Malayalam, was spoken in the Laccadive Islands. Malabar District merged with the erstwhile state of Travancore-Cochin (1950-1956) to form Kerala according to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.[7] On the same day, the present Kasaragod district of South Canara District was also attached to Malabar, and the Laccadive and Minicoy Islands of Malabar were reorganised to form a new Union Territory.[7] Malabar was trifurcated to form the districts of Kannur,[8] Kozhikode,[9] and Palakkad,[10] on 1 January 1957.

The city of Kozhikode was the capital of Malabar. Malabar was divided into North Malabar and South Malabar in 1793 for administrative convenience, with their regional headquarters at Thalassery and Cherpulassery (Later changed to Ottapalam) respectively. During the British rule, Malabar's chief importance lay in its production of Malabar pepper, coconut, and tiles.[11] In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency, it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844.[12] The District of Malabar and the ports at Beypore and Fort Kochi had some sort of importance in the erstwhile Madras Presidency as it was one of the two districts of the Presidency that lies on the Western Malabar Coast, thus accessing the marine route through Arabian Sea. The first railway line of Kerala from Tirur to Beypore in 1861 was laid for it. The work Malabar Manual (1887) authored by William Logan in two volumes explains the characteristics of Malabar.

A 1652 Map of India (Malabar is highlighted separately on the right side)
A 1744 map of Malabar Coast

The district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west, South Canara District on the north, the Western Ghats (the princely states of Coorg and Mysore, and Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts) to the east, and the princely state of Cochin to the south. The district covered an area of 15,027 square kilometres (5,802 sq mi), and extended 233 km (145 mi) along the coast and 40–120 kilometers (25–75 miles) inland. The name Mala-bar means the "hillside slopes".[citation needed]

All the major pre-independence political parties of Kerala such as the INC and CPI started their functioning in Kerala at Malabar District as a part of the freedom struggle. KPCC was formed in 1921 at Ottapalam, on the bank of river Bharathappuzha.[13] In July 1937, a clandestine meeting of the CSP, which was the political party formed by socialists of Congress, was held at Calicut.[14] The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference, held near Thalassery.[15] It was the erstwhile leaders of Congress Socialist Party, such as P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, who formed the CPI branch in Kerala.

Etymology edit

Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for Kerala.[16] Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.[17][18] The people of Malabar were known as Malabars. Still the term Malabar is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India. From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala ('hill').[19][20] Al-Biruni (AD 973 - 1048) must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar.[16] Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works.[21] The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills. According to William Logan, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[16]

History edit

 
Important towns in the erstwhile Malabar District
 
An old map of Malabar District (1854). Note that the taluks Pandalur, Gudalur, and Kundah in present-day Nilgiris district were parts of Wayanad Taluk in 1854. The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.[22]

South Malabar edit

See also: Zamorin of Calicut, Eranad, Kingdom of Valluvanad, Parappanad, Kavalappara, Kingdom of Tanur, Nilambur Kingdom, Nedungadi, and Palakkad
 
India in early 1320 CE. Note that most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the Zamorin of Kozhikode.
 
The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode (black line) in 1498, which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent. At that time, the Zamorin of Kozhikode was residing at Ponnani
 
Uru, a type of ship built at Beypore, Calicut

Ancient era edit

The ancient maritime port of Tyndis, which was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome, is roughly identified with Ponnani, Tanur, and Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the Roman Empire.[23] The River Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani) had importance since Sangam period (1st-4th century CE), due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland.[24]

Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).[25] The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period.[26] According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces.[27] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[28] The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[29][30]

Early Middle Ages edit

Three inscriptions those date back to 932 CE, those were found from Triprangode (near Tirunavaya), Kottakkal, and Chaliyar, mention the name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty.[31] The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur.[31] Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from Sukapuram near Edappal, which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).[32] Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis, similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad. The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title Eralppad/Eradi. It was the ruler of Eranad who later became the Zamorin of Calicut by annexing the port town of Calicut from Polanad, which was vassal to Kolathunadu. The ruler of Kingdom of Cochin also traces back to Ponnani in South Malabar. South Malabar was also the seat of the kingdoms of Parappanad, Vettathunadu, Valluvanadu, Nedungadis, and Palakkad. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the Travancore royal family. The Azhvanchery Thamprakkal were the feudal lords of Athavanad. Tirunavaya, the seat of Mamankam festival, lies on the bank of the river Bharathappuzha.

Rise of Kozhikode edit

In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya region from Valluvanad, which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to Kochi. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval Malabar Coast.[3]

During the 15th century Kalaripayattu was important in the history of Malabar, where some warriors lived, most notably puthooram veettil Aromal Chekavar and his sister Unniyarcha, chieftains of martial arts.[33][34][35]Kozhikode was the largest city in the Indian state of Kerala under the rule of Zamorin of Calicut, an independent kingdom based at Kozhikode. It remained so until the 18th century CE. The port at Kozhikode was the gateway to South Indian coast for the Arabs, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and finally the British.[36] The Kunjali Marakkars, who were the naval chief of the Zamorin of Kozhikode, are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[37] Under British Raj, Kozhikode became the headquarters of Malabar District, one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile Madras Presidency. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.[38] The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.[39] Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan and Pullambil Moopan and Vamala Moopan families were very prominent among those who said that two centuries ago, some Jenmis in Kozhikode were engaged in sea trade and shipping.[40][41]

At the peak of their reign, the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam (Quilon) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (Koyilandy) in the north.[42][43] They were the most powerful rulers on Malabar Coast and Kozhikode was the largest city of Kerala until the Portuguese era. The Zamorin of Calicut, who was originally the ruler of Eranad based at Nediyiruppu, developed the port at Kozhikode and changed his headquarters to there for maritime trade. Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited the city of Kozhikode six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit-out others like them".[44] Ma Huan (1403 AD), the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho (Zheng He)[45] states the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day), and the matrilineal system of succession. Abdur Razzak (1442–43), Niccolò de' Conti (1445), Afanasy Nikitin (1468–74), Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508), and Duarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.[46][47]

The Kingdom of Cochin used to adopt members from Kingdom of Tanur in the medieval period.[3] Being home to the prominent figures like Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, Poonthanam Nambudiri, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, Kunchan Nambiar, and Zainuddin Makhdoom II, South Malabar was the cultural capital of medieval Kerala. The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.[48][49] The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu (Tirur region) of South Malabar.[48]

Kozhikode, Tanur, and Ponnani were the three major port cities in South Malabar region, while the minor trading ports included Beypore, Parappanangadi, and Chaliyam.[43] The coastal Kingdom of Tanur, the Kingdom of Valluvanad in inland, and Palakkad in the hilly region formed other major kingdoms in South Malabar region in the medieval period.[43] Marthanda Varma, the founder of Travancore, belongs to Parappanad royal family. In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.[50]

North Malabar edit

See also: Kolathunadu, Kingdom of Kottayam, Arakkal kingdom, Kadathanadu, and Kurumbranad
 
St. Angelo Fort at Kannur
 
The Mappila Bay harbour at Ayikkara. On one side, there is St. Angelo Fort (built in 1505) and on the other side is Arakkal palace.
 
A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, Volume I
 
Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by John Johnston (1795-1801)

Ancient era edit

North Malabar was the seat of powerful kingdom based at Ezhimala in the Sangam period (1st-5th century CE). The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur.[51] The kingdom of Ezhimala had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode.[52] Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad-Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg).[53] It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras, just before his execution in a battle, according to the Sangam works.[53]

Early Middle Ages edit

Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.[54] The Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.[55]

An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, Kerala.[56] The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.[57] In his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian of Tangiers.

Late Middle Ages edit

 
An old map of India in 1804. Note that only Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Kochi, are marked as cities within the present-day state of Kerala

Until the 16th century CE, the Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[58] The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire.[59] The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[3] They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala.[3] Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu.[3] Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of Zamorin later. The Kolathunadu in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor, Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.[2] The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.[60]

Kannur was an important trading centre in the 12th century, with active business connections with Persia and Arabia. It served as the British military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. Kannur Cantonment is the only cantonment board in Kerala. Kannur was the capital city of Kolathunadu, one of the four powerful kingdoms who ruled Kerala during the medieval period. Arakkal Kingdom and Chirakkal kingdom were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur. The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.[38] St. Angelo Fort was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to the king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772. The British conquered it in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast. During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in the Malabar region - Arakkal.[61] The Ali Rajas of Arakkal kingdom, near Kannur, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the Lakshadweep islands.[62]

In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[63] The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[63] In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[63] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[63]

In conjunction with her sister city, Thalassery, it was the third-largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after Bombay and Karachi. Vatakara and Koyilandy were two major coastal towns in North Malabar region besides Kannur and Thalassery.

Portuguese influences edit

 
Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama (1524)

The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late Middle Ages. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European Age of Discovery. After Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to dominate eastern shipping, and the spice-trade in particular.[64][65][66] The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory and a fort. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them.

The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur, who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode.[3] As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin.[3] Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from Vettom.[3] However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504).[2] However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut.[58]

The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When Francisco de Almeida was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was established at Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) rather than in Kozhikode. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast.[67] Fort St Angelo or St. Angelo Fort was built at Kannur in 1505 and Fort St Thomas was built at Kollam(Quilon) in 1518 by the Portuguese.[68] However, the Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in Malabar region; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known as Kunjali Marakkars, which compelled them to seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.[37] An insurrection at the Port of Quilon between the Arabs and the Portuguese led to the end of the Portuguese era in Quilon. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort.[69] The Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who during the conflicts between the Kozhikode and the Kochi, gained control of the trade.[70]

Under Mysore Sultans edit

 
Palakkad Fort
 
Malabar as a part of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore

In 1757, to check the invasion of the Zamorin of Calicut, the Palakkad Raja sought the help of Hyder Ali of Mysore. In 1766, Haider Ali of Mysore defeated the Samoothiri of Kozhikode – an East India Company ally at the time – and absorbed Kozhikode to his state.[43][71] After the Third Mysore War (1790–1792), Malabar was placed under the control of the company. Eventually, the status of the Samoothiri was reduced to that of a pensioner of the company (1806).[43][72] When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed.[73] Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road.[74] His son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars.[75][76]

Colonial period edit

Tipu ultimately ceded the Malabar district and South Kanara to the company in the 1790s; both were initially annexed to the Bombay Presidency of British India.[77][78][79] After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of Malabar Coast, those became British colonies, were organized into a district of British India. Later the region was transferred into the Madras Presidency in 1800.[3] The administrative headquarters were at Calicut (Kozhikode). Local affairs were managed by the District Board at Calicut along with Taluk Boards located at Malappuram, Thalassery, Palakkad and Mananthavady.[80] Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, who had popular support in Thalassery-Wayanad region.[3] During the 19th century, British established their army stations at Kannur, Malappuram, and Calicut. Malappuram which was one of the European military stations in Madras presidency since 1852, also became the special police force headquarters of Malabar District, with the establishment of the Malabar Special Police in 1885.[6] British in Malabar also converted Thiyyar army, called as Thiyya pattalam into a special regiment centered at Thalassery called as The Thiyyar Regiment in 1904.[81][82][83][84] The oldest railway lines of Kerala lie in Malabar District which was laid in the late 19th century for the transportation of good and services; the line laid from Tirur to Beypore in 1861 being the first among them.

 
A map of Malabar District (Malayalam district) drawn by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in 1807. Kasaragod region of South Canara was also included in Malayalam region (just above the blue shaded region)
 
A map of the Madras Presidency in 1909

According to William Logan, the Taluks of Malabar could be subdivided on the basis of the feudal lords who ruled them before as given below:

Chirakkal Taluk edit

The Amsoms included in Chirakkal Taluk was classified into two divisions of Kolathunadu and Randathara (also called Poyanadu). There were 44 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

Kolathunadu edit

Kolathunadu was the land where Kolattiri Rajas (Chirakkal family) were historically considered as the main authority. It was ruled by Kolattiri Raja, Mannanars,[85] Arakkal Kingdom, and Kingdom of Mysore in various periods.[2] It consisted of the following 36 Amsoms:

Randathara edit

Randathara was also called Poyanadu due to the belief that it was the place from where the Cheraman Perumal took his final departure on the journey to Mecca. It was originally a part of Kolathunadu, but was treated as a different Nadu.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Kottayam Taluk edit

The Amsoms included in Kottayam Taluk was classified into four divisions- The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands, Iruvazhinadu, Kurangott Nayar Nadu, and Kottayam. There were 28 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands edit
 
Thalassery is also notable for Thalassery cuisine

It was a part of the ancient Kolathunadu. Later it became a part of the Arakkal kingdom and Kingdom of Mysore. The island of Dharmapattanam was claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi.[2] The English had settled here and started a factory here. It consisted of the following 4 Amsoms:

Iruvazhinadu edit

It was also under the Kolathunadu earlier. When the English factory was established at Thalassery, Iruvazhinadu was held by six families of Nambiars - Kunnummal, Chandroth, Kizhakkedath, Kampurath, Narangozhi, and Kariyad Nambiars. Kurangott Nayar's possession also probably formed part of the original territory of Iruvazhinadu.[2] It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

Kurangott Nayar Nadu edit

It laid between the English settlement at Thalassery and the French settlement at Mahe.[2] It consisted of the following two Amsoms.

  • Olavilam
  • Kallayi[2]
Kottayam edit

It was also earlier a part of Kolathunadu. The Kottayam Rajas (also known as Puranattu Rajas in the meaning of foreign Kshatriya caste) received their territory from the Kolattu Rajas. Pazhassi Raja was a Kottayam Raja.[2] It consisted of the following 16 Amsoms.

Wynad Taluk edit

 
Wayanad, a part of the greater Deccan Plateau, is the only plateau region of Kerala

The Amsoms included in Wynad Taluk was classified into three divisions- North Wynad, South Wynad, and Southeast Wynad. There were 16 Amsoms in the Taluk.[86] Wynad was a separate Revenue Division within Malabar District until 1924.[12]

Wynad was ruled by various kingdoms including Kutumbiyas,[87] Kadambas, Western Chalukyas,[88] Hoysalas,[89] Vijayanagaras, and the Kingdom of Mysore, in various periods. Wynad was home to many tribes. Wynad has relations with the Kingdom of Kottayam and Kurumbranad. Some parts were ruled by the Kottayam dynasty.[86]

North Wynad edit

It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

South Wynad edit

It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

Southeast Wynad edit

It was the regions included in the Gudalur and Pandalur Taluks of present Nilgiris district. Southeast Wynad was a part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877, when it was transferred to the neighbouring Nilgiris district due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris.[86] It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms.

Kurumbranad Taluk edit

 
Thamarassery Churam in southeastern Kurumbranad was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.

The Amsoms included in Kurumbranad Taluk was classified into five divisions- Kadathanad, Payyormala, Payanad, Kurumbranad, and Thamarassery (Some Amsoms of Kurumbranad and Thamarassery were included in the Kozhikode Taluk). There were 57 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

Kadathanad edit

It was also part of the Kolathunadu earlier. It formed a major portion of the Thekkalankur (Southern Regent), or the second headquarters of the Kolattiri Rajas. When the English company settled at Thalassery, Kadathanad was under the ancestors of the Kadathanad Rajas, who was then called Bavnores of Badagara.[2] It consisted of the following 31 Amsoms:

Payyormala edit

It was under the control of the Nairs of Payyormala (Paleri, Avinyat, and Kutali Nairs). They were independent chieftains with some theoretical dependence on both the Kurumbranad and the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Payanadu edit

It was dependent on the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms:

Kurumbranad edit

It was subjected to the Kurumbranad family, which was connected with the Kingdom of Kottayam.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks:

Thamarassery edit

It was also subjected to the Kottayam Rajas.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks:

Kozhikode Taluk edit

The Amsoms included in Kozhikode Taluk was classified into three divisions- Polanad, Beypore (Northern Parappanad), and Puzhavayi. There were 41 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2] (As stated earlier, a part of Kurumbranad and Thamarasseri historical divisions of Kurumbranad Taluk was also included in the Kozhikode Taluk.)

Polanad edit

Polanad was ruled by the Porlathiri Rajas before the conquest of Kozhikode by the Zamorin of Calicut. After the conquest, the Zamorins shifted their headquarters from Nediyiruppu in Eranad to Kozhikode. It became the capital of the Zamorins.[2] It consisted of the following 22 Amsoms:

Beypore (Northern Parappanad) edit

Parappanad kingdom was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut headquartered at Parappanangadi. It was divided into Northern Parappanad and Southern Parappanad. Northern Parappanad was headquartered at Beypore.[2] It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms:

Puzhavayi edit

It was ruled by its own Nairs who had a dependence on both of the Zamorin of Calicut and the Kurumbranad.[2] It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms:

Ernad Taluk edit

 
Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation at Nilambur in Eastern Eranad, was planted in the 1840s by the Collector H. V. Conolly.

The Amsoms included in Ernad Taluk was classified into four divisions- Parappur (Southern Parappanad), Ramanad, Cheranad, and Eranad. There were 52 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2] (A part of Cheranad division was under Ponnani Taluk).

Parappur (Southern Parappanad) edit

Southern Parappanad was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut. Parappanangadi, the headquarters of Parappanad royal family, was at Southern Parappanad.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Ramanad edit

Ramanad was directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Cheranad edit

Cheranad was also directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut.[2] Cheranad was scattered in Eranad and Ponnani Taluks. The headquarters of Cheranad was Tirurangadi. It consisted of the following 17 Amsoms:

Eranad edit

Eranad was the original headquarters of the Zamorin of Calicut. It was later changed to Kozhikode with the conquest of Polanad. It also was under the direct rule of the Zamorin.[2] It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms:

Walluvanad Taluk edit

 
Attappadi valley in Walluvanad

The Amsoms included in Walluvanad Taluk was classified into four divisions- Vellatiri (Walluvanad proper), Walluvanad, Nedunganad, and Kavalappara. There were 64 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper) edit

Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper) was the sole remaining territory of the Walluvanad Raja (Valluvakonathiri), who had once ruled majority of the South Malabar. A major part of Ernad Taluk was under Walluvanad before the expansion of the Ernad in 13th-14th centuries. Some of the Amsoms in this division was part of the Ernad Taluk.[2] It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms:

Walluvanad edit

The Amsoms in this division was comparatively later acquisition by the Zamorin in the territory of the Walluvanad Raja.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Nedunganad edit

Nedunganad had been under the Zamorin for some time. After the disintegration of Perumals of Mahodayapuram, Nedunganad became independent. It was ruled by Nedungadis. Later it came under the Zamorin's kingdom.[2] It consisted of the following 27 Amsoms:

Kavalappara edit

Kavalappara had its own Nairs, who owed a sort of nominal allegiance both to the Zamorin of Calicut and the Kingdom of Cochin.[2] It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms:

  • Mundakkottukurissi
  • Panamanna
  • Koonathara
  • Karakkad
  • Kuzhappalli
  • Mundamuka[2]

Ponnani Taluk edit

 
Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, Tirunavaya. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile manufacturing industry in India. First tile factory was at Feroke, which was a part of Eranad Taluk then

The Amsoms included in Ponnani Taluk was classified into three divisions- Vettathunad, Koottanad, Chavakkad, and the Island of Chetvai . There were 73 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

Vettathunad edit
 
Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunad)

Vettathunad, also known as the Kingdom of Tanur, was a coastal city-state kingdom in the Malabar Coast. It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja, who was dependent on the Zamorin of Calicut. The Kshatriya family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793.[2] Vettathunad consisted of the following 21 Amsoms:

Koottanad edit
 
Ponnani harbour in the mid-1930s

The second home of the Zamorin of Calicut was Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani in Koottanad. The Zamorin had control over the Koottanad.[2] It consisted of the following 24 Amsoms:

Chavakkad edit

Chavakkad had been under the suzerainty of the Zamorin.[2] It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms:

The Island of Chetvai edit

The Island of Chetvai had been earlier under the suzerainty of the Zamorin, but it came under the possession of the Dutch in 1717.[2] It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms:

Palghat Taluk edit

The Amsoms included in Palghat Taluk was classified into three divisions- Palghat, Temmalapuram, and Naduvattam. There were 56 Amsoms in the Taluk.[2]

Palghat edit

Palghat was ruled by the Palghat Rajas. Sometime previously to 1757, the Zamorin of Calicut, the Kingdom of Valluvanad, and the Kingdom of Cochin had tried to annex Palghat. Cochin had annexed Chittur region. Walluvanad Raja had a nominal sovereignty over the Nairs of Kongad, Edathara, and Mannur.[2] Palghat division consisted of the following 23 Amsoms:

Temmalapuram edit

Temmalapuram consisted of the following 10 Amsoms:

Naduvattam edit

Naduvattam was originally under the Palghat Raja. Later the Zamorin of Calicut annexed Naduvattam into his kingdom.[2] It consisted of the following 23 Amsoms:

Exceptional Nadus (1887) edit

 
The uninhabited island of Bangaram in Lakshadweep

The Exceptional Nadus included the British colonies which were included in the Malabar District, those were detached from the mainland Taluks of Malabar District by land or sea.[2]

Cannanore and Laccadive Islands edit

These islands were the territory of Arakkal kingdom outside the town of Kannur.[2] They remained in Malabar district until the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956. It consisted of the following 5 inhabited islands of Lakshadweep:[2]

The uninhabited island of Bangaram was also a part.

Dutch settlements at Cochin (Fort Cochin Taluk) edit
 
Chinese fishing nets in Fort Kochi

In 1814, the Dutch settlements at Fort Kochi region of present Kochi city was ceded to East India Company.[2] They were attached to the Malabar District.[2] They remained in the district until the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956. The settlement consisted of the town and fort of Kochi. It was the erstwhile municipality of Fort Kochi. In 1664, the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.[50] It consisted of the following gardens or Pattams:[2]

  • Tumboli Pattam
  • Kattoor Pattam
  • Athazhakkad Pattam
  • Manakodathu Pattam
  • Antony Fernandez Pattam
  • Thekkepurupunkara Pattam
  • Mundamveli Pattam
  • Domingo Fernandez Palakkal Pattam
  • Santiago Pattam
  • Thaiveppu Pattam
  • Belicho Rodriguez Pattam
  • Saint Louis Pattam
  • Duart Lemos Pattam
  • Hendrick Silva Pattam
  • Ramanthuruth Pattam
  • Sondikalguvankure Pattam
  • Palliport Hospital Parambu[2]
The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo edit
 
A view of Anchuthengu Fort. Anchuthengu was the southernmost point of Malabar District on the Malabar Coast while Minicoy was the southernmost island of Malabar District in the Arabian Sea[2]

Those were the British colonies surrounded by the Kingdom of Travancore to three sides and Arabian Sea to one side.[2] Thangassery is actually a part of the city of Kollam. Anchuthengu lies near Attingal in Thiruvananthapuram.[2] Later Thangassery and Anchuthengu were transferred from Malabar to Tirunelveli district on 1 July 1927.[12]

Political and social movements edit

The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. Muttichira revolt, Mannur revolt, Cherur revolt, Manjeri revolt, Wandoor revolt, Kolathur revolt, Ponnani revolt, and Thrikkalur revolt are some important revolts during this period. During 1841-1921 there were more than 86 revolutions against the British officials alone.[90] East India Company made an arrangement to collect revenue through Zamorin. However, a revolt under the leadership of Manjeri Athan Gurukkal took place opposing it in 1849.[91]

 
South Malabar during Malabar Rebellion

The Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in Malabar District.[92] That conference declared that the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.[3] Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani Taluks had been part of Khilafat Movement just after the Manjeri conference. The Khilafat non-cooperation demonstration conducted at Kalpakanchery in Ponnani Taluk (now a part of Tirur Taluk) on 22 March 1921 under the leadership of K. P. Kesava Menon was attended by about 20,000 people. The first all Kerala provincial conference of Indian National Congress held at Ottapalam in April 1921 also influenced the rebellion. Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was the last and important among the Mappila rebellions.

The cities/towns of Malappuram, Manjeri, Kondotty, Perinthalmanna, and Tirurangadi were the main strongholds of the rebels. The Battle of Pookkottur occurred as a part of the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, the declaration of independence took place in over 200 villages in Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Kozhikode taluks.[93] The new country was given the name Malayala Rajyam (The land of Malayalam).[94] On August 25, 1921, Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji inaugurated the Military Training Center at Angadipuram, which was started by the revolutionary government. The feudal customs of Kumpil Kanji and Kanabhumi were abolished and the tenants were made landowners. A tax exemption was given for one year and a tax was imposed on the movement of goods from Wayanad to the Madras Presidency.[95] Similar to the British, the structure of administration was built upon Collector, Governor, Viceroy, and King.[96] The parallel government established courts, tax centers, food storage centers, the military, and the legal police. Passport system was introduced for those in the new country.[97][98] Although the nation's lifespan is considered to have been less than six months, some British officials have suggested that the region was ruled by a parallel government for more than a year.[99][100]

 
The Wagon tragedy memorial at Tirur

The rebels won to establish self-rule in the region for about six months. However, less than six months after the declaration of autonomy, the British managed to recapture it, and put it under the direct control of British Army Commander-in-Chief Chief Rawlson, General Barnett Stuart, Intelligence Chief Maurice Williams, and Police General Armitage. Many of the important British military regiments including Dorset, Karen, Yenier, Linston, Rajputana, Gorkha, Garwale, and Chin Kutchin reached Malabar for the reannexation of the South Malabar.[101] The Wagon tragedy (1921) is still a saddening memory of the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921.[102] The prisoners had been taken into custody following the Mappila Rebellion in various parts of the district. Their deaths through apparent negligence generated sympathy for Indian independence movement.

Post-Independence edit

After the Indian independence, Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state, which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956, when Malabar District was merged with erstwhile Kasaragod Taluk immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the south to form the state of Kerala. Malabar District was divided into the three districts of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kannur on 1 January 1957. The Chavakkad region of the Ponnani Taluk was transferred to the Thrissur district. Malappuram District was created from parts of Kozhikode and Palakkad in 1969, and Wayanad District was created in 1980 from parts of Kozhikode and Kannur.

Geography edit

 
The hilly beach of Ezhimala had once been the headquarters of what is now known as North Malabar in ancient period.[16]
 
The Kavvayi Backwaters separated the British district of Malabar from South Canara (Mangalore)[1]
 
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
 
Chembra Peak, Wayanad
 
Bharathappuzha River, the second longest river in Kerala
 
Chaliyar, the fourth longest river in Kerala
 
Kadalundi River, the fifth-longest river in Kerala
 
A typical Palakkadan paddy field (from Nemmara)

Malabar district, also known as the Malayalam district, bears its name from the hilly nature of many areas in the district.[1] It was one of the two districts of Madras presidency, which lied in the western coast (Malabar coast) of India, the other being the South Canara. The mainland area of Malabar District (excluding Lakshadweep Islands and Fort Kochi region), was surrounded by South Canara (Mangalore) to north, the princely states of Coorg and Mysore to northeast, the British districts of Nilgiris (Ooty) and Coimbatore to southeast, and the princely state of Cochin to south.[1] North Malabar and South Malabar was divided by the river Korapuzha.[1] Wayanad, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Taluks hadn't seacoast, whereas the remaining Taluks in the district had coastal areas.[1] With an exception of the Lakshadweep islands, the district was wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats. Wayanad, which forms a continuation of Mysore Plateau, was the only Plateau in Malabar as well as Kerala. The district was widely scattered and consists of the following parts:-

  • Malabar Proper extending north to south along the coast, a distance of around 240 kilometers, and lying between N. Lat 10° 15′ and 12° 18′ N and E.Long. 75° 14′ and 76° 56′.
  • A group of nineteen isolated bits of territory lying scattered, fifteen of them in the native state of Cochin and the remaining four in those of Travancore, but all of them near the coastline. These isolated bits of territory form the taluk of British Cochin.
  • Two other detached bits of land, the Tangasseri and the Anchuthengu, within the Travancore.
  • Four inhabited and ten uninhabited islands of Lakshadweep. The four inhabited islands are: Agatti, Kavaratti, Androth, and Kalpeni.
  • The solitary island of Minicoy.

The Western Ghats form a continuous mountain range on the eastern border of the district. Only break in the Ghats was formed by the Palakkad Gap. The western part of the district was sandy coast. The Ghats in the district maintained an average elevation of 1500 m, which might occasionally go up to 2500 m.[1] In Kozhikode Taluk, they turned sharply eastwards and after passing the Nilambur valley in Ernad Taluk, they continued further south along the eastern portions of Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks and the northern portion of Palghat Taluk.[1] Palakkad Gap broke the Ghats in Palghat Taluk. The highest peaks in Malabar District was located in Nilambur region on the vicinity of Nilgiri Mountains.[1] The 2,554 m high Mukurthi peak, which is situated in the border of modern-day Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in South India as well as the third-highest in Kerala after Anamudi (2,696 m) and Meesapulimala (2,651 m), was the highest point of elevation in Malabar district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district. The 2,383 high Anginda peak, which is located closer to Malappuram-Palakkad-Nilgiris district border is the second-highest peak.[1] Vavul Mala, a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, Wayanad, and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts, was the third-highest point of elevation in the district.[1] Apart from the main continuous range of Western Ghats, there were many small undulating hills in the lowland of the district.[1] Tropical evergreen forests were present in the mountain ranges in the district.[1] The eastern regions in the modern-day districts of Wayanad, Malappuram (Chaliyar valley at Nilambur), and Palakkad (Attappadi Valley), which together form parts of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of the Mysore Plateau, are known for natural Gold fields, along with the adjoining districts of Karnataka.[103]

The largest three rivers in Malabar District were, Bharathappuzha (River Ponnani), Chaliyar, Kadalundippuzha, all of them flowing through South Malabar. Valapattanam River was the largest river in North Malabar region which empties into Arabian Sea near Kannur. Two rivers flowed eastwards in the district - Kabini River in Wynad Taluk and Bhavani River in the high hills of the Walluvanad Taluk. Both of them were tributaries of the River Kaveri.[1] Other rivers in the district were west-flowing which flows into the Arabian Sea. Coastal backwaters like Kavvayi and Biyyam were also there. The important west-flowing rivers included Valapattanam River in Chirakkal Taluk, Anjarakandi River in Kottayam Taluk, Mahé River and Kuttiadi River in Kurumbranad Taluk, Chaliyar in Ernad Taluk, Kadalundi River in Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks, and Bharathappuzha in Ponnani and Palghat Taluks.[1] Other rivers were Kottoor, Irikkur, Vannathi, Pazhayangadi, Perumba, Kuppam, Kuttikol, and Kavvayi in Chirakkal Taluk, Bavali and Iritti in Kottayam Taluk (Bavali flows through Wynad too), Korapuzha in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks, Panamarampuzha and Manantoddy River in Wynad Taluk, Kallayi, Irittuzhi, Irungi, and Mukkam in Kozhikode Taluk, Thuthapuzha in Ponnani and Walluvanad Taluks, Olipuzha and Siruvani in Walluvanad Taluk, and Kalpathipuzha, Yakkarapuzha, and Gayathripuzha in Palghat Taluk.[1]

Administrative divisions edit

 
Malabar District during 1951 Census

Malabar district had 5 revenue divisions namely, Thalassery (Tellicherry), Kozhikode (Calicut), Malappuram, Palakkad (Palghat), and Fort Cochin and 10 Taluks within them.[1] The plateau of Wayanad was a separate Revenue Division until 1924. Later it was merged with Thalassery.

Thalassery Revenue Division edit

Headquartered at Thalassery[1]

Taluks edit

  • Chirakkal (Area:1,750 square kilometres (677 sq mi); Headquarters:Chirakkal), now Kannur
  • Kottayam (Area:1,270 square kilometres (489 sq mi); Headquarters:Kottayam), now Thalassery
  • Wayanad (Area:2,130 square kilometres (821 sq mi); Headquarters:Mananthavady)[1]

Kozhikode Revenue Division edit

Headquartered at Kozhikode[1]

Taluks edit

  • Kurumbranad (Area:1,310 square kilometres (505 sq mi); Headquarters:),now Vatakara
  • Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands (Area:980 square kilometres (379 sq mi); Headquarters:Kozhikode)

(Laccadive islands were a separate Taluk under British rule. Later it merged with Kozhikode Taluk.)

Malappuram Revenue Division edit

Headquartered at Malappuram[1]

Taluks edit

  • Ernad (Area:2,540 square kilometres (979 sq mi); Headquarters:Manjeri)
  • Valluvanad (Area:2,280 square kilometres (882 sq mi); Headquarters:), now Perinthalmanna[1]

Palakkad Revenue Division edit

Headquartered at Palakkad[1]

Taluks edit

  • Ponnani (Area:1,100 square kilometres (426 sq mi); Headquarters:Ponnani)
  • Palakkad (Area:1,670 square kilometres (643 sq mi); Headquarters:Palakkad)[1]

Fort Cochin Revenue Division edit

Headquartered at Fort Cochin[1]

  • Cochin (Area:5.2 square kilometres (2 sq mi); Headquarters:Cochin)[1]

Demography edit

Native castes in the erstwhile Malabar District include Nambudiri Brahmin, Nair, Thiyya, Mappila, and Scheduled Castes and Tribes.[2]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18712,261,250—    
18812,365,035+0.45%
18912,652,565+1.15%
19012,800,555+0.54%
19113,015,119+0.74%
19213,098,871+0.27%
19313,533,944+1.32%
19413,929,425+1.07%
19514,758,842+1.93%
Source:[104]

Religion in Malabar District (1951)[105]

  Hinduism (63.25%)
  Islam (33.49%)
  Christianity (3.24%)
  Other (0.02%)

Language in Malabar District (1951)[105]

  Malayalam (96.41%)
  Tamil (2.52%)
  Telugu (0.46%)
  Other (0.61%)
Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)[106][105]
Religion 1871[106] 1951[105]
1 Hinduism 72.43%[106] 63.25%[105]
2 Islam 25.72%[106] 33.49%[105]
3 Christianity 1.43%[106] 3.24%[105]

Among various Hindu castes, Thiyyas were the most populous in the erstwhile Malabar District according to 1881 Census of India.[107] Thiyyas formed nearly 35% of the total Hindus of Malabar in 1881.[107] Mannanar was a former Thiyyar dynasty in Malabar. Kalari Panicker, Chekavar, etc. were some subdivisions of Thiyya caste. They were present in large numbers in almost all Taluks of Malabar except Palghat, Cochin, and Laccadive Islands.[107] Thiyyas were similar to Billavas of Tulu Nadu.[108] In Palghat Taluk, there were Ezhavas instead of Thiyyas.[107]

Nairs were the second-largest caste accounting for nearly 20% of the Hindu population in 1881.[107] Their presence was scattered all over Malabar except Laccadive and Minicoy Islands.[107] According to William Logan, the main subdivisions among the Nair of erstwhile Malabar District were Menon, Nayanar (in North Malabar), Menoky, Moopil Nair, Pada Nair, Kuruppu, Kaimal, Panikkar, Kiryathil Nair, Moothar, Oore, Kidavu, Kartha, Eradi (in Eranad and Kozhikode), Vellodi (in Valluvanad), Nedungadi (in Nedunganad), Mannadiyar (in Palakkad), and Manavalan.[107] Nairs were similar to the Bunts of Tulu Nadu.[108]

Malabar Manual states that the royal family of Parappanad belonged to Kshatriya caste, from where members for Travancore royal family were usually selected.[107] The rulers of the Kingdom of Kottayam (Thalassery) also belonged to Kshatriyas.[107] Ambalavasi population was higher in South Malabar, compared to that in North Malabar.[107]

Nambudiri Brahmins, who had the highest position in caste system, were mainly concentrated around the river Bharathappuzha, mainly in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani, in South Malabar.[107] According to 1881 Census, more than 50% of all Nambudiris in Malabar were settled in Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks.[107] Nearly 90% of the Nambudiris of Malabar were from South Malabar, while North Malabar contributed only around 10%.[107] Kozhikode and Eranad came next to Valluvanad and Ponnani in Namboodiri population.[107] Azhvanchery Thamprakkal, who were the head of all Namboodiri of Kerala belong to Athavanad in erstwhile Ponnani taluk.[107] There were some Iyer Brahmins in Palghat Taluk and Tuluva Brahmins in North Malabar.[107]

Cherumar/Cheramar population was comparatively higher in the erstwhile Taluk of Cheranad (merged with Eranad and Ponnani in the 1860s) and its surroundings.[107] Nearly 70% of all Cherumars of Malabar District in 1857 census were from the Taluks of Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Palakkad.[107] William Logan notes in his Malabar Manual that a larger number of Cherumar caste converted into Islam in the Taluks of Eranad, Ponnani, and Valluvanad during 1871–1881, comparing the census reports of 1871 and 1881.[107]

Muslim population was higher in South Malabar compared to its northern counterparts. Muslims formed nearly 100% of population in Laccadive Islands, and more than 50% in Eranad Taluk, according to 1881 Census.[107] Muslim population was much higher than the district average in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani too in 1881.[107] At the same time Palakkad Taluk had the least population of Muslims in 1881.[107] Their population was higher in former territories of the Zamorin of Calicut.[107] Mappila Muslims of Malabar were similar to the Beary Muslims of Tulu Nadu.[108]

Fort Cochin Taluk had the highest Christian population in Malabar while Valluvanad Taluk and Laccadive Islands had the least.[107] The presence of Saint Thomas Christians was significant only in the southern portions of Ponnani taluk (Chavakkad region) and Fort Kochi.[107]

The Talukwise area and population of Malabar district as of 1951 Census of India are given below:

Population and area of Malabar district (1951)[1]
# Taluk Area
(in sq.miles) 		Population
Thalassery Division
1 Chirakkal (Kannur) 688 534,890
2 Kottayam (Thalassery) 484 369,580
3 Wayanad (Mananthavady) 821 169,280
Kozhikode Division
4 Kurumbranad (Vatakara) 506 554,091
5 Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands 380 530,364
Malappuram Division
6 Eranad (Manjeri) 978 614,283
7 Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) 873 573,457
Palakkad Division
8 Ponnani 427 793,805
9 Palakkad 643 585,651
Fort Cochin Division
10 Fort Cochin 2 32,941
Total 5,802 4,758,842

Towns and Types edit

Although there were several settlements across Malabar district during the Madras Presidency or Pre-Independence era, only a handful were officially considered as 'Towns'. Those were Cannanore, Tellicherry, Badagara, Calicut, Malappuram, Tanur, Ponnani, Palghat and Fort Kochi.[109] The municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, Fort Kochi, Kannur, and Thalassery, were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)[110][111][109][112] of the British Indian Empire, making all of them the first modern municipalities in Kerala. Even the Thiruvananthapuram municipality was formed in 1920 (54 years later).

Abbreviations edit

M: Municipality: Towns with a local governing body constituted under Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865.
T: Non Municipal Town: Towns without a governing body, listed in Madras District Records.
C: Cantonment Towns with a Military base in Madras Presidency.
A.C: Administrative Center: Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order.
Cities/Towns of Malabar district during the late 1800s (1881), Early 1900s (1901), and Mid 1900s (1941)[111][109][112][113]
City/Town Year
Declared 		Type Taluk Revenue Division Population
Pre-Independence / Late 1800s (1881)
Kozhikode 1866 M, C, AC Kozhikode Kozhikode 57,085
Palakkad 1866 M, AC Palghat Palghat 36,339
Thalassery 1866 M, AC Kottayam Tellicherry 26,410
Kannur 1866 M, C Chirakkal Tellicherry 26,386
Fort Kochi 1866 M, AC Fort Cochin Fort Cochin 15,698
Early 1900s (1901)
Badagara 1902 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 11,319
Ponnani 1902 T Ponnani Palghat 10,562
Malappuram 1904 T, C, AC Ernad Malappuram 9,216
Tanur 1912 T Ponnani Palghat 8,409
Mid 1900s (1941)
Pandalayini
(Koyilandy) 		1941 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 12,713
Feroke 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 6,249
Manjeri 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 5,547
Trikkandiyur
(Tirur) 		1941 T Ponnani Palghat 9,489

1951 Census of India edit

The settlements with a population of more than 50,000 were considered as cities and those had between 10,000 and 50,000 were considered as towns.[105] The following table gives the cities and towns of Malabar district classified by their population as of the 1951 Census:

Cities and towns of Malabar district (1951)[105]
City/Town Taluk Population
(1951)
Cities
Kozhikode Kozhikode 158,724
Palakkad Palghat 69,504
Towns
Kannur Chirakkal 42,431
Thalassery Kottayam 40,040
Fort Kochi Fort Cochin 29,881
Panthalayini (Koyilandy) Kurumbranad 29,001
Ponnani Ponnani 23,606
Ottapalam Walluvanad 22,695
Badagara Kurumbranad 20,964
Feroke Ernad 19,463
Tanur Ponnani 17,888
Trikkandiyur (Tirur) Ponnani 11,830
Shoranur Walluvanad 11,596
Manjeri Ernad 10,357
Total 507,975

Local bodies edit

At the time of 1951 Census of India, Malabar District was divided into 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards.[114] Among them 2 municipalities (Kozhikode and Palakkad) were treated as cities.[114] The municipalities were Kozhikode, Palakkad, Kannur, Thalassery, and Fort Cochin.[114] The other towns mentioned above, i.e., Shoranur, Ottapalam, Manjeri, Ponnani, Tanur, Trikkandiyur (Tirur), Feroke, Pandalayini (Quilandy), and Badagara, were treated as Panchayat towns.[114] The Taluk-wise details of 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards under Malabar District Board at that time are given below:[114]

Abbreviations
T: TOWN
It maybe either a Municipal Town or a Non-Municipal Town.
The settlements exceeding a population of 10,000 and had
some sort of economic importance were considered as
towns according to 1951 Census of India[114]
C: CITY
The Municipalities exceeding a population of 50,000
and had larger economic importance were treated as
cities according to 1951 Census of India[114]
TELLICHERRY DIVISION
Chirakkal Taluk (10)[114]
Cannanore Municipality (T)
1. Payyanur 2. Karivellur-Peralam 3. Ramanthali
4. Cheruthazham-Kunhimangalam 5. Azhikode 6. Pappinisseri
7. Kankole 8. Baliapatam 9. Chirakkal
10. Puzhathi
Kottayam Taluk (15)[114]
Tellicherry Municipality (T)
11. Panoor 12. Kuthuparamba 13. Kadirur
14. Kariyad 15. Dharmadom 16. Kottayam
17. Eranholi 18. Eruvatty 19. Peringalam
20. Pinarayi 21. Pathiriyad 22. Olavilam
23. Vadakkumpad 24. Menapram 25. Kodiyeri
Wynad Taluk (8)[114]
26. Thavinhal 27. Manantoddy 28. Thirunelly
29. Kalpetta 30. Vythiri 31. Meppadi
32. Kidanganad 33. Vellamunda
KOZHIKODE DIVISION
Kurumbranad Taluk (14)[114]
34. Badagara (T) 35. Cheruvannur 36. Unnikulam
37. Eramala 38. Balussery 39. Edacheri
40. Kunnummakkara 41. Meppayur 42. Villiappally
43. Nadapuram 44. Chorode 45. Panthalayani (Koyilandy) (T)
46. Veloor 47. Karthikappalli
Kozhikode Taluk (3)[114]
Kozhikode Municipality (C)
48. Beypore 49. Thamarassery 50. Koduvally
MALAPPURAM DIVISION
Ernad Taluk (5)[114]
51. Nilambur 52. Nediyiruppu 53. Manjeri (T)
54. Kondotty 55. Kottakkal
Walluvanad Taluk (10)[114]
56. Shoranur (T) 57. Ottapalam (T) 58. Pattambi
59. Thiruvegappura 60. Perinthalmanna 61. Cherpulassery
62. Perur 63. Kuruvattoor 64. Vaniyamkulam
65. Karakkad
PALGHAT DIVISION
Ponnani Taluk (21)[114]
66. Ponnani (T) 67. Kalpakanchery 68. Trikkandiyur (Tirur) (T)
69. Tanur Nagaram 70. Tanur (T) 71. Ozhur
72. Andathode 73. Vadakkekad 74. Attupuram
75. Vylathur 76. Veliyankode 77. Ayiroor
78. Maranchery 79. Kottapadi 80. Chavakkad
81. Chittaattukara 82. Elavally 83. Pavaratty
84. Kundazhiyur 85. Venkitangu 86. Engandiyur
Palghat Taluk (14)[114]
Palghat Municipality (C)
87. Peringottukurissi 88. Kottayi 89. Tholanur
90. Vadakkencherry 91. Kizhakkancherry 92. Kollengode
93. Vadavannur 94. Pallassana 95. Koduvayur
96. Thenur 97. Elappully 98. Kattusseri
99. Paruthipully 100. Mankara
FORT COCHIN DIVISION
Fort Cochin Taluk (0)[114]
Fort Cochin Municipality (T)

Politics edit

Representatives from Malabar to Madras State edit

  • In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) Kongattil Raman Menon (1937–39), 2) C. J. Varkey, Chunkath (1939)
  • In Prakasam Ministry: 1) R. Raghavamenon (1946–47)
  • In Ramaswami Reddyar Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1947–49)
  • In P. S. Kumaraswami Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1949–52)
  • In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) K. P. Kuttikrishnan Nair (1952–54) Kalladi Unnikammu Sahib

1951–52 Indian general election edit

In the first election to the Lok Sabha conducted under the provisions of the Indian Constitution after Independence, Malabar district had five constituencies, Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, Malappuram and Ponnani.[115]

Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
1 Kannur A. K. Gopalan CPI C.K.K Govindan Nayar INC
K.S.Subramania Iyer IND
2 Thalassery Nettur P. Damodaran KMPP P. Kunhiraman INC
P.M.V Kunhiraman Nambiar SP
3 Kozhikode Achuthan Damodaran Menon KMPP Ummar Koya Parappil INC
Ramakrislina Naick,R.N. Ruhur IND
4 Malappuram B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur IUML T.V. Chathukutty Nair INC
Kumhali Karikedan CPI
5 Ponnani K. Kelappan KMPP Karunakara Menon INC
Vella Eacharan Iyyani INC Massan Gani IND

1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election edit

25 State Legislative Assembly constituencies were allotted from the Malabar District to the First Assembly of Madras State. 4 of them were dual-member constituencies. The total number of seats in the district was 29 (including dual member constituencies).

Constituency Winner Party Runner-up Party
1 Nattika Gopalakrishnan CPI Raman INC
2 Ponnani N. Gopala Menon INC K. C. Sankarann INC
E. T. Kunhan CPI A. C. Raman KMPP
3 Tirur K. Uppi Saheb IUML K. Ahmad Kutty INC
4 Thrithala K. B. Menon SP P. K. Moideen Kutty INC
5 Perinthalmanna Kunhimahamad Shafee Kallingal IUML P. Ahmad Kutty Sadhu CPI
6 Mannarkkad K. C. Gopalanunni IND Kurikal Ahmed IND
7 Pattambi V. Sankara Narayana Menon KMPP A. Ramachandra Nedungadi INC
8 Ottapalam M. Narayana Kurup KMPP C. P. Madhavan Nair INC
9 Palakkad K. Ramakrishnan IND P. Vasu Menon INC
10 Alathur K. Krishnan CPI Y. R. Ramanatha Iyer IND
O. Koran KMPP E. Eacharan INC
11 Malappuram Miniyadam Chadayan IUML Karupadata Ibrahim INC
Mohammad Haje Seethi IUML Kallayan Kunhambu INC
12 Kottakkal Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty IUML Kunjunni Nedumgadi, Ezhuthassan Kalathil INC
13 Kozhikode K. P. Kutty Krishnan Nair INC E. M. S. Namboodiripad CPI
14 Chevayur A. Appu INC Ayyadhan Balagopalan KMPP
15 Wayanad Manyangode Padmanabha Gounder SP Kozhipurath Madhava Menon INC
Chomadi Velukkan SP Veliyan Nocharamooyal INC
16 Koyilandy Chemmaratha Kunhriramakurup KMPP Anantapuram Patinhare Madam Vasudevan Nair INC
17 Perambra Kunhiram Kidavu Polloyil KMPP Kalandankutty, Puthiyottil INC
18 Vadakara Moidu Keloth SP Ayatathil Chathu INC
19 Nadapuram E. K. Sankara Varma Raja INC K. Thacharakandy CPI
20 Thalassery C. H. M. Kanaran CPI K. P. M. Raghavan Nair INC
21 Kuthuparamba Krishna Iyer IND Harindranabham, Kalliyat Thazhathuveethil SP
22 Mattanur Madhavan Nambiar, Kallorath CPI Subbarao INC
23 Kannur Kariath Sreedharan KMPP Pamban Madhavan INC
24 Taliparamba T. C. Narayanan Nambiar CPI V. V. Damodaran Nayanar INC
25 Payyanur K. P. Gopalan CPI Vivekananda Devappa Sernoy INC

Malabar Cuisine edit

See also: Thalassery cuisine
 
Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Kannur
 
Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)
 
Thalassery biryani with raita
 
Halwas are popular in towns like Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Ponnani

The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. It is famous for Malabar biriyani. The city of Calicut is also famous for Haluva called as Sweet Meat by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. Kozhikode has a main road in the town named Mittai Theruvu (Sweet Meat Street, or S.M. Street for short). It derived this name from the numerous Halwa stores which used to dot the street.

Another speciality is banana chips, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes include seafood preparations (prawns, mussels, mackerel) . Vegetarian fare includes the sadya.

Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[116] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[116] Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[116] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[116] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Malabar cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.

The Malabar version of biryani, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani, Kannur biriyani,[117] Calicut biriyani [118] and Ponnani biriyani[119] are prepared in Malabar.[116]

The snacks include unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar),[120] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar),[120] muttamala made of eggs,[116] chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka,[121] and more.[116]

However, the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food. Chinese food is very popular among the locals.

Notable people from Malabar edit

Modern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar edit

Historical maps edit

  •  
    Malabar Coast around AD 1st century CE
  •  
    Major ports in 1st century CE according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
  •  
    Malabar Coast around AD 300 (4th century CE)
  •  
    Zamorin of Calicut's empire in 1498
  •  
    Malabar Coast in Portuguese India (16th century CE)
  •  
    Malabar Coast in the early 17th century (1600-1618)
  •  
    A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature map by Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, c.1580, from the Epitome Theatri Orteliani; *a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630*; and *another Bertius version*, Amsterdam, c.1600-18
  •  
    Malabar in 1652 (Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side)
  •  
    South India in 1691-92 (Calicut is marked in large letters).
  •  
    A map in which the entire western coast of India is termed as Malabar Coast (drawn in the mid-18th century CE)
  •  
    Kaart van Zuid-India Nova tabula terrarum Cucan, Canara, Malabaria, Madura, & Coromandella, cum parte septentrionali insulae Ceylon, in mari Indico Orientali edente Hadriano Relando (titel op object)
  •  
    A rare map of India and Ceylon issued in 1733 by the Homann Heirs.
  •  
    A map of South India drawn by Emanuel Bowen (1744)
  •  
    Indian Subcontinent in 1760
  •  
    Rigobert Bonne's 1770 decorative map of southern India.
  •  
    1775 maritime map or nautical chart of southern India and Ceylon by Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette.
  •  
    Historical map of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, the Malabar Coast, the Coromandel Coast, the Andaman Islands (1780)
  •  
    1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne.
  •  
    Rigobert Bonne and G. Raynal's 1780 map of Southern India.
  •  
    South India in 1782
  •  
    Political state of South India just after Third Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1792.
  •  
    South India in 1794
  •  
    A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin, just after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1799
  •  
    1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India
  •  
    India in 1804
  •  
    1804 German Edition of the Rennel Map of India - Geographicus
  •  
    South India in 1808
  •  
    1808 Smith Map of India - Geographicus - India
  •  
    1814 Thomson Map of India - Geographicus - India
  •  
    India in General Karte von Vorderindien zur Übersicht der Hauptverhältnisse (1836)
  •  
    1838 Wyld Wall Map of India (Hindostan or British India) - Geographicus - India
  •  
    South India in 1843
  •  
    Southern division of South India in 1843
  •  
    Asia in 1840 - 1860 (Calicut is marked)
  •  
    Map of Madras Presidency in taken from Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions (1880)
  •  
    India in 1887 with cattle breeds based on the travels of Robert Wallace.
  •  
    1889 map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala).
  •  
    1891 Map of India (Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations)
  •  
    Malabar Coast in 1893
  •  
    North Malabar in 1893 (On the southwestern end of the map)
  •  
    Geology Gazetter map of Malabar in 1897
  •  
    1899 Map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala).
  •  
    Image taken from page 1381 of La Terra, trattato popolare di geografia universale
  •  
    North Malabar in 1909 (On the southwestern end of the map)
  •  
    Malabar Coast in 1911 (On the southwestern region of the map)
  •  
    Map of Malabar Railway taken from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway, printed by Hoe and Coat the 'Premier Press', Madras, 1913
  •  
    1932 map of Malabar Coast

See also edit

References edit

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  49. ^ Pingree, David (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–63, Bibcode:1992Isis...83..554P, doi:10.1086/356288, JSTOR 234257, S2CID 68570164, One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.
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February 19, 2024
malabar, district, this, article, about, administrative, district, colonial, british, india, similarly, named, places, malabar, disambiguation, also, known, malayalam, district, administrative, district, southwestern, malabar, coast, bombay, presidency, 1792, . This article is about the administrative district of colonial British India For similarly named places see Malabar disambiguation Malabar District also known as Malayalam District 1 2 was an administrative district on the southwestern Malabar Coast of Bombay Presidency 1792 1800 3 Madras Presidency 1800 1937 4 Madras Province 1937 1950 and finally Madras State 1950 1956 in India It was the most populous and the third largest district in the erstwhile Madras State 5 The historic town of Calicut now Kozhikode was the admisnitrative headquarters of this district Malabar districtDistrict of Madras1792 1956Malabar District with revenue divisions and taluksCapitalCalicutArea 195115 027 1 km2 5 802 sq mi Population 19514 758 842 1 GovernmentDistrict collector History Territories ceded by Tipu Sultan attached to Bombay Presidency1792 Divided into North Malabar and South Malabar1793 Attached to Madras Presidency1800 Reorganisation of Taluks1860 Transferred Gudalur and Pandalur to Nilgiris1877 Became part of Madras State1950 Kasaragod was added and became part of Kerala1956 Divided into the five districts of Kozhikode Thrissur Palakkad Kannur and Lakshadweep1956Preceded by Succeeded byDutch MalabarZamorin of CalicutArakkal kingdomKingdom of Mysore Kasaragod districtKannur districtWayanad districtKozhikode districtNilagiri districtMalappuram districtPalakkad districtThrissur districtErnakulam districtLakshadweepTangasseriAnchuthenguThe district included the present day districts of Kannur Kozhikode Wayanad Malappuram Palakkad excluding Chittur taluk Chavakad Taluk and parts of Kodungallur Taluk of Thrissur district former part of Ponnani Taluk and Fort Kochi area of Ernakulam district in the northern and central parts of present Kerala state the Lakshadweep Islands and a major portion of the Nilgiris district in modern day Tamil Nadu The detached settlements of Tangasseri and Anchuthengu which were British colonies within the kingdom of Travancore in southern Kerala also formed part of Malabar District until 1927 6 Malayalam was the administrative as well as the most spoken lingua franca of Malabar district Jeseri a distinct dialect of Malayalam was spoken in the Laccadive Islands Malabar District merged with the erstwhile state of Travancore Cochin 1950 1956 to form Kerala according to the States Reorganisation Act 1956 7 On the same day the present Kasaragod district of South Canara District was also attached to Malabar and the Laccadive and Minicoy Islands of Malabar were reorganised to form a new Union Territory 7 Malabar was trifurcated to form the districts of Kannur 8 Kozhikode 9 and Palakkad 10 on 1 January 1957 The city of Kozhikode was the capital of Malabar Malabar was divided into North Malabar and South Malabar in 1793 for administrative convenience with their regional headquarters at Thalassery and Cherpulassery Later changed to Ottapalam respectively During the British rule Malabar s chief importance lay in its production of Malabar pepper coconut and tiles 11 In the old administrative records of the Madras Presidency it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at Nilambur planted in 1844 12 The District of Malabar and the ports at Beypore and Fort Kochi had some sort of importance in the erstwhile Madras Presidency as it was one of the two districts of the Presidency that lies on the Western Malabar Coast thus accessing the marine route through Arabian Sea The first railway line of Kerala from Tirur to Beypore in 1861 was laid for it The work Malabar Manual 1887 authored by William Logan in two volumes explains the characteristics of Malabar A 1652 Map of India Malabar is highlighted separately on the right side A 1744 map of Malabar CoastThe district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west South Canara District on the north the Western Ghats the princely states of Coorg and Mysore and Nilgiris and Coimbatore districts to the east and the princely state of Cochin to the south The district covered an area of 15 027 square kilometres 5 802 sq mi and extended 233 km 145 mi along the coast and 40 120 kilometers 25 75 miles inland The name Mala bar means the hillside slopes citation needed All the major pre independence political parties of Kerala such as the INC and CPI started their functioning in Kerala at Malabar District as a part of the freedom struggle KPCC was formed in 1921 at Ottapalam on the bank of river Bharathappuzha 13 In July 1937 a clandestine meeting of the CSP which was the political party formed by socialists of Congress was held at Calicut 14 The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference held near Thalassery 15 It was the erstwhile leaders of Congress Socialist Party such as P Krishna Pillai K Damodaran E M S Namboodiripad who formed the CPI branch in Kerala Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 South Malabar 2 1 1 Ancient era 2 1 2 Early Middle Ages 2 1 3 Rise of Kozhikode 2 2 North Malabar 2 2 1 Ancient era 2 2 2 Early Middle Ages 2 2 3 Late Middle Ages 2 3 Portuguese influences 2 4 Under Mysore Sultans 2 5 Colonial period 2 5 1 Chirakkal Taluk 2 5 1 1 Kolathunadu 2 5 1 2 Randathara 2 5 2 Kottayam Taluk 2 5 2 1 The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands 2 5 2 2 Iruvazhinadu 2 5 2 3 Kurangott Nayar Nadu 2 5 2 4 Kottayam 2 5 3 Wynad Taluk 2 5 3 1 North Wynad 2 5 3 2 South Wynad 2 5 3 3 Southeast Wynad 2 5 4 Kurumbranad Taluk 2 5 4 1 Kadathanad 2 5 4 2 Payyormala 2 5 4 3 Payanadu 2 5 4 4 Kurumbranad 2 5 4 5 Thamarassery 2 5 5 Kozhikode Taluk 2 5 5 1 Polanad 2 5 5 2 Beypore Northern Parappanad 2 5 5 3 Puzhavayi 2 5 6 Ernad Taluk 2 5 6 1 Parappur Southern Parappanad 2 5 6 2 Ramanad 2 5 6 3 Cheranad 2 5 6 4 Eranad 2 5 7 Walluvanad Taluk 2 5 7 1 Vellatiri Walluvanad Proper 2 5 7 2 Walluvanad 2 5 7 3 Nedunganad 2 5 7 4 Kavalappara 2 5 8 Ponnani Taluk 2 5 8 1 Vettathunad 2 5 8 2 Koottanad 2 5 8 3 Chavakkad 2 5 8 4 The Island of Chetvai 2 5 9 Palghat Taluk 2 5 9 1 Palghat 2 5 9 2 Temmalapuram 2 5 9 3 Naduvattam 2 5 10 Exceptional Nadus 1887 2 5 10 1 Cannanore and Laccadive Islands 2 5 10 2 Dutch settlements at Cochin Fort Cochin Taluk 2 5 10 3 The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo 2 5 11 Political and social movements 2 6 Post Independence 3 Geography 4 Administrative divisions 4 1 Thalassery Revenue Division 4 1 1 Taluks 4 2 Kozhikode Revenue Division 4 2 1 Taluks 4 3 Malappuram Revenue Division 4 3 1 Taluks 4 4 Palakkad Revenue Division 4 4 1 Taluks 4 5 Fort Cochin Revenue Division 5 Demography 5 1 Towns and Types 5 2 Abbreviations 5 2 1 1951 Census of India 5 3 Local bodies 6 Politics 6 1 Representatives from Malabar to Madras State 6 2 1951 52 Indian general election 6 3 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election 7 Malabar Cuisine 8 Notable people from Malabar 9 Modern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar 10 Historical maps 11 See also 12 References 13 Further readingEtymology editUntil the arrival of British the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for Kerala 16 Earlier the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India in addition to the modern state of Kerala 17 18 The people of Malabar were known as Malabars Still the term Malabar is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes 6th century CE itself the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male The first element of the name however is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes This mentions a pepper emporium called Male which clearly gave its name to Malabar the country of Male The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala hill 19 20 Al Biruni AD 973 1048 must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar 16 Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works 21 The Arab writers had called this place Malibar Manibar Mulibar and Munibar Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills According to William Logan the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala hill and the Persian Arabic word Barr country continent 16 History edit nbsp Important towns in the erstwhile Malabar District nbsp An old map of Malabar District 1854 Note that the taluks Pandalur Gudalur and Kundah in present day Nilgiris district were parts of Wayanad Taluk in 1854 The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877 22 South Malabar edit See also Zamorin of Calicut Eranad Kingdom of Valluvanad Parappanad Kavalappara Kingdom of Tanur Nilambur Kingdom Nedungadi and Palakkad nbsp India in early 1320 CE Note that most of the parts of present day state of Kerala was under the influence of the Zamorin of Kozhikode nbsp The path Vasco da Gama took to reach Kozhikode black line in 1498 which was also the discovery of a sea route from Europe to India and eventually paved way for the European colonisation of Indian subcontinent At that time the Zamorin of Kozhikode was residing at Ponnani nbsp Uru a type of ship built at Beypore CalicutAncient era edit The ancient maritime port of Tyndis which was then a centre of trade with Ancient Rome is roughly identified with Ponnani Tanur and Kadalundi Vallikkunnu Tyndis was a major center of trade next only to Muziris between the Cheras and the Roman Empire 23 The River Bharathappuzha River Ponnani had importance since Sangam period 1st 4th century CE due to the presence of Palakkad Gap which connected the Malabar coast with Coromandel coast through inland 24 Pliny the Elder 1st century CE states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos Chera dynasty 25 The North Malabar region which lies north of the port at Tyndis was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period 26 According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike s starting point The region probably ended at Kanyakumari it thus roughly corresponds to the present day Malabar Coast The value of Rome s annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50 000 000 sesterces 27 Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates 28 The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers 29 30 Early Middle Ages edit Three inscriptions those date back to 932 CE those were found from Triprangode near Tirunavaya Kottakkal and Chaliyar mention the name of Goda Ravi of Chera dynasty 31 The Triprangode inscription states about the agreement of Thavanur 31 Several inscriptions written in Old Malayalam those date back to the 10th century CE have found from Sukapuram near Edappal which was one of the 64 old Nambudiri villages of Kerala Descriptions about the rulers of Eranad and Valluvanad regions can be seen in the Jewish copper plates of Bhaskara Ravi Varman around 1000 CE and Viraraghava copper plates of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy around 1225 CE 32 Eranad was ruled by a Samanthan Nair clan known as Eradis similar to the Vellodis of neighbouring Valluvanad and Nedungadis of Nedunganad The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title Eralppad Eradi It was the ruler of Eranad who later became the Zamorin of Calicut by annexing the port town of Calicut from Polanad which was vassal to Kolathunadu The ruler of Kingdom of Cochin also traces back to Ponnani in South Malabar South Malabar was also the seat of the kingdoms of Parappanad Vettathunadu Valluvanadu Nedungadis and Palakkad Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the Travancore royal family The Azhvanchery Thamprakkal were the feudal lords of Athavanad Tirunavaya the seat of Mamankam festival lies on the bank of the river Bharathappuzha Rise of Kozhikode edit In the 14th century Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya region from Valluvanad which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam Cochin The ruler of Perumpadappu was forced to shift his capital c CE 1405 further south from Kodungallur to Kochi In the 15th century the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval Malabar Coast 3 During the 15th century Kalaripayattu was important in the history of Malabar where some warriors lived most notably puthooram veettil Aromal Chekavar and his sister Unniyarcha chieftains of martial arts 33 34 35 Kozhikode was the largest city in the Indian state of Kerala under the rule of Zamorin of Calicut an independent kingdom based at Kozhikode It remained so until the 18th century CE The port at Kozhikode was the gateway to South Indian coast for the Arabs the Portuguese the Dutch and finally the British 36 The Kunjali Marakkars who were the naval chief of the Zamorin of Kozhikode are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast 37 Under British Raj Kozhikode became the headquarters of Malabar District one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile Madras Presidency The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast while Kannur Kollam and Kochi were commercially important secondary ports where the traders from various parts of the world would gather 38 The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia 39 Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan and Pullambil Moopan and Vamala Moopan families were very prominent among those who said that two centuries ago some Jenmis in Kozhikode were engaged in sea trade and shipping 40 41 At the peak of their reign the Zamorins of Kozhikode ruled over a region from Kollam Quilon in the south to Panthalayini Kollam Koyilandy in the north 42 43 They were the most powerful rulers on Malabar Coast and Kozhikode was the largest city of Kerala until the Portuguese era The Zamorin of Calicut who was originally the ruler of Eranad based at Nediyiruppu developed the port at Kozhikode and changed his headquarters to there for maritime trade Ibn Battuta 1342 1347 who visited the city of Kozhikode six times gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city He describes Kozhikode as one of the great ports of the district of Malabar where merchants of all parts of the world are found The king of this place he says shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit out others like them 44 Ma Huan 1403 AD the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho Zheng He 45 states the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes followed to this day and the matrilineal system of succession Abdur Razzak 1442 43 Niccolo de Conti 1445 Afanasy Nikitin 1468 74 Ludovico di Varthema 1503 1508 and Duarte Barbosa witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the Indian subcontinent where traders from different parts of the world could be seen 46 47 The Kingdom of Cochin used to adopt members from Kingdom of Tanur in the medieval period 3 Being home to the prominent figures like Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan Poonthanam Nambudiri Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri Kunchan Nambiar and Zainuddin Makhdoom II South Malabar was the cultural capital of medieval Kerala The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries In attempting to solve astronomical problems the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including series expansion for trigonometric functions 48 49 The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at Vettathunadu Tirur region of South Malabar 48 Kozhikode Tanur and Ponnani were the three major port cities in South Malabar region while the minor trading ports included Beypore Parappanangadi and Chaliyam 43 The coastal Kingdom of Tanur the Kingdom of Valluvanad in inland and Palakkad in the hilly region formed other major kingdoms in South Malabar region in the medieval period 43 Marthanda Varma the founder of Travancore belongs to Parappanad royal family In 1664 the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century 50 North Malabar edit See also Kolathunadu Kingdom of Kottayam Arakkal kingdom Kadathanadu and Kurumbranad nbsp St Angelo Fort at Kannur nbsp The Mappila Bay harbour at Ayikkara On one side there is St Angelo Fort built in 1505 and on the other side is Arakkal palace nbsp A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572 from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg s atlas Civitates orbis terrarum Volume I nbsp Kannur fort and Bay a watercolor by John Johnston 1795 1801 Ancient era edit North Malabar was the seat of powerful kingdom based at Ezhimala in the Sangam period 1st 5th century CE The ancient port of Naura which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur 51 The kingdom of Ezhimala had jurisdiction over two Nadus The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu According to the works of Sangam literature Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode 52 Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu Coorg 53 It is said that Nannan the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty took refuge at Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras just before his execution in a battle according to the Sangam works 53 Early Middle Ages edit Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medieval period most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan 54 The Kolathunadu Kannur Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Netravati River Mangalore in the north to Korapuzha Kozhikode in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea 55 An Old Malayalam inscription Ramanthali inscriptions dated to 1075 CE mentioning king Kunda Alupa the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore can be found at Ezhimala the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty near Cannanore Kerala 56 The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE 57 In his book on travels Il Milione Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s Other visitors included Faxian the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta writer and historian of Tangiers Late Middle Ages edit nbsp An old map of India in 1804 Note that only Thalassery Kozhikode and Kochi are marked as cities within the present day state of KeralaUntil the 16th century CE the Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode may be by the meaning The land of Kanhira Trees in Malayalam 58 The Kumbla dynasty who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River including present day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod from Maipady Palace at Kumbla had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire 59 The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins 3 They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala 3 Francis Buchanan Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu 3 Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of Zamorin later The Kolathunadu in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i e Kadathanadu Vadakara Randathara or Poyanad Dharmadom Kottayam Thalassery Nileshwaram Iruvazhinadu Panoor Kurumbranad etc under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions 2 The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the Zamorin of Calicut in the early medieval period 60 Kannur was an important trading centre in the 12th century with active business connections with Persia and Arabia It served as the British military headquarters on India s west coast until 1887 Kannur Cantonment is the only cantonment board in Kerala Kannur was the capital city of Kolathunadu one of the four powerful kingdoms who ruled Kerala during the medieval period Arakkal Kingdom and Chirakkal kingdom were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur The port at Kozhikode held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast while Kannur Kollam and Kochi were commercially important secondary ports where the traders from various parts of the world would gather 38 St Angelo Fort was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida the first Portuguese Viceroy of India The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663 They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia Zeelandia and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam The Dutch sold the fort to the king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772 The British conquered it in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast During the 17th century Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in the Malabar region Arakkal 61 The Ali Rajas of Arakkal kingdom near Kannur who were the vassals of the Kolathiri ruled over the Lakshadweep islands 62 In 1761 the British captured Mahe and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu 63 The British restored Mahe to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris 63 In 1779 the Anglo French war broke out resulting in the French loss of Mahe 63 In 1783 the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India and Mahe was handed over to the French in 1785 63 In conjunction with her sister city Thalassery it was the third largest city on the western coast of British India in the 18th century after Bombay and Karachi Vatakara and Koyilandy were two major coastal towns in North Malabar region besides Kannur and Thalassery Portuguese influences edit nbsp Kolattiri Raja s minister Kuruppu s Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama 1524 The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late Middle Ages However the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European Age of Discovery After Vasco Da Gama s arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 the Portuguese began to dominate eastern shipping and the spice trade in particular 64 65 66 The Zamorin of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a factory and a fort However Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut sided with the Portuguese against his overlord at Kozhikode 3 As a result the Kingdom of Tanur Vettathunadu became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin 3 Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from Vettom 3 However the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin 1504 2 However the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut 58 The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi When Francisco de Almeida was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505 his headquarters was established at Fort Kochi Fort Emmanuel rather than in Kozhikode During his reign the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast 67 Fort St Angelo or St Angelo Fort was built at Kannur in 1505 and Fort St Thomas was built at Kollam Quilon in 1518 by the Portuguese 68 However the Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in Malabar region especially from naval attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known as Kunjali Marakkars which compelled them to seek a treaty The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast 37 An insurrection at the Port of Quilon between the Arabs and the Portuguese led to the end of the Portuguese era in Quilon In 1571 the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the battle at Chaliyam Fort 69 The Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company who during the conflicts between the Kozhikode and the Kochi gained control of the trade 70 Under Mysore Sultans edit nbsp Palakkad Fort nbsp Malabar as a part of the erstwhile Kingdom of MysoreIn 1757 to check the invasion of the Zamorin of Calicut the Palakkad Raja sought the help of Hyder Ali of Mysore In 1766 Haider Ali of Mysore defeated the Samoothiri of Kozhikode an East India Company ally at the time and absorbed Kozhikode to his state 43 71 After the Third Mysore War 1790 1792 Malabar was placed under the control of the company Eventually the status of the Samoothiri was reduced to that of a pensioner of the company 1806 43 72 When Wayanad was under Hyder Ali s rule the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was constructed 73 Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road 74 His son and successor Tipu Sultan launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company resulting in two of the four Anglo Mysore Wars 75 76 Colonial period edit Tipu ultimately ceded the Malabar district and South Kanara to the company in the 1790s both were initially annexed to the Bombay Presidency of British India 77 78 79 After the Anglo Mysore wars the parts of Malabar Coast those became British colonies were organized into a district of British India Later the region was transferred into the Madras Presidency in 1800 3 The administrative headquarters were at Calicut Kozhikode Local affairs were managed by the District Board at Calicut along with Taluk Boards located at Malappuram Thalassery Palakkad and Mananthavady 80 Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja who had popular support in Thalassery Wayanad region 3 During the 19th century British established their army stations at Kannur Malappuram and Calicut Malappuram which was one of the European military stations in Madras presidency since 1852 also became the special police force headquarters of Malabar District with the establishment of the Malabar Special Police in 1885 6 British in Malabar also converted Thiyyar army called as Thiyya pattalam into a special regiment centered at Thalassery called as The Thiyyar Regiment in 1904 81 82 83 84 The oldest railway lines of Kerala lie in Malabar District which was laid in the late 19th century for the transportation of good and services the line laid from Tirur to Beypore in 1861 being the first among them nbsp A map of Malabar District Malayalam district drawn by Francis Buchanan Hamilton in 1807 Kasaragod region of South Canara was also included in Malayalam region just above the blue shaded region nbsp A map of the Madras Presidency in 1909According to William Logan the Taluks of Malabar could be subdivided on the basis of the feudal lords who ruled them before as given below Chirakkal Taluk edit The Amsoms included in Chirakkal Taluk was classified into two divisions of Kolathunadu and Randathara also called Poyanadu There were 44 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 Kolathunadu edit Kolathunadu was the land where Kolattiri Rajas Chirakkal family were historically considered as the main authority It was ruled by Kolattiri Raja Mannanars 85 Arakkal Kingdom and Kingdom of Mysore in various periods 2 It consisted of the following 36 Amsoms Payyannur Vellur Karivellur Korom Eramam Kuttur Payyanur Kuttiyeri Chuzhali Kanhileri Kalliad Malapattam Koyyam Kurumathur Taliparamba Pattuvam Ezhome Cheruthazham Kunhimangalam Madayi Matool Cherukunnu Kannapuram Irinave Pappinisseri Kalliasseri Morazha Kayaralam Kuttiattoor Maniyoor Munderi Cheleri Kannadiparamba Chirakkal Azhikode Puzhathi Elayavoor 2 Randathara edit Randathara was also called Poyanadu due to the belief that it was the place from where the Cheraman Perumal took his final departure on the journey to Mecca It was originally a part of Kolathunadu but was treated as a different Nadu 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Edakkad Chembilode Iriveri Makreri Anjarakkandy Mavilayi Muzhappilangad 2 Kottayam Taluk edit The Amsoms included in Kottayam Taluk was classified into four divisions The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands Iruvazhinadu Kurangott Nayar Nadu and Kottayam There were 28 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands edit nbsp Thalassery is also notable for Thalassery cuisineIt was a part of the ancient Kolathunadu Later it became a part of the Arakkal kingdom and Kingdom of Mysore The island of Dharmapattanam was claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas Kottayam Rajas and Arakkal Bibi 2 The English had settled here and started a factory here It consisted of the following 4 Amsoms Dharmadam Thalassery Mailanjanmam Thiruvangad 2 Iruvazhinadu edit It was also under the Kolathunadu earlier When the English factory was established at Thalassery Iruvazhinadu was held by six families of Nambiars Kunnummal Chandroth Kizhakkedath Kampurath Narangozhi and Kariyad Nambiars Kurangott Nayar s possession also probably formed part of the original territory of Iruvazhinadu 2 It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms Panoor Puthur Thrippangottur Panniyannur Peringalam Kariyad 2 Kurangott Nayar Nadu edit It laid between the English settlement at Thalassery and the French settlement at Mahe 2 It consisted of the following two Amsoms Olavilam Kallayi 2 Kottayam edit It was also earlier a part of Kolathunadu The Kottayam Rajas also known as Puranattu Rajas in the meaning of foreign Kshatriya caste received their territory from the Kolattu Rajas Pazhassi Raja was a Kottayam Raja 2 It consisted of the following 16 Amsoms Koodali Pattannur Chavassery Veliyambra Muzhakkunnu Gannavam Manathana Kannavam Sivapuram Pazhassi Kandamkunnu Paduvilayi Pinarayi Nettur Kadirur Kottayam 2 Wynad Taluk edit nbsp Wayanad a part of the greater Deccan Plateau is the only plateau region of KeralaThe Amsoms included in Wynad Taluk was classified into three divisions North Wynad South Wynad and Southeast Wynad There were 16 Amsoms in the Taluk 86 Wynad was a separate Revenue Division within Malabar District until 1924 12 Wynad was ruled by various kingdoms including Kutumbiyas 87 Kadambas Western Chalukyas 88 Hoysalas 89 Vijayanagaras and the Kingdom of Mysore in various periods Wynad was home to many tribes Wynad has relations with the Kingdom of Kottayam and Kurumbranad Some parts were ruled by the Kottayam dynasty 86 North Wynad edit It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Periya Edavaka Thondernad Porunnanore Nalloornad Ellurnad Kuppathod 86 South Wynad edit It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms Poothadi Kurumbala Vythiri Edanatassakur Muppanad Sultan Bathery 86 Southeast Wynad edit It was the regions included in the Gudalur and Pandalur Taluks of present Nilgiris district Southeast Wynad was a part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877 when it was transferred to the neighbouring Nilgiris district due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris 86 It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms Munnanad Nambalakode Cherankode 86 Kurumbranad Taluk edit nbsp Thamarassery Churam in southeastern Kurumbranad was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore The Amsoms included in Kurumbranad Taluk was classified into five divisions Kadathanad Payyormala Payanad Kurumbranad and Thamarassery Some Amsoms of Kurumbranad and Thamarassery were included in the Kozhikode Taluk There were 57 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 Kadathanad edit It was also part of the Kolathunadu earlier It formed a major portion of the Thekkalankur Southern Regent or the second headquarters of the Kolattiri Rajas When the English company settled at Thalassery Kadathanad was under the ancestors of the Kadathanad Rajas who was then called Bavnores of Badagara 2 It consisted of the following 31 Amsoms Azhiyur Muttungal Chorode Eramala Karthikappalli Purameri Edacheri Iringannur Thuneri Vellur Parakkadavu Chekkiad Valayam Velliyode Kunnummal Kavilumpara Kuttiadi Velom Cherapuram Kottappally Ayancheri Katameri Kuttipuram Kummangod Ponmeri Arakkilad Vatakara Memunda Palayad Puduppanam Maniyur Thiruvallur 2 Payyormala edit It was under the control of the Nairs of Payyormala Paleri Avinyat and Kutali Nairs They were independent chieftains with some theoretical dependence on both the Kurumbranad and the Zamorin of Calicut 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Palery Cheruvannur Meppayur Perambra Karayad Iringath 2 Payanadu edit It was dependent on the Zamorin of Calicut 2 It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms Keezhariyur Moodadi Pallikkara Meladi Viyyur Arikkulam Melur Chemancheri Thiruvangoor 2 Kurumbranad edit It was subjected to the Kurumbranad family which was connected with the Kingdom of Kottayam 2 It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks Kottur Trikkuttisseri Naduvannur Kavumthara Iyyad Panangad Nediyanad Kizhakkoth Madavoor 2 Thamarassery edit It was also subjected to the Kottayam Rajas 2 It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks Ulliyeri Kokkallur Edakkara Kunnathara Annassery Naduvallur Nanmanda Nediyanad Koodathayi 2 Kozhikode Taluk edit The Amsoms included in Kozhikode Taluk was classified into three divisions Polanad Beypore Northern Parappanad and Puzhavayi There were 41 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 As stated earlier a part of Kurumbranad and Thamarasseri historical divisions of Kurumbranad Taluk was also included in the Kozhikode Taluk Polanad edit Polanad was ruled by the Porlathiri Rajas before the conquest of Kozhikode by the Zamorin of Calicut After the conquest the Zamorins shifted their headquarters from Nediyiruppu in Eranad to Kozhikode It became the capital of the Zamorins 2 It consisted of the following 22 Amsoms Elathur Thalakkulathur Makkada Chathamangalam Kunnamangalam Thamarassery Kuruvattur Padinyattumuri Karannur Edakkad Kacheri Nagaram Kasaba Valayanad Kottooli Chevayur Mayanad Kovoor Perumanna Peruvayal Iringallur Olavanna 2 Beypore Northern Parappanad edit Parappanad kingdom was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut headquartered at Parappanangadi It was divided into Northern Parappanad and Southern Parappanad Northern Parappanad was headquartered at Beypore 2 It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms Beypore Panniyankara Cheruvannur 2 Puzhavayi edit It was ruled by its own Nairs who had a dependence on both of the Zamorin of Calicut and the Kurumbranad 2 It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms Kedavur Thiruvambady Puthur Neeleswaram Koduvally Kanniparamba Chuloor Manashery Pannikode 2 Ernad Taluk edit nbsp Conolly s plot the world s oldest teak plantation at Nilambur in Eastern Eranad was planted in the 1840s by the Collector H V Conolly The Amsoms included in Ernad Taluk was classified into four divisions Parappur Southern Parappanad Ramanad Cheranad and Eranad There were 52 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 A part of Cheranad division was under Ponnani Taluk Parappur Southern Parappanad edit Southern Parappanad was a dependent of the Zamorin of Calicut Parappanangadi the headquarters of Parappanad royal family was at Southern Parappanad 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Pazhanchannur Mannur Tenhipalam Neduva Vallikunnu Parappanangadi Nannambra 2 Ramanad edit Ramanad was directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Nallur Azhinjilam Cherukavu Karad Karumarakkad Karippur Chelembra 2 Cheranad edit Cheranad was also directly ruled by the Zamorin of Calicut 2 Cheranad was scattered in Eranad and Ponnani Taluks The headquarters of Cheranad was Tirurangadi It consisted of the following 17 Amsoms Vadakkumpuram Valiyakunnu Kattipparuthi Athavanad Ummathoor Irimbiliyam Parudur Olakara Trikkulam Koduvayur Vengara Kannamangalam Oorakam Melmuri Puthur Kottakkal Indiannur Valakkulam 2 Eranad edit Eranad was the original headquarters of the Zamorin of Calicut It was later changed to Kozhikode with the conquest of Polanad It also was under the direct rule of the Zamorin 2 It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms Mappram Cheekkode Urangattiri Mampad Nilambur Porur Wandoor Thiruvali Trikkalangode Karakunnu Iruvetti Kavanoor Chengara Puliyakode Kuzhimanna Kolathur Nediyiruppu Keezhmuri Melmuri Arimbra Valluvambram Irumbuzhi Manjeri Payyanad Elankur Ponmala 2 Walluvanad Taluk edit nbsp Attappadi valley in WalluvanadThe Amsoms included in Walluvanad Taluk was classified into four divisions Vellatiri Walluvanad proper Walluvanad Nedunganad and Kavalappara There were 64 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 Vellatiri Walluvanad Proper edit Vellatiri Walluvanad Proper was the sole remaining territory of the Walluvanad Raja Valluvakonathiri who had once ruled majority of the South Malabar A major part of Ernad Taluk was under Walluvanad before the expansion of the Ernad in 13th 14th centuries Some of the Amsoms in this division was part of the Ernad Taluk 2 It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms Kodur Kuruva Mankada Pallipuram Mankada Valambur Karyavattam Nenmini Melattur Vettattur Kottoppadam Arakurissi Tachampara Arakkuparamba Chethallur Angadipuram Perinthalmanna Puzhakkattiri Pang Kolathur Kuruvambalam Pulamantol Elamkulam Anamangad Paral Chembrassery Pandikkad 2 Walluvanad edit The Amsoms in this division was comparatively later acquisition by the Zamorin in the territory of the Walluvanad Raja 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Tuvvur Thiruvizhamkunnu Thenkara Kumaramputhur Karimpuzha Thachchanattukara Aliparamba 2 Nedunganad edit Nedunganad had been under the Zamorin for some time After the disintegration of Perumals of Mahodayapuram Nedunganad became independent It was ruled by Nedungadis Later it came under the Zamorin s kingdom 2 It consisted of the following 27 Amsoms Elambulassery Vellinezhi Sreekrishnapuram Kadampazhipuram Kalladikode Vadakkumpuram Moothedath Madamba Thrikkadeeri Chalavara Cherpulassery Naduvattam Karalmanna Kulukkallur Chundambatta Vilayur Pulasseri Naduvattam Muthuthala Perumudiyoor Nethirimangalam Pallippuram Kalladipatta Vallapuzha Kothakurssi Eledath Madamba Chunangad Mulanjur Perur 2 Kavalappara edit Kavalappara had its own Nairs who owed a sort of nominal allegiance both to the Zamorin of Calicut and the Kingdom of Cochin 2 It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms Mundakkottukurissi Panamanna Koonathara Karakkad Kuzhappalli Mundamuka 2 Ponnani Taluk edit nbsp Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal Tirunavaya The Tile Factory at Kodakkal started in 1887 is the second tile manufacturing industry in India First tile factory was at Feroke which was a part of Eranad Taluk thenThe Amsoms included in Ponnani Taluk was classified into three divisions Vettathunad Koottanad Chavakkad and the Island of Chetvai There were 73 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 Vettathunad edit nbsp Kingdom of Tanur Vettathunad Vettathunad also known as the Kingdom of Tanur was a coastal city state kingdom in the Malabar Coast It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja who was dependent on the Zamorin of Calicut The Kshatriya family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793 2 Vettathunad consisted of the following 21 Amsoms Pariyapuram Rayirimangalam Ozhur Ponmundam Tanalur Niramaruthur Trikkandiyur Iringavoor Klari Kalpakanchery Melmuri Ananthavoor Kanmanam Thalakkad Vettom Pachattiri Mangalam Chennara Triprangode Pallipuram Purathur 2 Koottanad edit nbsp Ponnani harbour in the mid 1930sThe second home of the Zamorin of Calicut was Thrikkavil Kovilakam at Ponnani in Koottanad The Zamorin had control over the Koottanad 2 It consisted of the following 24 Amsoms Thavanur Kalady Kodanad Melattur Chekkod Anakkara Keezhmuri Pothanur Eswaramangalam Pallaprom Ponnani Kanjiramukku Edappal Vattamkulam Kumaranellur Kothachira Nagalassery Thirumittacode Othalur Kappur Alamkod Pallikkara Eramangalam Vayilathur 2 Chavakkad edit Chavakkad had been under the suzerainty of the Zamorin 2 It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms Veliyankode Ayiroor Kadikkad Punnayur Edakkazhiyur Palayoor Guruvayur Iringaprom Annakara Brahmakulam Mullassery Venkitangu Chavakkad Orumanayur 2 The Island of Chetvai edit The Island of Chetvai had been earlier under the suzerainty of the Zamorin but it came under the possession of the Dutch in 1717 2 It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms Vadanappally Nattika Pallipuram Edathiruthy Kaipamangalam Pappinivattom Panangad 2 Palghat Taluk edit The Amsoms included in Palghat Taluk was classified into three divisions Palghat Temmalapuram and Naduvattam There were 56 Amsoms in the Taluk 2 Palghat edit Palghat was ruled by the Palghat Rajas Sometime previously to 1757 the Zamorin of Calicut the Kingdom of Valluvanad and the Kingdom of Cochin had tried to annex Palghat Cochin had annexed Chittur region Walluvanad Raja had a nominal sovereignty over the Nairs of Kongad Edathara and Mannur 2 Palghat division consisted of the following 23 Amsoms Cheraya Kongad Mundur Kavilpad Akathethara Puthussery Elappully Polpully Pallatheri Puthur Koppam Yakkara Vadakkanthara Kodunthirapalli Edathara Kizhakkumpuram Thadukkassery Mathur Pallanchathanur Kannadi Kinassery Thiruvalathur Palathully 2 Temmalapuram edit Temmalapuram consisted of the following 10 Amsoms Chulanur Vadakkethara Kattusseri Kavasseri Tarur Kannanurpattola Ayakkad Mangalam Vadakkencherry Chittilamchery 2 Naduvattam edit Naduvattam was originally under the Palghat Raja Later the Zamorin of Calicut annexed Naduvattam into his kingdom 2 It consisted of the following 23 Amsoms Kottayi Mankara Kuthanur Kuzhalmannam Vilayanchathanur Thenkurissi Thannissery Peruvemba Koduvayur Kakkayur Vilayannur Manjalur Erimayur Kunissery Pallavur Kudallur Pallassena Vadavannur Kizhakkethara Padinjarethara Vattekkad Panangattiri Muthalamada 2 Exceptional Nadus 1887 edit nbsp The uninhabited island of Bangaram in LakshadweepThe Exceptional Nadus included the British colonies which were included in the Malabar District those were detached from the mainland Taluks of Malabar District by land or sea 2 Cannanore and Laccadive Islands edit These islands were the territory of Arakkal kingdom outside the town of Kannur 2 They remained in Malabar district until the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956 It consisted of the following 5 inhabited islands of Lakshadweep 2 Agatti Kavaratti Andrott Kalpeni Minicoy 2 The uninhabited island of Bangaram was also a part Dutch settlements at Cochin Fort Cochin Taluk edit nbsp Chinese fishing nets in Fort KochiIn 1814 the Dutch settlements at Fort Kochi region of present Kochi city was ceded to East India Company 2 They were attached to the Malabar District 2 They remained in the district until the formation of the state of Kerala in 1956 The settlement consisted of the town and fort of Kochi It was the erstwhile municipality of Fort Kochi In 1664 the municipality of Fort Kochi was established by Dutch Malabar making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century 50 It consisted of the following gardens or Pattams 2 Tumboli Pattam Kattoor Pattam Athazhakkad Pattam Manakodathu Pattam Antony Fernandez Pattam Thekkepurupunkara Pattam Mundamveli Pattam Domingo Fernandez Palakkal Pattam Santiago Pattam Thaiveppu Pattam Belicho Rodriguez Pattam Saint Louis Pattam Duart Lemos Pattam Hendrick Silva Pattam Ramanthuruth Pattam Sondikalguvankure Pattam Palliport Hospital Parambu 2 The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo edit nbsp A view of Anchuthengu Fort Anchuthengu was the southernmost point of Malabar District on the Malabar Coast while Minicoy was the southernmost island of Malabar District in the Arabian Sea 2 Those were the British colonies surrounded by the Kingdom of Travancore to three sides and Arabian Sea to one side 2 Thangassery is actually a part of the city of Kollam Anchuthengu lies near Attingal in Thiruvananthapuram 2 Later Thangassery and Anchuthengu were transferred from Malabar to Tirunelveli district on 1 July 1927 12 Political and social movements edit The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala between 1792 and 1921 It is estimated that there were about 830 riots large and small during this period Muttichira revolt Mannur revolt Cherur revolt Manjeri revolt Wandoor revolt Kolathur revolt Ponnani revolt and Thrikkalur revolt are some important revolts during this period During 1841 1921 there were more than 86 revolutions against the British officials alone 90 East India Company made an arrangement to collect revenue through Zamorin However a revolt under the leadership of Manjeri Athan Gurukkal took place opposing it in 1849 91 nbsp South Malabar during Malabar RebellionThe Malabar district political conference of Indian National Congress held at Manjeri on 28 April 1920 strengthened Indian independence movement and national movement in Malabar District 92 That conference declared that the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms were not able to satisfy the needs of British India It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar However the decision widened the drift between extremists and moderates within Congress The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class 3 Eranad Valluvanad and Ponnani Taluks had been part of Khilafat Movement just after the Manjeri conference The Khilafat non cooperation demonstration conducted at Kalpakanchery in Ponnani Taluk now a part of Tirur Taluk on 22 March 1921 under the leadership of K P Kesava Menon was attended by about 20 000 people The first all Kerala provincial conference of Indian National Congress held at Ottapalam in April 1921 also influenced the rebellion Malabar Rebellion of 1921 was the last and important among the Mappila rebellions The cities towns of Malappuram Manjeri Kondotty Perinthalmanna and Tirurangadi were the main strongholds of the rebels The Battle of Pookkottur occurred as a part of the rebellion After the army police and British authorities fled the declaration of independence took place in over 200 villages in Eranad Valluvanad Ponnani and Kozhikode taluks 93 The new country was given the name Malayala Rajyam The land of Malayalam 94 On August 25 1921 Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji inaugurated the Military Training Center at Angadipuram which was started by the revolutionary government The feudal customs of Kumpil Kanji and Kanabhumi were abolished and the tenants were made landowners A tax exemption was given for one year and a tax was imposed on the movement of goods from Wayanad to the Madras Presidency 95 Similar to the British the structure of administration was built upon Collector Governor Viceroy and King 96 The parallel government established courts tax centers food storage centers the military and the legal police Passport system was introduced for those in the new country 97 98 Although the nation s lifespan is considered to have been less than six months some British officials have suggested that the region was ruled by a parallel government for more than a year 99 100 nbsp The Wagon tragedy memorial at TirurThe rebels won to establish self rule in the region for about six months However less than six months after the declaration of autonomy the British managed to recapture it and put it under the direct control of British Army Commander in Chief Chief Rawlson General Barnett Stuart Intelligence Chief Maurice Williams and Police General Armitage Many of the important British military regiments including Dorset Karen Yenier Linston Rajputana Gorkha Garwale and Chin Kutchin reached Malabar for the reannexation of the South Malabar 101 The Wagon tragedy 1921 is still a saddening memory of the Malabar rebellion where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921 102 The prisoners had been taken into custody following the Mappila Rebellion in various parts of the district Their deaths through apparent negligence generated sympathy for Indian independence movement Post Independence edit After the Indian independence Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956 when Malabar District was merged with erstwhile Kasaragod Taluk immediately to the north and the state of Travancore Cochin to the south to form the state of Kerala Malabar District was divided into the three districts of Kozhikode Palakkad and Kannur on 1 January 1957 The Chavakkad region of the Ponnani Taluk was transferred to the Thrissur district Malappuram District was created from parts of Kozhikode and Palakkad in 1969 and Wayanad District was created in 1980 from parts of Kozhikode and Kannur Geography edit nbsp The hilly beach of Ezhimala had once been the headquarters of what is now known as North Malabar in ancient period 16 nbsp The Kavvayi Backwaters separated the British district of Malabar from South Canara Mangalore 1 nbsp Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary nbsp Chembra Peak Wayanad nbsp Bharathappuzha River the second longest river in Kerala nbsp Chaliyar the fourth longest river in Kerala nbsp Kadalundi River the fifth longest river in Kerala nbsp A typical Palakkadan paddy field from Nemmara Malabar district also known as the Malayalam district bears its name from the hilly nature of many areas in the district 1 It was one of the two districts of Madras presidency which lied in the western coast Malabar coast of India the other being the South Canara The mainland area of Malabar District excluding Lakshadweep Islands and Fort Kochi region was surrounded by South Canara Mangalore to north the princely states of Coorg and Mysore to northeast the British districts of Nilgiris Ooty and Coimbatore to southeast and the princely state of Cochin to south 1 North Malabar and South Malabar was divided by the river Korapuzha 1 Wayanad Valluvanad and Palakkad Taluks hadn t seacoast whereas the remaining Taluks in the district had coastal areas 1 With an exception of the Lakshadweep islands the district was wedged between the Lakshadweep Sea and the Western Ghats Wayanad which forms a continuation of Mysore Plateau was the only Plateau in Malabar as well as Kerala The district was widely scattered and consists of the following parts Malabar Proper extending north to south along the coast a distance of around 240 kilometers and lying between N Lat 10 15 and 12 18 N and E Long 75 14 and 76 56 A group of nineteen isolated bits of territory lying scattered fifteen of them in the native state of Cochin and the remaining four in those of Travancore but all of them near the coastline These isolated bits of territory form the taluk of British Cochin Two other detached bits of land the Tangasseri and the Anchuthengu within the Travancore Four inhabited and ten uninhabited islands of Lakshadweep The four inhabited islands are Agatti Kavaratti Androth and Kalpeni The solitary island of Minicoy The Western Ghats form a continuous mountain range on the eastern border of the district Only break in the Ghats was formed by the Palakkad Gap The western part of the district was sandy coast The Ghats in the district maintained an average elevation of 1500 m which might occasionally go up to 2500 m 1 In Kozhikode Taluk they turned sharply eastwards and after passing the Nilambur valley in Ernad Taluk they continued further south along the eastern portions of Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks and the northern portion of Palghat Taluk 1 Palakkad Gap broke the Ghats in Palghat Taluk The highest peaks in Malabar District was located in Nilambur region on the vicinity of Nilgiri Mountains 1 The 2 554 m high Mukurthi peak which is situated in the border of modern day Nilambur Taluk and Ooty Taluk and is also the fifth highest peak in South India as well as the third highest in Kerala after Anamudi 2 696 m and Meesapulimala 2 651 m was the highest point of elevation in Malabar district It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the Idukki district The 2 383 high Anginda peak which is located closer to Malappuram Palakkad Nilgiris district border is the second highest peak 1 Vavul Mala a 2 339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram Wayanad and Thamarassery Taluk of Kozhikode districts was the third highest point of elevation in the district 1 Apart from the main continuous range of Western Ghats there were many small undulating hills in the lowland of the district 1 Tropical evergreen forests were present in the mountain ranges in the district 1 The eastern regions in the modern day districts of Wayanad Malappuram Chaliyar valley at Nilambur and Palakkad Attappadi Valley which together form parts of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a continuation of the Mysore Plateau are known for natural Gold fields along with the adjoining districts of Karnataka 103 The largest three rivers in Malabar District were Bharathappuzha River Ponnani Chaliyar Kadalundippuzha all of them flowing through South Malabar Valapattanam River was the largest river in North Malabar region which empties into Arabian Sea near Kannur Two rivers flowed eastwards in the district Kabini River in Wynad Taluk and Bhavani River in the high hills of the Walluvanad Taluk Both of them were tributaries of the River Kaveri 1 Other rivers in the district were west flowing which flows into the Arabian Sea Coastal backwaters like Kavvayi and Biyyam were also there The important west flowing rivers included Valapattanam River in Chirakkal Taluk Anjarakandi River in Kottayam Taluk Mahe River and Kuttiadi River in Kurumbranad Taluk Chaliyar in Ernad Taluk Kadalundi River in Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks and Bharathappuzha in Ponnani and Palghat Taluks 1 Other rivers were Kottoor Irikkur Vannathi Pazhayangadi Perumba Kuppam Kuttikol and Kavvayi in Chirakkal Taluk Bavali and Iritti in Kottayam Taluk Bavali flows through Wynad too Korapuzha in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks Panamarampuzha and Manantoddy River in Wynad Taluk Kallayi Irittuzhi Irungi and Mukkam in Kozhikode Taluk Thuthapuzha in Ponnani and Walluvanad Taluks Olipuzha and Siruvani in Walluvanad Taluk and Kalpathipuzha Yakkarapuzha and Gayathripuzha in Palghat Taluk 1 Administrative divisions edit nbsp Malabar District during 1951 CensusMalabar district had 5 revenue divisions namely Thalassery Tellicherry Kozhikode Calicut Malappuram Palakkad Palghat and Fort Cochin and 10 Taluks within them 1 The plateau of Wayanad was a separate Revenue Division until 1924 Later it was merged with Thalassery Thalassery Revenue Division edit Headquartered at Thalassery 1 Taluks edit Chirakkal Area 1 750 square kilometres 677 sq mi Headquarters Chirakkal now Kannur Kottayam Area 1 270 square kilometres 489 sq mi Headquarters Kottayam now Thalassery Wayanad Area 2 130 square kilometres 821 sq mi Headquarters Mananthavady 1 Kozhikode Revenue Division edit Headquartered at Kozhikode 1 Taluks edit Kurumbranad Area 1 310 square kilometres 505 sq mi Headquarters now Vatakara Kozhikode amp Laccadive Islands Area 980 square kilometres 379 sq mi Headquarters Kozhikode Laccadive islands were a separate Taluk under British rule Later it merged with Kozhikode Taluk Malappuram Revenue Division edit Headquartered at Malappuram 1 Taluks edit Ernad Area 2 540 square kilometres 979 sq mi Headquarters Manjeri Valluvanad Area 2 280 square kilometres 882 sq mi Headquarters now Perinthalmanna 1 Palakkad Revenue Division edit Headquartered at Palakkad 1 Taluks edit Ponnani Area 1 100 square kilometres 426 sq mi Headquarters Ponnani Palakkad Area 1 670 square kilometres 643 sq mi Headquarters Palakkad 1 Fort Cochin Revenue Division edit Headquartered at Fort Cochin 1 Cochin Area 5 2 square kilometres 2 sq mi Headquarters Cochin 1 Demography editNative castes in the erstwhile Malabar District include Nambudiri Brahmin Nair Thiyya Mappila and Scheduled Castes and Tribes 2 Historical populationYearPop p a 18712 261 250 18812 365 035 0 45 18912 652 565 1 15 19012 800 555 0 54 19113 015 119 0 74 19213 098 871 0 27 19313 533 944 1 32 19413 929 425 1 07 19514 758 842 1 93 Source 104 Religion in Malabar District 1951 105 Hinduism 63 25 Islam 33 49 Christianity 3 24 Other 0 02 Language in Malabar District 1951 105 Malayalam 96 41 Tamil 2 52 Telugu 0 46 Other 0 61 Religious Demographics of Malabar District 1871 amp 1951 106 105 Religion 1871 106 1951 105 1 Hinduism 72 43 106 63 25 105 2 Islam 25 72 106 33 49 105 3 Christianity 1 43 106 3 24 105 Among various Hindu castes Thiyyas were the most populous in the erstwhile Malabar District according to 1881 Census of India 107 Thiyyas formed nearly 35 of the total Hindus of Malabar in 1881 107 Mannanar was a former Thiyyar dynasty in Malabar Kalari Panicker Chekavar etc were some subdivisions of Thiyya caste They were present in large numbers in almost all Taluks of Malabar except Palghat Cochin and Laccadive Islands 107 Thiyyas were similar to Billavas of Tulu Nadu 108 In Palghat Taluk there were Ezhavas instead of Thiyyas 107 Nairs were the second largest caste accounting for nearly 20 of the Hindu population in 1881 107 Their presence was scattered all over Malabar except Laccadive and Minicoy Islands 107 According to William Logan the main subdivisions among the Nair of erstwhile Malabar District were Menon Nayanar in North Malabar Menoky Moopil Nair Pada Nair Kuruppu Kaimal Panikkar Kiryathil Nair Moothar Oore Kidavu Kartha Eradi in Eranad and Kozhikode Vellodi in Valluvanad Nedungadi in Nedunganad Mannadiyar in Palakkad and Manavalan 107 Nairs were similar to the Bunts of Tulu Nadu 108 Malabar Manual states that the royal family of Parappanad belonged to Kshatriya caste from where members for Travancore royal family were usually selected 107 The rulers of the Kingdom of Kottayam Thalassery also belonged to Kshatriyas 107 Ambalavasi population was higher in South Malabar compared to that in North Malabar 107 Nambudiri Brahmins who had the highest position in caste system were mainly concentrated around the river Bharathappuzha mainly in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani in South Malabar 107 According to 1881 Census more than 50 of all Nambudiris in Malabar were settled in Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks 107 Nearly 90 of the Nambudiris of Malabar were from South Malabar while North Malabar contributed only around 10 107 Kozhikode and Eranad came next to Valluvanad and Ponnani in Namboodiri population 107 Azhvanchery Thamprakkal who were the head of all Namboodiri of Kerala belong to Athavanad in erstwhile Ponnani taluk 107 There were some Iyer Brahmins in Palghat Taluk and Tuluva Brahmins in North Malabar 107 Cherumar Cheramar population was comparatively higher in the erstwhile Taluk of Cheranad merged with Eranad and Ponnani in the 1860s and its surroundings 107 Nearly 70 of all Cherumars of Malabar District in 1857 census were from the Taluks of Eranad Valluvanad Ponnani and Palakkad 107 William Logan notes in his Malabar Manual that a larger number of Cherumar caste converted into Islam in the Taluks of Eranad Ponnani and Valluvanad during 1871 1881 comparing the census reports of 1871 and 1881 107 Muslim population was higher in South Malabar compared to its northern counterparts Muslims formed nearly 100 of population in Laccadive Islands and more than 50 in Eranad Taluk according to 1881 Census 107 Muslim population was much higher than the district average in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani too in 1881 107 At the same time Palakkad Taluk had the least population of Muslims in 1881 107 Their population was higher in former territories of the Zamorin of Calicut 107 Mappila Muslims of Malabar were similar to the Beary Muslims of Tulu Nadu 108 Fort Cochin Taluk had the highest Christian population in Malabar while Valluvanad Taluk and Laccadive Islands had the least 107 The presence of Saint Thomas Christians was significant only in the southern portions of Ponnani taluk Chavakkad region and Fort Kochi 107 The Talukwise area and population of Malabar district as of 1951 Census of India are given below Population and area of Malabar district 1951 1 Taluk Area in sq miles PopulationThalassery Division1 Chirakkal Kannur 688 534 8902 Kottayam Thalassery 484 369 5803 Wayanad Mananthavady 821 169 280Kozhikode Division4 Kurumbranad Vatakara 506 554 0915 Kozhikode amp Laccadive Islands 380 530 364Malappuram Division6 Eranad Manjeri 978 614 2837 Valluvanad Perinthalmanna 873 573 457Palakkad Division8 Ponnani 427 793 8059 Palakkad 643 585 651Fort Cochin Division10 Fort Cochin 2 32 941Total 5 802 4 758 842Towns and Types edit Although there were several settlements across Malabar district during the Madras Presidency or Pre Independence era only a handful were officially considered as Towns Those were Cannanore Tellicherry Badagara Calicut Malappuram Tanur Ponnani Palghat and Fort Kochi 109 The municipalities of Kozhikode Palakkad Fort Kochi Kannur and Thalassery were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850 110 111 109 112 of the British Indian Empire making all of them the first modern municipalities in Kerala Even the Thiruvananthapuram municipality was formed in 1920 54 years later Abbreviations edit M Municipality Towns with a local governing body constituted under Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865 T Non Municipal Town Towns without a governing body listed in Madras District Records C Cantonment Towns with a Military base in Madras Presidency A C Administrative Center Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order Cities Towns of Malabar district during the late 1800s 1881 Early 1900s 1901 and Mid 1900s 1941 111 109 112 113 City Town YearDeclared Type Taluk Revenue Division PopulationPre Independence Late 1800s 1881 Kozhikode 1866 M C AC Kozhikode Kozhikode 57 085Palakkad 1866 M AC Palghat Palghat 36 339Thalassery 1866 M AC Kottayam Tellicherry 26 410Kannur 1866 M C Chirakkal Tellicherry 26 386Fort Kochi 1866 M AC Fort Cochin Fort Cochin 15 698Early 1900s 1901 Badagara 1902 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 11 319Ponnani 1902 T Ponnani Palghat 10 562Malappuram 1904 T C AC Ernad Malappuram 9 216Tanur 1912 T Ponnani Palghat 8 409Mid 1900s 1941 Pandalayini Koyilandy 1941 T Kurumbranad Kozhikode 12 713Feroke 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 6 249Manjeri 1941 T Ernad Malappuram 5 547Trikkandiyur Tirur 1941 T Ponnani Palghat 9 4891951 Census of India edit The settlements with a population of more than 50 000 were considered as cities and those had between 10 000 and 50 000 were considered as towns 105 The following table gives the cities and towns of Malabar district classified by their population as of the 1951 Census Cities and towns of Malabar district 1951 105 City Town Taluk Population 1951 CitiesKozhikode Kozhikode 158 724Palakkad Palghat 69 504TownsKannur Chirakkal 42 431Thalassery Kottayam 40 040Fort Kochi Fort Cochin 29 881Panthalayini Koyilandy Kurumbranad 29 001Ponnani Ponnani 23 606Ottapalam Walluvanad 22 695Badagara Kurumbranad 20 964Feroke Ernad 19 463Tanur Ponnani 17 888Trikkandiyur Tirur Ponnani 11 830Shoranur Walluvanad 11 596Manjeri Ernad 10 357Total 507 975Local bodies edit At the time of 1951 Census of India Malabar District was divided into 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards 114 Among them 2 municipalities Kozhikode and Palakkad were treated as cities 114 The municipalities were Kozhikode Palakkad Kannur Thalassery and Fort Cochin 114 The other towns mentioned above i e Shoranur Ottapalam Manjeri Ponnani Tanur Trikkandiyur Tirur Feroke Pandalayini Quilandy and Badagara were treated as Panchayat towns 114 The Taluk wise details of 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards under Malabar District Board at that time are given below 114 AbbreviationsT TOWNIt maybe either a Municipal Town or a Non Municipal Town The settlements exceeding a population of 10 000 and had some sort of economic importance were considered as towns according to 1951 Census of India 114 C CITYThe Municipalities exceeding a population of 50 000 and had larger economic importance were treated as cities according to 1951 Census of India 114 TELLICHERRY DIVISIONChirakkal Taluk 10 114 Cannanore Municipality T 1 Payyanur 2 Karivellur Peralam 3 Ramanthali4 Cheruthazham Kunhimangalam 5 Azhikode 6 Pappinisseri7 Kankole 8 Baliapatam 9 Chirakkal10 PuzhathiKottayam Taluk 15 114 Tellicherry Municipality T 11 Panoor 12 Kuthuparamba 13 Kadirur14 Kariyad 15 Dharmadom 16 Kottayam17 Eranholi 18 Eruvatty 19 Peringalam20 Pinarayi 21 Pathiriyad 22 Olavilam23 Vadakkumpad 24 Menapram 25 KodiyeriWynad Taluk 8 114 26 Thavinhal 27 Manantoddy 28 Thirunelly29 Kalpetta 30 Vythiri 31 Meppadi32 Kidanganad 33 VellamundaKOZHIKODE DIVISIONKurumbranad Taluk 14 114 34 Badagara T 35 Cheruvannur 36 Unnikulam37 Eramala 38 Balussery 39 Edacheri40 Kunnummakkara 41 Meppayur 42 Villiappally43 Nadapuram 44 Chorode 45 Panthalayani Koyilandy T 46 Veloor 47 KarthikappalliKozhikode Taluk 3 114 Kozhikode Municipality C 48 Beypore 49 Thamarassery 50 KoduvallyMALAPPURAM DIVISIONErnad Taluk 5 114 51 Nilambur 52 Nediyiruppu 53 Manjeri T 54 Kondotty 55 KottakkalWalluvanad Taluk 10 114 56 Shoranur T 57 Ottapalam T 58 Pattambi59 Thiruvegappura 60 Perinthalmanna 61 Cherpulassery62 Perur 63 Kuruvattoor 64 Vaniyamkulam65 KarakkadPALGHAT DIVISIONPonnani Taluk 21 114 66 Ponnani T 67 Kalpakanchery 68 Trikkandiyur Tirur T 69 Tanur Nagaram 70 Tanur T 71 Ozhur72 Andathode 73 Vadakkekad 74 Attupuram75 Vylathur 76 Veliyankode 77 Ayiroor78 Maranchery 79 Kottapadi 80 Chavakkad81 Chittaattukara 82 Elavally 83 Pavaratty84 Kundazhiyur 85 Venkitangu 86 EngandiyurPalghat Taluk 14 114 Palghat Municipality C 87 Peringottukurissi 88 Kottayi 89 Tholanur90 Vadakkencherry 91 Kizhakkancherry 92 Kollengode93 Vadavannur 94 Pallassana 95 Koduvayur96 Thenur 97 Elappully 98 Kattusseri99 Paruthipully 100 MankaraFORT COCHIN DIVISIONFort Cochin Taluk 0 114 Fort Cochin Municipality T Politics editRepresentatives from Malabar to Madras State edit In C Rajagopalachari Ministry 1 Kongattil Raman Menon 1937 39 2 C J Varkey Chunkath 1939 In Prakasam Ministry 1 R Raghavamenon 1946 47 In Ramaswami Reddyar Ministry 1 Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon 1947 49 In P S Kumaraswami Ministry 1 Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon 1949 52 In C Rajagopalachari Ministry 1 K P Kuttikrishnan Nair 1952 54 Kalladi Unnikammu Sahib1951 52 Indian general election edit In the first election to the Lok Sabha conducted under the provisions of the Indian Constitution after Independence Malabar district had five constituencies Kannur Thalassery Kozhikode Malappuram and Ponnani 115 Constituency Winner Party Runner up Party1 Kannur A K Gopalan CPI C K K Govindan Nayar INCK S Subramania Iyer IND2 Thalassery Nettur P Damodaran KMPP P Kunhiraman INCP M V Kunhiraman Nambiar SP3 Kozhikode Achuthan Damodaran Menon KMPP Ummar Koya Parappil INCRamakrislina Naick R N Ruhur IND4 Malappuram B Pocker Sahib Bahadur IUML T V Chathukutty Nair INCKumhali Karikedan CPI5 Ponnani K Kelappan KMPP Karunakara Menon INCVella Eacharan Iyyani INC Massan Gani IND1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election edit 25 State Legislative Assembly constituencies were allotted from the Malabar District to the First Assembly of Madras State 4 of them were dual member constituencies The total number of seats in the district was 29 including dual member constituencies Constituency Winner Party Runner up Party1 Nattika Gopalakrishnan CPI Raman INC2 Ponnani N Gopala Menon INC K C Sankarann INCE T Kunhan CPI A C Raman KMPP3 Tirur K Uppi Saheb IUML K Ahmad Kutty INC4 Thrithala K B Menon SP P K Moideen Kutty INC5 Perinthalmanna Kunhimahamad Shafee Kallingal IUML P Ahmad Kutty Sadhu CPI6 Mannarkkad K C Gopalanunni IND Kurikal Ahmed IND7 Pattambi V Sankara Narayana Menon KMPP A Ramachandra Nedungadi INC8 Ottapalam M Narayana Kurup KMPP C P Madhavan Nair INC9 Palakkad K Ramakrishnan IND P Vasu Menon INC10 Alathur K Krishnan CPI Y R Ramanatha Iyer INDO Koran KMPP E Eacharan INC11 Malappuram Miniyadam Chadayan IUML Karupadata Ibrahim INCMohammad Haje Seethi IUML Kallayan Kunhambu INC12 Kottakkal Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty IUML Kunjunni Nedumgadi Ezhuthassan Kalathil INC13 Kozhikode K P Kutty Krishnan Nair INC E M S Namboodiripad CPI14 Chevayur A Appu INC Ayyadhan Balagopalan KMPP15 Wayanad Manyangode Padmanabha Gounder SP Kozhipurath Madhava Menon INCChomadi Velukkan SP Veliyan Nocharamooyal INC16 Koyilandy Chemmaratha Kunhriramakurup KMPP Anantapuram Patinhare Madam Vasudevan Nair INC17 Perambra Kunhiram Kidavu Polloyil KMPP Kalandankutty Puthiyottil INC18 Vadakara Moidu Keloth SP Ayatathil Chathu INC19 Nadapuram E K Sankara Varma Raja INC K Thacharakandy CPI20 Thalassery C H M Kanaran CPI K P M Raghavan Nair INC21 Kuthuparamba Krishna Iyer IND Harindranabham Kalliyat Thazhathuveethil SP22 Mattanur Madhavan Nambiar Kallorath CPI Subbarao INC23 Kannur Kariath Sreedharan KMPP Pamban Madhavan INC24 Taliparamba T C Narayanan Nambiar CPI V V Damodaran Nayanar INC25 Payyanur K P Gopalan CPI Vivekananda Devappa Sernoy INCMalabar Cuisine editSee also Thalassery cuisine nbsp Pathiri a pancake made of rice flour is one of the common breakfast dishes in Kannur nbsp Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka mussels stuffed with rice nbsp Thalassery biryani with raita nbsp Halwas are popular in towns like Kannur Thalassery Kozhikode and Ponnani The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage It is famous for Malabar biriyani The city of Calicut is also famous for Haluva called as Sweet Meat by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet Kozhikode has a main road in the town named Mittai Theruvu Sweet Meat Street or S M Street for short It derived this name from the numerous Halwa stores which used to dot the street Another speciality is banana chips which are made crisp and wafer thin Other popular dishes include seafood preparations prawns mussels mackerel Vegetarian fare includes the sadya Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala Persian Yemenese and Arab food culture 116 This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes 116 Kallummakkaya mussels curry irachi puttu irachi meaning meat parottas soft flatbread 116 Pathiri a type of rice pancake 116 and ghee rice are some of the other specialties The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Malabar cuisine black pepper cardamom and clove are used profusely The Malabar version of biryani popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item which has an influence from Yemen Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani Kannur biriyani 117 Calicut biriyani 118 and Ponnani biriyani 119 are prepared in Malabar 116 The snacks include unnakkaya deep fried boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew raisins and sugar 120 pazham nirachathu ripe banana filled with coconut grating molasses or sugar 120 muttamala made of eggs 116 chatti pathiri a dessert made of flour like a baked layered chapati with rich filling arikkadukka 121 and more 116 However the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food Chinese food is very popular among the locals Notable people from Malabar editList of people from North Malabar List of people from South MalabarModern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar editDistrict Taluk IslandKasaragod district KasaragodManjeshwaramHosdurgVellarikunduKannur district TaliparambaKannurPayyanurThalasseryIrittyWayanad district MananthavadySulthan BatheryVythiri Kalpetta Kozhikode district VatakaraKoyilandyKozhikodeThamarasseryNilgiris district GudalurPandalurMalappuram district TirurangadiEranad Manjeri NilamburPerinthalmannaKondottyTirurPonnaniPalakkad district MannarkkadOttappalamPalakkadPattambiAlathurChitturThrissur district ChavakkadKodungallur parts Ernakulam district Fort KochiKollam district Thangassery Kollam taluk Thiruvananthapuram district Anchuthengu Chirayinkeezhu taluk Lakshadweep AgattiAndrottBangaramKalpeniKavarattiMinicoyHistorical maps edit nbsp Malabar Coast around AD 1st century CE nbsp Major ports in 1st century CE according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea nbsp Malabar Coast around AD 300 4th century CE nbsp Zamorin of Calicut s empire in 1498 nbsp Malabar Coast in Portuguese India 16th century CE nbsp Malabar Coast in the early 17th century 1600 1618 nbsp A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature map by Abraham Ortelius Antwerp c 1580 from the Epitome Theatri Orteliani a reprint by Petrus Bertius 1630 and another Bertius version Amsterdam c 1600 18 nbsp Malabar in 1652 Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side nbsp South India in 1691 92 Calicut is marked in large letters nbsp A map in which the entire western coast of India is termed as Malabar Coast drawn in the mid 18th century CE nbsp Kaart van Zuid India Nova tabula terrarum Cucan Canara Malabaria Madura amp Coromandella cum parte septentrionali insulae Ceylon in mari Indico Orientali edente Hadriano Relando titel op object nbsp A rare map of India and Ceylon issued in 1733 by the Homann Heirs nbsp A map of South India drawn by Emanuel Bowen 1744 nbsp Indian Subcontinent in 1760 nbsp Rigobert Bonne s 1770 decorative map of southern India nbsp 1775 maritime map or nautical chart of southern India and Ceylon by Jean Baptiste d Apres de Mannevillette nbsp Historical map of South India Sri Lanka the Maldives the Nicobar Islands Myanmar the Malabar Coast the Coromandel Coast the Andaman Islands 1780 nbsp 1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne nbsp Rigobert Bonne and G Raynal s 1780 map of Southern India nbsp South India in 1782 nbsp Political state of South India just after Third Anglo Mysore War which ended in 1792 nbsp South India in 1794 nbsp A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin just after the Fourth Anglo Mysore War which ended in 1799 nbsp 1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India Geographicus India nbsp India in 1804 nbsp 1804 German Edition of the Rennel Map of India Geographicus nbsp South India in 1808 nbsp 1808 Smith Map of India Geographicus India nbsp 1814 Thomson Map of India Geographicus India nbsp India in General Karte von Vorderindien zur Ubersicht der Hauptverhaltnisse 1836 nbsp 1838 Wyld Wall Map of India Hindostan or British India Geographicus India nbsp South India in 1843 nbsp Southern division of South India in 1843 nbsp Asia in 1840 1860 Calicut is marked nbsp Map of Madras Presidency in taken from Text book of Indian History Geographical Notes Genealogical Tables Examination Questions 1880 nbsp India in 1887 with cattle breeds based on the travels of Robert Wallace nbsp 1889 map of India Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala nbsp 1891 Map of India Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations nbsp Malabar Coast in 1893 nbsp North Malabar in 1893 On the southwestern end of the map nbsp Geology Gazetter map of Malabar in 1897 nbsp 1899 Map of India Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala nbsp Image taken from page 1381 of La Terra trattato popolare di geografia universale nbsp North Malabar in 1909 On the southwestern end of the map nbsp Malabar Coast in 1911 On the southwestern region of the map nbsp Map of Malabar Railway taken from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway printed by Hoe and Coat the Premier Press Madras 1913 nbsp 1932 map of Malabar CoastSee also editZamorin Arakkal kingdom Kingdom of Mysore Dutch Malabar Treaty of Seringapatam Pazhassi Raja William Logan author North Malabar South Malabar Malabar pepper Kerala Lakshadweep Kozhikode district Wayanad district Nilgiris district Kannur district Kasaragod district Malappuram district Palakkad district Thrissur district Fort Kochi Kolathunadu Kingdom of Valluvanad Kingdom of Tanur Travancore Kingdom of Cochin Travancore Cochin States Reorganisation Act 1956References edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac 1951 census handbook Malabar district PDF Chennai Government of Madras 1953 pp 1 2 Archived PDF from the original on 26 June 2021 Retrieved 27 September 2020 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb Logan William 2010 Malabar Manual Volume I New Delhi Asian Educational Services pp 631 666 ISBN 9788120604476 a b c d e f g h i j k l Sreedhara Menon A 2007 A Survey of Kerala History 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 Archived from the original on 19 April 2022 Retrieved 25 November 2020 Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Malabar Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 452 Superintendent of Census Operations Madras 1956 Abstract of 1951 Census Tables for Madras State PDF Madras Government of Madras p 6 Archived PDF from the original on 3 October 2021 Retrieved 24 November 2020 a b C A Innes 1908 Madras District Gazetteers Malabar and Anjengo Government Press Madras p 416 Retrieved 11 January 2020 a b The States Reorganisation Act 1956 PDF legislative gov in Government of India Archived PDF from the original on 31 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original on 9 June 2021 Retrieved 9 June 2021 KPCC marks a milestone tomorrow The Hindu 21 April 2017 Archived from the original on 9 May 2022 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Thiruvananthapuram R KRISHNAKUMAR in 26 August 2004 A man and a movement Frontline Archived from the original on 23 April 2022 Retrieved 6 April 2021 Founders CPIM Kerala Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 Retrieved 6 April 2021 a b c d Sreedhara Menon A January 2007 Kerala Charitram 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books ISBN 9788126415885 Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 Retrieved 19 July 2020 J Sturrock 1894 Madras District Manuals South Canara Volume I Madras Government Press V Nagam Aiya 1906 The Travancore State Manual Travancore Government Press C A Innes and F B Evans Malabar and Anjengo volume 1 Madras District Gazetteers Madras Government Press 1915 p 2 M T Narayanan Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar New Delhi Northern Book Centre 2003 xvi xvii Mohammad K M Arab relations with Malabar Coast 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Ocean s Shores translated by J V G Mills 1970 Hakluyt Society reprint 1997 White Lotus Press ISBN 974 8496 78 3 Varthema Ludovico di The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema A D 1503 08 translated from the original 1510 Italian ed by John Winter Jones Hakluyt Society London Gangadharan M The Land of Malabar The Book of Barbosa 2000 Vol II M G University Kottayam a b Roy Ranjan 1990 Discovery of the Series Formula for p by Leibniz Gregory and Nilakantha Mathematics Magazine 63 5 291 306 doi 10 2307 2690896 JSTOR 2690896 Pingree David 1992 Hellenophilia versus the History of Science Isis 83 4 554 63 Bibcode 1992Isis 83 554P doi 10 1086 356288 JSTOR 234257 S2CID 68570164 One example I can give you relates to the Indian Madhava s demonstration in about 1400 A D of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments When this was first described in English by Charles Whish in the 1830s it was heralded as the Indians discovery of the calculus This claim and Madhava s achievements were ignored by Western historians presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society in which Whish s article was published The matter resurfaced in the 1950s and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited and we understand the clever way that Madhava derived the series without the calculus but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Madhava found In this case the elegance and brilliance of Madhava s mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution a b M K Sunil Kumar 26 September 2017 50 years on Kochi still has a long way to go The Times of India Archived from the original on 2 June 2021 Retrieved 1 June 2021 Menon A Sreedhara 2007 A Survey of Kerala History DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 District Census Handbook Kasaragod 2011 PDF Thiruvananthapuram Directorate of Census Operation Kerala p 9 Archived PDF from the original on 10 March 2022 Retrieved 5 June 2021 a b Government of India 2014 15 District Census Handbook Wayanad Part B 2011 PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala Archived PDF from the original on 8 March 2022 Retrieved 5 June 2021 Ayinapalli Aiyappan 1982 The Personality of Kerala Department of Publications University of Kerala p 162 Retrieved 27 July 2018 A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad Sreedhara Menon A 2007 Kerala Charitram 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books p 175 ISBN 978 8126415885 Archived from the original on 13 November 2021 Retrieved 19 July 2020 Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 483 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