fbpx
Wikipedia

North Malabar

January 03, 2023

North Malabar refers to the geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala's present day Kasaragod, Kannur, and Wayanad districts, and the taluks of Vatakara, Koyilandy, and Thamarassery in the Kozhikode District of Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of the Union Territory of Puducherry. Traditionally North Malabar is defined as the northern portion of erstwhile Malabar District which lies between Chandragiri River and Korapuzha River.[2] The region between Netravathi River and Chandragiri River, which included the portions between Mangalore and Kasaragod, are also often included in the term North Malabar, as the Kumbla dynasty in the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu (between Mangalore and Kasaragod), had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[3][4]

North Malabar
Geographical / Historical Area
Coordinates: 11°45′N 75°30′E / 11.750°N 75.500°E / 11.750; 75.500Coordinates: 11°45′N 75°30′E / 11.750°N 75.500°E / 11.750; 75.500
Country India
StateKerala
Puducherry
Government
 • BodyNorthern Range, Kerala
Mahé Sub-Division, Puducherry
Area
 • Total4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi)
Population
 (2001)(approx.)[1]
 • Total4,800,000
 • Density819/km2 (2,120/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
670***, 671*** and 673***
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
Vehicle registrationKL-11, KL-12, KL-13, KL-14, KL-18, KL-56, KL-57, KL-58, KL-59, KL-60, KL-72, KL-76, KL-77, KL-78, KL-79, KL-86 & PY-03
Literacy94.52%%
Vidhan Sabha constituency24
Civic agencyNorthern Range, Kerala
Mahé Sub-Division, Puducherry

The North Malabar region is bounded by Dakshina Kannada (Mangalore) to north, the hilly regions of Kodagu and Mysore Plateau to east, South Malabar (Korapuzha) to south, and Arabian Sea to west.[5] The greater part of North Malabar (except Mahé) remained as one of the two administrative divisions of the Malabar District (an administrative district of British India under the Madras Presidency) until 1947 and later became part of India's Madras State until 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954. On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act, which merged the Malabar District with Travancore-Cochin apart from the four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu, and the Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District. During British rule, North Malabar's chief importance laid in producing Thalassery pepper and Coconuts.[6]

North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises the erstwhile princely principalities and chiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu, Kingdom of Kottayam, Kadathanadu and southern part of Tulu Nadu. Wayanad, which forms a continuation of Mysore Plateau, was the only Plateau in North Malabar as well as Kerala. Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala is the Asia's largest, and the world's third-largest, naval academy.[7][8][9] Muzhappilangad beach is the longest Drive-In Beach in Asia and is featured among the top 6 best beaches for driving in the world in BBC article for Autos.[10][11] North Malabar is home to several forts which include Arikady fort, Bekal Fort, Chandragiri Fort, Hosdurg Fort, St. Angelo Fort, and Tellicherry Fort. Bekal Fort is the largest fort in Kerala.

Etymology

Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for Kerala.[12] Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.[13][14] The people of Malabar were known as Malabars. Still the term Malabar is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India. From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes (6th century CE) itself, the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala ('hill').[15][16] Al-Biruni (AD 973 - 1048) must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar.[12] Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works.[17] The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills. According to William Logan, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala (hill) and the Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[12]

History

Ezhimala kingdom

Main article: Ezhimala
 
Ezhimala was once the headquarters of a powerful kingdom in the ancient period

The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur.[18]

Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).[19] The North Malabar region, which lies north of the port at Tyndis, was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period.[20] According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis. However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike's starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces.[21] Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates.[22] The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers.[23][24]

The Ezhimala dynasty had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of Sangam literature, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode.[25] Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad-Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu (Coorg).[26] It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty, took refuge at Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras, just before his execution in a battle, according to the Sangam works.[26] Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu. The Kolathunadu (Kannur) Kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea.[27]

North Malabar was a hub of Indian Ocean trade during the era. According to Kerala Muslim tradition, the kingdom of Ezhimala was home to several oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent. According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570–632).[28][29][30][31] According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayani, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in the Indian subcontinent.[32] It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.[33] Most of them lies in the erstwhile region of Ezhimala kingdom. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an Old Malayalam inscription written in a mixture of Vatteluttu and Grantha scripts which dates back to the 10th century CE.[34] It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a Hindu king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the Muslims of Kerala.[34]

Mushika dynasty

Main article: Mushika dynasty

Between the 9th and 12th centuries, a dynasty called "Mushaka" controlled the Chirakkal areas of northern Malabar (the Wynad-Tellichery area was part of the Second Chera Kingdom). The Mushakas were probably the descendants of the ancient royal family of Nannan of Ezhi mala and were perhaps a vassal of the Cheras. The Kolla-desam (or the Mushika-rajya) came under the influence of the Chera/Perumals kingdom during eleventh century AD.[35] The Chola references to several kings in medieval Kerala confirms that the power of the Chera/Perumal was restricted to the country around capital Kodungallur. The Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local rulers (such as that of the Mushika in the north and Venatu in the south) exercised politically and militarily.[36] Medieval Kolla-desam stretched on the banks of Kavvai, Koppam and Valappattanam rivers. An Old Malayalam inscription (Ramanthali inscriptions), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore, can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, Kerala.[37] The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE.[38] In his book on travels (Il Milione), Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included Faxian, the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta, writer and historian of Tangiers. The Mushika-vamsha Mahakavya, written by Athula in the 11th century, throws light on the recorded past of the Mushika Royal Family up until that point.[27]

Old Malayalam inscriptions related to Mushika dynasty

See also: Old Malayalam
Inscription Location Notes
Ramanthali/Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscription (929 AD)
  • Mentions Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama.[42]
  • The so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record.[37]
  • Merchant guild manigramam is appointed as the guardian of the Narayankannur Temple.[42]
  • Mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore.[42]
Panthalayani Kollam inscription (973 AD)
  • Single stone slab in the upper frame of the srikoyil (central shrine) entrance in Tali temple.[43]
  • Name of the king – probably Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD) – is built over by the present structure.[43]
Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque inscription (10th century AD)
  • On the granite blocks built into the steps of the ablution tank of the Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque[34]
  • A rare surviving document recording patronage by a Hindu king (Bhaskara Ravi) (961-1021 AD) to the Mappila Muslims of Kerala.[34] It also mentions about a merchant guild.[34]
Eramam inscription (1020 AD)
Pullur Kodavalam inscription (1020 AD)
  • Engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple[46][47]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD).[46][47]
  • Identified king Manukuladitya with king Bhaskara Ravi.[47]
Tiruvadur inscription (c. 1020 AD)
  • Partly in the courtyard of the temple on either side of the sopana.[40]
  • Partly in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.[40]
  • Creation and endowment of a grama (Brahmin settlement) with members chosen from some old grama settlements from central Kerala (Vaikom, Paravur, Avittathoor, Irinjalakuda and Peruvanam).[40]
  • The engraver is mentioned as Rama Jayamani, the "royal goldsmith of the Mushika king [Jayamani]".[40]
Trichambaram inscription

(c. 1040 AD)

  • Three blocks of granite on the base of the central shrine of the temple.[48]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Raja Raja (c. 1036–1089 AD).[48]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD) and Iramakuta Muvar Kantan Karivarman (Srikantha Kartha) (c.1020 AD).[44]
  • Mentions the merchants guilds of Valanchiyar and Nanadeyar.[44]
  • Mentions Rajendra Chola Samaya Senapati from Katappa Palli.[44]
Maniyur inscription

(c. 11th century)

  • Single stone slab outside the prakara (outer wall) of the temple.[49]
  •  
    Maniyur inscription
    Confirms the extension of the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam to Mushika country.[49]
Kinalur inscription

(c. 1083 CE)

  • Both sides of a single granite slab in site of the ruined (now lost) Kinalur Jain Temple near Kozhikode.[50]
  • The estampage can be found in Government Epigraphist's Office, Mysore.[50]
  • Mentions Arappan Kunchi, the chief of Kurumbranad.[50]
  • Arappan Kunchi, the chief of Kurumbranad, donated lands to Kunavaynallur (Jain temple) and leased them out to Chathan Arukkadi of Tiruvanchikkalam, and Kuntan Chirunankai and Chathan Chirukanthan.[50]
  • Manukulai-chekara-nallur (Jain temple) is mentioned.[50]
  • Munnutruvar, the Three Hundred (probably the second Hundred of Kurumbranad), and Muvayiravar (the Three Thousand) are mentioned.[50]
Panthalayani Kollam inscription

(c. 1089 AD)

  • Single granite slab in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavati temple.[51]
  • The record was destroyed.[51]
  • Mentions Chera/Perumal king Rama Kulasekhara (1089–1122 AD).[51]
  • The location given as "Kollathu Panthalayani".[51]
Tiruvalla Copper Plates

(Huzur Treasury Plates) (10th-11th centuries AD)

Kannapuram inscription

(beginning of the 12th century)

  • Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara (outer wall) of the Kannapuram temple.[37]
  • Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned.[37]

Kolathunadu

Main article: Kolathunadu
 
A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg's atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, Volume I

Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Kannur) was one of the 4 most powerful kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of Portuguese Armadas to India, the others being Zamorin, Kingdom of Cochin and Quilon. Kolattunādu had its capital at Ezhimala and was ruled by Kolattiri Royal Family and roughly comprised the North Malabar region of Kerala state in India. Traditionally, Kolattunādu is described as the land lying between Perumba river in the north and Putupattanam river in the south.[52] The ruling house of Kolathunādu, also known as the Kolathiris, were descendants of the Mushaka Royal Family, (which was an ancient dynasty of kerala)and rose to become one of the major political powers in the Kerala region, after the disappearance of the Cheras of Mahodayapuram and the Pandyan Dynasty in the 12th century AD.[53][54] The Kolathiris trace their ancestry back to the ancient Mushika kingdom (Ezhimala kingdom, Eli-nadu) of the Tamil Sangam Age. The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.[55]

 
Kolattiri Raja's (The ruler of Kannur) minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama (1524)

Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in Malayalam.[56] The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from Maipady Palace at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire.[57] The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins.[4] They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala.[4] Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu.[4]

The Zamorin of Calicut, who was actually the ruler of South Malabar and became the most powerful ruler on Malabar Coast, conquerred many regions of North Malabar including Koyilandy (Panthalayini Kollam). By the 15th century CE, Kolathiri Rajas came under the influence of Zamorin just like the other kingdoms of Kerala. The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor), Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.[2] The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period.[58] The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.[59] The St. Angelo Fort at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. The Dutch sold the fort to king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772.

During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in Kerala, known as Arakkal, who also ruled the Laccadive Islands in addition to Kannur.[60] The island of Dharmadom near Kannur, along with Thalassery, was ceded to the East India Company as early as 1734, which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, Kottayam Rajas, and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period, where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession.[61][2]

Colonial era

 
A view Bekal Fort at Kasaragod built in 1650 CE, which is also the largest fort in Kerala
 
Thamarassery Churam was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore.
 
North Malabar in 1909 (The southwestern region)

In 1761, the British captured Mahé, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu.[62] The British restored Mahé to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[62] In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of Mahé.[62] In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and Mahé was handed over to the French in 1785.[62]

The northern parts of Kerala was unified under Tipu Sultan during the last decades of eighteenth century CE. When he was defeated by the East India Company through Third Anglo-Mysore War, the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed and the regions included in Tipu's kingdom was annexed with the East India Company. After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of Malabar Coast, those became British colonies, were organized into a district of British India. They divided it into North Malabar and South Malabar on 30 March 1793 for administrative convenience. Though the general administrative headquarters of Malabar was at Calicut in South Malabar, the special headquarters of South Malabar was decided to be at Cherpulassery, which was then replaced to Ottapalam. South Malabar was the centre of the Malabar Rebellion in 1921. On 1 November 1956, this region was annexed with the Indian state of Kerala.[12]

 
An old map of Malabar District (1854). Note that the taluks Pandalur, Gudalur, and Kundah in present-day Nilgiris district were parts of Wayanad Taluk (North Malabar) in 1854. The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.[63]

The East India Company captured the fort Kannur in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast. Initially the Malabar was placed under Bombay Presidency. Later in 1799-1800 year, Malabar along with South Canara was transferred to Madras Presidency. During the period of British colonial rule, Kannur was part of the Madras province in the Malabar District. The municipalities of Kannur and Thalassery were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)[64][65][66][67] of the British Indian Empire, along with the municipalities of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Fort Kochi, making them the first modern municipalities in the modern state of Kerala.

Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja, who had popular support in Thalassery-Wayanad region.[4] The guerrilla war launched by Pazhassi Raja, the ruler of Kottayam province, against the East India Company had a huge impact on the history of Kannur. Changes in the socio-economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial decades of the 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party. Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by government, rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body, installing an idol at Aruvippuram in 1888, Malayali Memorial in 1891, establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903, activities, struggles etc. became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time. These movements eventually coalesced into the Indian independence movement.

Culture and people

 
Wayanad in North Malabar is the only Plateau region in Kerala

The socio-cultural background and geography of this area has some distinctions compared to the rest of Kerala.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74] The population consists of native Hindus, native Mappila-Muslims, native Jains and migrant-Christian communities and is characterized by distinct socio-cultural customs and behavior. The people of North Malabar have striven to preserve their distinct and unique identity and heritage since ancient times, through colonial times into modern political India. From the seventeenth century onward, until the early twentieth century, there were cultural taboos among certain communities from North Malabar, which forbade their women marrying people of the same respective communities, from the southern territories.[75][76] Even in modern times it is not uncommon to see "alliances from Malabar region preferred" in newspaper matrimonial announcements placed by native North Malabar families, irrespective of their ethno-religious background. Traditionally North Malabar has remained the source of an erstwhile aristocracy for many of the southern territories of Kerala through displacement and adoptions including the Travancore Royal Family. Northern Malabar identity and pride is often possessively guarded by its natives of all ethnic and religious backgrounds.

 
Chalad Chalil Bhagavathi Temple
 
Sunni Mosque in Mananthavady
 
Theyyam - The ancient ritual art of North Malabar

Kottiyoor Utsavam

Main article: Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam

Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam is a 27-day yearly pilgrimage commemorating the mythology of Daksha Yaga, which attracts thousands of Hindu pilgrims from the Malabar region.

Social, cultural and historical features

 
A Madappura (stand alone Kovil) where Theyyam rituals are performed seasonally. All the Muthappan Madappuras are built in similar style. These structures are found mainly in the North Malabar region of Kerala
 
Thalassery in North Malabar is notable for the Thalassery cuisine

In the pre-democratic era, Marumakkathayam-matriliniality was widely prevalent among the natives of North Malabar and included both the Muslim and Nambudiri communities of Payyanur, in addition to other traditional matrilineal communities such as the Nair and Thiyyas. Marumakkathayam was also practiced by the Nair, Nambudiri, and Mappila communities in the Ponnani region of South Malabar.The practice of matrilineality was distinctly different and was predominantly virilocal with married couples residing with or near the husband's parents. Unlike other parts of erstwhile matrilineal-Kerala, polyandry was a strict taboo in North Malabar and exceptional customs such as Putravakaasham (purse/estate grants to children of male members) were occasionally allowed.[77][78]

Landlords in Malabar during colonial and pre-colonial times were the largest landlords of Kerala and during this time political authority remained decentralized in contrast to that of the southern principalities. The royal position of Kolathiri, although immensely respected, was politically titular. In North Malabar, the Kolathiri Kings had the ritualistic status of Perumaal such that their official designates or sthanis retained their jurisdiction all over Kerala except for the Rajarajashwara Temple at Taliparamba.

The major festival observed by Hindus in this region is Vishu rather than Onam, which remains the major celebration for Hindus in the remainder of Kerala. In North Malabar, Vishu is celebrated as New Year. Because, the Kollavarsham month Medam - which is parallel to first Tamil month Chithirai - is the first month of the year for natives of North Malabar. The Vishu festival is spread over two days and comprises the Cheriya or small Vishu and the Valiya, or main Vishu. Unlike in the rest of Kerala it is not uncommon to see Hindu natives of this region cook and eat non-vegetarian food during their festivals including Vishu and Onam and sometimes even in marriage households.[citation needed]

People from all religions participate in major festivals at temples, mosques and churches. Some examples include: Nadapuram Mosque, Mahe Church, Moonnu Pettumma Palli Pappinisseri and Theyyam ritual art.

Unlike Travancore, but like in rest of Malabar and Cochin, natives of North Malabar mix coconut paste with sambar, the most common dish of South India.[79][80][81]

North Malabar cuisine is noted for its variety of dishes including chutneys, pancakes, steamed cakes and various dishes such as kalathappam, kinnathappam, uruttu chammanthi, poduthol, pathiri, chatti pathiri and moodakadamban. Bakery-cuisine is well developed in the area and has led to large numbers of natives operating popular bakeries in Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Coimbatore, Mysore, Pune and Southern Kerala.

People from this area are characterized by a stronger sense of socio-political aspirations often leading to large outbreaks of political violence.[citation needed]

Textiles, beedi, hand-weaving, plywood and coir represent important industries while cashew, cinnamon (North Malabar is home to Asia's largest cinnamon farm) and pepper are important cash crops.

North Malabar represents one of the earliest and largest pockets of exposure to other cultures in Kerala through Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Tuluvas, Rashtrakutas, Kodavas, Tulus, Arabs, Persians, Portuguese, Dutch, French, British, and through early employment and migrations in government and military services from the time of its incorporation into the Madras Presidency. Nevertheless, its people are conservatively possessive of its identity preferring a "geographical endogamy" culture.

 
Nadapuram Masjid Pond - An indigenous designed pool

Calendar system

The version of the Malayalam calendar or Kollavarsham used in central and south Kerala begins on August 25, 825 AD. The year commences with Simha-raasi (Leo) and not in Mesha-raasi (Aries) as in other Indian calendars. However, in North Malabar and Kolathunadu the start of the Kollam era is reckoned from the month of Kanya-rasi (Virgo), which begins on 25 September. This variation has two accounts associated with it.[82]

Kerolopathi, a traditional text dealing with the origins of Malabar, attributes the introduction of the Kollam era to Shankaracharya. Translation of the phrase Aa chaa rya vaa ga bhed ya (meaning Shankaracharya's word/law is unalterable) into numbers in the Katapayadi notation produces 0 6 1 4 3 4 1 and these written backwards give the age of the Kali Yuga in the first year of the Kollam era. Kali, day 1,434,160, would work out to be September 25, 825 AD, which corresponds to the beginning of the Kollam era in North Malabar, i.e. the first day of the month of Kanya-raasi (Virgo) .

Dialects

There are several dialects of the Malayalam language prevalent in North Malabar. Loan words, excluding the significant number of words from Sanskrit, originated mostly due to centuries long interactions between the native population of North Malabar and the horse and spice traders of the world. These included trading contacts with Arabia, Persia, Israel, China and European colonial powers for several centuries. Examples of these dialects include Kasaragod Malayalam and Mappila Malayalam. However, the majority of the young-adult Keralites from other provinces who are ignorant of the rich melting-pot culture of Malabar dialects are uncomfortable with these forms of Malayalam.[citation needed]

Some influences are enumerated
Loaned from Usages
Hebrew Shalom/salaam aayi meaning died (lit. entered the state of peace).
Arabic Bejaar meaning anxiety; matlab meaning consequence; barkat/varkkat meaning value are few examples
Portuguese Veeppa meaning "basket“; 'maesha' meaning "table“; 'jenela' meaning "window“
Cryptic Sanskrit tendencies In North Malabar fish curry is referred to as malsya-curry (from the Sanskrit word matsya for fish) rather than southern usage of meen-curry. Similarly, feeling hungry is paikkunnu rather than southern usage of vishakkunnu. Other examples are annam instead of choru (cooked rice), dhani instead of kaashukaaran (rich man), the word amba (mother) for cow, gauli (lizard) etc.
 
A Lotus Pond in Purameri
 
Temple in Blathur

Historic immigrations into North Malabar

Tulu Brahmin immigration

In 1617, the Kolathiri Raja Udayavarman, wished to attain the higher status of kshatriya by undergoing the Hiranyagarbham ritual in honour of Hiranyagarbha, the creator of the universe. Since the Nambudiri Brahmins were not prepared for the ceremony, Udayavarman brought 237 families of Shivalli Brahmins from Gokarna in Coastal Karnataka and settled them in the five counties of Cheruthazham, Kunniriyam, Arathil, Kulappuram and Vararuchimangalam in North Malabar.[83] The Sree Raghavapuram temple (Hanuman Kavu) at Pilathara was assigned to the 237 families for worship, and it became their village temple. The 93 Edukunchi families displaced as a result received the hereditary trusteeship of the Sreekrishnapuram temple in Cheruthazham, 62 Gunavantham families that of Arathil Sreebhadrapuram temple and the 82 Vilakkoor families that of Udayapurath Haripuram temple. These 237 families adopted the customs of local Nambudiri Brahmins and came to be referred to as Embranthiris.

 
Para-sailing in progress at Payyambalam - A new initiative

Nasrani Migration

Main article: Malabar Migration

The Malabar Migration refers to the large-scale migration of Syrian Christians (Nasranis) from the Travancore region to the Malabar area of northern Kerala in the 20th century. The migration started in the decades of the 20th century and continued well into the 1970s and 1980s. This migration had a significant demographic and social impact as the Syrian Christian population of Malabar increased 15-fold from 31,191 in 1931 to 442,510 in 1971.

Central Travancore had experienced a steep increase in population in the early 20th century while pressure on arable land increased. At the same time, people recognised the potential of the large uncultivated lands in the northern regions called Malabar, which was then part of the Madras Presidency under British Rule. Migration initially started in trickles with land bought from the local rulers. Huge tracts of uncultivated forest and waste land were later converted into farms and plantations. Against the odds, the community thrived, which attracted more migrants. This migration reached its peak in the 1950s.[citation needed]

These migrants came mostly from present day Kottayam, Idukki, Muvattupuzha and Kothamangalam with migrations happening across the entire Malabar region (north Kerala) including into the following districts of present-day Kerala (some key migration centres are also mentioned):

The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church gave significant support to the migration by providing churches, discipline, schools, hospitals and other infrastructure.

Overall, hundreds of thousands of people moved to North Kerala. The percentage of Christian residents in these districts was small before the migration but since 1950 this settler community has formed a significant part of the population in the hill areas of these districts.

Immigration of Knanaya Christians

 
Valavayal Post Office, Wayanad

Historically, the North Malabar landlords were the largest land-holders in Kerala, but the introduction of the Kerala Land Reforms Bill in 1957 resulted in their panic selling of farm and forest land. This was followed by immigration of Christians from Knanaya into the North Malabar Region in search of virgin land to cultivate and to seek relief from the poverty and financial strain caused by the Second World War. Under the direction of Prof. V.J. Joseph Kandoth and Bishop Mar Alexander Chulaparambil,[84][85] the Diocese of Kottayam bought 1,800 acres (7.3 km2) of land in the Kasargod area in 1942. The new venture was announced in all the parishes of southern Kerala. Applications were invited and each family was allotted 11.5 acres (47,000 m2) of land 1943. The emigrants from all southern Kerala parishes reached Cochin by boat and from there travelled by train to Shornur and Kanhangad. A team of priests, especially of the O.S.H. Society and laymen were sent ahead to prepare the ground and to receive them on their arrival. The name of the local area was changed from Echikkol to Rajapuram. In the same way, the diocese organized another settlement at Madampam near Kannur. The Diocese bought 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) of land and 100 families migrated to the new area on 3 May 1943. The settlement was called Alexnagar after Bishop Mar Alexander Chulaparambil. Madathumala in Kasargod District at its eastern border with the Karnataka state was the venue of a third settlement of 45 families. The land was purchased on 26 September 1969 and the Ranipuram settlement inaugurated on 2 February 1970 dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Although there were initial difficulties due to wild animals, Ranipuram gradually prospered and today there is also a Government tourist center at Ranipuram. The Diocese of Kottayam made also arrangements with the Latin Ordinaries to have pastoral ministry and liturgical celebrations according to their own Syro-Malabar Rite. Presently, one third of the Knanaya Catholic population is in the Malabar area.

 
A Tea Estate in Mananthavady

In addition, taking advantage of the selling spree of landlords of Malabar in general and more particularly the larger landlords of North Malabar, several other Travancore Christian families immigrated into Malabar to pursue agriculture. These migrations peaked during 1960–71.

Immigration of teachers

The number of large land owning private-Tharavad-owned schools in North Malabar expanded in the first half of the twentieth century partly due to the availability of government grant-in-aid for such enterprises from 1939 onwards. Furthermore, corporate expansion of land owning Tharavads and a decrease in European engineered proletysing of the depressed classes also contributed to the growth pattern. These schools often had teaching staff from educated families.[86] In democratic Kerala however, many of these schools evolved as public and government enterprises, which led to the recruitment of teachers from the southern provinces and the subsequent immigration of teaching staff of all ethno-religious backgrounds, many of whom preferred to settle in the area permanently.

Historic emigrations to Southern Kerala

Historically significant emigration from North Malabar occurred in three phases.

 
An old map of India in 1804. Note that only Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Kochi, are marked as cities within the present-day state of Kerala

Dispersement of the erstwhile ruling elite

From 1766 to 1792, during the era of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, multiple military invasions, plunder and systematic forcible religious conversions took place in both North and South Malabar.[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] Fearing forcible conversion, a significant number of Nair Chieftains and Brahmins from Malabar chose to take refuge in the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore, as under the Treaty of Mangalore Travancore had an alliance with the English East India Company according to which "aggression against Travancore would be viewed as equivalent to declaration of war against the English". Thus at various times between 1766 and 1792, all female members and many male members of the different royal families of North and South Malabar: Chirackal, Parappanad, and Calicut, and chieftains' families: Punnathoor, Nilambur, Kavalapara and Azhvanchery Thamprakkal (titular head of all Namboothiri Brahmins), sought asylum in Travancore and temporarily settled in different parts of the kingdom. Even after the fall of Tipu Sultan's regime in Srirangapatnam, some of the Malabar nobility, wholly or partly, preferred to remain in Travancore because of fear of atrocities if they returned home. The 17 prominent aristocratic lineages of southern Kerala that claim their origin from Malabar through displacement during this period are:

  • Neerazhi Kovilakam
  • Gramathil Kottaram
  • Paliyakkara
  • Nedumparampu
  • Chempra Madham
  • Ananthapuram Kottaram
  • Ezhimatoor Palace
  • Aranmula Kottaram
  • Varanathu Kovilakam
  • Mavelikkara
  • Ennakkadu
  • Murikkoyikkal Palace
  • Mariappilly
  • Koratti Swaroopam
  • Kaippuzha Kovilakam
  • Lakshmipuram Palace
  • Kottapuram.
 
Muzhappilangad Beach - The only drive-in-beach in Kerala

Adoptions by the erstwhile ruling elite

The Kolathiris were a family descended from the Cheras and the Ay/Venad/Travancore Royal Family, that originated in the Thiruvananthapuram area, and settled in the Kannur region centuries ago. They had been a constant source of heirs for the Travancore royal family (and this practice of adoption was also reciprocal) by permitting some of its matrilineal branches of members to make settlements in Thiruvananthapuram and be adopted. The first adoption took place around 1310 whereby the two princesses of the Kolathiri family were installed as Senior and Junior Rānis of Attingal, with the titles of Āttingal Mootha Thampurān and Āttingal Elaya Thampurān respectively. Adoptions into the Travancore Royal Family followed in 1684, 1688, 1718, 1748 and 1788 until the 19th century. The celebrated Mārthanda Varma the Great was a result of the 1688 adoption and his successor Dharmarājā, who fought and defeated Tipu Sultan of Mysore, was the result of the 1718 adoption. The weak Balarama Varma who ruled after Dharmarājā in the early 19th century belonged to the 1748 line. The noted Maharanis Gowri Lakshmi Bayi and Gowri Parvati Bayi belonged to the 1788 line as did the Maharajahs Swāthi Thirunāl, Uthram Thirunāl, Āyilyam Thirunāl, Visākham Thirunāl and Moolam Thirunāl.

Economic migration in democratic India

In 1956, the State of Kerala was formed along linguistic lines, merging the Travancore, Cochin and Malabar regions. The first Kerala Legislative Assembly was formed on 1 March 1957 and the following 50 years saw migration of lawyers, politicians, businessmen and government officials from North Malabar to the southern cities of Kerala especially Cochin and Trivandrum. However many of these families still retain their links to their native area through marriage association, partial retention of natal property and often a characteristic sacerdotal North Malabar self-identity.

Folk art

North Malabar has a rich history of folk-art, culture and tradition. The government of Kerala has encouraged promotion of these through the Kerala Folklore Academy at Kannur. Among the notable examples are:

Theyyam

 

Theyyam, an ancient ritual performance art of the region in which a man is dressed symbolically as god. In the Kadathanadan area, it is known as kaliyattam. There are around 400 types of Theyyam, which are conducted on a stage and use elaborate costumes and body-painting. Each type has a distinguishing head-dress and costume made from natural materials, such as coconut leaves and bark. Musical accompaniments are provided by the chenda, elathalam and kuzhal (horn).

Thottam Pattu

Thottam Pattu is ballad sung just before performance of the Theyyam ritual.

Kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu is a martial art that originated in North Malabar and was developed between the 9th and 12th centuries.

Vadakkan Pattukal

The Vadakkan Pattukal are ballads that extol the adventures of the brave men and women of North Malabar. Set against a feudal medieval background, the stories celebrate the valour and skills of their characters. The ballads reflect the peak of Kerala folk-poetry and are associated with Kadathanadu. The movie Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha capitalised on the popularity of these stories.

Thidambu Nritham

Thidambu Nritham (dance with the replica of the deity) is a ritual dance performed in temples. It is mainly performed by Nambudiri Brahmins and occasionally by other Brahmin communities.

Poorakkali

Poorakkali is a traditional art form performed by a group of men who dance and chant holy verses from the Ramayana or Bhagavata. It is performed during the nine-day Pooram festival in Bhagavathy temples. Payyannur, Trikaripur and nearby places like Vengara, Ramanthali, Karivellur, are well known for this art form.

Kolkali

Kolkali is an art form involving both men and women which is also seen in South Malabar too. It is the only folk art that is performed by both Hindus and Muslims, although there are slight differences in how the two do it. Muslims perform it as a form of entertainment during social gatherings and marriages, whereas the Hindus perform it at temple festivals. It involves rapid limb movements and simultaneous chanting of folksong, with the performers moving in pairs, hitting their batons (koles) against each other in a methodical way in tune with folksongs. It is played according to Vaithari or Thalam by the Gurukkal (Teacher).

The typical Kolkali group will contain between sixteen and twenty members. One among them will sing the folksong and it will be chorused by rest. Harmonizing with generational changes, Kolkali like all other folk-art of North Malabar, has also changed its look and style over time. The noted Kolkali groups are found in the Kasaragod District.

Mappila (Muslim) folklore

Mappila folklore has deep roots in the region. The major Mappila arts of Malabar region (both North and South Malabar) are :

Malabar Cuisine

See also: Thalassery cuisine
 
Pathiri, a pancake made of rice flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes in North Malabar
 
Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)
 
Thalassery biryani with raita
 
Halwas are popular in Kannur and Thalassery

The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian, Yemenese and Arab food culture.[108] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[108] Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[108] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[108] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of North Malabar cuisine—black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely.

The Malabar version of biryani, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influence from Yemen. Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani, and Kannur biriyani,[109] are prepared in North Malabar.[108]

The snacks include unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar),[110] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar),[110] muttamala made of eggs,[108] chatti pathiri, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka,[111] and more.[108]

However, the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food. Chinese food is very popular among the locals.

 
Chandragiri River - The northern end of this region

Notable individuals

Main article: List of people from North Malabar
  • Kerala Varma Pazhassi (c. 1753 - c. 1805) popularly known as the Lion of Kerala, he was a prince from the royal dynasty of Kottayam (Malabar) which now belongs to the Kannur District of Kerala State. He waged war against Mysore and the British for 27 years.
  • K. Kelappan - was the founder President of the Nair Service Society who later became the principal of a school run by the society. He fought for social reforms on the one hand and against the British on the other. He was a great revolutionary, social reformer and crusader for justice to the backward classes. He was called Kerala Gandhi.
  • P. T. Usha- The first Indian sprinter to reach the Olympics. Winner of several gold medals in the Asian Games.
  • Lt Gen Satish Nambiar- recipient of a Vir Chakra and Force Commander of UNPROFOR.
  • E. K. Nayanar - (December 1918 - May 2004) born in Kalliasseri, Kannur was a prominent Indian political leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala three times. He was the longest-serving Chief Minister of Kerala, serving a total of 4009 days.
  • K. Karunakaran - (July 1918 - December 2010) was an Indian politician from Chirakkal in the Kannur District. He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala four times, making him the person who became the Chief Minister for the most number of times, and was also the second longest-serving Chief Minister of Kerala after Nayanar.
  • Pinarayi Vijayan - veteran Communist leader, former State secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and current Chief Minister of Kerala.
  • Vijay K. Nambiar - Former ambassador to China and Pakistan and former Chef de Cabinet (Chief of Staff) under UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon.
  • Gireesh Puthenchery - Well known lyricist and screenwriter in the Malayalam film industry.
  • T. V. Chandran - Well known director in the Malayalam film industry.
  • Mavila Vishwanathan Nair - Banker.
  • Vineeth - born on 23 August 1969, a South Indian film actor and classical dancer.
  • M. N. Nambiar - (1919—2008) film actor in Tamil cinema who spent more than 50 years in the film industry.
  • Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar - (1861–1914) was a Malayali journalist, essay writer, critic and short story writer born into the chieftain family of "Vengayil", Chirakkal Taluk and was a close friend of Dr. Hermann Gundert and William Logan, researchers on the history, language, culture of Kerala.
  • Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar - Minister of Pazhassi Raja who was active in resistance to Mysorean and British invaders.
  • Sreenivasan - Noted Malayalam actor and director.
  • Samvrutha Sunil - Noted Malayalam film heroine.
  • Kavya Madhavan - Popular Malayalam film actress.
  • O. M. Nambiar - Renowned as an Indian athletics coach.
  • M Kunjikannan - Kunjikannan Master, journalist, Gandhian, educational and social activist.
  • Kodiyeri Balakrishnan - Home Minister in the V.S. Achuthanandan ministry from 2006 to 2011, and current State secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist).
  • Kanayi Kunhiraman - Sculptor.
  • M. Mukundan - Novelist and diplomat.
  • K. Raghavan - Veteran Malayalam music director.
  • Abu Salim (actor) - Popular film actor and Mr India Title winner in 1984 and 1992.
  • C. P. Krishnan Nair - Internationally known businessman from the Leela Group of Hotels.
  • Sanusha - Noted film actress.
  • Anaswara Rajan - Noted film actress.

See also

References

  1. ^ Census of India, 2001. Census Data Online, Population.
  2. ^ a b c Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. ISBN 9788120604476.
  3. ^ M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). A Survey of Kerala History (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
  5. ^ Government of Madras (1953). 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (PDF). Madras Government Press.
  6. ^ Pamela Nightingale, ‘Jonathan Duncan (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009
  7. ^ "Navy-Training Academy-proposed Expansion". Deccan Herald. 11 August 2017.
  8. ^ "Asia's largest naval academy opened". Arab News. 10 January 2009.
  9. ^ https://www.facebook.com/IndianNavy/videos/390383354649864/[user-generated source]
  10. ^ Gibson, David K. "The best beaches for driving". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
  11. ^ "Muzhappilangad wins BBC favour". deccanchronicle.com. 24 June 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  13. ^ J. Sturrock (1894). "Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I)". Madras Government Press.
  14. ^ V. Nagam Aiya (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press.
  15. ^ C. A. Innes and F. B. Evans, Malabar and Anjengo, volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers (Madras: Government Press, 1915), p. 2.
  16. ^ M. T. Narayanan, Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar (New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 2003), xvi–xvii.
  17. ^ Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–34.
  18. ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. DC Books. ISBN 9788126415786.
  19. ^ Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334-350.
  20. ^ A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
  21. ^ According to Pliny the Elder, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See
  22. ^ Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.
  23. ^ Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.
  24. ^ Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.
  25. ^ District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
  26. ^ a b Government of India (2014–15). District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  27. ^ a b Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). Kerala Charitram (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175. ISBN 978-8126415885. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  28. ^ Jonathan Goldstein (1999). The Jews of China. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. ISBN 9780765601049.
  29. ^ Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean. Columbia University Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-231-70024-5. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  30. ^ Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine. Brill. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-90-04-07929-8. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  31. ^ Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles. Other Books. pp. 179–. ISBN 978-81-903887-8-8. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  32. ^ Prange, Sebastian R. Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.
  33. ^ Pg 58, Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
  34. ^ a b c d e Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.), South Indian Inscriptions. VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.
  35. ^ Ganesh, K. N. (2009). Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala. Indian Historical Review, 36(1), 3–21.
  36. ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 144-145
  37. ^ a b c d e Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.
  38. ^ Charles Alexander Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I). Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424.
  39. ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 180-181.
  40. ^ a b c d e Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 480-81.
  41. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 197.
  42. ^ a b c d e Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 475-76.
  43. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 448-49.
  44. ^ a b c d e Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 455.
  45. ^ Annual Reports of Indian Epigraphy (1963-64), No. 125.
  46. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 68-70, 84 and 454.
  47. ^ a b c Narayanan, M.G.S. THE IDENTITY AND DATE OF KING MANUKULĀDITYA. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 31, 1969, 73–78.
  48. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 465.
  49. ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 486.
  50. ^ a b c d e f Narayanan, M. G. S. 2013. 'Index to Chera Inscriptions', in Perumāḷs of Kerala, M. G. S Narayanan, pp. 484–85. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks.
  51. ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 470.
  52. ^ Keralolpatti Granthavari: The Kolattunad Traditions (Malayalam) (Kozhikode: Calicut University, 1984) M. R. Raghava Varier (ed.)
  53. ^ Sreedhara Menon, A. (4 March 2011). Kerala History and its Makers. ISBN 9788126437825.
  54. ^ Perumal of Kerala by M. G. S. Narayanan (Kozhikode: Private Circulation, 1996)
  55. ^ Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982). The Personality of Kerala. Department of Publications, University of Kerala. p. 162. Retrieved 27 July 2018. A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.
  56. ^ S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras.
  57. ^ M. Vijayanunni. 1981 Census Handbook- Kasaragod District (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  58. ^ The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011). "Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  59. ^ DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History
  60. ^ Arakkal royal family 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ^ Charles Alexander Innes (1908). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I). Madras Government Press. p. 451.
  62. ^ a b c d . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  63. ^ M. Vijayanunni (1983). 1981 Census Handbook- Wayanad District (Part-A&B) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  64. ^ "CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014)". Lawmin.nic.in. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  65. ^ Lewis McIver, G. Stokes (1883). Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras ((Vol II) ed.). Madras: E.Keys at the Government Press. p. 444. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  66. ^ Presidency, Madras (India (1915). Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District (Vol.2 ed.). Madras: The Superintendent, Government Press. p. 20. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  67. ^ HENRY FROWDE, M.A., Imperial Gazetteer of India (1908–1909). Imperial Gazetteer of India (New ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  68. ^ Eleanor Kathleen Gough (1900), Nayar: North Kerala, University of California Press, (Berkeley, Los Angeles)
  69. ^ Eric J. Miller (1954), Caste and Territory in Malabar, American Anthropological Association
  70. ^ Praveena Kodoth (1998), Women and Property Rights: A Study of Land Relations and Personal Law in Malabar, 1880–1940' Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Hyderabad
  71. ^ Ravindran Gopinath, 'Garden and Paddy Fields: Historical Implications of Agricultural Production Regimes in Colonial Malabar' in Mushirul Hasan and Narayani Gupta (eds.)
  72. ^ India's Colonial Encounters: Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes, Delhi: Monohar Publishers, 1993
  73. ^ M. Jayarajan, Sacred Groves of North Malabar, Discussion Paper No. 92 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ^ Praveena Kodoth (2002), FRAMING CUSTOM, DIRECTING PRACTICES: AUTHORITY, PROPERTY AND MATRILINY UNDER COLONIAL LAW IN NINETEENTH CENTURY MALABAR [2]
  75. ^ Fawcett (1901), Nayars of Malabar, AES Reprint 1985
  76. ^ https://books.google.com/books?hl=de&lr=&id=D27KRLsFNnAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP14&dq=Malabar+and+its+Folk+&ots=EDC3tVAOUl&sig=e6oL4t51asPD4q23Bu2B6CxCtko#v=onepage&q&f=false T.K.G. Panikkar (1900), Malabar and its Folk, AES Reprint 1995
  77. ^ The Marumakkattayam And Aliyasantana System - Author - Manita Doshi
  78. ^ Gopal Panikkar, T. K. (1983). Malabar and Its Folk. ISBN 9788120601703.
  79. ^ Srishida's CookBook: -Malabar Sambar(Veg)
  80. ^ Malabar Sambar recipe – All recipes India
  81. ^ []
  82. ^ K.V Sarma (1996), Kollam era, Indian Journal of History of Science, 31 (1) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  83. ^ Chakrakshaalanapuram Brahmaswam Sabhaayogam Manual
  84. ^ Fr. Jacob Vellian, Knanite Community, History and Culture
  85. ^ Kumbattu Varkey Joseph, Migration and economic development of Kerala
  86. ^ Kerala Development Report by Government of India Planning Commission
  87. ^ Malabar Manual by William Logan (Printed and published by Charitram Publications under the editorship of Dr. C.K, Kareem, Trivandrum)
  88. ^ Voyage to East Indies by Fra Bartolomaeo (Portuguese Traveller and Historian)
  89. ^ Historical Sketches by Col. Wilks, Vol. II.
  90. ^ A Journey from Madras through the counties of Mysore, Canara and Malabar by Dr. Francis Buchanan Hamilton, Vol. II.
  91. ^ Mysore History by Lewis Rice.
  92. ^ Selected Letters of Tipu Sultan to various Functionaries by William Kirkpatrick, published in London, 1811.
  93. ^ History of Kerala by A. Sreedhara Menon.
  94. ^ History of Cochin State by K.P. Padmanabha Menon, Mathrubhumi Publication, 1989.
  95. ^ Cochin State Manual by C. Achuta Menon.
  96. ^ State Manual of Travancore by T.K. Velu Pillai.
  97. ^ Freedom Struggle in Kerala by Sardar K.M. Panicker.
  98. ^ Sakthan Thampuran by P. Raman Menon, Mathrubhoomi Publication, 1989.
  99. ^ Life of Raja Kesavadas by V.R. Parameswaran Pillai, N.B.S. Publications, Kottayam, 1973.
  100. ^ Chronicles and Reports originating from Trippunithura, Calicut, Palghat and other seats of Kerala Royal families and from Temples of Trichur and Carmichael Christian Mission, Varappuzha.
  101. ^ Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10, 1099 (August 1923), Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K.M. Panicker.
  102. ^ Malabar Kalapam of 1921 by K. Madhavan Nair.
  103. ^ Travancore History by P. Sankrunni Menon.
  104. ^ Tipu Sultan X-rayed by Dr. I.M. Muthanna, Usha Press, Mysore 1980.
  105. ^ Articles, literary works etc. of Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, Vadakkumkoor Raja Raja Varma, and Shri Govinda Pillai.
  106. ^ Zamorins in Kerala by K.V. Krishna Iyer.
  107. ^ Tipu Sultan by B.N. Jog.
  108. ^ a b c d e f g Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). "Straight from the Malabar Coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  109. ^ "Thalassery Chicken Biriyani". The Take It Easy Chef. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  110. ^ a b Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). "Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  111. ^ "Arikkadukka - Spicy Stuffed Mussels". Faces Places and Plates. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2021.

Further reading

General

  • S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras (The English translation of Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen)
  • William Logan (1887), Malabar Manual (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
  • William Logan (1887), Malabar Manual (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
  • Charles Alexander Innes (1908), Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
  • Charles Alexander Innes (1915), Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
  • Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District (PDF), Madras Government Press
  • J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
  • Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras

Kasaragod region

  • J. Sturrock (1894), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
  • Harold A. Stuart (1895), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
  • Government of Madras (1905), Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District, Madras Government Press
  • Government of Madras (1915), Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
  • Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF), Madras Government Press

January 03, 2023
north, malabar, refers, geographic, area, southwest, india, covering, state, kerala, present, kasaragod, kannur, wayanad, districts, taluks, vatakara, koyilandy, thamarassery, kozhikode, district, kerala, entire, mahé, division, union, territory, puducherry, t. North Malabar refers to the geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala s present day Kasaragod Kannur and Wayanad districts and the taluks of Vatakara Koyilandy and Thamarassery in the Kozhikode District of Kerala and the entire Mahe Sub Division of the Union Territory of Puducherry Traditionally North Malabar is defined as the northern portion of erstwhile Malabar District which lies between Chandragiri River and Korapuzha River 2 The region between Netravathi River and Chandragiri River which included the portions between Mangalore and Kasaragod are also often included in the term North Malabar as the Kumbla dynasty in the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu between Mangalore and Kasaragod had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins 3 4 North MalabarGeographical Historical AreaClockwise from top Mappila Bay harbour Muzhappilangad Beach Ezhimala Indian Naval Academy St Angelo Fort Kannur International Airport Thalassery cuisine Caltex Junction South Bazar Coordinates 11 45 N 75 30 E 11 750 N 75 500 E 11 750 75 500 Coordinates 11 45 N 75 30 E 11 750 N 75 500 E 11 750 75 500Country IndiaStateKeralaPuducherryGovernment BodyNorthern Range KeralaMahe Sub Division PuducherryArea Total4 200 km2 1 600 sq mi Population 2001 approx 1 Total4 800 000 Density819 km2 2 120 sq mi Languages OfficialMalayalamTime zoneUTC 5 30 IST PIN670 671 and 673 ISO 3166 codeIN KLVehicle registrationKL 11 KL 12 KL 13 KL 14 KL 18 KL 56 KL 57 KL 58 KL 59 KL 60 KL 72 KL 76 KL 77 KL 78 KL 79 KL 86 amp PY 03Literacy94 52 Vidhan Sabha constituency24Civic agencyNorthern Range KeralaMahe Sub Division PuducherryThe North Malabar region is bounded by Dakshina Kannada Mangalore to north the hilly regions of Kodagu and Mysore Plateau to east South Malabar Korapuzha to south and Arabian Sea to west 5 The greater part of North Malabar except Mahe remained as one of the two administrative divisions of the Malabar District an administrative district of British India under the Madras Presidency until 1947 and later became part of India s Madras State until 1956 Mahe remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954 On 1 November 1956 the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act which merged the Malabar District with Travancore Cochin apart from the four southern taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu and the Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District During British rule North Malabar s chief importance laid in producing Thalassery pepper and Coconuts 6 North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises the erstwhile princely principalities and chiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu Kingdom of Kottayam Kadathanadu and southern part of Tulu Nadu Wayanad which forms a continuation of Mysore Plateau was the only Plateau in North Malabar as well as Kerala Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala is the Asia s largest and the world s third largest naval academy 7 8 9 Muzhappilangad beach is the longest Drive In Beach in Asia and is featured among the top 6 best beaches for driving in the world in BBC article for Autos 10 11 North Malabar is home to several forts which include Arikady fort Bekal Fort Chandragiri Fort Hosdurg Fort St Angelo Fort and Tellicherry Fort Bekal Fort is the largest fort in Kerala Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Ezhimala kingdom 2 2 Mushika dynasty 2 2 1 Old Malayalam inscriptions related to Mushika dynasty 2 3 Kolathunadu 2 4 Colonial era 3 Culture and people 3 1 Kottiyoor Utsavam 3 2 Social cultural and historical features 4 Calendar system 5 Dialects 6 Historic immigrations into North Malabar 6 1 Tulu Brahmin immigration 6 2 Nasrani Migration 6 2 1 Immigration of Knanaya Christians 6 3 Immigration of teachers 7 Historic emigrations to Southern Kerala 7 1 Dispersement of the erstwhile ruling elite 7 2 Adoptions by the erstwhile ruling elite 7 3 Economic migration in democratic India 8 Folk art 8 1 Theyyam 8 2 Thottam Pattu 8 3 Kalaripayattu 8 4 Vadakkan Pattukal 8 5 Thidambu Nritham 8 6 Poorakkali 8 7 Kolkali 8 8 Mappila Muslim folklore 9 Malabar Cuisine 10 Notable individuals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13 1 General 13 2 Kasaragod regionEtymology EditUntil the arrival of British the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for Kerala 12 Earlier the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India in addition to the modern state of Kerala 13 14 The people of Malabar were known as Malabars Still the term Malabar is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India From the time of Cosmas Indicopleustes 6th century CE itself the Arab sailors used to call Kerala as Male The first element of the name however is attested already in the Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleustes This mentions a pepper emporium called Male which clearly gave its name to Malabar the country of Male The name Male is thought to come from the Malayalam word Mala hill 15 16 Al Biruni AD 973 1048 must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar 12 Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al Baladhuri mention Malabar ports in their works 17 The Arab writers had called this place Malibar Manibar Mulibar and Munibar Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills According to William Logan the word Malabar comes from a combination of the Malayalam word Mala hill and the Persian Arabic word Barr country continent 12 History EditEzhimala kingdom Edit Main article Ezhimala Ezhimala was once the headquarters of a powerful kingdom in the ancient period The ancient port of Naura which is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a port somewhere north of Muziris is identified with Kannur 18 Pliny the Elder 1st century CE states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos Chera dynasty 19 The North Malabar region which lies north of the port at Tyndis was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period 20 According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis However the Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as the Limyrike s starting point The region probably ended at Kanyakumari it thus roughly corresponds to the present day Malabar Coast The value of Rome s annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50 000 000 sesterces 21 Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates 22 The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers 23 24 The Ezhimala dynasty had jurisdiction over two Nadus The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu According to the works of Sangam literature Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between Mangalore and Kozhikode 25 Karkanadu consisted of Wayanad Gudalur hilly region with parts of Kodagu Coorg 26 It is said that Nannan the most renowned ruler of Ezhimala dynasty took refuge at Wayanad hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to Cheras just before his execution in a battle according to the Sangam works 26 Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by Mushika dynasty in the early medieval period most possibly due to the migration of Tuluva Brahmins from Tulu Nadu The Kolathunadu Kannur Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Netravati River Mangalore in the north to Korapuzha Kozhikode in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea 27 North Malabar was a hub of Indian Ocean trade during the era According to Kerala Muslim tradition the kingdom of Ezhimala was home to several oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler the Cheraman Perumal of Chera dynasty who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad c 570 632 28 29 30 31 According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad the Masjids at Kodungallur Kollam Madayi Barkur Mangalore Kasaragod Kannur Dharmadam Panthalayani and Chaliyam were built during the era of Malik Dinar and they are among the oldest Masjids in the Indian subcontinent 32 It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town 33 Most of them lies in the erstwhile region of Ezhimala kingdom The Koyilandy Jumu ah Mosque contains an Old Malayalam inscription written in a mixture of Vatteluttu and Grantha scripts which dates back to the 10th century CE 34 It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a Hindu king Bhaskara Ravi to the Muslims of Kerala 34 Mushika dynasty Edit Main article Mushika dynasty Ananthapadmanabhaswamy temple at Ananthapura Kumbla Between the 9th and 12th centuries a dynasty called Mushaka controlled the Chirakkal areas of northern Malabar the Wynad Tellichery area was part of the Second Chera Kingdom The Mushakas were probably the descendants of the ancient royal family of Nannan of Ezhi mala and were perhaps a vassal of the Cheras The Kolla desam or the Mushika rajya came under the influence of the Chera Perumals kingdom during eleventh century AD 35 The Chola references to several kings in medieval Kerala confirms that the power of the Chera Perumal was restricted to the country around capital Kodungallur The Perumal kingship remained nominal compared with the power that local rulers such as that of the Mushika in the north and Venatu in the south exercised politically and militarily 36 Medieval Kolla desam stretched on the banks of Kavvai Koppam and Valappattanam rivers An Old Malayalam inscription Ramanthali inscriptions dated to 1075 CE mentioning king Kunda Alupa the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore can be found at Ezhimala the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty near Cannanore Kerala 37 The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the Madayi Mosque in Kannur records its foundation year as 1124 CE 38 In his book on travels Il Milione Marco Polo recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s Other visitors included Faxian the Buddhist pilgrim and Ibn Batuta writer and historian of Tangiers The Mushika vamsha Mahakavya written by Athula in the 11th century throws light on the recorded past of the Mushika Royal Family up until that point 27 Old Malayalam inscriptions related to Mushika dynasty Edit See also Old Malayalam Validhara Vikkirama Rama c 929 AD mentioned in the Ezhimala Narayankannur inscription 39 Kantan Karivarman alias Iramakuta Muvar c 1020 AD 39 mentioned in an Eramam inscription of Chera Perumal Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962 1021 AD 39 Mushikesvara Chemani Jayamani c 1020 AD Tiruvadur inscription 40 Ramakuta Muvar as a donor to the Tiruvalla temple in Tiruvalla Copper Plates Huzur Treasury Plates 41 Utaiya varma alias Ramakuta Muvar early 12th century AD mentioned in the Kannapuram inscription 37 Inscription Location NotesRamanthali Ezhimala Narayankannur inscription 929 AD Ramanthali near Ezhimala 42 A single granite slab in the courtyard of the Narayankannur Temple 42 Mentions Mushika Validhara Vikrama Rama 42 The so called Agreement of Muzhikkulam is quoted in the record 37 Merchant guild manigramam is appointed as the guardian of the Narayankannur Temple 42 Mentions king Kunda Alupa the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore 42 Panthalayani Kollam inscription 973 AD Single stone slab in the upper frame of the srikoyil central shrine entrance in Tali temple 43 Name of the king probably Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962 1021 AD is built over by the present structure 43 Koyilandy Jumu ah Mosque inscription 10th century AD On the granite blocks built into the steps of the ablution tank of the Koyilandy Jumu ah Mosque 34 A rare surviving document recording patronage by a Hindu king Bhaskara Ravi 961 1021 AD to the Mappila Muslims of Kerala 34 It also mentions about a merchant guild 34 Eramam inscription 1020 AD Eramam near Payyanur 44 A single slab in the site of the ruined Chalappuram Temple 44 Pullur Kodavalam inscription 1020 AD Pullur near Kanhangad 45 Engraved on a single stone slab in the courtyard of the Pullur Kodavalam Vishnu Temple 46 47 Mentions Chera Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962 1021 AD 46 47 Identified king Manukuladitya with king Bhaskara Ravi 47 Tiruvadur inscription c 1020 AD Partly in the courtyard of the temple on either side of the sopana 40 Partly in the sanctum sanctorum of the temple 40 Creation and endowment of a grama Brahmin settlement with members chosen from some old grama settlements from central Kerala Vaikom Paravur Avittathoor Irinjalakuda and Peruvanam 40 The engraver is mentioned as Rama Jayamani the royal goldsmith of the Mushika king Jayamani 40 Trichambaram inscription c 1040 AD Three blocks of granite on the base of the central shrine of the temple 48 Mentions Chera Perumal king Raja Raja c 1036 1089 AD 48 Mentions Chera Perumal king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya 962 1021 AD and Iramakuta Muvar Kantan Karivarman Srikantha Kartha c 1020 AD 44 Mentions the merchants guilds of Valanchiyar and Nanadeyar 44 Mentions Rajendra Chola Samaya Senapati from Katappa Palli 44 Maniyur inscription c 11th century Single stone slab outside the prakara outer wall of the temple 49 Maniyur inscriptionConfirms the extension of the so called Agreement of Muzhikkulam to Mushika country 49 Kinalur inscription c 1083 CE Both sides of a single granite slab in site of the ruined now lost Kinalur Jain Temple near Kozhikode 50 The estampage can be found in Government Epigraphist s Office Mysore 50 Mentions Arappan Kunchi the chief of Kurumbranad 50 Arappan Kunchi the chief of Kurumbranad donated lands to Kunavaynallur Jain temple and leased them out to Chathan Arukkadi of Tiruvanchikkalam and Kuntan Chirunankai and Chathan Chirukanthan 50 Manukulai chekara nallur Jain temple is mentioned 50 Munnutruvar the Three Hundred probably the second Hundred of Kurumbranad and Muvayiravar the Three Thousand are mentioned 50 Panthalayani Kollam inscription c 1089 AD Single granite slab in the courtyard of the Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavati temple 51 The record was destroyed 51 Mentions Chera Perumal king Rama Kulasekhara 1089 1122 AD 51 The location given as Kollathu Panthalayani 51 Tiruvalla Copper Plates Huzur Treasury Plates 10th 11th centuries AD Tiruvalla Presence of a Ramakuta Muvar as a donor to the Tiruvalla temple 41 Kannapuram inscription beginning of the 12th century Single stone slab fixed on a platform outside the prakara outer wall of the Kannapuram temple 37 Ramakuta Muvar Udaya Varma is mentioned 37 Kolathunadu Edit Main article Kolathunadu A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572 from Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg s atlas Civitates orbis terrarum Volume I Kolathunadu Kingdom of Kannur was one of the 4 most powerful kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of Portuguese Armadas to India the others being Zamorin Kingdom of Cochin and Quilon Kolattunadu had its capital at Ezhimala and was ruled by Kolattiri Royal Family and roughly comprised the North Malabar region of Kerala state in India Traditionally Kolattunadu is described as the land lying between Perumba river in the north and Putupattanam river in the south 52 The ruling house of Kolathunadu also known as the Kolathiris were descendants of the Mushaka Royal Family which was an ancient dynasty of kerala and rose to become one of the major political powers in the Kerala region after the disappearance of the Cheras of Mahodayapuram and the Pandyan Dynasty in the 12th century AD 53 54 The Kolathiris trace their ancestry back to the ancient Mushika kingdom Ezhimala kingdom Eli nadu of the Tamil Sangam Age The Indian anthropologist Ayinapalli Aiyappan states that a powerful and warlike clan of the Bunt community of Tulu Nadu was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan 55 Kolattiri Raja s The ruler of Kannur minister Kuruppu s Arabic letter to Vasco da Gama 1524 Until the 16th century CE Kasargod town was known by the name Kanhirakode may be by the meaning The land of Kanhira Trees in Malayalam 56 The Kumbla dynasty who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River including present day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod from Maipady Palace at Kumbla had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire 57 The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins 4 They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala 4 Francis Buchanan Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of Tulu Nadu 4 The Zamorin of Calicut who was actually the ruler of South Malabar and became the most powerful ruler on Malabar Coast conquerred many regions of North Malabar including Koyilandy Panthalayini Kollam By the 15th century CE Kolathiri Rajas came under the influence of Zamorin just like the other kingdoms of Kerala The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i e Kadathanadu Vadakara Randathara or Poyanad Dharmadom Kottayam Thalassery Nileshwaram Iruvazhinadu Panoor Kurumbranad etc under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions 2 The Nileshwaram dynasty on the northernmost part of Kolathiri dominion were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut in the early medieval period 58 The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia 59 The St Angelo Fort at Kannur was built in 1505 by Dom Francisco de Almeida the first Portuguese Viceroy of India The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663 They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia Zeelandia and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam The Dutch sold the fort to king Ali Raja of Arakkal in 1772 During the 17th century Kannur was the capital city of the only Muslim Sultanate in Kerala known as Arakkal who also ruled the Laccadive Islands in addition to Kannur 60 The island of Dharmadom near Kannur along with Thalassery was ceded to the East India Company as early as 1734 which were claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas Kottayam Rajas and Arakkal Bibi in the late medieval period where the British initiated a factory and English settlement following the cession 61 2 Colonial era Edit Malabar District during 1951 Census A view Bekal Fort at Kasaragod built in 1650 CE which is also the largest fort in Kerala Thamarassery Churam was laid in the 18th century by Tipu Sultan the ruler of Mysore North Malabar in 1909 The southwestern region In 1761 the British captured Mahe and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of Kadathanadu 62 The British restored Mahe to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris 62 In 1779 the Anglo French war broke out resulting in the French loss of Mahe 62 In 1783 the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India and Mahe was handed over to the French in 1785 62 The northern parts of Kerala was unified under Tipu Sultan during the last decades of eighteenth century CE When he was defeated by the East India Company through Third Anglo Mysore War the Treaty of Seringapatam was agreed and the regions included in Tipu s kingdom was annexed with the East India Company After the Anglo Mysore wars the parts of Malabar Coast those became British colonies were organized into a district of British India They divided it into North Malabar and South Malabar on 30 March 1793 for administrative convenience Though the general administrative headquarters of Malabar was at Calicut in South Malabar the special headquarters of South Malabar was decided to be at Cherpulassery which was then replaced to Ottapalam South Malabar was the centre of the Malabar Rebellion in 1921 On 1 November 1956 this region was annexed with the Indian state of Kerala 12 An old map of Malabar District 1854 Note that the taluks Pandalur Gudalur and Kundah in present day Nilgiris district were parts of Wayanad Taluk North Malabar in 1854 The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877 63 The East India Company captured the fort Kannur in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the Malabar Coast Initially the Malabar was placed under Bombay Presidency Later in 1799 1800 year Malabar along with South Canara was transferred to Madras Presidency During the period of British colonial rule Kannur was part of the Madras province in the Malabar District The municipalities of Kannur and Thalassery were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850 64 65 66 67 of the British Indian Empire along with the municipalities of Kozhikode Palakkad and Fort Kochi making them the first modern municipalities in the modern state of Kerala Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja who had popular support in Thalassery Wayanad region 4 The guerrilla war launched by Pazhassi Raja the ruler of Kottayam province against the East India Company had a huge impact on the history of Kannur Changes in the socio economic and political sectors in Kerala during the initial decades of the 20th century created conditions congenial for the growth of the Communist Party Extension of English education initiated by Christian missionaries in 1906 and later carried forward by government rebellion for wearing a cloth to cover upper parts of body installing an idol at Aruvippuram in 1888 Malayali Memorial in 1891 establishment of SNDP Yogam in 1903 activities struggles etc became factors helpful to accelerate changes in Kerala society during a short time These movements eventually coalesced into the Indian independence movement Culture and people Edit Wayanad in North Malabar is the only Plateau region in Kerala The socio cultural background and geography of this area has some distinctions compared to the rest of Kerala 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 The population consists of native Hindus native Mappila Muslims native Jains and migrant Christian communities and is characterized by distinct socio cultural customs and behavior The people of North Malabar have striven to preserve their distinct and unique identity and heritage since ancient times through colonial times into modern political India From the seventeenth century onward until the early twentieth century there were cultural taboos among certain communities from North Malabar which forbade their women marrying people of the same respective communities from the southern territories 75 76 Even in modern times it is not uncommon to see alliances from Malabar region preferred in newspaper matrimonial announcements placed by native North Malabar families irrespective of their ethno religious background Traditionally North Malabar has remained the source of an erstwhile aristocracy for many of the southern territories of Kerala through displacement and adoptions including the Travancore Royal Family Northern Malabar identity and pride is often possessively guarded by its natives of all ethnic and religious backgrounds Chalad Chalil Bhagavathi Temple Sunni Mosque in Mananthavady Theyyam The ancient ritual art of North Malabar Kottiyoor Utsavam Edit Main article Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam is a 27 day yearly pilgrimage commemorating the mythology of Daksha Yaga which attracts thousands of Hindu pilgrims from the Malabar region Social cultural and historical features Edit A Madappura stand alone Kovil where Theyyam rituals are performed seasonally All the Muthappan Madappuras are built in similar style These structures are found mainly in the North Malabar region of Kerala Thalassery in North Malabar is notable for the Thalassery cuisine In the pre democratic era Marumakkathayam matriliniality was widely prevalent among the natives of North Malabar and included both the Muslim and Nambudiri communities of Payyanur in addition to other traditional matrilineal communities such as the Nair and Thiyyas Marumakkathayam was also practiced by the Nair Nambudiri and Mappila communities in the Ponnani region of South Malabar The practice of matrilineality was distinctly different and was predominantly virilocal with married couples residing with or near the husband s parents Unlike other parts of erstwhile matrilineal Kerala polyandry was a strict taboo in North Malabar and exceptional customs such as Putravakaasham purse estate grants to children of male members were occasionally allowed 77 78 Landlords in Malabar during colonial and pre colonial times were the largest landlords of Kerala and during this time political authority remained decentralized in contrast to that of the southern principalities The royal position of Kolathiri although immensely respected was politically titular In North Malabar the Kolathiri Kings had the ritualistic status of Perumaal such that their official designates or sthanis retained their jurisdiction all over Kerala except for the Rajarajashwara Temple at Taliparamba The major festival observed by Hindus in this region is Vishu rather than Onam which remains the major celebration for Hindus in the remainder of Kerala In North Malabar Vishu is celebrated as New Year Because the Kollavarsham month Medam which is parallel to first Tamil month Chithirai is the first month of the year for natives of North Malabar The Vishu festival is spread over two days and comprises the Cheriya or small Vishu and the Valiya or main Vishu Unlike in the rest of Kerala it is not uncommon to see Hindu natives of this region cook and eat non vegetarian food during their festivals including Vishu and Onam and sometimes even in marriage households citation needed People from all religions participate in major festivals at temples mosques and churches Some examples include Nadapuram Mosque Mahe Church Moonnu Pettumma Palli Pappinisseri and Theyyam ritual art Unlike Travancore but like in rest of Malabar and Cochin natives of North Malabar mix coconut paste with sambar the most common dish of South India 79 80 81 North Malabar cuisine is noted for its variety of dishes including chutneys pancakes steamed cakes and various dishes such as kalathappam kinnathappam uruttu chammanthi poduthol pathiri chatti pathiri and moodakadamban Bakery cuisine is well developed in the area and has led to large numbers of natives operating popular bakeries in Chennai Bangalore Mumbai Coimbatore Mysore Pune and Southern Kerala People from this area are characterized by a stronger sense of socio political aspirations often leading to large outbreaks of political violence citation needed Textiles beedi hand weaving plywood and coir represent important industries while cashew cinnamon North Malabar is home to Asia s largest cinnamon farm and pepper are important cash crops North Malabar represents one of the earliest and largest pockets of exposure to other cultures in Kerala through Chalukyas Hoysalas Tuluvas Rashtrakutas Kodavas Tulus Arabs Persians Portuguese Dutch French British and through early employment and migrations in government and military services from the time of its incorporation into the Madras Presidency Nevertheless its people are conservatively possessive of its identity preferring a geographical endogamy culture Nadapuram Masjid Pond An indigenous designed poolCalendar system EditThe version of the Malayalam calendar or Kollavarsham used in central and south Kerala begins on August 25 825 AD The year commences with Simha raasi Leo and not in Mesha raasi Aries as in other Indian calendars However in North Malabar and Kolathunadu the start of the Kollam era is reckoned from the month of Kanya rasi Virgo which begins on 25 September This variation has two accounts associated with it 82 Kerolopathi a traditional text dealing with the origins of Malabar attributes the introduction of the Kollam era to Shankaracharya Translation of the phrase Aa chaa rya vaa ga bhed ya meaning Shankaracharya s word law is unalterable into numbers in the Katapayadi notation produces 0 6 1 4 3 4 1 and these written backwards give the age of the Kali Yuga in the first year of the Kollam era Kali day 1 434 160 would work out to be September 25 825 AD which corresponds to the beginning of the Kollam era in North Malabar i e the first day of the month of Kanya raasi Virgo Dialects EditThere are several dialects of the Malayalam language prevalent in North Malabar Loan words excluding the significant number of words from Sanskrit originated mostly due to centuries long interactions between the native population of North Malabar and the horse and spice traders of the world These included trading contacts with Arabia Persia Israel China and European colonial powers for several centuries Examples of these dialects include Kasaragod Malayalam and Mappila Malayalam However the majority of the young adult Keralites from other provinces who are ignorant of the rich melting pot culture of Malabar dialects are uncomfortable with these forms of Malayalam citation needed Some influences are enumeratedLoaned from UsagesHebrew Shalom salaam aayi meaning died lit entered the state of peace Arabic Bejaar meaning anxiety matlab meaning consequence barkat varkkat meaning value are few examplesPortuguese Veeppa meaning basket maesha meaning table jenela meaning window Cryptic Sanskrit tendencies In North Malabar fish curry is referred to as malsya curry from the Sanskrit word matsya for fish rather than southern usage of meen curry Similarly feeling hungry is paikkunnu rather than southern usage of vishakkunnu Other examples are annam instead of choru cooked rice dhani instead of kaashukaaran rich man the word amba mother for cow gauli lizard etc Malik Deenar Mosque The intricate work on a North Malabar Hookah Pazhassi Kudeeram in Mananthavadi Madhur Temple A Lotus Pond in Purameri Temple in BlathurHistoric immigrations into North Malabar EditTulu Brahmin immigration Edit In 1617 the Kolathiri Raja Udayavarman wished to attain the higher status of kshatriya by undergoing the Hiranyagarbham ritual in honour of Hiranyagarbha the creator of the universe Since the Nambudiri Brahmins were not prepared for the ceremony Udayavarman brought 237 families of Shivalli Brahmins from Gokarna in Coastal Karnataka and settled them in the five counties of Cheruthazham Kunniriyam Arathil Kulappuram and Vararuchimangalam in North Malabar 83 The Sree Raghavapuram temple Hanuman Kavu at Pilathara was assigned to the 237 families for worship and it became their village temple The 93 Edukunchi families displaced as a result received the hereditary trusteeship of the Sreekrishnapuram temple in Cheruthazham 62 Gunavantham families that of Arathil Sreebhadrapuram temple and the 82 Vilakkoor families that of Udayapurath Haripuram temple These 237 families adopted the customs of local Nambudiri Brahmins and came to be referred to as Embranthiris Para sailing in progress at Payyambalam A new initiative Nasrani Migration Edit Main article Malabar Migration The Malabar Migration refers to the large scale migration of Syrian Christians Nasranis from the Travancore region to the Malabar area of northern Kerala in the 20th century The migration started in the decades of the 20th century and continued well into the 1970s and 1980s This migration had a significant demographic and social impact as the Syrian Christian population of Malabar increased 15 fold from 31 191 in 1931 to 442 510 in 1971 Central Travancore had experienced a steep increase in population in the early 20th century while pressure on arable land increased At the same time people recognised the potential of the large uncultivated lands in the northern regions called Malabar which was then part of the Madras Presidency under British Rule Migration initially started in trickles with land bought from the local rulers Huge tracts of uncultivated forest and waste land were later converted into farms and plantations Against the odds the community thrived which attracted more migrants This migration reached its peak in the 1950s citation needed These migrants came mostly from present day Kottayam Idukki Muvattupuzha and Kothamangalam with migrations happening across the entire Malabar region north Kerala including into the following districts of present day Kerala some key migration centres are also mentioned Kasaragod Malom Kallar Chittarikkal Vellarikundu Panathady Panathur Kannur Alakkode Chemperi Cherupuzha Kudianmala Iritty Peravoor Payyavoor Chempanthotty Calicut Thiruvambady Kuttiady Malapuram Nilambur Edakkara Chungathara Wayanad PulpallyThe Syro Malabar Catholic Church gave significant support to the migration by providing churches discipline schools hospitals and other infrastructure Overall hundreds of thousands of people moved to North Kerala The percentage of Christian residents in these districts was small before the migration but since 1950 this settler community has formed a significant part of the population in the hill areas of these districts Immigration of Knanaya Christians Edit Valavayal Post Office Wayanad Historically the North Malabar landlords were the largest land holders in Kerala but the introduction of the Kerala Land Reforms Bill in 1957 resulted in their panic selling of farm and forest land This was followed by immigration of Christians from Knanaya into the North Malabar Region in search of virgin land to cultivate and to seek relief from the poverty and financial strain caused by the Second World War Under the direction of Prof V J Joseph Kandoth and Bishop Mar Alexander Chulaparambil 84 85 the Diocese of Kottayam bought 1 800 acres 7 3 km2 of land in the Kasargod area in 1942 The new venture was announced in all the parishes of southern Kerala Applications were invited and each family was allotted 11 5 acres 47 000 m2 of land 1943 The emigrants from all southern Kerala parishes reached Cochin by boat and from there travelled by train to Shornur and Kanhangad A team of priests especially of the O S H Society and laymen were sent ahead to prepare the ground and to receive them on their arrival The name of the local area was changed from Echikkol to Rajapuram In the same way the diocese organized another settlement at Madampam near Kannur The Diocese bought 2 000 acres 8 1 km2 of land and 100 families migrated to the new area on 3 May 1943 The settlement was called Alexnagar after Bishop Mar Alexander Chulaparambil Madathumala in Kasargod District at its eastern border with the Karnataka state was the venue of a third settlement of 45 families The land was purchased on 26 September 1969 and the Ranipuram settlement inaugurated on 2 February 1970 dedicated to the Virgin Mary Although there were initial difficulties due to wild animals Ranipuram gradually prospered and today there is also a Government tourist center at Ranipuram The Diocese of Kottayam made also arrangements with the Latin Ordinaries to have pastoral ministry and liturgical celebrations according to their own Syro Malabar Rite Presently one third of the Knanaya Catholic population is in the Malabar area A Tea Estate in Mananthavady In addition taking advantage of the selling spree of landlords of Malabar in general and more particularly the larger landlords of North Malabar several other Travancore Christian families immigrated into Malabar to pursue agriculture These migrations peaked during 1960 71 Immigration of teachers Edit The number of large land owning private Tharavad owned schools in North Malabar expanded in the first half of the twentieth century partly due to the availability of government grant in aid for such enterprises from 1939 onwards Furthermore corporate expansion of land owning Tharavads and a decrease in European engineered proletysing of the depressed classes also contributed to the growth pattern These schools often had teaching staff from educated families 86 In democratic Kerala however many of these schools evolved as public and government enterprises which led to the recruitment of teachers from the southern provinces and the subsequent immigration of teaching staff of all ethno religious backgrounds many of whom preferred to settle in the area permanently Historic emigrations to Southern Kerala EditHistorically significant emigration from North Malabar occurred in three phases An old map of India in 1804 Note that only Thalassery Kozhikode and Kochi are marked as cities within the present day state of Kerala Dispersement of the erstwhile ruling elite Edit From 1766 to 1792 during the era of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan multiple military invasions plunder and systematic forcible religious conversions took place in both North and South Malabar 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Fearing forcible conversion a significant number of Nair Chieftains and Brahmins from Malabar chose to take refuge in the erstwhile Kingdom of Travancore as under the Treaty of Mangalore Travancore had an alliance with the English East India Company according to which aggression against Travancore would be viewed as equivalent to declaration of war against the English Thus at various times between 1766 and 1792 all female members and many male members of the different royal families of North and South Malabar Chirackal Parappanad and Calicut and chieftains families Punnathoor Nilambur Kavalapara and Azhvanchery Thamprakkal titular head of all Namboothiri Brahmins sought asylum in Travancore and temporarily settled in different parts of the kingdom Even after the fall of Tipu Sultan s regime in Srirangapatnam some of the Malabar nobility wholly or partly preferred to remain in Travancore because of fear of atrocities if they returned home The 17 prominent aristocratic lineages of southern Kerala that claim their origin from Malabar through displacement during this period are Neerazhi Kovilakam Gramathil Kottaram Paliyakkara Nedumparampu Chempra Madham Ananthapuram Kottaram Ezhimatoor Palace Aranmula Kottaram Varanathu Kovilakam Mavelikkara Ennakkadu Murikkoyikkal Palace Mariappilly Koratti Swaroopam Kaippuzha Kovilakam Lakshmipuram Palace Kottapuram Muzhappilangad Beach The only drive in beach in Kerala Adoptions by the erstwhile ruling elite Edit The Kolathiris were a family descended from the Cheras and the Ay Venad Travancore Royal Family that originated in the Thiruvananthapuram area and settled in the Kannur region centuries ago They had been a constant source of heirs for the Travancore royal family and this practice of adoption was also reciprocal by permitting some of its matrilineal branches of members to make settlements in Thiruvananthapuram and be adopted The first adoption took place around 1310 whereby the two princesses of the Kolathiri family were installed as Senior and Junior Ranis of Attingal with the titles of Attingal Mootha Thampuran and Attingal Elaya Thampuran respectively Adoptions into the Travancore Royal Family followed in 1684 1688 1718 1748 and 1788 until the 19th century The celebrated Marthanda Varma the Great was a result of the 1688 adoption and his successor Dharmaraja who fought and defeated Tipu Sultan of Mysore was the result of the 1718 adoption The weak Balarama Varma who ruled after Dharmaraja in the early 19th century belonged to the 1748 line The noted Maharanis Gowri Lakshmi Bayi and Gowri Parvati Bayi belonged to the 1788 line as did the Maharajahs Swathi Thirunal Uthram Thirunal Ayilyam Thirunal Visakham Thirunal and Moolam Thirunal Economic migration in democratic India Edit In 1956 the State of Kerala was formed along linguistic lines merging the Travancore Cochin and Malabar regions The first Kerala Legislative Assembly was formed on 1 March 1957 and the following 50 years saw migration of lawyers politicians businessmen and government officials from North Malabar to the southern cities of Kerala especially Cochin and Trivandrum However many of these families still retain their links to their native area through marriage association partial retention of natal property and often a characteristic sacerdotal North Malabar self identity Folk art EditNorth Malabar has a rich history of folk art culture and tradition The government of Kerala has encouraged promotion of these through the Kerala Folklore Academy at Kannur Among the notable examples are Theyyam Edit Theyyam an ancient ritual performance art of the region in which a man is dressed symbolically as god In the Kadathanadan area it is known as kaliyattam There are around 400 types of Theyyam which are conducted on a stage and use elaborate costumes and body painting Each type has a distinguishing head dress and costume made from natural materials such as coconut leaves and bark Musical accompaniments are provided by the chenda elathalam and kuzhal horn Thottam Pattu Edit Thottam Pattu is ballad sung just before performance of the Theyyam ritual Kalaripayattu Edit Kalaripayattu is a martial art that originated in North Malabar and was developed between the 9th and 12th centuries Vadakkan Pattukal Edit The Vadakkan Pattukal are ballads that extol the adventures of the brave men and women of North Malabar Set against a feudal medieval background the stories celebrate the valour and skills of their characters The ballads reflect the peak of Kerala folk poetry and are associated with Kadathanadu The movie Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha capitalised on the popularity of these stories Thidambu Nritham Edit Thidambu Nritham dance with the replica of the deity is a ritual dance performed in temples It is mainly performed by Nambudiri Brahmins and occasionally by other Brahmin communities Poorakkali Edit Poorakkali is a traditional art form performed by a group of men who dance and chant holy verses from the Ramayana or Bhagavata It is performed during the nine day Pooram festival in Bhagavathy temples Payyannur Trikaripur and nearby places like Vengara Ramanthali Karivellur are well known for this art form Kolkali Edit Kolkali is an art form involving both men and women which is also seen in South Malabar too It is the only folk art that is performed by both Hindus and Muslims although there are slight differences in how the two do it Muslims perform it as a form of entertainment during social gatherings and marriages whereas the Hindus perform it at temple festivals It involves rapid limb movements and simultaneous chanting of folksong with the performers moving in pairs hitting their batons koles against each other in a methodical way in tune with folksongs It is played according to Vaithari or Thalam by the Gurukkal Teacher The typical Kolkali group will contain between sixteen and twenty members One among them will sing the folksong and it will be chorused by rest Harmonizing with generational changes Kolkali like all other folk art of North Malabar has also changed its look and style over time The noted Kolkali groups are found in the Kasaragod District Mappila Muslim folklore Edit Mappila folklore has deep roots in the region The major Mappila arts of Malabar region both North and South Malabar are Oppana Duff Muttu Mappila PaattuMalabar Cuisine EditSee also Thalassery cuisine Pathiri a pancake made of rice flour is one of the common breakfast dishes in North Malabar Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka mussels stuffed with rice Thalassery biryani with raita Halwas are popular in Kannur and Thalassery The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala Persian Yemenese and Arab food culture 108 This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes 108 Kallummakkaya mussels curry irachi puttu irachi meaning meat parottas soft flatbread 108 Pathiri a type of rice pancake 108 and ghee rice are some of the other specialties The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of North Malabar cuisine black pepper cardamom and clove are used profusely The Malabar version of biryani popularly known as kuzhi mandi in Malayalam is another popular item which has an influence from Yemen Various varieties of biriyanis like Thalassery biriyani and Kannur biriyani 109 are prepared in North Malabar 108 The snacks include unnakkaya deep fried boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew raisins and sugar 110 pazham nirachathu ripe banana filled with coconut grating molasses or sugar 110 muttamala made of eggs 108 chatti pathiri a dessert made of flour like a baked layered chapati with rich filling arikkadukka 111 and more 108 However the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food Chinese food is very popular among the locals Chandragiri River The northern end of this regionNotable individuals EditMain article List of people from North Malabar Kerala Varma Pazhassi c 1753 c 1805 popularly known as the Lion of Kerala he was a prince from the royal dynasty of Kottayam Malabar which now belongs to the Kannur District of Kerala State He waged war against Mysore and the British for 27 years K Kelappan was the founder President of the Nair Service Society who later became the principal of a school run by the society He fought for social reforms on the one hand and against the British on the other He was a great revolutionary social reformer and crusader for justice to the backward classes He was called Kerala Gandhi P T Usha The first Indian sprinter to reach the Olympics Winner of several gold medals in the Asian Games Lt Gen Satish Nambiar recipient of a Vir Chakra and Force Commander of UNPROFOR E K Nayanar December 1918 May 2004 born in Kalliasseri Kannur was a prominent Indian political leader of the Communist Party of India Marxist He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala three times He was the longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala serving a total of 4009 days K Karunakaran July 1918 December 2010 was an Indian politician from Chirakkal in the Kannur District He held the post of Chief Minister of Kerala four times making him the person who became the Chief Minister for the most number of times and was also the second longest serving Chief Minister of Kerala after Nayanar Pinarayi Vijayan veteran Communist leader former State secretary of Communist Party of India Marxist and current Chief Minister of Kerala Vijay K Nambiar Former ambassador to China and Pakistan and former Chef de Cabinet Chief of Staff under UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon Gireesh Puthenchery Well known lyricist and screenwriter in the Malayalam film industry T V Chandran Well known director in the Malayalam film industry Mavila Vishwanathan Nair Banker Vineeth born on 23 August 1969 a South Indian film actor and classical dancer M N Nambiar 1919 2008 film actor in Tamil cinema who spent more than 50 years in the film industry Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar 1861 1914 was a Malayali journalist essay writer critic and short story writer born into the chieftain family of Vengayil Chirakkal Taluk and was a close friend of Dr Hermann Gundert and William Logan researchers on the history language culture of Kerala Kannavath Sankaran Nambiar Minister of Pazhassi Raja who was active in resistance to Mysorean and British invaders Sreenivasan Noted Malayalam actor and director Samvrutha Sunil Noted Malayalam film heroine Kavya Madhavan Popular Malayalam film actress O M Nambiar Renowned as an Indian athletics coach M Kunjikannan Kunjikannan Master journalist Gandhian educational and social activist Kodiyeri Balakrishnan Home Minister in the V S Achuthanandan ministry from 2006 to 2011 and current State secretary of Communist Party of India Marxist Kanayi Kunhiraman Sculptor M Mukundan Novelist and diplomat K Raghavan Veteran Malayalam music director Abu Salim actor Popular film actor and Mr India Title winner in 1984 and 1992 C P Krishnan Nair Internationally known businessman from the Leela Group of Hotels Sanusha Noted film actress Anaswara Rajan Noted film actress See also EditMalabar pepper Kolathiri South Malabar North Malabar Gramin BankReferences Edit Census of India 2001 Census Data Online Population a b c Logan William 2010 Malabar Manual Volume I New Delhi Asian Educational Services pp 631 666 ISBN 9788120604476 M Vijayanunni 1981 Census Handbook Kasaragod District PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala a b c d e Sreedhara Menon A 2007 A Survey of Kerala History 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 Government of Madras 1953 1951 Census Handbook Malabar District PDF Madras Government Press Pamela Nightingale Jonathan Duncan bap 1756 d 1811 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press 2004 online edn May 2009 Navy Training Academy proposed Expansion Deccan Herald 11 August 2017 Asia s largest naval academy opened Arab News 10 January 2009 https www facebook com IndianNavy videos 390383354649864 user generated source Gibson David K The best beaches for driving Retrieved 26 June 2016 Muzhappilangad wins BBC favour deccanchronicle com 24 June 2016 a b c d Sreedhara Menon A January 2007 Kerala Charitram 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books ISBN 9788126415885 Retrieved 19 July 2020 J Sturrock 1894 Madras District Manuals South Canara Volume I Madras Government Press V Nagam Aiya 1906 The Travancore State Manual Travancore Government Press C A Innes and F B Evans Malabar and Anjengo volume 1 Madras District Gazetteers Madras Government Press 1915 p 2 M T Narayanan Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar New Delhi Northern Book Centre 2003 xvi xvii Mohammad K M Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol 60 1999 pp 226 34 Menon A Sreedhara 2007 A Survey of Kerala History DC Books ISBN 9788126415786 Gurukkal R amp Whittaker D 2001 In search of Muziris Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 334 350 A Shreedhara Menon A Survey of Kerala History According to Pliny the Elder goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price See 1 Bostock John 1855 26 Voyages to India Pliny the Elder The Natural History London Taylor and Francis Indicopleustes Cosmas 1897 Christian Topography 11 United Kingdom The Tertullian Project pp 358 373 Das Santosh Kumar 2006 The Economic History of Ancient India Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd p 301 District Census Handbook Kasaragod 2011 PDF Thiruvananthapuram Directorate of Census Operation Kerala p 9 a b Government of India 2014 15 District Census Handbook Wayanad Part B 2011 PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala a b Sreedhara Menon A 2007 Kerala Charitram 2007 ed Kottayam DC Books p 175 ISBN 978 8126415885 Retrieved 19 July 2020 Jonathan Goldstein 1999 The Jews of China M E Sharpe p 123 ISBN 9780765601049 Edward Simpson Kai Kresse 2008 Struggling with History Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean Columbia University Press p 333 ISBN 978 0 231 70024 5 Retrieved 24 July 2012 Uri M Kupferschmidt 1987 The Supreme Muslim Council Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine Brill pp 458 459 ISBN 978 90 04 07929 8 Retrieved 25 July 2012 Husain Raṇṭattaṇi 2007 Mappila Muslims A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles Other Books pp 179 ISBN 978 81 903887 8 8 Retrieved 25 July 2012 Prange Sebastian R Monsoon Islam Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast Cambridge University Press 2018 98 Pg 58 Cultural heritage of Kerala an introduction A Sreedhara Menon East West Publications 1978 a b c d e Aiyer K V Subrahmanya ed South Indian Inscriptions VIII no 162 Madras Govt of India Central Publication Branch Calcutta 1932 p 69 Ganesh K N 2009 Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala Indian Historical Review 36 1 3 21 Noburu Karashmia ed A Concise History of South India Issues and Interpretations New Delhi Oxford University Press 144 145 a b c d e Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 483 Charles Alexander Innes 1908 Madras District Gazetteers Malabar Volume I Madras Government Press pp 423 424 a b c Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 180 181 a b c d e Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 480 81 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 197 a b c d e Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 475 76 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 448 49 a b c d e Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 455 Annual Reports of Indian Epigraphy 1963 64 No 125 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 68 70 84 and 454 a b c Narayanan M G S THE IDENTITY AND DATE OF KING MANUKULADITYA Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol 31 1969 73 78 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 465 a b Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 486 a b c d e f Narayanan M G S 2013 Index to Chera Inscriptions in Perumaḷs of Kerala M G S Narayanan pp 484 85 Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks a b c d Narayanan M G S Perumaḷs of Kerala Thrissur Kerala CosmoBooks 2013 470 Keralolpatti Granthavari The Kolattunad Traditions Malayalam Kozhikode Calicut University 1984 M R Raghava Varier ed Sreedhara Menon A 4 March 2011 Kerala History and its Makers ISBN 9788126437825 Perumal of Kerala by M G S Narayanan Kozhikode Private Circulation 1996 Ayinapalli Aiyappan 1982 The Personality of Kerala Department of Publications University of Kerala p 162 Retrieved 27 July 2018 A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad S Muhammad Hussain Nainar 1942 Tuhfat al Mujahidin An Historical Work in The Arabic Language University of Madras M Vijayanunni 1981 Census Handbook Kasaragod District PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala The Hindu staff reporter 21 November 2011 Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage The Hindu Retrieved 24 November 2016 DC Books Kottayam 2007 A Sreedhara Menon A Survey of Kerala History Arakkal royal family Archived 5 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine Charles Alexander Innes 1908 Madras District Gazetteers Malabar Volume I Madras Government Press p 451 a b c d History of Mahe Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 Retrieved 19 April 2021 M Vijayanunni 1983 1981 Census Handbook Wayanad District Part A amp B PDF Directorate of Census Operations Kerala CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS Updated up to 17 10 2014 Lawmin nic in Retrieved 7 August 2016 Lewis McIver G Stokes 1883 Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras Vol II ed Madras E Keys at the Government Press p 444 Retrieved 5 December 2020 Presidency Madras India 1915 Madras District Gazetteers Statistical Appendix For Malabar District Vol 2 ed Madras The Superintendent Government Press p 20 Retrieved 2 December 2020 HENRY FROWDE M A Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India New ed Oxford Clarendon Press Retrieved 2 December 2020 Eleanor Kathleen Gough 1900 Nayar North Kerala University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles Eric J Miller 1954 Caste and Territory in Malabar American Anthropological Association Praveena Kodoth 1998 Women and Property Rights A Study of Land Relations and Personal Law in Malabar 1880 1940 Unpublished PhD Dissertation Department of Economics University of Hyderabad Ravindran Gopinath Garden and Paddy Fields Historical Implications of Agricultural Production Regimes in Colonial Malabar in Mushirul Hasan and Narayani Gupta eds India s Colonial Encounters Essays in Memory of Eric Stokes Delhi Monohar Publishers 1993 M Jayarajan Sacred Groves of North Malabar Discussion Paper No 92 Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Praveena Kodoth 2002 FRAMING CUSTOM DIRECTING PRACTICES AUTHORITY PROPERTY AND MATRILINY UNDER COLONIAL LAW IN NINETEENTH CENTURY MALABAR 2 Fawcett 1901 Nayars of Malabar AES Reprint 1985 https books google com books hl de amp lr amp id D27KRLsFNnAC amp oi fnd amp pg PP14 amp dq Malabar and its Folk amp ots EDC3tVAOUl amp sig e6oL4t51asPD4q23Bu2B6CxCtko v onepage amp q amp f false T K G Panikkar 1900 Malabar and its Folk AES Reprint 1995 The Marumakkattayam And Aliyasantana System Author Manita Doshi Gopal Panikkar T K 1983 Malabar and Its Folk ISBN 9788120601703 Srishida s CookBook Malabar Sambar Veg Malabar Sambar recipe All recipes India K V Sarma 1996 Kollam era Indian Journal of History of Science 31 1 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 16 March 2012 Retrieved 31 March 2010 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Chakrakshaalanapuram Brahmaswam Sabhaayogam Manual Fr Jacob Vellian Knanite Community History and Culture Kumbattu Varkey Joseph Migration and economic development of Kerala Kerala Development Report by Government of India Planning Commission Malabar Manual by William Logan Printed and published by Charitram Publications under the editorship of Dr C K Kareem Trivandrum Voyage to East Indies by Fra Bartolomaeo Portuguese Traveller and Historian Historical Sketches by Col Wilks Vol II A Journey from Madras through the counties of Mysore Canara and Malabar by Dr Francis Buchanan Hamilton Vol II Mysore History by Lewis Rice Selected Letters of Tipu Sultan to various Functionaries by William Kirkpatrick published in London 1811 History of Kerala by A Sreedhara Menon History of Cochin State by K P Padmanabha Menon Mathrubhumi Publication 1989 Cochin State Manual by C Achuta Menon State Manual of Travancore by T K Velu Pillai Freedom Struggle in Kerala by Sardar K M Panicker Sakthan Thampuran by P Raman Menon Mathrubhoomi Publication 1989 Life of Raja Kesavadas by V R Parameswaran Pillai N B S Publications Kottayam 1973 Chronicles and Reports originating from Trippunithura Calicut Palghat and other seats of Kerala Royal families and from Temples of Trichur and Carmichael Christian Mission Varappuzha Bhasha Poshini of Chingam 10 1099 August 1923 Article on Tipu Sultan by Sardar K M Panicker Malabar Kalapam of 1921 by K Madhavan Nair Travancore History by P Sankrunni Menon Tipu Sultan X rayed by Dr I M Muthanna Usha Press Mysore 1980 Articles literary works etc of Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer Vadakkumkoor Raja Raja Varma and Shri Govinda Pillai Zamorins in Kerala by K V Krishna Iyer Tipu Sultan by B N Jog a b c d e f g Sabhnani Dhara Vora 14 June 2019 Straight from the Malabar Coast The Hindu Retrieved 26 January 2021 Thalassery Chicken Biriyani The Take It Easy Chef 23 June 2017 Retrieved 13 May 2021 a b Kurian Shijo 2 July 2014 Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast The Hindu Retrieved 26 January 2021 Arikkadukka Spicy Stuffed Mussels Faces Places and Plates 30 June 2020 Retrieved 13 May 2021 Further reading EditGeneral Edit S Muhammad Hussain Nainar 1942 Tuhfat al Mujahidin An Historical Work in The Arabic Language University of Madras The English translation of Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen William Logan 1887 Malabar Manual Volume I Madras Government Press William Logan 1887 Malabar Manual Volume II Madras Government Press Charles Alexander Innes 1908 Madras District Gazetteers Malabar Volume I Madras Government Press Charles Alexander Innes 1915 Madras District Gazetteers Malabar Volume II Madras Government Press Government of Madras 1953 1951 Census Handbook Malabar District PDF Madras Government Press J I Arputhanathan 1955 South Kanara The Nilgiris Malabar and Coimbatore Districts Village wise Mother tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks PDF Madras Government Press Rajabhushanam D S 1963 Statistical Atlas of the Madras State 1951 PDF Madras Chennai Director of Statistics Government of MadrasKasaragod region Edit J Sturrock 1894 Madras District Manuals South Canara Volume I Madras Government Press Harold A Stuart 1895 Madras District Manuals South Canara Volume II Madras Government Press Government of Madras 1905 Madras District Gazetteers Statistical Appendix for South Canara District Madras Government Press Government of Madras 1915 Madras District Gazetteers South Canara Volume II Madras Government Press Government of Madras 1953 1951 Census Handbook South Canara District PDF Madras Government Press Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title North Malabar amp oldid 1117006159, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.