South Canara
South Canara was a district of the Madras Presidency of British India, located at 13°00′N 75°24′E / 13.00°N 75.40°E.[2] It comprised the towns of Kassergode and Udipi and adjacent villages, with the administration at Mangalore city. South Canara was one of the most heterogeneous areas of Madras Presidency, with Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, Urdu, and Beary languages being spoken side by side. It was succeeded by the Tulu-speaking areas of Dakshina Kannada district,[3] the Malayalam-speaking area of Kasaragod district[4] and the Amindivi islands sub-division of the Laccadives,[5] in the year 1956.[6][7][8]
South Canara | |
|---|---|
| Coordinates: 13°00′N 75°24′E / 13.00°N 75.40°E | |
| Empire | British Raj |
| Presidency | Madras |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8,441 km2 (3,259 sq mi) |
| Population (2001)[1] | |
| • Total | 3,005,897 |
| • Density | 356.1/km2 (922/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Administrative | English |
| • Spoken languages | Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Urdu, Beary, Arebashe |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| ISO 3166 code | ISO 3166-2:IN |
| Vehicle registration | KA-19, KA-20, KA-21, KA-62, KL-14 |
| Largest city | Mangalore |
Geography edit
Mangalore was the administrative headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of 10,410 square kilometres (4,021 sq mi).
South Canara District was bordered by North Canara to north, the princely state of Mysore to east, Coorg state to southeast, Malabar District to south, and Arabian Sea to west. South Canara was one of the two districts on the western coast (Malabar coast) of Madras Presidency along with Malabar District (otherwise known as Malayalam District).[9][10][11][12]
History edit
South Canara was annexed by the British East India Company following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Fourth Mysore War 1799 and along with North Kanara formed the district of Kanara in the Madras Presidency. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South. North Kanara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency, and South was retained by Madras.
Taluks edit
The district was divided into six taluks:
- Amindivi Islands (Laccadives) (Area:7.8 square kilometres (3 sq mi))
- Coondapoor (Area:1,600 square kilometres (619 sq mi); Headquarters: Coondapoor)
- Kasaragod (Area:1,970 square kilometres (762 sq mi); Headquarters: Kasaragod)
- Mangalore (Area:1,760 square kilometres (679 sq mi); Headquarters: Mangalore)
- Udupi (Area:1,860 square kilometres (719 sq mi); Headquarters: Udupi)
- Uppinangady (Area:3,210 square kilometres (1,239 sq mi); Headquarters: Puttur)
Administration edit
The district was administered by a District Collector. For purpose of convenience, the district was divided into three sub-divisions:
- Coondapoor sub-division: Coondapoor and Udupi taluks
- Mangalore sub-division: Mangalore, and the Amindivi islands
- Puttur sub-division: Uppinangady and Kasaragod taluks.
The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi.
Demographics edit
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1871 | 918,362 | — |
| 1881 | 959,514 | +4.5% |
| 1891 | 1,056,081 | +10.1% |
| 1901 | 1,134,713 | +7.4% |
| 1941 | 1,522,016 | +34.1% |
| 1951 | 1,748,991 | +14.9% |
| Sources: Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 14,[13] and 1951 Census Handbook of South Canara[8] | ||
Religion in South Canara (1951)[8]
South Kanara had a total population of 1,748,991 in 1951, of whom 66.58% were Hindus, 24.31% Muslim and 8.85% Christian.[8] The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the mother tongue of 40 percent of the population, followed by Malayalam which formed the mother tongue of 24 percent of the population. Around 17 percent of the total population spoke Kannada. Around 13 percent of the population speaks Konkani as their mother tongue. In 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre (282/sq mi).
The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, as the three districts of the Madras Presidency where Brahmins are most numerous.[13]
The majority of the people were Billavas and Bunts. There were more Brahmins (12% of the population) in South Kanara than any other district of the Madras Presidency making South Kanara, along with Tanjore and Ganjam as one of the three districts of the province where Brahmins were most numerous.[13]
The original indigenous people of the region are Tuluvas (Bunts, Billavas, Mogaveeras, Tulu gowda, Kulalas, Devadigas, Bearys, Jogis) and Malayalis in the Kasaragod Taluk (Nambudiris, Nairs, Thiyyas, Mappilas etc). The Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mahars, the hill-tribes (Koragas).[14]
| Language | Number of Speakers | Percent to total population | |
| 1 | Tulu | 698,532 | 39.94% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Malayalam | 423,037 | 24.19% |
| 3 | Kannada | 300,829 | 17.20% |
| 4 | Konkani | 237,772 | 13.59% |
| 5 | Marathi | 49,991 | 2.86% |
| 6 | Urdu | 17,043 | 0.97% |
| 7 | Hindustani | 13,672 | 0.78% |
| 8 | Tamil | 2,933 | 0.17% |
| 9 | Telugu | 2,382 | 0.14% |
| 10 | Arabic | 1,063 | 0.06% |
| 11 | Others | 1,737 | 0.10% |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Census GIS India". Census of India. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
- ^ Patsy Lozupone, Bruce M. Beehler, Sidney Dillon Ripley.(2004).Ornithological gazetteer of the Indian subcontinent, p. 82.Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-85-2.
- ^ K. Balasubramanyam (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- South Kanara District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Mysore.
- ^ M. K. Devassy (1965). 1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
- ^ P. M. Nair (1979). District Census Handbook -Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands (1971) - Village Directory (PDF). Kavaratti& Government Printing Press, Kozhikode: Administrator and Ex-Officio Director of Census Operations, Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Island. p. 2.
- ^ M. K. Devassy (1967). Census of India - 1961 (Kerala) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands.
- ^ J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
- ^ a b c d e f Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF). Madras Government Press. p. 147.
- ^ J. Sturrock (1894). Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I). Madras Government Press.
- ^ Harold A. Stuart (1895). Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II). Madras Government Press.
- ^ Government of Madras (1905). Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District. Madras Government Press.
- ^ Government of Madras (1915). Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II). Madras Government Press.
- ^ a b c The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 14. Clarendon Press. 1908.
- ^ Silva, Severine; Fuchs, Stephan (1965). "The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India". Asian Folklore Studies. 24 (2). Nanzan University: 2–3. doi:10.2307/1177555. JSTOR 1177555.
Further reading edit
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, ISBN 9789839154801
- J. Sturrock (1894), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
- Harold A. Stuart (1895), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1905), Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1915), Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF), Madras Government Press
- J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
- Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras
External links edit
- South Canara by Vikas Kamat from Kamat.com