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Wikipedia

Independent politician

An independent or non-partisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent.

Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party, and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it, or else have views that align with it, but choose not to stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level.

In running for public office, independents sometimes choose to form a party or alliance with other independents, and may formally register their party or alliance. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates.

Americas

Brazil

Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation."[1] However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator José Reguffe, would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running.[2][3] Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the Democratic Labour Party (PDT) in 2016.[4]

Canada

Federal politics

In Canadian federal politics, members of both the House of Commons and the Senate are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent.

House of Commons

During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the Liberal and Conservative parties is known to have led to Members of Parliament (MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition.[5] Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature.[5] These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently.[5]

Most observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation.[6] Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the 41st Canadian Parliament, following the 2011 Canadian federal election—the elected members of the governing Conservative Party voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the New Democratic Party (NDP) did so on 100% of votes.[6] This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the 42nd Parliament, following the 2015 election, the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes.[6] Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party.

Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments, with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed.[7] In the first year of the 44th Canadian Parliament, the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member: Kevin Vuong, from the Ontario electoral district, or riding, of Spadina—Fort York.[8] Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the 2021 federal election but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault.[9] Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to hold on to his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes.[9] In 2022, Alain Rayes, MP for the Quebec riding of Richmond—Arthabaska, who had been elected as a Conservative MP in three successive general elections, resigned from its caucus to sit as an independent,[10] becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament.

Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the House of Commons of Canada in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive minority governments (five of the seven that have been formed since the 2004 federal election) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the balance of power.

Senate

While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving within their party's caucus.[11] As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power,[12] and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.[11]

In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if elected Prime Minister.[13]

Following the election of a Liberal majority government in 2015, the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation.[13] This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the Independent Senators Group, a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent Canadian Senators Group and Progressive Senate Group.[12] By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent,[12] though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus.[11] Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public.[11] During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader Andrew Scheer said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.[14]

The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from lobbying groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues.[12] Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons.[11] During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill.[11] The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.[15]

Criticism

Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives. Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government".[11] Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party.[15] This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms.[15] It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal governments is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.[15][13]

Provincial and territorial politics

The territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are consensus governments with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the 2009 British Columbia general election, independent candidate Vicki Huntington narrowly defeated incumbent Attorney General Wally Oppal in Delta South. In the 2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election, two independent candidates were elected.[16]

Costa Rica

Current laws in Costa Rica do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party.[17][18] Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.[19]

However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the Constitution of Costa Rica, which guarantees freedom of association and therefore any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some deputies (diputados, term used for legislators) of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica to become independents, and this has also happened with the mayors (alcaldes) of the municipalities of cantons.[20]

Mexico

Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón (born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of Nuevo León and holds no political party affiliation. As of June 7, 2015, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country.

United States

President

George Washington is the only President elected as an independent to date. President Washington opposed the development of political parties, which had begun to solidify as the Federalist faction centered around Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic-Republican faction centered around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Washington feared that partisanship would eventually destroy the country,[21] and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796 Farewell Address.[22]

John Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party in September 1841, and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later returned to the Democratic Party and briefly sought re-election in 1844 as a Tyler Democrat, but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate Henry Clay.

Since 1900, notable candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman John Anderson in 1980, billionaire entrepreneur Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996 (in 1996 under the newly founded Reform Party), former Green Party candidate Ralph Nader in the 1996 and 2000 elections, and "Never Trump" conservative candidate Evan McMullin in 2016. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot received the best performance, gaining no votes in the Electoral College but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and at earlier points in the election season leading in polls against his opponents Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush.[23][24][25] Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of Utah but received little support from the remainder of the country.[26] Independent senator Bernie Sanders ran in the 2016 and 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in the 2016 presidential election, though he did receive more than 5% of the vote as a write-in candidate in his home state of Vermont.[27]

In 2008, Nader formed Independent Parties in New Mexico, Delaware, and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. Several other candidates for federal races, including Joe Lieberman (Connecticut for Lieberman), have pursued a similar strategy.

Governor

Illinois, Maine, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, and Alaska have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors, Shadrach Bond and Edward Coles; James B. Longley in 1974 as well as Angus King in 1994 and 1998 from Maine; Lincoln Chafee in 2010 from Rhode Island; Julius Meier in 1930 from Oregon; Sam Houston in 1859 from Texas; and Bill Walker in 2014 from Alaska. Lowell P. Weicker Jr. of Connecticut is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an A Connecticut Party candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is Jesse Ventura, who actually ran as a member of the Reform Party's Minnesota affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name the Independence Party of Minnesota.

In 1971, State Senator Henry Howell of Virginia, a former Democrat, was elected lieutenant governor as an independent. Two years later, he campaigned for governor as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes.

There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In Maine, state legislator Barbara Merrill (formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In Texas, country music singer and mystery novelist Kinky Friedman received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties.

In 2010, Florida governor Charlie Crist left the Republican party and became Independent. (He later became a Democrat.)[28] He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker Marco Rubio in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election (Rubio won, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee Kendrick Meek).

In 2014, former Honolulu mayor Mufi Hannemann ran as an independent candidate for the governorship of the State of Hawaii after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate David Ige was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%.[29]

Congress

Senate

There have been several independents elected to the United States Senate throughout history. Notable examples include David Davis of Illinois (a former Republican) in the 19th century, and Harry F. Byrd Jr. of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as Wayne Morse of Oregon. Nebraska senator George W. Norris was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican Kenneth S. Wherry in 1942. Vermont senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's change of party status was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President, Dick Cheney, who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the Congressional elections in 2002, when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007. Wayne Morse after two years as an independent became a Democrat. Dean Barkley of the Independence Party of Minnesota was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of Paul Wellstone who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party.

House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives has also seen a handful of independent members. Examples include Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Virgil Goode of Virginia, Frazier Reams of Ohio, Victor Berger of Wisconsin, and Justin Amash and Paul Mitchell of Michigan.

Longest Running

Senator Bernie Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history.[30] He was an independent member of the United States House of Representatives for Vermont-at-large from 1991 to 2007. In 2006, Sanders won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent. Joe Lieberman is a former Democrat who, like Lowell P. Weicker Jr., ran under a third party (Connecticut for Lieberman Party) in the 2006 election. Though both representatives are technically independent politicians, they often caucus with the Democrats. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In 2012, Angus King was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. As of 2016, he has typically caucused with the Democrats.

States

Pennsylvania
House of Representatives

Representative Mark Rozzi became the first independent Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on January 3, 2023.[31]

Asia

Azerbaijan

In Azerbaijan, there are many independent members of the National Assembly, such as Aytən Mustafayeva.[32][33]

China

Hong Kong

More than half of Hong Kong's Legislative Council is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in functional constituencies, and are not rare among geographical constituencies.

India

Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. Independents currently hold 6 seats in the Indian Parliament.[citation needed]

Israel

The only Israeli politician elected to the Knesset by his own was Shmuel Flatto-Sharon.

Malaysia

Independents have rarely been elected to the Dewan Rakyat and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Independent Senators are quite rare.

In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the People's Justice Party formed a political block called Konsensus Bebas.[34] The members were Zahrain Mohamed Hashim (Bayan Baru), Wee Choo Keong (Wangsa Maju), Zulkifli Noordin (Kulim-Bandar Bharu), Tan Tee Beng (Nibong Tebal) and Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri (Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections.

As of May 2018, three independent MPs were elected in GE14, but later joining Pakatan Harapan (PKR), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the Dewan Rakyat as of December 2018.

At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah UMNO quit the party and became independent politicians.

Maszlee Malik quit Homeland Fighters' Party and became an independent MP fighting for education activist.

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators
  1. Ras Adiba Mohd Radzi – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
  2. Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
  3. Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong
  4. Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
State No. Parliament Constituency Member
  Sabah P167 Kudat Verdon Bahanda
P175 Papar Armizan Mohd Ali
P178 Sipitang Matbali Musnah
P179 Ranau Jonathan Yasin
P185 Batu Sapi Khairul Firdaus Akhbar Khan
Total Sabah (1)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Kedah State Legislative Assembly

1 / 36

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

15 / 79

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

1 / 82
State No. Parliamentary Constituency No. State Constituency Member
  Kedah P9 Alor Setar N14 Alor Mengkudu Phahrolradzi Zawawi
  Sabah P167 Kudat N3 Pitas Ruddy Awah
P169 Kota Belud N8 Pintasan Fairuz Renddan
P170 Tuaran N12 Sulaman Hajiji Noor
P175 Papar N28 Kawang Ghulam Haidar Khan Bahadar
P176 Kimanis N31 Membakut Mohd Arifin Mohd Arif
P177 Beaufort N32 Klias Isnin Alisnih
N33 Kuala Penyu Limus Jury
P179 Ranau N37 Karanaan Masidi Manjun
P181 Tenom N43 Kemabong Rubin Balang
P182 Pensiangan N46 Nabawan Abd Ghani Mohd Yassin
P183 Beluran N49 Labuk Samad Jambri
P187 Kinabatangan N57 Kuamut Masiung Banah
P190 Tawau N68 Apas Nizam Abu Bakar Titingan
P191 Kalabakan N73 Sebatik Hassan A Gani Pg Amir
Nominated Member Jaffari Walliam
Amisah Yassin
  Sarawak P195 Bandar Kuching N11 Batu Lintang See Chee How
Total Kedah (1), Sabah (15), Sarawak (1)

North Korea

Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations.

Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances between independent candidates is banned.[citation needed]

Nepal

In Nepal, there are some independent politician specially in local government. Independent politician and Rapper Balen Shah was elected as Mayor of Kathmandu with heavy votes.[35][36] Similarly, Harka Sampang and Gopi Hamal were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like Dharan & Dhangadhi, respectively.[37][38]

Pakistan

Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has General Elections, 2008 elected 30 Members. In the 2011 four candidates won seats in the National Assembly. In the 2013 General Election nine seats were won by independents.

Philippines

Independents in elections since 1987
Year President Vice President Senate House
1987
0 / 24
23 / 214
1992 None None
0 / 24
6 / 216
1995
1 / 12
7 / 220
1998 Lost None
1 / 12
7 / 220
2001
5 / 13
8 / 256
2004 None Won
0 / 12
4 / 261
2007
1 / 12
4 / 271
2010 Lost None
1 / 12
7 / 286
2013
2 / 12
6 / 293
2016 None Lost
3 / 12
4 / 297
2019
1 / 12
2 / 304
2022 Lost None
5 / 12
6 / 316

Ever since the first elections during the 1907 Philippine Assembly elections, independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the Nacionalista Party. When the Senate was first created, its first elections in 1916 also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of 1941, the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate. After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the two-party system between the Nacionalistas and Liberal Party was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In the 1961 Philippine vice presidential election, independent Sergio Osmeña Jr. narrowly lost to Emmanuel Pelaez. The first breakthrough was in the 1967 Philippine Senate election was Magnolia Antonino widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won.

Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election, where one independent won, independents also won in 1984. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 People Power Revolution after he allegedly cheated in the 1986 Philippine presidential election. Corazon Aquino succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a multi-party system. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The 1995 Philippine Senate election saw two independents winning: Juan Ponce Enrile (who later ran and lost the 1998 Philippine presidential election as independent) and Gregorio Honasan, who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The 2001 EDSA Revolution increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster Noli de Castro topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition Pwersa ng Masa coalition but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran as vice president as a guest candidate of the administration K-4 coalition and won with just under majority of the vote.

In the local level, former priest Eddie Panlilio was elected as governor of Pampanga in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated.

In the 2010 House of Representatives elections, seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in district elections, and cannot participate in party-list elections as independents.

In contesting elections, independent candidates, while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, they aren't able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them.

Independent candidates are different from nonpartisan politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as barangay elections. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members.

Taiwan

After the 2018 Taiwanese local elections, there is only one independent local head:

In 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the Taiwan People's Party, so there is no independent local head at the moment.

Europe

Bulgaria

The President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev is an independent with support from the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Radev was elected in the 2016 presidential election. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself.

Croatia

After an inconclusive election in 2015, Tihomir Orešković was named the first non-partisan Prime Minister of Croatia.

Estonia

All Estonian presidents are forced to retire from any political party they may be in.

Finland

 
Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th President of Finland

Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim, who served as the President of Finland from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party.[39] As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the July 1919 presidential election against the National Progressive's candidate Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg, who won. Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the National Coalition Party from 2012 to 2018, Sauli Niinistö was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had handled the presidency "Very favorably".[40][41]

France

In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as sans étiquette ("without label") in municipal or district elections.

In the nineteenth-century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of Action Libérale and the Radical Party). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an apparenté, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work.

Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a technical group of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre Independent Left, with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal Independents of the Left, with 26 deputies; the right-wing agrarian Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action, with six deputies; and the far-right monarchist Independent Group, with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work (apparentés).

In 1920, Alexandre Millerand was elected president of the Republic under the banner "without label".

However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include José Bové in the 2007 presidential election. Emmanuel Macron was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the 2017 presidential election.

From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the Ministry of the Interior. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition.[42]

Georgia

Salome Zourabichvili won the 2018 Georgian presidential election as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female President of Georgia.

Germany

Joachim Gauck, President of Germany from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the German presidential election of 2010 he was the candidate of the Social Democrats and Greens, in 2012 the candidate of all major parties except The Left. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since World War II. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the Federal Convention was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer Luise Rinser.

In the Bundestag parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of personalized proportional representation (since 1949) allows any individual holding the passive right to vote to stand for a direct mandate in the electoral districts—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a plurality voting system. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first Bundestag election in 1949 saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat.[43] At state level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a Landtag legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level. However, in local elections it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to districts', cities' and municipalities' assemblies, as well as member of a city council or even mayor, especially in Northern Germany. In recent years, independents have formed Free Voters associations which have had success in local governments. Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments: the Free Voters of Bavaria in 2008 and the Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters in 2019.

An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a voters' association, holds the status of fraktionsloser Abgeordneter, i.e., not affiliated to any parliamentary group. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes fraktionslos. In 1989 the Bundestag MP Thomas Wüppesahl, who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a fraktionsloser Abgeordneter, for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the Federal Constitutional Court decided partially in their favor.

After the German unification of 1871, the first Reich Chancellors (heads of government) de jure served as executive officers of the German Imperial states as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic and/or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the Weimar period after World War I, several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were Wilhelm Cuno (1922–1923), Hans Luther (1925–1926), the former Centre politician Franz von Papen (1932), and Kurt von Schleicher (1932–1933). The last two cabinets appointed by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, a non-partisan (though strongly Conservative) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the Nazi Party; many of the ministers were not party members.

Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister Hans Leussink (1969–1972), and Minister of Economy Werner Müller (1998–2002). Minister of Justice Klaus Kinkel only shortly after his appointment joined the Free Democrats in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard, whose affiliation with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU party chairman in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by Der Stern magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.[44]

Iceland

The President of Iceland (currently Guðni Th. Jóhannesson) is independent.

Ireland

In Ireland, proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the foundation of the state: in the early elections to Dáil Éireann (parliament), independents accounted for 7% of seats in 1922, 8.5% in 1923, 10.5% in 1927, and 9% in 1932, though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above).

It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs.

After the Irish general election in 2016, there were 19 independent TDs (parliamentary deputies) in the Dáil (the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 12% of the total. Two technical groups were formed by independent deputies to coordinate their activities: the Independents4Change, with four deputies, opposed the government, while the Independent Alliance formed part of the minority government's working majority. A number of other individual independents similarly supported the government, and received cabinet positions.

There are fourteen independent senators in the 25th Seanad (the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 23% of the total. Three of these are elected by the graduates of the National University of Ireland and two from Dublin University. There are also five independent senators who were nominated by the Taoiseach and four elected by the technical panels.

Italy

The Prime Ministers Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (1993–1994), Lamberto Dini (1995–1996), Giuliano Amato (2000–2001), Mario Monti (2011–2013), Giuseppe Conte (2018–2021) and Mario Draghi (2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the President of Italy between 1999 and 2006. President Sergio Mattarella, despite being a former member of the Christian Democracy and of the Democratic Party, was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election).

Kosovo

Atifete Jahjaga was elected the first female and Independent President of Kosovo[a]. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the Balkans.

Poland

The Polish Sejm is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create non-partisan Voters' Electoral Committee (pol. KWW, komitet wyborczy wyborców); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g. Kukiz'15, or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like German Minority Electoral Committee, represented in Sejm since 1991), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents.

Tickets such as Civic Platform during the 2001 election were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now.

The situation in the Senate is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (2015) four independents won seats in the Senate.

Three presidents since 1990 have technically been independents. Lech Wałęsa was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the Solidarity and he was elected without full support of this union (Solidarity votes split between him and Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki). Aleksander Kwaśniewski was a leader of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did Lech Kaczyński, who was the first leader of Law and Justice, Bronisław Komorowski (PO) and Andrzej Duda (PiS). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions.[45] The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party).

Portugal

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the current president of Portugal since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the Social Democratic Party, but suspended his political affiliation on the day of his swearing-in.[46]

Russia

All of Russia's presidents have been independents. Former president Dmitry Medvedev declined an offer to join United Russia, saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party.

Vladimir Putin, the current president of Russia, was the head of the United Russia party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent.

Sweden

The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their Riksdag seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a politisk vilde (political savage) symbol: (-).

In the Government (executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the Prime Minister could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag.

United Kingdom

The Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent annibynol) or no ballot paper description at all[47][48] (this latter choice was used, for example, by David Icke at the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election).

Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern, the Epsom and Ewell Residents Association, the Devizes Guardians, the Derwentside Independents, and the East Yorkshire Independents.[49]

House of Commons

Before the twentieth century it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, but there have been very few since 1945. S. O. Davies, a veteran Labour MP, held his Merthyr Tydfil seat in the 1970 general election, standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him.

Journalist Martin Bell was elected at Tatton in the general election of 1997, having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent Neil Hamilton. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since 1951.[50] He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001.

At the 2001 general election, Dr Richard Taylor of the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern party was elected for the constituency of Wyre Forest. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the 2005 general election, becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term.

Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the 2005 election, although both were defeated five years later. In the same election, Peter Law was elected as an independent at Blaenau Gwent. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting by-election elected Dai Davies of the local party Blaenau Gwent People's Voice. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent.

Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the 2010, 2015 and 2017 elections: Sylvia Hermon, the member for North Down, a Unionist who left the Ulster Unionist Party because of its links with the Conservatives.

There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included Mike Hancock (formerly a Liberal Democrat), Eric Joyce (formerly Labour) and Nadine Dorries, a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time.

Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was Aston Villa supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the Sutton Coldfield constituency in protest at the way chairman Doug Ellis ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the Salisbury constituency, is Arthur Uther Pendragon, a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of King Arthur.

Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the Respect Coalition was founded, George Galloway MP described himself as "Independent Labour".

On 23 March 2005 the Independent Network was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming General Election.[51] The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic[clarification needed] set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related to Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life. The Independent Network does not impose any ideology or political influence on their candidates.

In March 2009, the multi-millionaire Paul Judge established the Jury Team, an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain, in both national and European elections.[52]

Independent and undescribed candidates

Part II of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.[53]

Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006.[54]

House of Lords

The House of Lords includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply not affiliated with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of crossbenchers. Additionally the Lords Spiritual (bishops of the Church of England) do not have party affiliations.

Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly

In the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections, three MSPs were elected as Independents: Dennis Canavan (Falkirk West), Dr Jean Turner (Strathkelvin and Bearsden) and Margo MacDonald (Lothians). In 2004 Campbell Martin (West of Scotland region) left the Scottish National Party to become an independent and in 2005 Brian Monteith (Mid Scotland and Fife) left the Conservative Party to become an independent. At the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time four years later. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the 2016 election.[55]

Peter Law was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a brain tumour and his wife, Trish Law, campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections.

In 2016, Nathan Gill as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with Neil Hamilton, who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader. Dafydd Elis-Thomas left the Plaid Cymru group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the Welsh Labour Government. Neil McEvoy was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021.[56] Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017[57] and was replaced by Mandy Jones. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff.[58]

Local elections

The introduction of directly elected mayors in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in Stoke-on-Trent, Middlesbrough, Bedford, Hartlepool and Mansfield. The first Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, was first elected as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate Frank Dobson. He was subsequently re-admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re-election campaign.

Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the Local Government Association to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the City of London Corporation, the Isles of Scilly Council, Orkney Islands Council, Shetland Islands Council and Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Western Isles Council) in the Outer Hebrides.

Roughly a quarter of the police and crime commissioners elected in England and Wales in the 2012 election were independents.[59]

Oceania

Australia

Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal Parliament of Australia, and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the Australian Labor Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, the Australian Greens, or the National Party of Australia. In 2013 a political party named the Australian Independents was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission.[60]

At the dissolution of parliament before the 2019 federal election, four independents sat in the Australian House of Representatives: Andrew Wilkie (Member for Denison), Cathy McGowan (Member for Indi), Kerryn Phelps (Member for Wentworth), and Julia Banks (Member for Chisholm). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for Clark, while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament: Zali Steggall (Member for Warringah) and Helen Haines (Member for Indi).

After the 2022 federal election, a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie (Clark), Zali Steggall (Warringah), and Helen Haines (Indi). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives: Dai Le (Fowler), Zoe Daniel (Goldstein), Monique Ryan (Kooyong), Allegra Spender (Wentworth), Kate Chaney (Curtin), Kylea Tink (North Sydney), and Sophie Scamps (Mackellar).

Independent senators are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent Brian Harradine served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times. Nick Xenophon was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the 2007 federal election and was re-elected for another six-year term at the 2013 federal election.[61] He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia. DLP Senator John Madigan became an independent senator in September 2014,[62] but lost his seat in the 2016 election. PUP Senators Jacqui Lambie and Glenn Lazarus became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively.[63][64] Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the Jacqui Lambie Network.[65] At the 2022 Australian federal election, independent senator for the ACT David Pocock was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.[66][67]

New Zealand

Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties, starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since 1943, although two independent candidates have been successful in by-elections (in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such.

The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was Winston Peters, who won the 1993 by-election in Tauranga electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the National Party. By the time of the next general election, he had formed his own party (New Zealand First), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include Peter Dunne, Taito Phillip Field, Gordon Copeland, Tau Henare, and Alamein Kopu. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as Frank Grover and Tuariki Delamere.

There were two independent MPs in the 49th New Zealand Parliament: Chris Carter and Hone Harawira. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the Labour Party's leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the Māori Party and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the 2011 by-election when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party, Mana and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP: United Future with Peter Dunne and ACT with David Seymour. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the 2011 election. In the 50th New Zealand Parliament there was one independent MP: Brendan Horan, a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets.

Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members.[68] The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.[69][70]

Niue

In Niue, there have been no political parties since 2003, when the Niue People's Party disbanded, and all politicians are de facto independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.[71]

See also

Notes

a. ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 UN member states (with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition) and 92 states not recognizing it, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory.

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External links

    independent, politician, confused, with, independence, party, independent, group, independent, party, independent, partisan, politician, politician, affiliated, with, political, party, bureaucratic, association, there, numerous, reasons, someone, stand, office. Not to be confused with Independence Party Independent Group or Independent Party An independent or non partisan politician is a politician not affiliated with any political party or bureaucratic association There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party and therefore choose not to affiliate with them Some independent politicians may be associated with a party perhaps as former members of it or else have views that align with it but choose not to stand in its name or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it and thus be subject to its policies at another level In running for public office independents sometimes choose to form a party or alliance with other independents and may formally register their party or alliance Even where the word independent is used such alliances have much in common with a political party especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the independent candidates Contents 1 Americas 1 1 Brazil 1 2 Canada 1 2 1 Federal politics 1 2 1 1 House of Commons 1 2 1 2 Senate 1 2 1 2 1 Criticism 1 2 2 Provincial and territorial politics 1 3 Costa Rica 1 4 Mexico 1 5 United States 1 5 1 President 1 5 2 Governor 1 5 3 Congress 1 5 3 1 Senate 1 5 3 2 House of Representatives 1 5 3 3 Longest Running 1 5 4 States 1 5 4 1 Pennsylvania 1 5 4 2 House of Representatives 2 Asia 2 1 Azerbaijan 2 2 China 2 2 1 Hong Kong 2 3 India 2 4 Israel 2 5 Malaysia 2 5 1 Dewan Negara Senate 2 5 1 1 Senators 2 5 2 Dewan Rakyat House of Representatives 2 5 2 1 Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament 2 5 3 Malaysian State Assembly Representatives 2 6 North Korea 2 7 Nepal 2 8 Pakistan 2 9 Philippines 2 10 Taiwan 3 Europe 3 1 Bulgaria 3 2 Croatia 3 3 Estonia 3 4 Finland 3 5 France 3 6 Georgia 3 7 Germany 3 8 Iceland 3 9 Ireland 3 10 Italy 3 11 Kosovo 3 12 Poland 3 13 Portugal 3 14 Russia 3 15 Sweden 3 16 United Kingdom 3 16 1 House of Commons 3 16 1 1 Independent and undescribed candidates 3 16 2 House of Lords 3 16 3 Scottish Parliament Senedd Welsh Parliament and Northern Irish Assembly 3 16 4 Local elections 4 Oceania 4 1 Australia 4 2 New Zealand 4 3 Niue 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksAmericas EditBrazil Edit Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil The Constitution of 1988 in Article 14 3rd item V says that Are conditions for eligibility V party affiliation 1 However the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution PEC no 6 2015 authored by independent senator Jose Reguffe would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1 of the electors able to vote in the region city state or country depending on the election in which the candidate is running 2 3 Currently members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected as in the case of senator Reguffe who left the Democratic Labour Party PDT in 2016 4 Canada Edit See also Independent Liberal and Independent Conservative Federal politics Edit In Canadian federal politics members of both the House of Commons and the Senate are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options independent or no affiliation In the former case they appear on the ballot with Independent following their name in the second case they appear with their name only The two options are otherwise equivalent House of Commons Edit During the earliest Canadian Parliaments a lack of coherent political identity among both the Liberal and Conservative parties is known to have led to Members of Parliament MPs occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition 5 Commonly the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature 5 These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently 5 Most observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline Few MPs choose to vote against their party s official stance on any given piece of legislation 6 Between 2011 and 2013 the first two years of the 41st Canadian Parliament following the 2011 Canadian federal election the elected members of the governing Conservative Party voted as a unified group on 76 of all votes while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90 of all votes and members of the New Democratic Party NDP did so on 100 of votes 6 This unity further increased in subsequent years as in the 42nd Parliament following the 2015 election the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99 6 of all votes Conservative MPs on 99 5 of votes and NDP MPs on 99 8 of votes 6 Thanks to this strong party discipline it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties As a result there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed 7 In the first year of the 44th Canadian Parliament the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member Kevin Vuong from the Ontario electoral district or riding of Spadina Fort York 8 Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the 2021 federal election but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault 9 Despite his removal from the Liberal Party Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to hold on to his seat as an independent though this decision was met with controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes 9 In 2022 Alain Rayes MP for the Quebec riding of Richmond Arthabaska who had been elected as a Conservative MP in three successive general elections resigned from its caucus to sit as an independent 10 becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the House of Commons of Canada in recent years as Canada has been governed by successive minority governments five of the seven that have been formed since the 2004 federal election with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the balance of power In 2004 Chuck Cadman was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the British Columbia riding of Surrey North Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a Reform member in the 1997 federal election and re elected as a member of the Canadian Alliance Reform s successor party in the 2000 federal election He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party re created in 2003 when the Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful He died in office in 2005 Independent Andre Arthur was elected in the Quebec riding of Portneuf Jacques Cartier in the 2006 federal election He was the only independent to win a seat in that election he was re elected in the 2008 federal election Arthur lost his seat in 2011 Bill Casey the MP for the Nova Scotia riding of Cumberland Colchester Musquoduboit Valley was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the 2007 budget He also ran as an independent in 2008 and retained his seat with 69 of the vote Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 before the end of his mandate but was elected in the same riding renamed Cumberland Colchester as a Liberal in 2015 He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re election in 2019 In 2019 MP Jody Wilson Raybould ran as an independent candidate in the riding of Vancouver Granville after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the SNC Lavalin affair She was returned to Parliament with 32 of the vote After sitting as an independent for the 43rd Parliament Wilson Raybould did not seek re election in 2021 Senate Edit While traditionally framed as an independent body of sober second thought appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving within their party s caucus 11 As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators Because Canadian senators are appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister rather than being elected senators were often accused of being appointed as a reward for service to the party in power 12 and once appointed of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review 11 In 2014 as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship Liberal Party leader Justin Trudeau made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit based appointments if elected Prime Minister 13 Following the election of a Liberal majority government in 2015 the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge merit and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation 13 This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the Independent Senators Group a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties alongside the also independent Canadian Senators Group and Progressive Senate Group 12 By 2018 the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent 12 though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus 11 Additionally the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the party caucus and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public 11 During the 2019 federal election campaign in response to reporters questions Conservative Party leader Andrew Scheer said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate 14 The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process As of 2021 it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from lobbying groups on a variety of issues suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues 12 Additionally following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments there has been a noted increase in the number of amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons 11 During the 42nd Parliament 2015 2019 the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills whereas during the 41st Parliament 2011 2015 it had attempted to amend only one government bill 11 The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20 of all legislation 15 Criticism Edit Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party s objectives Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government 11 Supporting this claim a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party 15 This was however among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty and as such its full implications are still unknown The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms 15 It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non Liberal governments is elected to the House of Commons at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government or loyalty to the Liberal Party 15 13 Provincial and territorial politics Edit The territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are consensus governments with no political parties All members sit as independents There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons for example in the 2009 British Columbia general election independent candidate Vicki Huntington narrowly defeated incumbent Attorney General Wally Oppal in Delta South In the 2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election two independent candidates were elected 16 Costa Rica Edit Current laws in Costa Rica do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party 17 18 Any nomination must be made through a political party due to the framework of the current legal system in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code 19 However becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the Constitution of Costa Rica which guarantees freedom of association and therefore any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group It is common in each legislative period for some deputies diputados term used for legislators of the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica to become independents and this has also happened with the mayors alcaldes of the municipalities of cantons 20 Mexico Edit Jaime Heliodoro Rodriguez Calderon born in 1957 sometimes referred to by his nickname Bronco is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of Nuevo Leon and holds no political party affiliation As of June 7 2015 update he was elected Governor of Nuevo Leon making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country United States Edit See also Third party officeholders in the United States President Edit George Washington is the only President elected as an independent to date President Washington opposed the development of political parties which had begun to solidify as the Federalist faction centered around Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic Republican faction centered around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Washington feared that partisanship would eventually destroy the country 21 and famously warned against the baneful effects of the spirit of party in his 1796 Farewell Address 22 John Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party in September 1841 and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency He later returned to the Democratic Party and briefly sought re election in 1844 as a Tyler Democrat but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate Henry Clay Since 1900 notable candidates running as independents for U S president have included congressman John Anderson in 1980 billionaire entrepreneur Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996 in 1996 under the newly founded Reform Party former Green Party candidate Ralph Nader in the 1996 and 2000 elections and Never Trump conservative candidate Evan McMullin in 2016 Out of all independent candidates since Washington Perot received the best performance gaining no votes in the Electoral College but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and at earlier points in the election season leading in polls against his opponents Bill Clinton and George H W Bush 23 24 25 Additionally McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of Utah but received little support from the remainder of the country 26 Independent senator Bernie Sanders ran in the 2016 and 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in the 2016 presidential election though he did receive more than 5 of the vote as a write in candidate in his home state of Vermont 27 In 2008 Nader formed Independent Parties in New Mexico Delaware and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states Several other candidates for federal races including Joe Lieberman Connecticut for Lieberman have pursued a similar strategy Governor Edit Illinois Maine Oregon Rhode Island Texas and Alaska have elected formally independent candidates as governor Illinois s first two governors Shadrach Bond and Edward Coles James B Longley in 1974 as well as Angus King in 1994 and 1998 from Maine Lincoln Chafee in 2010 from Rhode Island Julius Meier in 1930 from Oregon Sam Houston in 1859 from Texas and Bill Walker in 2014 from Alaska Lowell P Weicker Jr of Connecticut is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor though this is not technically correct he ran as an A Connecticut Party candidate which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is Jesse Ventura who actually ran as a member of the Reform Party s Minnesota affiliate which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name the Independence Party of Minnesota In 1971 State Senator Henry Howell of Virginia a former Democrat was elected lieutenant governor as an independent Two years later he campaigned for governor as an independent but lost by 15 000 votes There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races In Maine state legislator Barbara Merrill formerly a Democrat received 21 of the vote In Texas country music singer and mystery novelist Kinky Friedman received 12 43 of the vote and State Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn received 18 13 Strayhorn and Friedman s presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties In 2010 Florida governor Charlie Crist left the Republican party and became Independent He later became a Democrat 28 He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker Marco Rubio in the Republican primary for the U S Senate election Rubio won though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee Kendrick Meek In 2014 former Honolulu mayor Mufi Hannemann ran as an independent candidate for the governorship of the State of Hawaii after previously campaigning in the state s Democratic primary As a result Democratic candidate David Ige was elected as governor with a plurality of 49 29 Congress Edit Senate Edit There have been several independents elected to the United States Senate throughout history Notable examples include David Davis of Illinois a former Republican in the 19th century and Harry F Byrd Jr of Virginia who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat in the 20th century Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office without being elected as such such as Wayne Morse of Oregon Nebraska senator George W Norris was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930 Norris won re election as an independent in 1936 but later lost his final re election attempt to Republican Kenneth S Wherry in 1942 Vermont senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001 Jeffords s change of party status was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats with a Republican Vice President Dick Cheney who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans to 49 Republicans 50 Democrats and one Independent Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the Congressional elections in 2002 when the Republicans regained their majority Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007 Wayne Morse after two years as an independent became a Democrat Dean Barkley of the Independence Party of Minnesota was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of Paul Wellstone who while running for re election died weeks prior Barkley refused to caucus with either party House of Representatives Edit The United States House of Representatives has also seen a handful of independent members Examples include Bernie Sanders of Vermont Virgil Goode of Virginia Frazier Reams of Ohio Victor Berger of Wisconsin and Justin Amash and Paul Mitchell of Michigan Longest Running Edit Senator Bernie Sanders is the longest serving independent member of Congress in American history 30 He was an independent member of the United States House of Representatives for Vermont at large from 1991 to 2007 In 2006 Sanders won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent Joe Lieberman is a former Democrat who like Lowell P Weicker Jr ran under a third party Connecticut for Lieberman Party in the 2006 election Though both representatives are technically independent politicians they often caucus with the Democrats In 2006 Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress both caucusing with the Democrats In 2012 Angus King was elected to the U S Senate as an Independent from Maine As of 2016 update he has typically caucused with the Democrats States Edit Pennsylvania Edit House of Representatives Edit Representative Mark Rozzi became the first independent Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives on January 3 2023 31 Asia EditAzerbaijan Edit In Azerbaijan there are many independent members of the National Assembly such as Ayten Mustafayeva 32 33 China Edit Hong Kong Edit More than half of Hong Kong s Legislative Council is made up of independents or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature They are common in functional constituencies and are not rare among geographical constituencies India Edit Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party Independents currently hold 6 seats in the Indian Parliament citation needed Israel Edit The only Israeli politician elected to the Knesset by his own was Shmuel Flatto Sharon Malaysia Edit Independents have rarely been elected to the Dewan Rakyat and state legislative assemblies In Malaysian elections many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12 5 or one eighth of the total votes cast Independent Senators are quite rare In 2010 a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the People s Justice Party formed a political block called Konsensus Bebas 34 The members were Zahrain Mohamed Hashim Bayan Baru Wee Choo Keong Wangsa Maju Zulkifli Noordin Kulim Bandar Bharu Tan Tee Beng Nibong Tebal and Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri Bagan Serai It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections As of May 2018 update three independent MPs were elected in GE14 but later joining Pakatan Harapan PKR thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time However as of June 2018 and December 2018 the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the Dewan Rakyat as of December 2018 At the same time in December 2018 almost all members from Sabah UMNO quit the party and became independent politicians Maszlee Malik quit Homeland Fighters Party and became an independent MP fighting for education activist Dewan Negara Senate Edit Senators Edit Main article Members of the Dewan Negara 14th Malaysian Parliament Ras Adiba Mohd Radzi appointed by the Yang di Pertuan Agong Zulkifli Mohamad Al Bakri appointed by the Yang di Pertuan Agong Mohamed Haniffa Abdullah appointed by the Yang di Pertuan Agong Mohd Na im Mokhtar appointed by the Yang di Pertuan Agong Dewan Rakyat House of Representatives Edit Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament Edit Main article Members of the Dewan Rakyat 15th Malaysian Parliament State No Parliament Constituency Member Sabah P167 Kudat Verdon BahandaP175 Papar Armizan Mohd AliP178 Sipitang Matbali MusnahP179 Ranau Jonathan YasinP185 Batu Sapi Khairul Firdaus Akhbar KhanTotal Sabah 1 Malaysian State Assembly Representatives Edit Main article List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives 2018 Kedah State Legislative Assembly1 36 Sabah State Legislative Assembly15 79 Sarawak State Legislative Assembly1 82 State No Parliamentary Constituency No State Constituency Member Kedah P9 Alor Setar N14 Alor Mengkudu Phahrolradzi Zawawi Sabah P167 Kudat N3 Pitas Ruddy AwahP169 Kota Belud N8 Pintasan Fairuz RenddanP170 Tuaran N12 Sulaman Hajiji NoorP175 Papar N28 Kawang Ghulam Haidar Khan BahadarP176 Kimanis N31 Membakut Mohd Arifin Mohd ArifP177 Beaufort N32 Klias Isnin AlisnihN33 Kuala Penyu Limus JuryP179 Ranau N37 Karanaan Masidi ManjunP181 Tenom N43 Kemabong Rubin BalangP182 Pensiangan N46 Nabawan Abd Ghani Mohd YassinP183 Beluran N49 Labuk Samad JambriP187 Kinabatangan N57 Kuamut Masiung BanahP190 Tawau N68 Apas Nizam Abu Bakar TitinganP191 Kalabakan N73 Sebatik Hassan A Gani Pg AmirNominated Member Jaffari WalliamAmisah Yassin Sarawak P195 Bandar Kuching N11 Batu Lintang See Chee HowTotal Kedah 1 Sabah 15 Sarawak 1 North Korea Edit Parliamentary independent candidates The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front being the primary party of the DPRK To cast votes to independent candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates as the Fatherland Front and other major party s primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK On the local level of North Korean elections alliances between independent candidates is banned citation needed Nepal Edit In Nepal there are some independent politician specially in local government Independent politician and Rapper Balen Shah was elected as Mayor of Kathmandu with heavy votes 35 36 Similarly Harka Sampang and Gopi Hamal were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like Dharan amp Dhangadhi respectively 37 38 Pakistan Edit Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections Pakistan s Parliament has General Elections 2008 elected 30 Members In the 2011 four candidates won seats in the National Assembly In the 2013 General Election nine seats were won by independents Philippines Edit Independents in elections since 1987 Year President Vice President Senate House1987 0 24 23 2141992 None None 0 24 6 2161995 1 12 7 2201998 Lost None 1 12 7 2202001 5 13 8 2562004 None Won 0 12 4 2612007 1 12 4 2712010 Lost None 1 12 7 2862013 2 12 6 2932016 None Lost 3 12 4 2972019 1 12 2 3042022 Lost None 5 12 6 316Ever since the first elections during the 1907 Philippine Assembly elections independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats On that first election independents had the most members behind the Nacionalista Party When the Senate was first created its first elections in 1916 also saw independents participating and winning one seat In the Nacionalista landslide of 1941 the three independents were the only non members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate After independence was granted by the United States in 1946 the two party system between the Nacionalistas and Liberal Party was established with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as Independent Nacionalista or Independent Liberal as the case may be Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections In the 1961 Philippine vice presidential election independent Sergio Osmena Jr narrowly lost to Emmanuel Pelaez The first breakthrough was in the 1967 Philippine Senate election was Magnolia Antonino widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve won Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in 1972 dissolved Congress and promulgated a new constitution that led to the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election where one independent won independents also won in 1984 Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 People Power Revolution after he allegedly cheated in the 1986 Philippine presidential election Corazon Aquino succeeded Marcos and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a multi party system Here parties are not able to present full 12 person slates in Senate elections thus necessitating inter party cooperation that included independents The 1995 Philippine Senate election saw two independents winning Juan Ponce Enrile who later ran and lost the 1998 Philippine presidential election as independent and Gregorio Honasan who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency The 2001 EDSA Revolution increased the number of major candidates running as independents with broadcaster Noli de Castro topping the Senate election He was a guest candidate of the opposition Pwersa ng Masa coalition but he never joined their campaign rallies In 2004 he ran as vice president as a guest candidate of the administration K 4 coalition and won with just under majority of the vote In the local level former priest Eddie Panlilio was elected as governor of Pampanga in 2007 defeating two administration candidates When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election in 2010 he was defeated In the 2010 House of Representatives elections seven independents were elected although all but two joined a political party after the elections Independents can only run in district elections and cannot participate in party list elections as independents In contesting elections independent candidates while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law they aren t able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them Independent candidates are different from nonpartisan politicians the former are elected in openly partisan elections while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as barangay elections Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members Taiwan Edit After the 2018 Taiwanese local elections there is only one independent local head Ko Wen je Mayor of Taipei In 2019 Ko Wen je founded the Taiwan People s Party so there is no independent local head at the moment Europe EditBulgaria Edit The President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev is an independent with support from the Bulgarian Socialist Party Radev was elected in the 2016 presidential election An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4 threshold thus behaving like political parties However they can be part of a civic quota of a given party Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates who are represented on a given party s electoral list without directly joining the party Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists without forcing them to join the party itself Croatia Edit After an inconclusive election in 2015 Tihomir Oreskovic was named the first non partisan Prime Minister of Croatia Estonia Edit All Estonian presidents are forced to retire from any political party they may be in Finland Edit Marshal Mannerheim the 6th President of Finland Marshal C G E Mannerheim who served as the President of Finland from 1944 to 1946 did not want to be affiliated with any party 39 As the state regent caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919 Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the July 1919 presidential election against the National Progressive s candidate Kaarlo Juho Stahlberg who won Also after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the National Coalition Party from 2012 to 2018 Sauli Niinisto was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate Sauli Niinisto s status as an independent non partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity which stood at 90 favorable in July 2021 of which 52 said that Niinisto had handled the presidency Very favorably 40 41 France Edit In France independent politicians are frequently categorised as sans etiquette without label in municipal or district elections In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century most French national politicians were independents The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s foundation of Action Liberale and the Radical Party The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911 though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register either by formally joining a group or by loosely working with one as an apparente or associate and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work Once elected independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a technical group of their own In 1932 for instance there were four technical groups created the left of centre Independent Left with 12 deputies the centre right liberal Independents of the Left with 26 deputies the right wing agrarian Independents for Economic Social and Peasant Action with six deputies and the far right monarchist Independent Group with 12 deputies these four technical groups thus accounted for one tenth of deputies In addition the larger parliamentary parties including the socialist SFIO centre left PRRRS centre right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work apparentes In 1920 Alexandre Millerand was elected president of the Republic under the banner without label However it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping Noteworthy independents include Jose Bove in the 2007 presidential election Emmanuel Macron was an independent politician as Minister but formed his own party to stand in the 2017 presidential election From 2001 to 2008 without label was no longer used in the nomenclature of the Ministry of the Interior Candidates and lists presenting themselves as without label are classified in DVG various left DVD various right DVC various center or AUT other according to their political sensitivity Therefore from 2008 onwards the DIV miscellaneous or the LDIV code for the miscellaneous list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and by default mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity be it left center or right The AUT other grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition 42 Georgia Edit Salome Zourabichvili won the 2018 Georgian presidential election as an independent candidate becoming the first ever female President of Georgia Germany Edit Joachim Gauck President of Germany from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation was to date the most prominent independent politician In the German presidential election of 2010 he was the candidate of the Social Democrats and Greens in 2012 the candidate of all major parties except The Left His presidency though his powers are limited constitutes an exception as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history at least not since World War II It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the Federal Convention was not a party member for example in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer Luise Rinser In the Bundestag parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party The voting system of personalized proportional representation since 1949 allows any individual holding the passive right to vote to stand for a direct mandate in the electoral districts 299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a plurality voting system Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously The first Bundestag election in 1949 saw three independents elected since then no party independent candidate has won a seat 43 At state level the situation is more or less the same only party members have a real chance to be elected to a Landtag legislature and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level However in local elections it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to districts cities and municipalities assemblies as well as member of a city council or even mayor especially in Northern Germany In recent years independents have formed Free Voters associations which have had success in local governments Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments the Free Voters of Bavaria in 2008 and the Brandenburg United Civic Movements Free Voters in 2019 An independent member of parliament who also is not a member of a voters association holds the status of fraktionsloser Abgeordneter i e not affiliated to any parliamentary group A representative who either leaves their party and their parliamentary group or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes fraktionslos In 1989 the Bundestag MP Thomas Wuppesahl who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year obtained more rights as a fraktionsloser Abgeordneter for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee when the Federal Constitutional Court decided partially in their favor After the German unification of 1871 the first Reich Chancellors heads of government de jure served as executive officers of the German Imperial states as non partisans usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic aristocratic and or military elites In the fierce political conflicts during the Weimar period after World War I several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation these chancellors were Wilhelm Cuno 1922 1923 Hans Luther 1925 1926 the former Centre politician Franz von Papen 1932 and Kurt von Schleicher 1932 1933 The last two cabinets appointed by Reich President Paul von Hindenburg a non partisan though strongly Conservative himself were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the Nazi Party many of the ministers were not party members Since World War II only two ministers of West German cabinets have not been party members though on the ticket of the major party in the coalition the Social Democrats Education Minister Hans Leussink 1969 1972 and Minister of Economy Werner Muller 1998 2002 Minister of Justice Klaus Kinkel only shortly after his appointment joined the Free Democrats in 1991 A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor Ludwig Erhard whose affiliation with the Christian Democratic Union CDU has not been conclusively established although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966 and was even elected CDU party chairman in 1966 it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions Researches by Der Stern magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968 with the faked date of entry of early March 1949 44 Iceland Edit The President of Iceland currently Gudni Th Johannesson is independent Ireland Edit Main article Independent politicians in Ireland In Ireland proportional representation the comparative looseness of formal parties and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the foundation of the state in the early elections to Dail Eireann parliament independents accounted for 7 of seats in 1922 8 5 in 1923 10 5 in 1927 and 9 in 1932 though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France see above It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs After the Irish general election in 2016 there were 19 independent TDs parliamentary deputies in the Dail the lower house of the Irish parliament representing 12 of the total Two technical groups were formed by independent deputies to coordinate their activities the Independents4Change with four deputies opposed the government while the Independent Alliance formed part of the minority government s working majority A number of other individual independents similarly supported the government and received cabinet positions There are fourteen independent senators in the 25th Seanad the upper house of the Irish parliament representing 23 of the total Three of these are elected by the graduates of the National University of Ireland and two from Dublin University There are also five independent senators who were nominated by the Taoiseach and four elected by the technical panels Italy Edit The Prime Ministers Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 1993 1994 Lamberto Dini 1995 1996 Giuliano Amato 2000 2001 Mario Monti 2011 2013 Giuseppe Conte 2018 2021 and Mario Draghi 2021 2022 were independent when they were in office Ciampi was also the President of Italy between 1999 and 2006 President Sergio Mattarella despite being a former member of the Christian Democracy and of the Democratic Party was elected president in 2015 as an independent he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election Kosovo Edit Atifete Jahjaga was elected the first female and Independent President of Kosovo a She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the Balkans Poland Edit The Polish Sejm is elected by party list ordination which does not allow lone candidates to run although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create non partisan Voters Electoral Committee pol KWW komitet wyborczy wyborcow they are by almost any means party lists but no officially registered party is behind them They can be unregistered parties e g Kukiz 15 or non partisan movements although the latter never reached the 5 threshold National minorities candidates also form Voters Electoral Committees like German Minority Electoral Committee represented in Sejm since 1991 but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold However during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents Tickets such as Civic Platform during the 2001 election were formally non partisan Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party as it is now The situation in the Senate is different as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right In the last parliamentary election 2015 four independents won seats in the Senate Three presidents since 1990 have technically been independents Lech Walesa was not an endorsed candidate of any party but the chairman of the Solidarity and he was elected without full support of this union Solidarity votes split between him and Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki Aleksander Kwasniewski was a leader of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland but formally resigned from the party after he was elected as did Lech Kaczynski who was the first leader of Law and Justice Bronislaw Komorowski PO and Andrzej Duda PiS The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions 45 The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party s campaigns e g Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party Portugal Edit Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa the current president of Portugal since 6 March 2016 was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the Social Democratic Party but suspended his political affiliation on the day of his swearing in 46 Russia Edit All of Russia s presidents have been independents Former president Dmitry Medvedev declined an offer to join United Russia saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party Vladimir Putin the current president of Russia was the head of the United Russia party until 26 May 2012 but even then was not its member thus formally was and still is independent Sweden Edit The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots and each party has to receive 4 or more of the national vote or 12 in one region which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4 threshold This makes running as an independent MP impossible Once elected the seat is personal MPs may resign their party membership or be stripped of it while retaining their Riksdag seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a politisk vilde political savage symbol In the Government executive cabinet there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs or even have a political affiliation though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times This means that even the Prime Minister could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag United Kingdom Edit The Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term independent by election candidates That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the Political Parties Elections and Referendums Act 2000 Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections including the devolved parliaments and assemblies can use the name of a registered political party or the term Independent or its Welsh language equivalent annibynol or no ballot paper description at all 47 48 this latter choice was used for example by David Icke at the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by election Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality based political parties Some English examples are the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern the Epsom and Ewell Residents Association the Devizes Guardians the Derwentside Independents and the East Yorkshire Independents 49 House of Commons Edit See also List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected Before the twentieth century it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom but there have been very few since 1945 S O Davies a veteran Labour MP held his Merthyr Tydfil seat in the 1970 general election standing as an independent after the Labour Party had deselected him Journalist Martin Bell was elected at Tatton in the general election of 1997 having stood on an anti corruption platform defeating incumbent Neil Hamilton He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since 1951 50 He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001 At the 2001 general election Dr Richard Taylor of the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern party was elected for the constituency of Wyre Forest Taylor was re elected for Wyre Forest at the 2005 general election becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term Two independent or local party members of parliament were elected in the 2005 election although both were defeated five years later In the same election Peter Law was elected as an independent at Blaenau Gwent Law died on 25 April 2006 the resulting by election elected Dai Davies of the local party Blaenau Gwent People s Voice The by election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the 2010 2015 and 2017 elections Sylvia Hermon the member for North Down a Unionist who left the Ulster Unionist Party because of its links with the Conservatives There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party then resigning the party s whip or having it withdrawn Examples in this in the 2010 2015 parliament included Mike Hancock formerly a Liberal Democrat Eric Joyce formerly Labour and Nadine Dorries a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections often with platforms about specific local issues but usually without success An example from the 2001 general election was Aston Villa supporter Ian Robinson who stood as an independent in the Sutton Coldfield constituency in protest at the way chairman Doug Ellis ran the football club Another example an independent candidate in the Salisbury constituency is Arthur Uther Pendragon a local activist and self declared reincarnation of King Arthur Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it but cannot stand under its label For instance for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the Respect Coalition was founded George Galloway MP described himself as Independent Labour On 23 March 2005 the Independent Network was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming General Election 51 The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local regional national and European elections It has an organic clarification needed set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related to Lord Nolan s Standards of Public Life The Independent Network does not impose any ideology or political influence on their candidates In March 2009 the multi millionaire Paul Judge established the Jury Team an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain in both national and European elections 52 Independent and undescribed candidates Edit Part II of the Political Parties Elections and Referendums Act 2000 allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK including the House of Commons the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party the word independent or no description at all 53 Unless a candidate stands as independent or as a No Description candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party as set out in Section 52 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 54 House of Lords Edit Main articles Crossbencher Non affiliated members of the House of Lords and Lords Spiritual The House of Lords includes many peers independent from political parties Some are simply not affiliated with any grouping whilst another larger grouping is given the official designation of crossbenchers Additionally the Lords Spiritual bishops of the Church of England do not have party affiliations Scottish Parliament Senedd Welsh Parliament and Northern Irish Assembly Edit In the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections three MSPs were elected as Independents Dennis Canavan Falkirk West Dr Jean Turner Strathkelvin and Bearsden and Margo MacDonald Lothians In 2004 Campbell Martin West of Scotland region left the Scottish National Party to become an independent and in 2005 Brian Monteith Mid Scotland and Fife left the Conservative Party to become an independent At the 2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time four years later She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament As she was elected as an independent regional MSP there could be no by election and her seat remained vacant until the 2016 election 55 Peter Law was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament In 2006 Peter Law died from a brain tumour and his wife Trish Law campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by election and held onto the seat again in the 2007 Welsh Assembly elections In 2016 Nathan Gill as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with Neil Hamilton who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader Dafydd Elis Thomas left the Plaid Cymru group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood Elis Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the Welsh Labour Government Neil McEvoy was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021 56 Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017 57 and was replaced by Mandy Jones Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff 58 Local elections Edit The introduction of directly elected mayors in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in Stoke on Trent Middlesbrough Bedford Hartlepool and Mansfield The first Mayor of London Ken Livingstone was first elected as an independent having run against the official Labour candidate Frank Dobson He was subsequently re admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re election campaign Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils There is a special Independent group of the Local Government Association to cater for them A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members such as the City of London Corporation the Isles of Scilly Council Orkney Islands Council Shetland Islands Council and Comhairle nan Eilean Siar Western Isles Council in the Outer Hebrides Roughly a quarter of the police and crime commissioners elected in England and Wales in the 2012 election were independents 59 Oceania EditAustralia Edit Main article Independent politicians in Australia Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal Parliament of Australia and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990 and independents have won twenty eight times during national elections in that time A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia s four main parties the Australian Labor Party the Liberal Party of Australia the Australian Greens or the National Party of Australia In 2013 a political party named the Australian Independents was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission 60 At the dissolution of parliament before the 2019 federal election four independents sat in the Australian House of Representatives Andrew Wilkie Member for Denison Cathy McGowan Member for Indi Kerryn Phelps Member for Wentworth and Julia Banks Member for Chisholm Of these Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate McGowan had been a Liberal staffer and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018 At the 2019 election Wilkie was re elected as the Member for Clark while McGowan retired and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats However two new independents entered parliament Zali Steggall Member for Warringah and Helen Haines Member for Indi After the 2022 federal election a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives including re elected members Andrew Wilkie Clark Zali Steggall Warringah and Helen Haines Indi Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives Dai Le Fowler Zoe Daniel Goldstein Monique Ryan Kooyong Allegra Spender Wentworth Kate Chaney Curtin Kylea Tink North Sydney and Sophie Scamps Mackellar Independent senators are quite rare In modern politics Independent Brian Harradine served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times Nick Xenophon was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the 2007 federal election and was re elected for another six year term at the 2013 federal election 61 He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia DLP Senator John Madigan became an independent senator in September 2014 62 but lost his seat in the 2016 election PUP Senators Jacqui Lambie and Glenn Lazarus became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively 63 64 Lambie was re elected in 2019 with the support of the Jacqui Lambie Network 65 At the 2022 Australian federal election independent senator for the ACT David Pocock was elected becoming the first independent senator from a territory 66 67 New Zealand Edit Originally there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament although loose groupings did exist informally initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments and later between liberals and conservatives The foundation of formal political parties starting at the end of the 19th century considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s Since then however there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since 1943 although two independent candidates have been successful in by elections in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term but not been voted into office as such The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was Winston Peters who won the 1993 by election in Tauranga electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the National Party By the time of the next general election he had formed his own party New Zealand First and thus was no longer standing as an independent Since that time the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by election Some have gone on to found or co found their own parties with varying levels of success examples include Peter Dunne Taito Phillip Field Gordon Copeland Tau Henare and Alamein Kopu Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament such as Frank Grover and Tuariki Delamere There were two independent MPs in the 49th New Zealand Parliament Chris Carter and Hone Harawira Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the Labour Party s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus while Harawira resigned from the Maori Party and after a short period as an independent also resigned as an MP in order to force the 2011 by election when he was re elected as representative of his new political party Mana and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election There were also two other parties which had only a single MP United Future with Peter Dunne and ACT with David Seymour Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent Dunne s presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate and Seymour s presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the 2011 election In the 50th New Zealand Parliament there was one independent MP Brendan Horan a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members 68 The party was subsequently re registered two months later 69 70 Niue Edit In Niue there have been no political parties since 2003 when the Niue People s Party disbanded and all politicians are de facto independents The government depends on an informal coalition 71 See also EditNonpartisanism Party switching Backbencher Centrism Electoral reform Benjamin Franklin Independent voter Non partisan democracy Radical centrism Swing vote Syncretic politics Third party United States Notes Edita The political status of Kosovo is disputed Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008 Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 UN member states with another 13 states recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition and 92 states not recognizing it while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory References Edit Constituicao da Republica Federativa do Brasil de 1988 in Portuguese Palacio do Planalto 5 October 1988 Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 Retrieved 31 March 2017 PEC permite candidatura avulsa a cargos eletivos in Portuguese Senado Noticias 10 February 2015 Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 Retrieved 31 March 2017 Reguffe Jose Proposta de Emenda a Constituicao nº6 de 2015 in Portuguese Senado Federal Archived from the original on 1 April 2017 Retrieved 31 March 2017 Senador Reguffe in Portuguese Senado Federal 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Charlotte 14 Jun 2022 ACT elects David Pocock as first independent senator unseating Liberal Zed Seselja ABC News Australia Retrieved 7 July 2022 United Future deregistered Stuff 2013 05 31 Retrieved 2021 08 22 United Future applies to be re registered RNZ 2013 06 11 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Dunne Welcomes UnitedFuture s Re Registration www scoop co nz August 13 2013 Retrieved 2021 08 22 Rich Roland April 2008 Introduction Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands Political Parties in the Pacific Islands ANU Press doi 10 22459 pppi 04 2008 01 ISBN 9781921313752 retrieved 2021 09 03 Clare Short resigns as Labour MP BBC World News October 20 2006 Elected Without a Party Lieberman Will Remain a Democrat The New York Times November 8 2006 Retrieved 2006 11 08 External links EditIndependent Political Candidate Directory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Independent politician amp oldid 1131528920, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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