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Geraldine Ferraro

Geraldine Anne Ferraro (August 26, 1935 – March 26, 2011) was an American politician, diplomat, and attorney. She served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985, and was the Democratic Party's vice presidential nominee in the 1984 presidential election, running alongside Walter Mondale; this made her the first female vice-presidential nominee representing a major American political party.[nb 1] She was also a journalist, author, and businesswoman.

Geraldine Ferraro
United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
In office
March 4, 1993 – October 11, 1996
PresidentBill Clinton
Preceded byArmando Valladares
Succeeded byNancy Rubin
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 9th district
In office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985
Preceded byJames Delaney
Succeeded byThomas Manton
Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus
In office
January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985
LeaderTip O'Neill
Preceded byShirley Chisholm
Succeeded byMary Oakar
Personal details
Born
Geraldine Anne Ferraro

(1935-08-26)August 26, 1935
Newburgh, New York, U.S.
DiedMarch 26, 2011(2011-03-26) (aged 75)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
(m. 1960)
Children3
EducationMarymount Manhattan College (BA)
Fordham University (JD)
Signature

Ferraro grew up in New York City and worked as a public school teacher before training as a lawyer. She joined the Queens County District Attorney's Office in 1974, heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans.

In 1984, former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog, selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election. In doing so Ferraro also became the first widely recognized Italian American to be a major-party national nominee.[nb 2] The positive polling the Mondale-Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded, as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband's finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements. In the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush.

Ferraro twice ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York, in 1992 and in 1998, both times starting as the front-runner for her party's nomination before losing in the primary election. She served as the Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996 during the presidential administration of Bill Clinton. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton. Ferraro died on March 26, 2011, from multiple myeloma, 12 years after being diagnosed.

Early life and education

 
Ferraro lived in this building in Newburgh until she was ten.

Geraldine Anne Ferraro was born on August 26, 1935, in Newburgh, New York,[1] the daughter of Antonetta L. Ferraro (née Corrieri), a first-generation Italian American seamstress, and Dominick Ferraro, an Italian immigrant (from Marcianise, Campania) and owner of two restaurants.[2][3][4][5] She had three brothers born before her, but one died in infancy and another at age three.[4] Ferraro attended the parochial school Mount Saint Mary's in Newburgh when she was young.[6] Her father died of a heart attack in May 1944, when she was eight.[7] Ferraro's mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family's money, forcing the family to move to a low-income area in the South Bronx while Ferraro's mother worked in the garment industry to support them.[1][4][8]

Ferraro stayed on at Mount Saint Mary's as a boarder for a while, then briefly attended a parochial school in the South Bronx.[9] Beginning in 1947, she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown, New York, using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade.[9][10] At Marymount Ferraro was a member of the honor society, active in several clubs and sports, voted most likely to succeed,[4] and graduated in 1952.[11] Her mother was adamant that she get a full education,[12] despite an uncle in the family saying, "Why bother? She's pretty. She's a girl. She'll get married."[13] Ferraro attended Marymount Manhattan College with a scholarship[4] while sometimes holding two or three jobs at the same time.[14] During her senior year she began dating John Zaccaro of Forest Hills, Queens, who had graduated from Iona College with a commission in the U.S. Marine Corps.[15] Ferraro received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1956;[8] she was the first woman in her family to gain a college degree.[15] She also passed the city exam to become a licensed school teacher.[15]

Ferraro began working as an elementary school teacher in public schools in Astoria, Queens,[1][8] "because that's what women were supposed to do."[4] Unsatisfied, she decided to attend law school;[4] an admissions officer said to her, "I hope you're serious, Gerry. You're taking a man's place, you know."[16] She earned a Juris Doctor degree with honors from Fordham University School of Law in 1960,[11][17] going to classes at night while continuing to work as a second-grade teacher at schools such as P.S. 57 during the day.[1][8][18] Ferraro was one of only two women in her graduating class of 179.[17] She was admitted to the bar of New York State in March 1961.[17]

Family, lawyer, prosecutor

Ferraro became engaged to Zaccaro in August 1959[10] and married him on July 16, 1960.[19] He became a realtor and businessman.[8] She kept her birth name professionally, as a way to honor her mother for having supported the family after her father's death,[1][2] but used his name in parts of her private life.[20] The couple had three children, Donna (born 1962), John Jr. (born 1964), and Laura (born 1966).[19] They lived in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, and in 1971, added a vacation house in Saltaire on Fire Island.[21][22] They would buy a condominium in Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1983.[21][23]

While raising the children, Ferraro worked part-time as a civil lawyer in her husband's real estate firm for 13 years.[17] She also occasionally worked for other clients and did some pro bono work for women in family court.[24][25] She spent time at local Democratic clubs, which allowed her to maintain contacts within the legal profession and become involved in local politics and campaigns.[24] While organizing community opposition to a proposed building, Ferraro met lawyer and Democratic figure Mario Cuomo, who became a political mentor.[26] In 1970, she was elected president of the Queens County Women's Bar Association.[27][28]

 
Ferraro meeting with President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978

Ferraro's first full-time political job came in January 1974, when she was appointed Assistant District Attorney for Queens County, New York,[29] by her cousin, District Attorney Nicholas Ferraro.[17] At the time, women prosecutors in the city were uncommon.[17] Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau.[17] The following year, Ferraro was assigned to the new Special Victims Bureau, which prosecuted cases involving rape, child abuse, spouse abuse, and domestic violence.[17][29] She was named head of the unit in 1977, with two other assistant district attorneys assigned to her.[17] In this role, she became a strong advocate for abused children.[29] She was admitted to the U.S. Supreme Court Bar in 1978.[28]

As part of the D.A. office, Ferraro worked long hours, and gained a reputation for being a tough prosecutor but fair in plea negotiations.[17] Although her unit was supposed to turn over cases which were bound for trial to another division, she took an active role in trying some cases herself, and juries were persuaded by her summations.[17] Ferraro was upset to discover that her superior was paying her less than equivalent male colleagues because she was a married woman and already had a husband.[24] Moreover, Ferraro found the nature of the cases she dealt with debilitating;[1] the work left her "drained and angry" and she developed an ulcer.[30] She grew frustrated that she was unable to deal with root causes, and talked about running for legislative office;[17] Cuomo, now Secretary of State of New York, suggested the United States Congress.[31]

House of Representatives

 
Ferraro as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives

Ferraro ran for election to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 9th Congressional District in Queens in 1978, after longtime Democratic incumbent James Delaney announced his retirement.[32] The location for the television series All in the Family, the district, which stretched from Astoria to Ozone Park was known for its ethnic composition and conservative views.[1] In a three-candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination, Ferraro faced two better-known rivals, the party organization candidate, City Councilman Thomas J. Manton and Patrick Deignan.[32][33][34] Her main issues were law and order, support for the elderly, and neighborhood preservation.[24] She labeled herself a "'small c' conservative"[1] and emphasized that she was not a bleeding-heart liberal; her campaign slogan was "Finally, A Tough Democrat".[35] Her Italian heritage also appealed to ethnic residents in the district.[24] She won the three-way primary with 53 percent of the vote, and then captured the general election as well, defeating Republican Alfred A. DelliBovi by a 10-percentage-point margin in a contest in which dealing with crime was the major issue and personal attacks by DelliBovi were frequent.[24][32] She had been aided by $130,000 in campaign loans and donations from her own family, including $110,000 in loans from Zaccaro, of which only $4,000 was legal.[36][37] The source and nature of these transactions were declared illegal by the Federal Election Commission shortly before the primary, causing Ferraro to pay back the loans in October 1978, via several real estate transactions.[36] In 1979, the campaign and Zaccaro paid $750 in fines for civil violations of election law.[36]

 
Ferraro and her family lived in this house in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, during her time in the House of Representatives, her vice-presidential campaign, and until the early 2000s.

Despite being a newcomer to the House, Ferraro made a vivid impression upon arrival[38] and quickly found prominence.[8] She became a protégé of House Speaker Tip O'Neil,[39] established a rapport with other House Democratic leaders,[29] and rose rapidly in the party hierarchy.[1] She was elected to be the Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus for 1981–1983 and again for 1983–1985;[40] this entitled her to a seat on the influential Steering and Policy Committee.[29] In 1983, she was named to the powerful House Budget Committee.[29] She also served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee[1] and the Post Office and Civil Service Committee,[41] both of which allowed Ferraro to push through projects to benefit her district.[42] In particular, she assisted the successful effort of the Ridgewood and Glendale neighborhoods to get their ZIP codes changed from Brooklyn to their native Queens.[43][44] Male colleagues viewed her with respect as someone who was tough and ambitious[38] and in turn she was, as The New York Times later wrote, "comfortable with the boys".[31]

Ferraro was active in Democratic presidential politics as well. She served as one of the deputy chairs for the 1980 Carter-Mondale campaign.[13][38] Following the election, she served actively on the Hunt Commission that in 1982, rewrote the Democratic delegate selection rules; Ferraro was credited as having been the prime agent behind the creation of superdelegates.[38] By 1983, she was regarded as one of the up-and-coming stars of the party.[13][37] She was the Chairwoman of the Platform Committee for the 1984 Democratic National Convention, the first woman to hold that position.[8] There she held multiple hearings around the country and further gained in visibility.[1]

While in Congress, Ferraro focused much of her legislative attention on equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans.[29] She was a cosponsor of the 1981 Economic Equity Act.[29] On the House Select Committee on Aging, she concentrated on the problems of elderly women.[29] In 1984, she championed a pension equity law revision that would improve the benefits of people who left work for long periods and then returned, a typical case for women with families.[45] The Reagan administration, at first lukewarm to the measure, decided to sign it to gain the benefits of its popular appeal.[45]

 
As with many representatives, Ferraro issued regular newsletters to her constituents.

Ferraro also worked on some environmental issues. During 1980, she tried to prevent the federal government from gaining the power to override local laws on hazardous materials transportation, an effort she continued in subsequent years.[46][47] In August 1984, she led passage of a Superfund renewal bill and attacked the Reagan administration's handling of environmental site cleanups.[48]

Ferraro took a congressional trip to Nicaragua at the start of 1984, where she spoke to the Contras.[49] She decided that the Reagan Administration's military interventions there and in El Salvador were counterproductive towards reaching U.S. security goals, and that regional negotiations would be better.[49]

In all, Ferraro served three two-year terms, being re-elected in 1980 and 1982.[11] Her vote shares increased to 58 percent and then 73 percent and much of her funding came from political action committees.[24] While Ferraro's pro-choice views conflicted with those of many of her constituents as well as the Catholic Church to which she belonged, her positions on other social and foreign policy issues were in alignment with the district.[29] She broke with her party in favoring an anti-busing amendment to the Constitution.[41][50] She supported deployment of the Pershing II missile and the Trident submarine, although she opposed funding for the MX missile, the B-1B bomber, and the Strategic Defense Initiative.[50]

While in the House, Ferraro's political self-description evolved to "moderate".[1] In 1982, she said her experiences as assistant district attorney had changed some of her views: "... because no matter how concerned I am about spending, I have seen first hand what poverty can do to people's lives and I just can't, in good conscience, not do something about it."[17] For her six years in Congress, Ferraro had an average 78 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action[nb 3] and an average 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.[nb 4] The AFL–CIO's Committee on Political Education gave her an average approval rating of 91 percent.[42]

1984 vice-presidential candidacy

 
Ferraro speaks at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Standing behind her are California Congressmen Bob Matsui and Norman Mineta and future San Francisco supervisor Tom Hsieh.

As the 1984 U.S. presidential election primary season neared its end and Walter Mondale became the likely Democratic nominee, the idea of picking a woman as his vice-presidential running mate gained considerable momentum.[51] The National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus pushed the notion, as did several top Democratic figures such as Speaker Tip O'Neill.[51] Women mentioned for the role included Ferraro and Mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein,[52] both of whom were on Mondale's five-person short list.[53]

Mondale selected Ferraro to be his vice-presidential candidate on July 12, 1984. She stated, "I am absolutely thrilled."[54] The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind; in addition to attracting women, they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U.S. who had abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980.[35][41] Her personality, variously described as blunt, feisty, spirited, and somewhat saucy, was also viewed as an asset.[31][55] In turn, Mondale accepted the risk that came with her inexperience.[56]

As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a major party national ticket in the United States,[nb 1] and the first Italian American,[nb 2] her July 19 nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering, with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion.[57] In her acceptance speech, Ferraro said, "The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love."[58] Convention attendees were in tears during the speech, not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America.[59] The speech was listed as number 56 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century.[60]

 
A flyer advertised a post-convention Queens Borough Hall rally, for Ferraro to introduce Mondale to New York City voters.

Ferraro gained immediate, large-scale media attention.[61] At first, journalists focused on her novelty as a woman and her poor family background, and their coverage was overwhelmingly favorable.[62] Nevertheless, Ferraro faced many press questions about her foreign policy inexperience, and responded by discussing her attention to foreign and national security issues in Congress.[61] She faced a threshold of proving competence that other high-level female political figures have had to face, especially those who might become commander-in-chief; the question "Are you tough enough?" was often directed to her.[63] Ted Koppel questioned her closely about nuclear strategy[64] and during Meet the Press she was asked, "Do you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman?"[65]

The choice of Ferraro was viewed as a gamble, and pundits were uncertain whether it would result in a net gain or loss of votes for the Mondale campaign.[66] While her choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22 percent of women were excited about Ferraro's selection, versus 18 percent who agreed that it was a "bad idea". By a three-to-one margin, voters thought that pressure from women's groups had led to Mondale's decision rather than his having chosen the best available candidate.[67] Nonetheless, in the days after the convention Ferraro proved an effective campaigner, with a brash and confident style that forcefully criticized the Reagan administration and sometimes almost overshadowed Mondale.[35][57][58] Mondale had been 16 points behind Reagan in polls before the pick, and after the convention he pulled even for a short time.[54]

 
Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn and Democratic vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro campaigning in the 1984 presidential election.

By the last week of July, however, questions—due initially to reporting by The New York Times[37]—began about Ferraro's finances, the finances of her husband, John Zaccaro, and their separately filed tax returns.[36] (While the Mondale campaign had anticipated some questions, it had only spent 48 hours on vetting Ferraro's family's finances.[37][68]) This was also the first time the American media had to deal with a national candidate's husband.[64]

Ferraro said she would release both their returns within a month, but maintained she was correct not to have included her husband's financial holdings on her past annual Congressional disclosure statements.[36] The media also reported on the FEC's past investigation into Ferraro's 1978 campaign funds.[36] Although Ferraro and Zaccaro's finances were often interwoven on paper,[23] with each half partners in Zaccaro's company,[37] Ferraro had little knowledge of his business, or even how much he was worth.[69] Zaccaro did not understand the greater public exposure that his wife's new position brought to their family, and resisted releasing his financial information.[69] On August 12, Ferraro announced that her husband would not in fact be releasing his tax returns, on the grounds that to do so would disadvantage his real estate business and that such a disclosure was voluntary and not part of election law.[70] She joked, "So you people married to Italian men, you know what it's like."[nb 5]

The tax announcement dominated television and newspapers,[71] as Ferraro was besieged by questions regarding her family finances.[72] Furthermore, her remark about Italian men brought criticism for ethnic stereotyping,[73] especially from fellow Italian Americans.[31] As she later wrote, "I had created a monster."[73] Republicans saw her finances as a "genderless" issue that they could attack Ferraro with without creating a backlash,[70] and some Mondale staffers thought Ferraro might have to leave the ticket.[69] The New York Tribune, followed by The Philadelphia Inquirer and a few other mainstream newspapers, went even further in their investigations, reporting that Zaccaro was the landlord of a company owned by pornography tycoon and Gambino crime family member Robert DiBernardo.[74][75] Many other newspapers minimized their coverage of possible connections between Zaccaro and the mob, however,[76] and law enforcement officials downplayed the allegations.[75]

A week after her previous statement, Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records,[72] which was done on August 20.[77] The full statements included notice of payment of some $53,000 in back federal taxes that she owed due to what was described as an accountant's error.[77] Ferraro said the statements proved overall that she had nothing to hide and that there had been no financial wrongdoing.[77] The disclosures indicated that Ferraro and her husband were worth nearly $4 million, had a full-time maid, and owned a boat and the two vacation homes.[31] Much of their wealth was tied up in real estate rather than being disposable income,[21] but the disclosures hurt Ferraro's image as a rags-to-riches story.[31] Ferraro's strong performance at an August 22 press conference covering the final disclosure—where she answered all questions for two hours—effectively ended the issue for the remainder of the campaign, but significant damage had been done.[78][79] No campaign issue during the entire 1984 presidential campaign received more media attention than Ferraro's finances.[71] The exposure diminished Ferraro's rising stardom, removed whatever momentum the Mondale–Ferraro ticket gained out of the convention, and delayed formation of a coherent message for the fall campaign.[35][57][78]

Sharp criticism from Catholic Church authorities put Ferraro on the defensive during the entire campaign, with abortion opponents frequently protesting her appearances with a level of fervor not usually encountered by pro-choice Catholic male candidates such as Mario Cuomo and Ted Kennedy.[31][80][81] In a 1982 briefing for Congress, Ferraro had written that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue."[82][83] Ferraro was criticized by Cardinal John O'Connor, the Catholic Archbishop of New York, and James Timlin, the Bishop of Scranton, for misrepresenting the Catholic Church's position on abortion.[84][85][86] After several days of back-and-forth debate in the public media, Ferraro finally conceded that, "the Catholic Church's position on abortion is monolithic" but went on to say that "But I do believe that there are a lot of Catholics who do not share the view of the Catholic Church".[83] Ferraro was also criticized for saying that Reagan was not a "good Christian" because, she said, his policies hurt the poor.[31] To defend Ferraro, the pro-choice group Catholics for a Free Choice placed an October 7, 1984, full-page ad in The New York Times titled "A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion".[82]

 
Representative Ferraro and Vice President George H. W. Bush at the 1984 vice presidential debate

Ferraro drew large crowds on the campaign trail, many of whom wished to see the history-making candidate in person, who often chanted, "Ger-ry! Ger-ry!"[87] Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together, to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side by side; Ferraro later said this was because anything more and "people were afraid that it would look like, 'Oh, my God, they're dating.'".[88]

There was one vice-presidential debate between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President George H. W. Bush. Held on October 11, the result was proclaimed mostly even by the press and historians;[58][89] women voters tended to think Ferraro had won, while men, Bush.[81] At it, Ferraro criticized Reagan's initial refusal to support an extension to the Voting Rights Act.[90] Her experience was questioned at the debate and she was asked how her three terms in Congress stacked up with Bush's extensive government experience.[90] To one Bush statement she said, "Let me just say first of all, that I almost resent, Vice President Bush, your patronizing attitude that you have to teach me about foreign policy."[58] She strongly defended her position on abortion, which earned her applause and a respectful reply from her opponent.[90] In the days leading up to the debate, Second Lady of the United States Barbara Bush had publicly referred to Ferraro as "that four-million-dollar—I can't say it, but it rhymes with 'rich'."[91] Barbara Bush soon apologized, saying she had not meant to imply Ferraro was "a witch".[91] Peter Teeley, Vice President Bush's press secretary, said of Ferraro just prior to the debate, "She's too bitchy. She's very arrogant. Humility isn't one of her strong points and I think that comes through."[92] Teeley declined to apologize for the remark, saying it had no sexist implications and the Ferraro campaign was being "hypersensitive" in complaining about it.[92]

On October 18 the New York Post accurately reported that Ferraro's father had been arrested for possession of numbers slips in Newburgh shortly before his death, and inaccurately speculated that something mysterious had been covered up about that death.[93] Ferraro's mother had never told her about his arrest;[93] she had been also arrested as an accomplice but released after her husband's death.[31] The printing of the story led Ferraro to state that Post publisher Rupert Murdoch "does not have the worth to wipe the dirt under [my mother's] shoes."[94]

Ferraro's womanhood was consistently discussed during the campaign; one study found that a quarter of newspaper articles written about her contained gendered language.[95] Throughout, Ferraro kept campaigning, taking on the traditional running mate role of attacking the opposition vigorously.[31] By the end, she had traveled more than Mondale and more than Reagan and Bush combined.[96]

 
Geraldine Ferraro at the University of Texas at Arlington, September 1984

On November 6, Mondale and Ferraro lost the general election in a landslide. They received only 41 percent of the popular vote compared to Reagan and Bush's 59 percent, and in the Electoral College won only Mondale's home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia.[97] The ticket even lost Ferraro's congressional district, which had long been one of the more conservative districts in New York City; it tended to vote Republican in presidential races.[98] Ferraro's presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall.[81] Reagan captured 55 percent of women voters[98] and about the same share of Catholic voters, the latter being the highest level yet for a Republican presidential candidate.[99] Of the tenth of voters who decided based on the vice-presidential candidates, 54 percent went to Mondale–Ferraro,[81] establishing that Ferraro provided a net gain to the Democrats of 0.8 percent.[100] Reagan's personal appeal and campaign themes of prosperity and "It's morning again in America" were quite strong, while Mondale's liberal campaign alienated Southern whites and northern blue-collar workers who usually voted Democratic.[101] Political observers generally agree that no combination of Democrats could have won the election in 1984.[57] Mondale himself would later reflect that "I knew that I was in for it with Reagan" and that he had no regrets about choosing Ferraro.[102]

After the election, the House Ethics Committee found that Ferraro had technically violated the Ethics in Government Act by failing to report, or reporting incorrectly, details of her family's finances, and that she should have reported her husband's holdings on her Congressional disclosure forms.[103][104] However, the committee concluded that she had acted without "deceptive intent", and since she was leaving Congress anyway, no action against her was taken.[103][104] Ferraro said, "I consider myself completely vindicated."[104] The scrutiny of her husband and his business dealings presaged a trend that women candidates would face in American electoral politics.[105]

Ferraro is one of only four U.S. women to run on a major party national ticket. The others are Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, the 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee;[106] Hillary Clinton, the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee; and United States Senator for California Kamala Harris, the 2020 Democratic vice-presidential nominee and the first to be on a winning ticket.[107]

The campaign did lead to the greater adoption of the honorific "Ms."[108] Although The New York Times refused to use it at the time for her, the paper's iconoclastic columnist and language expert William Safire became convinced it ought to be part of the English language by the case of Ferraro, who was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband's (Zaccaro). Safire wrote in August 1984 that it would be equally incorrect to call her "Miss Ferraro" (as she was married) or "Mrs. Ferraro" (as her husband was not "Mr. Ferraro", although this is the formulation the Times used), and that calling her "Mrs. Zaccaro" would confuse the reader.[109] Two years after the campaign, the Times finally changed its policy and began using "Ms."[108]

First Senate run and ambassadorship

Ferraro had relinquished her House seat to run for the vice-presidency. Her new-found fame led to an appearance in a Diet Pepsi commercial in 1985.[3][110] She published Ferraro: My Story, an account of the campaign with some of her life leading up to it, in November 1985. It was a best seller and earned her $1 million.[111] She also earned over $300,000 by giving speeches.[112]

Despite the one-sided national loss in 1984, Ferraro was still viewed as someone with a bright political future. Many expected her to run in the 1986 United States Senate election in New York against first-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato,[111] and during 1985 she did Upstate New York groundwork towards that end.[113] A Senate candidacy had been her original plan for her career, before she was named to Mondale's ticket. But in December 1985, she said she would not run, due to an ongoing U.S. Justice Department probe on her and her husband's finances stemming from the 1984 campaign revelations.[111]

Members of Ferraro's family were indeed facing legal issues. Her husband John Zaccaro had pleaded guilty in January 1985, to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150 hours of community service.[114] Then in October 1986, he was indicted on unrelated felony charges regarding an alleged 1981 bribery of Queens Borough President Donald Manes concerning a cable television contract.[115] A full year later, he was acquitted at trial.[116] The case against him was circumstantial, a key prosecution witness proved unreliable, and the defense did not have to present its own testimony.[117][118] Ferraro said her husband never would have been charged had she not run for vice president.[118] Meanwhile, in February 1986, the couple's son John had been arrested for possession and sale of cocaine.[119] He was convicted, and in June 1988, sentenced to four months' imprisonment; Ferraro broke down in tears in court relating the stress the episode had placed on her family.[119] Ferraro worked on an unpublished book about the conflicting rights between a free press and being able to have fair trials.[120] Asked in September 1987, whether she would have accepted the vice-presidential nomination had she known of all the family problems that would follow, she said, "More than once I have sat down and said to myself, oh, God, I wish I had never gone through with it ... I think the candidacy opened a door for women in national politics, and I don't regret that for one minute. I'm proud of that. But I just wish it could have been done in a different way."[121]

Ferraro remained active in raising money for Democratic candidates nationwide, especially women candidates.[122] She founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow political action committee, which focused on getting ten women candidates elected in the 1986 Congressional elections (eight of whom would be successful).[122] During the 1988 presidential election, Ferraro served as vice chair of the party's Victory Fund.[120]

She also did some commentating for television.[120] Ferraro was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics from 1988 to 1992,[28] teaching in-demand seminars such as "So You Want to be President?"[122] She also took care of her mother, who suffered from emphysema for several years before her death in early 1990.[123]

 
Ferraro at an upstate New York union hall appearance in 1992

By October 1991, Ferraro was ready to enter elective politics again, and ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1992 United States Senate election in New York.[124] Her opponents were State Attorney General Robert Abrams, Reverend Al Sharpton, Congressman Robert J. Mrazek, and New York City Comptroller and former Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman. Abrams was considered the early front-runner.[124] The D'Amato campaign feared facing Ferraro the most among these, as her Italian ancestry, effective debating and stump speech skills, and her staunch pro-choice views would eat into several of D'Amato's usual bases of support.[125] Ferraro emphasized her career as a teacher, prosecutor, congresswoman, and mother, and talked about how she was tough on crime.[126] Ferraro drew renewed attacks during the primary campaign from the media and her opponents over Zaccaro's finances and business relationships.[127] She objected that a male candidate would not receive nearly as much attention regarding his wife's activities.[127] Ferraro became the front-runner, capitalizing on her star power from 1984, and using the campaign attacks against her as an explicitly feminist rallying point for women voters.[127] As the primary date neared, her lead began to dwindle under the charges, and she released additional tax returns from the 1980s to try to defray the attacks.[112]

Holtzman, who was trailing in polls, borrowed over $400,000 from Fleet Bank to run a negative ad accusing Ferraro and Zaccaro of taking more than $300,000 in rent in the 1980s from the DiBernardo-run pornography company whose presence in Zaccaro's building had been raised during her 1984 vice-presidential campaign.[128] Ferraro said there had been efforts to oust the company at the time, but they had remained in the building for three more years.[129] In addition, a report by an investigator for the New York State Organized Crime Task Force found its way to the media via a tip from a Holtzman aide; it said that Zaccaro had been seen meeting with the DiBernardo in 1985.[129] Ferraro said in response that those two had never met.[129]

The final debates were nasty, and Holtzman in particular constantly attacked Ferraro's integrity and finances.[130][131] In an unusual election-eve television broadcast, Ferraro talked about "the ethnic slur that I am somehow or other connected to organized crime. There's lots of innuendo but no proof. However, it is made plausible because of the fact that I am an Italian-American. This tactic comes from the poisoned well of fear and stereotype ..."[132] On the September 15, 1992, primary, Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point, winning 37 percent of the vote to 36 percent, with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind.[131] Ferraro did not concede she had lost for two weeks.[133]

Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro's endorsement.[134] Ferraro, enraged and bitter after the nature of the primary,[130][133] ignored Abrams and accepted Bill Clinton's request to campaign for his presidential bid instead.[135] She was eventually persuaded by Governor Mario Cuomo and state party leaders into giving an unenthusiastic endorsement with just three days to go before the general election, in exchange for an apology by Abrams for the tone of the primary.[134] D'Amato won the election by a very narrow margin.[130] Overall the 1992 U.S. Senate elections saw five victories that it became known as the "Year of the Woman". The Ferraro-Holtzman fighting of the campaign was viewed as a disaster by many feminists, however, with Ferraro denied her political comeback while Holtzman also politically damaged herself.[136][131] The feud between Ferraro and Holtzman from the 1992 Senate primary lingered, as the following year Ferraro supported Assemblyman Alan Hevesi's successful primary challenge that unseated Holtzman as New York City Comptroller; Ferraro denied that her endorsement was motivated by revenge against Holtzman, saying it was due to his liberal State Assembly voting record.[137][138][139]

Following the Senate primary loss, Ferraro became a managing partner in the New York office of Keck, Mahin & Cate, a Chicago-based law firm.[140][141] There she organized the office and spoke with clients, but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties.[141] Ferraro's second book, a collection of her speeches, was titled Changing History: Women, Power and Politics and was published in 1993.[142]

President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to United Nations Commission on Human Rights in January 1993.[143] She attended the June 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna as the alternate U.S. delegate.[144] Then in October 1993, Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, saying that Ferraro had been "a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world."[145] The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark September 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her.[146] During her stint on the commission, it for the first time condemned anti-Semitism as a human rights violation,[147] and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing its human rights record.[148] Regarding a previous China motion that had failed, Ferraro had told the commission, "Let us do what we were sent here to do—decide important questions of human rights on their merits, not avoid them."[147] Ferraro held the U.N. position into 1996.[11]

Commentator and second Senate run

In February 1996, Ferraro joined the high-visibility CNN political talk show Crossfire,[149] as the co-host representing the "from the left" vantage. She kept her brassy, rapid-fire speech and New York accent intact, and her trial experience from her prosecutor days was a good fit for the program's format.[150] She sparred effectively with "from the right" co-host Pat Buchanan,[150] for whom she developed a personal liking.[151] The show stayed strong in ratings for CNN,[152] and the job was lucrative.[110][153] She welcomed how the role "keeps me visible [and] keeps me extremely well informed on the issues."[150]

 
Ferraro during a 1998 campaign appearance in The Bronx

At the start of 1998, Ferraro left Crossfire and ran for the Democratic nomination again in the 1998 United States Senate election in New York.[152] The other candidates were Congressman Charles Schumer and New York City Public Advocate Mark J. Green.[154] She had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her Crossfire job, but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front-runner.[154] Indeed, December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer.[110][155] Unlike the previous campaigns, her family finances never became an issue.[110] However, she lost ground during the summer, with Schumer catching up in the polls by early August and then soon passing her.[156] Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times.[110][157] In the September 15, 1998 primary, she was beaten soundly by Schumer by a 51 percent to 26 percent margin.[110] Unlike 1992, the contest was not divisive, and Ferraro and third-place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day.[158] Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D'Amato in the general election.

The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro's political career. The New York Times wrote at the time: "If Ms. Ferraro's rise was meteoric, her political career's denouement was protracted, often agonizing and, at first glance, baffling."[110] She still retained admirers, though. Anita Perez Ferguson, president of the National Women's Political Caucus, noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state's notoriously fierce primary races, and said: "This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate. Her attempts, and even her losses, have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning."[110]

Business career, illness and medical activism

In 1980, Ferraro co-founded the National Organization of Italian American Women,[159] which sought to support the educational and professional goals of its members and put forward positive role models in order to fight ethnic stereotyping,[160] and was still a distinguished member of its board at the time of her death.[161] Ferraro was connected with many other political and non-profit organizations. She was a board member of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs,[162] and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.[28] She became president of the newly established International Institute for Women's Political Leadership in 1989.[163] In 1992, she was on the founding board of Project Vote Smart.[164] By 1993, she was serving on the Fordham Law School Board of Visitors, as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund, the New York Easter Seal Society, and the Pension Rights Center, and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Board of Advocates.[28][140] In 1999, she joined the board of the Bertarelli Foundation,[165] and in 2003, the board of the National Women's Health Resource Center.[166] During the 2000s she was on the board of advisors to the Committee to Free Lori Berenson.[167]

Framing a Life: A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in November 1998. It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother; it also portrays the rest of her family, and is a memoir of her early life, but includes relatively little about her political career.[168]

Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second senate campaign.[169] In November 1998, she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a form of blood cancer where plasma cells secrete abnormal antibodies known as Bence-Jones proteins, which can cause bones to disintegrate and dump toxic amounts of calcium into the bloodstream.[170] She did not publicly disclose the illness until June 2001, when she went to Washington to successfully press in Congressional hearings for passage of the Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act.[170] A portion of the Act created the Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program, which directs the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an education program for patients of blood cancers and the general public.[171] Ferraro became a frequent speaker on the disease,[172] and an avid supporter and honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.[170]

 
Ferraro visiting the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, 2004

Though initially given only three to five years to live, by virtue of several new drug therapies and a bone marrow transplant in 2005,[170] she would beat the disease's Stage 1 survival mean of 62 months by over a factor of two.[173] Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well.[174] For much of the last decade of her life, Ferraro was not in remission, but the disease was managed by continually adjusting her treatments.[169]

Ferraro joined Fox News Channel as a regular political commentator in October 1999.[175] By 2005, she was making sporadic appearances on the channel,[172] which continued into 2007, and beyond.[170] She partnered with Laura Ingraham, starting in December 1999, in writing the alternate-weeks column "Campaign Countdown" on the 2000 presidential election for The New York Times Syndicate.[176] During the 2000s, Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute.[177]

 
Ferraro (left) marked Women's History Month in 2003, with Senator Hillary Clinton, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, and opera singer Denyce Graves.

In January 2000, Ferraro and Lynn Martin—a former Republican Congresswoman and U.S. Secretary of Labor who had played Ferraro in George H. W. Bush's debate preparations in 1984[178]—co-founded, and served as co-presidents of, G&L Strategies, a management consulting firm underneath Weber McGinn.[179] Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees.[178] G&L Strategies subsequently became part of Golin Harris International.[180] In June 2003, Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group,[180] an international investor relations and corporate communications component of Huntsworth. There she worked with corporations, non-profit organizations, state governments and political figures.[181] She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month.[170]

After living for many years in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002.[150][182][183] She republished Ferraro: My Story in 2004, with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign.[184]

Ferraro was a member of the board of directors of Goodrich Petroleum beginning in August 2003.[185] She was also a board member for New York Bancorp in the 1990s.[153]

Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the Blank Rome law firm in February 2007, working both in New York and Washington[181][182] about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities.[170] As she passed the age of 70, she was thankful for still being alive, and said "This is about as retired as I get, which is part time,"[170] and that if she fully retired, she would "go nuts".[182]

2008 presidential election involvement

In December 2006, Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Later, she vowed to help defend Clinton from being "swiftboated" in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry.[186] She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.[187]

A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barack Obama.[188] Ferraro became livid and distraught when one of her daughters voted for Obama in the Massachusetts primary, saying "What is the matter with you? You know Hillary. You have seen my involvement with her." When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational, Ferraro snapped, "What does he inspire you to do, leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders?" This was seen as an example of a generational difference among American women; in contrast to Ferraro's generation, younger women saw nothing special about electing a woman president (especially one with Clinton's history) compared to what writer Anne Kornblut called "the milestone of electing an African American president". According to Kornblut, younger voters saw "Clinton [as] both a relic of that era and a victim of its success. She was the wrong woman at the wrong time; she was a Clinton; she hadn't gotten there on her own".[189]

The campaign between the two also saw racial dust-ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates.[188] In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the Daily Breeze in which she said: "If Obama was a white man, he would not be in this position. And if he was a woman (of any color) he would not be in this position. He happens to be very lucky to be who he is. And the country is caught up in the concept."[187][190] (Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging Jesse Jackson's candidacy in the party's presidential primaries, saying that because of his "radical" views, "if Jesse Jackson were not black, he wouldn't be in the race."[191]) Ferraro justified the statements by referring to her own run for vice president. Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988,[31] Ferraro said that "I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying (was that) if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy, which I had just talked about all these things, in 1984, if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro, I would have never been chosen as a vice-presidential candidate. It had nothing to do with my qualification."[187] Her comments resonated with some older white women, but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere.[192] There was strong criticism and charges of racism from many supporters of Obama[193] and Obama called them "patently absurd".[188] Clinton publicly expressed disagreement with Ferraro's remarks, while Ferraro vehemently denied she was a racist.[187] Again speaking to the Breeze, Ferraro responded to the attacks by saying: "I really think they're attacking me because I'm white. How's that?"[188][194] Ferraro resigned from Clinton's finance committee on March 12, 2008, two days after the firestorm began, saying that she didn't want the Obama camp to use her comments to hurt Clinton's campaign.[195]

Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a Fox News Channel contributor.[196][197][198] By early April, Ferraro said people were deluging her with negative comments and trying to get her removed from one of the boards she was on: "This has been the worst three weeks of my life."[198] Ferraro stated in mid-May 2008 that Clinton had "raised this whole woman candidate thing to a whole different level than when I ran".[199] She thought Obama had behaved in a sexist manner and that she might not vote for him.[199]

During September 2008, Ferraro gained attention yet again after the announcement of Sarah Palin as the Republican vice-presidential nominee, the first such major party bid for a woman since her own in 1984.[200][201][202] Palin mentioned Ferraro as well as Clinton as forerunners in her introductory appearance.[203] In reaction to the nomination, Ferraro said, "It's great to be the first, but I don't want to be the only. And so now it is wonderful to see a woman on a national ticket."[106] Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee John McCain the election,[204] but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of Joe Biden having resolved her concerns about Obama's lack of experience in certain areas.[200][205] Ferraro criticized the media's scrutiny of Palin's background and family as gender-based and saw parallels with how she was treated by the media during her own run;[200][206] a University of Alabama study also found that media framing of Ferraro and Palin was similar and often revolved around their nominations being political gambles.[207] A Newsweek cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro's time to Palin's, but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate.[201] In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H. W. Bush, Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now, but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in her vice presidential debate so that "little girls [could] see someone there who can stand toe to toe with [Biden]."[202] McCain and Palin ended up losing, but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result, Ferraro said that "Every time a woman runs, women win."[201]

Later years and death

After her 1998 diagnosis, Ferraro continued to battle multiple myeloma, making repeated visits to hospitals during her last year and undergoing difficult procedures.[208] Much of her care took place at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in Boston, where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients.[174] She was able to make a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News Channel's coverage of the November 2010 midterm elections.[209]

In March 2011 she went to Massachusetts General Hospital to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture, a common complication of multiple myeloma.[55] Once there, however, doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia. Unable to return to her New York home, Ferraro died at Massachusetts General on March 26, 2011.[55][210] In addition to her husband and three children, who were all present, she was survived by eight grandchildren.[55][211]

President Obama said upon her death that "Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women, and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life," and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done.[212] Mondale called her "a remarkable woman and a dear human being ... She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society. She broke a lot of molds and it's a better country for what she did."[210] George H. W. Bush said, "Though we were one-time political opponents, I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time – a friendship marked by respect and affection. I admired Gerry in many ways, not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics."[212] Sarah Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook, expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying, "She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more. May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women."[209] Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that, "Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind – tough, brilliant, and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in – a New York icon and a true American original."[211]

A funeral Mass was held for her on March 31 at the Church of St. Vincent Ferrer in New York, the site where Ferraro and Zaccaro had been married and had renewed their vows on their 50th anniversary the year before.[213] Figures from local, state, and national politics were present, and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers.[213][214] She is buried in St. John Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens, within her old congressional district.[214]

When Hillary Clinton finally captured the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first woman to do so for a major party, there was considerable media commentary recalling, and relating this to, Ferraro's breakthrough 32 years earlier.[215][216][217]

Awards and honors

 
P.S. 290 Geraldine Ferraro Campus in Queens.

Ferraro was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1994.[218]

Ferraro received honorary degrees during the 1980s and early 1990s, from Marymount Manhattan College (1982), New York University Law School (1984), Hunter College (1985), Plattsburgh College (1985), College of Boca Raton (1989), Virginia State University (1989), Muhlenberg College (1990), Briarcliffe College for Business (1990), and Potsdam College (1991).[28] She subsequently received an honorary degree from Case Western Reserve University (2003).[219]

During her time in Congress, Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens.[3]

In 2007, Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation.[220] In 2008, Ferraro was the initial recipient of the annual Trailblazer Award from the National Conference of Women's Bar Associations,[221] and received the Edith I. Spivack Award from the New York County Lawyers' Association.[222] In 2009, legislation passed the House of Representatives calling for a post office in Long Island City in Queens to be renamed for Ferraro,[223] and in 2010, the Geraldine A Ferraro Post Office was accordingly rededicated.[44]

In the fall of 2013, P.S. 290 in Ridgewood, Queens was renamed the Geraldine A. Ferraro Campus.[224][225]

In 2018 she was chosen by the National Women's History Project as one of its honorees for Women's History Month in the United States.[226]

Electoral history

Democratic primary for New York's 9th congressional district, 1978[227]

  • Geraldine Ferraro – 10,254 (52.98%)
  • Thomas J. Manton – 5,499 (28.41%)
  • Patrick C. Deignan – 3,603 (18.61%)

New York's 9th congressional district, 1978[228]

New York's 9th congressional district, 1980[229]

  • Geraldine Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 63,796 (58.34%)
  • Vito P. Battista (R, Conservative, Right to Life) – 44,473 (40.67%)
  • Gertrude Geniale (Liberal) – 1,091 (1.00%)

New York's 9th congressional district, 1982[230]

  • Geraldine Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 75,286 (73.22%)
  • John J. Weigandt (R) – 20,352 (19.79%)
  • Ralph G. Groves (Conservative) – 6,011 (5.85%)
  • Patricia A. Salargo (Liberal) – 1,171 (1.14%)
 

1984 Democratic National Convention (Vice-Presidential tally)[nb 6]

1984 United States presidential election[231]

Democratic primary for the United States Senate, 1992[133]

Democratic primary for the United States Senate, 1998[232]

  • Chuck Schumer – 388,701 (50.83%)
  • Geraldine Ferraro – 201,625 (26.37%)
  • Mark Green – 145,819 (19.07%)
  • Eric Ruano-Melendez – 28,493 (3.73%)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major-party ticket for one of the nation's two highest offices, she was not the first woman to receive an electoral college vote. That woman was Theodora Nathan, a Libertarian Vice-Presidential candidate who got the support of Roger MacBride, a faithless elector from Virginia who in 1972, voted for her instead of the pledged Spiro Agnew. However, Ferraro was the first woman to receive more than one electoral vote. See (PDF). Rutgers University Center for American Women and Politics. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
  2. ^ a b Mention is occasionally made of Al Smith, who was the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1928 election, as the first Italian American to run on a major party national ticket. But Smith was only one-quarter Italian in heritage, was not known by an Italian surname, and was generally identified as an Irish American. While his Roman Catholic religion was certainly a major issue in the election, his partial Italian heritage was not. See Slayton, Robert A. (December 10, 2011). "When a Catholic Terrified the Heartland". The New York Times. The large majority of sources consider Ferraro to have been the first Italian American to achieve this distinction. See Martin, Douglas (March 26, 2011). "She Ended the Men's Club of National Politics". The New York Times.; Schudel, Matt (March 26, 2011). "Geraldine A. Ferraro, first woman major-party candidate on presidential ticket, dies at 75". The Washington Post.; Woo, Elaine (March 26, 2011). "Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75; shattered political barrier for women as vice presidential nominee in 1984". Los Angeles Times.; and McGuire, Bill (March 27, 2011). "Geraldine Ferraro, First Woman VP Candidate, Dies at 75". ABC News.
  3. ^ See "Voting Records". Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved January 23, 2009. From 1979 through 1984, her scores were 74, 72, 85, 75, 90, and 70 (the decline in the last year was partly due to missed votes while campaigning for vice president).
  4. ^ See . American Conservative Union. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. From 1979 through 1984, her scores were 16, 17, 7, 10, 0, and 0.
  5. ^ See Associated Press filing: "Ferraro Alters Disclosure Vow". The Indianapolis News. Associated Press. August 13, 1984. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com. This remark was alternately reported as, "If you're married to an Italian man, you know what it's like." See United Press International filing: "Ferraro Won't Release Husband's Tax Returns". The Town Talk. Alexandria, Louisiana. United Press International. August 13, 1984. p. B-7 – via Newspapers.com. Ferraro's 1985 memoir uses a variation of the first formulation: "'You people who are married to Italian men, you know what it's like,' I quipped." See Ferraro, My Story, p. 156.
  6. ^ See Holland, Keating (1996). . CNN. Archived from the original on September 30, 2000. In actuality, the 1984 Democratic vice-presidential roll call only went through Alabama, Alaska, and Arizona. Arkansas then passed to New York; New York cast all its votes for Ferraro; and New York then moved that Ferraro be nominated by acclamation, which was approved by overwhelming voice vote. See Ferraro, My Story, pp. 6–7.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Perlez, Jane (April 10, 1984). "Woman in the News; Democrat, Peacemaker: Geraldine Anne Ferraro". The New York Times.
  2. ^ a b Ferraro and Francke, My Story, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b c (PDF). Marymount Manhattan College. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008. pp. 2–3, 88–90.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Lague, Louise (July 30, 1984). "The Making of a Trailblazer". People. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
  5. ^ De Sanctis, Dona (Summer 2011). "In Memoriam: Geraldine Ferraro" (PDF). Italian America. p. 13.
  6. ^ Ferraro and Whitney, Framing a Life, p. 45.
  7. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 50–51, 54.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Watson, Anticipating Madam President, pp. 157–160.
  9. ^ a b Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 65–67.
  10. ^ a b "John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro". The New York Times. August 9, 1959.
  11. ^ a b c d "Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (1935 – )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
  12. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 70, 72.
  13. ^ a b c Hall, Stephen S. (May 15, 1983). "Italian-Americans Coming Into Their Own". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Ferraro, My Story, p. 18.
  15. ^ a b c Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 90.
  16. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 91.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Raab, Selwyn (July 21, 1984). "Ex-Colleagues Praise Rep. Ferraro As Lawyer". The New York Times.
  18. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, plate 12.
  19. ^ a b Blumenthal, Ralph (August 18, 1984). "Ferraro's Husband: Competitive, Private Man". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind, p. 166.
  21. ^ a b c Magnuson, Ed; Stacks, John F.; Ungeheuer, Frederick (September 3, 1984). . Time. Archived from the original on October 29, 2010.
  22. ^ May, Clifford D. (June 14, 1986). "On Fire Island, Family Haven From City Life". The New York Times.
  23. ^ a b Gerth, Jeff (August 16, 1984). "Finances of Ferraro and Husband Are Interwoven". The New York Times.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Moritz (ed.), Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 119.
  25. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 104.
  26. ^ Buckley, Cara (March 28, 2011). "Of Ferraro's Roles in Many Arenas, a Favorite: Gerry From Queens". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  27. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 105.
  28. ^ a b c d e f Who's Who of American Women 2006–2007, p. 610.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Foerstel, Climbing the Hill, pp. 33–34.
  30. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 107.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martin, Douglas (March 26, 2011). "Geraldine A. Ferraro, 1935–2011: She Ended The Men's Club of National Politics". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  32. ^ a b c "Two for the House". The New York Times. November 6, 1978.
  33. ^ O'Neill and Novak, Man of the House, p. 357.
  34. ^ . Women in Congress. U.S. House of Representatives. 2011. Archived from the original on January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
  35. ^ a b c d Scala, Shade, Campbell (eds.), American Presidential Campaigns and Elections, p. 962.
  36. ^ a b c d e f Gerth, Jeff; Blumenthal, Ralph (July 26, 1984). "Rep. Ferraro's Transactions Detailed in Public Records". The New York Times.
  37. ^ a b c d e Blumenthal, Ralph (September 4, 2008). "When the Press Vetted Geraldine Ferraro". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
  38. ^ a b c d Germond and Witcover, Wake Us When It's Over, p. 372
  39. ^ Goldman and Fuller, The Quest for the Presidency 1984, p. 209.
  40. ^ . Women in Congress. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  41. ^ a b c Women in Congress, 1917–1990, pp. 69–70.
  42. ^ a b Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 120.
  43. ^ Schwartz, Tony (September 15, 1979). "2 Areas of Queens Cut ZIP Tie to Brooklyn" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 21.
  44. ^ a b Bush, Daniel (August 26, 2010). "LIC post office renamed for Geraldine Ferraro". The Long Island City / Astoria Journal. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
  45. ^ a b Cohn (ed.), Congress and the Nation 1981–1984, pp. 669–670.
  46. ^ Gottro (ed.), Congress and the Nation 1977–1980, p. 334.
  47. ^ Congress and the Nation 1981–1984, p. 300.
  48. ^ Congress and the Nation 1981–1984, pp. 459, 461.
  49. ^ a b Ferraro, My Story, pp. 122–124.
  50. ^ a b . Time. July 23, 1984. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008.
  51. ^ a b Morrow, Lance (June 4, 1984). . Time. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012.
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General bibliography

External links

  • United States Congress. "Geraldine Ferraro (id: F000088)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  • Geraldine Ferraro at IMDb
  • Text of speech accepting Democratic Party nomination for Vice President of the United States, July 19, 1984
  • FBI file on Geraldine Ferraro
  • "Geraldine Ferraro" June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine – Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
  • Geraldine Ferraro: Paving the Way – Documentary film about Geraldine Ferraro
  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • "Geraldine A. Ferraro collected news and commentary" at The New York Times
  • Geraldine Ferraro at Find a Grave

geraldine, ferraro, opera, singer, actress, geraldine, farrar, geraldine, anne, ferraro, august, 1935, march, 2011, american, politician, diplomat, attorney, served, united, states, house, representatives, from, 1979, 1985, democratic, party, vice, presidentia. For the opera singer and actress see Geraldine Farrar Geraldine Anne Ferraro August 26 1935 March 26 2011 was an American politician diplomat and attorney She served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1985 and was the Democratic Party s vice presidential nominee in the 1984 presidential election running alongside Walter Mondale this made her the first female vice presidential nominee representing a major American political party nb 1 She was also a journalist author and businesswoman Geraldine FerraroUnited States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human RightsIn office March 4 1993 October 11 1996PresidentBill ClintonPreceded byArmando ValladaresSucceeded byNancy RubinMember of the U S House of Representatives from New York s 9th districtIn office January 3 1979 January 3 1985Preceded byJames DelaneySucceeded byThomas MantonSecretary of the House Democratic CaucusIn office January 3 1981 January 3 1985LeaderTip O NeillPreceded byShirley ChisholmSucceeded byMary OakarPersonal detailsBornGeraldine Anne Ferraro 1935 08 26 August 26 1935Newburgh New York U S DiedMarch 26 2011 2011 03 26 aged 75 Boston Massachusetts U S Political partyDemocraticSpouseJohn Zaccaro m 1960 wbr Children3EducationMarymount Manhattan College BA Fordham University JD SignatureFerraro grew up in New York City and worked as a public school teacher before training as a lawyer She joined the Queens County District Attorney s Office in 1974 heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes child abuse and domestic violence In 1978 she was elected to the U S House of Representatives where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages pensions and retirement plans In 1984 former vice president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale seen as an underdog selected Ferraro to be his running mate in the upcoming election In doing so Ferraro also became the first widely recognized Italian American to be a major party national nominee nb 2 The positive polling the Mondale Ferraro ticket received when she joined soon faded as damaging questions arose about her and her businessman husband s finances and wealth and her Congressional disclosure statements In the general election Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H W Bush Ferraro twice ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and in 1998 both times starting as the front runner for her party s nomination before losing in the primary election She served as the Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996 during the presidential administration of Bill Clinton She also continued her career as a journalist author and businesswoman and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton Ferraro died on March 26 2011 from multiple myeloma 12 years after being diagnosed Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Family lawyer prosecutor 3 House of Representatives 4 1984 vice presidential candidacy 5 First Senate run and ambassadorship 6 Commentator and second Senate run 7 Business career illness and medical activism 8 2008 presidential election involvement 9 Later years and death 10 Awards and honors 11 Electoral history 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Citations 15 General bibliography 16 External linksEarly life and education Ferraro lived in this building in Newburgh until she was ten Geraldine Anne Ferraro was born on August 26 1935 in Newburgh New York 1 the daughter of Antonetta L Ferraro nee Corrieri a first generation Italian American seamstress and Dominick Ferraro an Italian immigrant from Marcianise Campania and owner of two restaurants 2 3 4 5 She had three brothers born before her but one died in infancy and another at age three 4 Ferraro attended the parochial school Mount Saint Mary s in Newburgh when she was young 6 Her father died of a heart attack in May 1944 when she was eight 7 Ferraro s mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family s money forcing the family to move to a low income area in the South Bronx while Ferraro s mother worked in the garment industry to support them 1 4 8 Ferraro stayed on at Mount Saint Mary s as a boarder for a while then briefly attended a parochial school in the South Bronx 9 Beginning in 1947 she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown New York using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade 9 10 At Marymount Ferraro was a member of the honor society active in several clubs and sports voted most likely to succeed 4 and graduated in 1952 11 Her mother was adamant that she get a full education 12 despite an uncle in the family saying Why bother She s pretty She s a girl She ll get married 13 Ferraro attended Marymount Manhattan College with a scholarship 4 while sometimes holding two or three jobs at the same time 14 During her senior year she began dating John Zaccaro of Forest Hills Queens who had graduated from Iona College with a commission in the U S Marine Corps 15 Ferraro received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1956 8 she was the first woman in her family to gain a college degree 15 She also passed the city exam to become a licensed school teacher 15 Ferraro began working as an elementary school teacher in public schools in Astoria Queens 1 8 because that s what women were supposed to do 4 Unsatisfied she decided to attend law school 4 an admissions officer said to her I hope you re serious Gerry You re taking a man s place you know 16 She earned a Juris Doctor degree with honors from Fordham University School of Law in 1960 11 17 going to classes at night while continuing to work as a second grade teacher at schools such as P S 57 during the day 1 8 18 Ferraro was one of only two women in her graduating class of 179 17 She was admitted to the bar of New York State in March 1961 17 Family lawyer prosecutorFerraro became engaged to Zaccaro in August 1959 10 and married him on July 16 1960 19 He became a realtor and businessman 8 She kept her birth name professionally as a way to honor her mother for having supported the family after her father s death 1 2 but used his name in parts of her private life 20 The couple had three children Donna born 1962 John Jr born 1964 and Laura born 1966 19 They lived in Forest Hills Gardens Queens and in 1971 added a vacation house in Saltaire on Fire Island 21 22 They would buy a condominium in Saint Croix in the U S Virgin Islands in 1983 21 23 While raising the children Ferraro worked part time as a civil lawyer in her husband s real estate firm for 13 years 17 She also occasionally worked for other clients and did some pro bono work for women in family court 24 25 She spent time at local Democratic clubs which allowed her to maintain contacts within the legal profession and become involved in local politics and campaigns 24 While organizing community opposition to a proposed building Ferraro met lawyer and Democratic figure Mario Cuomo who became a political mentor 26 In 1970 she was elected president of the Queens County Women s Bar Association 27 28 Ferraro meeting with President Jimmy Carter at the White House in 1978 Ferraro s first full time political job came in January 1974 when she was appointed Assistant District Attorney for Queens County New York 29 by her cousin District Attorney Nicholas Ferraro 17 At the time women prosecutors in the city were uncommon 17 Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau 17 The following year Ferraro was assigned to the new Special Victims Bureau which prosecuted cases involving rape child abuse spouse abuse and domestic violence 17 29 She was named head of the unit in 1977 with two other assistant district attorneys assigned to her 17 In this role she became a strong advocate for abused children 29 She was admitted to the U S Supreme Court Bar in 1978 28 As part of the D A office Ferraro worked long hours and gained a reputation for being a tough prosecutor but fair in plea negotiations 17 Although her unit was supposed to turn over cases which were bound for trial to another division she took an active role in trying some cases herself and juries were persuaded by her summations 17 Ferraro was upset to discover that her superior was paying her less than equivalent male colleagues because she was a married woman and already had a husband 24 Moreover Ferraro found the nature of the cases she dealt with debilitating 1 the work left her drained and angry and she developed an ulcer 30 She grew frustrated that she was unable to deal with root causes and talked about running for legislative office 17 Cuomo now Secretary of State of New York suggested the United States Congress 31 House of Representatives Ferraro as a member of the U S House of Representatives Ferraro ran for election to the U S House of Representatives from New York s 9th Congressional District in Queens in 1978 after longtime Democratic incumbent James Delaney announced his retirement 32 The location for the television series All in the Family the district which stretched from Astoria to Ozone Park was known for its ethnic composition and conservative views 1 In a three candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination Ferraro faced two better known rivals the party organization candidate City Councilman Thomas J Manton and Patrick Deignan 32 33 34 Her main issues were law and order support for the elderly and neighborhood preservation 24 She labeled herself a small c conservative 1 and emphasized that she was not a bleeding heart liberal her campaign slogan was Finally A Tough Democrat 35 Her Italian heritage also appealed to ethnic residents in the district 24 She won the three way primary with 53 percent of the vote and then captured the general election as well defeating Republican Alfred A DelliBovi by a 10 percentage point margin in a contest in which dealing with crime was the major issue and personal attacks by DelliBovi were frequent 24 32 She had been aided by 130 000 in campaign loans and donations from her own family including 110 000 in loans from Zaccaro of which only 4 000 was legal 36 37 The source and nature of these transactions were declared illegal by the Federal Election Commission shortly before the primary causing Ferraro to pay back the loans in October 1978 via several real estate transactions 36 In 1979 the campaign and Zaccaro paid 750 in fines for civil violations of election law 36 Ferraro and her family lived in this house in Forest Hills Gardens Queens during her time in the House of Representatives her vice presidential campaign and until the early 2000s Despite being a newcomer to the House Ferraro made a vivid impression upon arrival 38 and quickly found prominence 8 She became a protege of House Speaker Tip O Neil 39 established a rapport with other House Democratic leaders 29 and rose rapidly in the party hierarchy 1 She was elected to be the Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus for 1981 1983 and again for 1983 1985 40 this entitled her to a seat on the influential Steering and Policy Committee 29 In 1983 she was named to the powerful House Budget Committee 29 She also served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee 1 and the Post Office and Civil Service Committee 41 both of which allowed Ferraro to push through projects to benefit her district 42 In particular she assisted the successful effort of the Ridgewood and Glendale neighborhoods to get their ZIP codes changed from Brooklyn to their native Queens 43 44 Male colleagues viewed her with respect as someone who was tough and ambitious 38 and in turn she was as The New York Times later wrote comfortable with the boys 31 Ferraro was active in Democratic presidential politics as well She served as one of the deputy chairs for the 1980 Carter Mondale campaign 13 38 Following the election she served actively on the Hunt Commission that in 1982 rewrote the Democratic delegate selection rules Ferraro was credited as having been the prime agent behind the creation of superdelegates 38 By 1983 she was regarded as one of the up and coming stars of the party 13 37 She was the Chairwoman of the Platform Committee for the 1984 Democratic National Convention the first woman to hold that position 8 There she held multiple hearings around the country and further gained in visibility 1 While in Congress Ferraro focused much of her legislative attention on equity for women in the areas of wages pensions and retirement plans 29 She was a cosponsor of the 1981 Economic Equity Act 29 On the House Select Committee on Aging she concentrated on the problems of elderly women 29 In 1984 she championed a pension equity law revision that would improve the benefits of people who left work for long periods and then returned a typical case for women with families 45 The Reagan administration at first lukewarm to the measure decided to sign it to gain the benefits of its popular appeal 45 As with many representatives Ferraro issued regular newsletters to her constituents Ferraro also worked on some environmental issues During 1980 she tried to prevent the federal government from gaining the power to override local laws on hazardous materials transportation an effort she continued in subsequent years 46 47 In August 1984 she led passage of a Superfund renewal bill and attacked the Reagan administration s handling of environmental site cleanups 48 Ferraro took a congressional trip to Nicaragua at the start of 1984 where she spoke to the Contras 49 She decided that the Reagan Administration s military interventions there and in El Salvador were counterproductive towards reaching U S security goals and that regional negotiations would be better 49 In all Ferraro served three two year terms being re elected in 1980 and 1982 11 Her vote shares increased to 58 percent and then 73 percent and much of her funding came from political action committees 24 While Ferraro s pro choice views conflicted with those of many of her constituents as well as the Catholic Church to which she belonged her positions on other social and foreign policy issues were in alignment with the district 29 She broke with her party in favoring an anti busing amendment to the Constitution 41 50 She supported deployment of the Pershing II missile and the Trident submarine although she opposed funding for the MX missile the B 1B bomber and the Strategic Defense Initiative 50 While in the House Ferraro s political self description evolved to moderate 1 In 1982 she said her experiences as assistant district attorney had changed some of her views because no matter how concerned I am about spending I have seen first hand what poverty can do to people s lives and I just can t in good conscience not do something about it 17 For her six years in Congress Ferraro had an average 78 percent Liberal Quotient from Americans for Democratic Action nb 3 and an average 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union nb 4 The AFL CIO s Committee on Political Education gave her an average approval rating of 91 percent 42 1984 vice presidential candidacySee also United States presidential election 1984 Ferraro speaks at the 1984 Democratic National Convention Standing behind her are California Congressmen Bob Matsui and Norman Mineta and future San Francisco supervisor Tom Hsieh As the 1984 U S presidential election primary season neared its end and Walter Mondale became the likely Democratic nominee the idea of picking a woman as his vice presidential running mate gained considerable momentum 51 The National Organization for Women and the National Women s Political Caucus pushed the notion as did several top Democratic figures such as Speaker Tip O Neill 51 Women mentioned for the role included Ferraro and Mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein 52 both of whom were on Mondale s five person short list 53 Mondale selected Ferraro to be his vice presidential candidate on July 12 1984 She stated I am absolutely thrilled 54 The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind in addition to attracting women they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U S who had abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980 35 41 Her personality variously described as blunt feisty spirited and somewhat saucy was also viewed as an asset 31 55 In turn Mondale accepted the risk that came with her inexperience 56 As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a major party national ticket in the United States nb 1 and the first Italian American nb 2 her July 19 nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion 57 In her acceptance speech Ferraro said The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love 58 Convention attendees were in tears during the speech not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America 59 The speech was listed as number 56 in American Rhetoric s Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century 60 A flyer advertised a post convention Queens Borough Hall rally for Ferraro to introduce Mondale to New York City voters Ferraro gained immediate large scale media attention 61 At first journalists focused on her novelty as a woman and her poor family background and their coverage was overwhelmingly favorable 62 Nevertheless Ferraro faced many press questions about her foreign policy inexperience and responded by discussing her attention to foreign and national security issues in Congress 61 She faced a threshold of proving competence that other high level female political figures have had to face especially those who might become commander in chief the question Are you tough enough was often directed to her 63 Ted Koppel questioned her closely about nuclear strategy 64 and during Meet the Press she was asked Do you think that in any way the Soviets might be tempted to try to take advantage of you simply because you are a woman 65 The choice of Ferraro was viewed as a gamble and pundits were uncertain whether it would result in a net gain or loss of votes for the Mondale campaign 66 While her choice was popular among Democratic activists polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22 percent of women were excited about Ferraro s selection versus 18 percent who agreed that it was a bad idea By a three to one margin voters thought that pressure from women s groups had led to Mondale s decision rather than his having chosen the best available candidate 67 Nonetheless in the days after the convention Ferraro proved an effective campaigner with a brash and confident style that forcefully criticized the Reagan administration and sometimes almost overshadowed Mondale 35 57 58 Mondale had been 16 points behind Reagan in polls before the pick and after the convention he pulled even for a short time 54 Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn and Democratic vice presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro campaigning in the 1984 presidential election By the last week of July however questions due initially to reporting by The New York Times 37 began about Ferraro s finances the finances of her husband John Zaccaro and their separately filed tax returns 36 While the Mondale campaign had anticipated some questions it had only spent 48 hours on vetting Ferraro s family s finances 37 68 This was also the first time the American media had to deal with a national candidate s husband 64 Ferraro said she would release both their returns within a month but maintained she was correct not to have included her husband s financial holdings on her past annual Congressional disclosure statements 36 The media also reported on the FEC s past investigation into Ferraro s 1978 campaign funds 36 Although Ferraro and Zaccaro s finances were often interwoven on paper 23 with each half partners in Zaccaro s company 37 Ferraro had little knowledge of his business or even how much he was worth 69 Zaccaro did not understand the greater public exposure that his wife s new position brought to their family and resisted releasing his financial information 69 On August 12 Ferraro announced that her husband would not in fact be releasing his tax returns on the grounds that to do so would disadvantage his real estate business and that such a disclosure was voluntary and not part of election law 70 She joked So you people married to Italian men you know what it s like nb 5 The tax announcement dominated television and newspapers 71 as Ferraro was besieged by questions regarding her family finances 72 Furthermore her remark about Italian men brought criticism for ethnic stereotyping 73 especially from fellow Italian Americans 31 As she later wrote I had created a monster 73 Republicans saw her finances as a genderless issue that they could attack Ferraro with without creating a backlash 70 and some Mondale staffers thought Ferraro might have to leave the ticket 69 The New York Tribune followed by The Philadelphia Inquirer and a few other mainstream newspapers went even further in their investigations reporting that Zaccaro was the landlord of a company owned by pornography tycoon and Gambino crime family member Robert DiBernardo 74 75 Many other newspapers minimized their coverage of possible connections between Zaccaro and the mob however 76 and law enforcement officials downplayed the allegations 75 A week after her previous statement Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records 72 which was done on August 20 77 The full statements included notice of payment of some 53 000 in back federal taxes that she owed due to what was described as an accountant s error 77 Ferraro said the statements proved overall that she had nothing to hide and that there had been no financial wrongdoing 77 The disclosures indicated that Ferraro and her husband were worth nearly 4 million had a full time maid and owned a boat and the two vacation homes 31 Much of their wealth was tied up in real estate rather than being disposable income 21 but the disclosures hurt Ferraro s image as a rags to riches story 31 Ferraro s strong performance at an August 22 press conference covering the final disclosure where she answered all questions for two hours effectively ended the issue for the remainder of the campaign but significant damage had been done 78 79 No campaign issue during the entire 1984 presidential campaign received more media attention than Ferraro s finances 71 The exposure diminished Ferraro s rising stardom removed whatever momentum the Mondale Ferraro ticket gained out of the convention and delayed formation of a coherent message for the fall campaign 35 57 78 Sharp criticism from Catholic Church authorities put Ferraro on the defensive during the entire campaign with abortion opponents frequently protesting her appearances with a level of fervor not usually encountered by pro choice Catholic male candidates such as Mario Cuomo and Ted Kennedy 31 80 81 In a 1982 briefing for Congress Ferraro had written that the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue 82 83 Ferraro was criticized by Cardinal John O Connor the Catholic Archbishop of New York and James Timlin the Bishop of Scranton for misrepresenting the Catholic Church s position on abortion 84 85 86 After several days of back and forth debate in the public media Ferraro finally conceded that the Catholic Church s position on abortion is monolithic but went on to say that But I do believe that there are a lot of Catholics who do not share the view of the Catholic Church 83 Ferraro was also criticized for saying that Reagan was not a good Christian because she said his policies hurt the poor 31 To defend Ferraro the pro choice group Catholics for a Free Choice placed an October 7 1984 full page ad in The New York Times titled A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion 82 Representative Ferraro and Vice President George H W Bush at the 1984 vice presidential debate Ferraro drew large crowds on the campaign trail many of whom wished to see the history making candidate in person who often chanted Ger ry Ger ry 87 Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side by side Ferraro later said this was because anything more and people were afraid that it would look like Oh my God they re dating 88 There was one vice presidential debate between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President George H W Bush Held on October 11 the result was proclaimed mostly even by the press and historians 58 89 women voters tended to think Ferraro had won while men Bush 81 At it Ferraro criticized Reagan s initial refusal to support an extension to the Voting Rights Act 90 Her experience was questioned at the debate and she was asked how her three terms in Congress stacked up with Bush s extensive government experience 90 To one Bush statement she said Let me just say first of all that I almost resent Vice President Bush your patronizing attitude that you have to teach me about foreign policy 58 She strongly defended her position on abortion which earned her applause and a respectful reply from her opponent 90 In the days leading up to the debate Second Lady of the United States Barbara Bush had publicly referred to Ferraro as that four million dollar I can t say it but it rhymes with rich 91 Barbara Bush soon apologized saying she had not meant to imply Ferraro was a witch 91 Peter Teeley Vice President Bush s press secretary said of Ferraro just prior to the debate She s too bitchy She s very arrogant Humility isn t one of her strong points and I think that comes through 92 Teeley declined to apologize for the remark saying it had no sexist implications and the Ferraro campaign was being hypersensitive in complaining about it 92 On October 18 the New York Post accurately reported that Ferraro s father had been arrested for possession of numbers slips in Newburgh shortly before his death and inaccurately speculated that something mysterious had been covered up about that death 93 Ferraro s mother had never told her about his arrest 93 she had been also arrested as an accomplice but released after her husband s death 31 The printing of the story led Ferraro to state that Post publisher Rupert Murdoch does not have the worth to wipe the dirt under my mother s shoes 94 Ferraro s womanhood was consistently discussed during the campaign one study found that a quarter of newspaper articles written about her contained gendered language 95 Throughout Ferraro kept campaigning taking on the traditional running mate role of attacking the opposition vigorously 31 By the end she had traveled more than Mondale and more than Reagan and Bush combined 96 Geraldine Ferraro at the University of Texas at Arlington September 1984 On November 6 Mondale and Ferraro lost the general election in a landslide They received only 41 percent of the popular vote compared to Reagan and Bush s 59 percent and in the Electoral College won only Mondale s home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia 97 The ticket even lost Ferraro s congressional district which had long been one of the more conservative districts in New York City it tended to vote Republican in presidential races 98 Ferraro s presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall 81 Reagan captured 55 percent of women voters 98 and about the same share of Catholic voters the latter being the highest level yet for a Republican presidential candidate 99 Of the tenth of voters who decided based on the vice presidential candidates 54 percent went to Mondale Ferraro 81 establishing that Ferraro provided a net gain to the Democrats of 0 8 percent 100 Reagan s personal appeal and campaign themes of prosperity and It s morning again in America were quite strong while Mondale s liberal campaign alienated Southern whites and northern blue collar workers who usually voted Democratic 101 Political observers generally agree that no combination of Democrats could have won the election in 1984 57 Mondale himself would later reflect that I knew that I was in for it with Reagan and that he had no regrets about choosing Ferraro 102 After the election the House Ethics Committee found that Ferraro had technically violated the Ethics in Government Act by failing to report or reporting incorrectly details of her family s finances and that she should have reported her husband s holdings on her Congressional disclosure forms 103 104 However the committee concluded that she had acted without deceptive intent and since she was leaving Congress anyway no action against her was taken 103 104 Ferraro said I consider myself completely vindicated 104 The scrutiny of her husband and his business dealings presaged a trend that women candidates would face in American electoral politics 105 Ferraro is one of only four U S women to run on a major party national ticket The others are Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin the 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee 106 Hillary Clinton the 2016 Democratic presidential nominee and United States Senator for California Kamala Harris the 2020 Democratic vice presidential nominee and the first to be on a winning ticket 107 The campaign did lead to the greater adoption of the honorific Ms 108 Although The New York Times refused to use it at the time for her the paper s iconoclastic columnist and language expert William Safire became convinced it ought to be part of the English language by the case of Ferraro who was a married woman who used her birth surname professionally rather than her husband s Zaccaro Safire wrote in August 1984 that it would be equally incorrect to call her Miss Ferraro as she was married or Mrs Ferraro as her husband was not Mr Ferraro although this is the formulation the Times used and that calling her Mrs Zaccaro would confuse the reader 109 Two years after the campaign the Times finally changed its policy and began using Ms 108 First Senate run and ambassadorshipFerraro had relinquished her House seat to run for the vice presidency Her new found fame led to an appearance in a Diet Pepsi commercial in 1985 3 110 She published Ferraro My Story an account of the campaign with some of her life leading up to it in November 1985 It was a best seller and earned her 1 million 111 She also earned over 300 000 by giving speeches 112 Despite the one sided national loss in 1984 Ferraro was still viewed as someone with a bright political future Many expected her to run in the 1986 United States Senate election in New York against first term Republican incumbent Al D Amato 111 and during 1985 she did Upstate New York groundwork towards that end 113 A Senate candidacy had been her original plan for her career before she was named to Mondale s ticket But in December 1985 she said she would not run due to an ongoing U S Justice Department probe on her and her husband s finances stemming from the 1984 campaign revelations 111 Members of Ferraro s family were indeed facing legal issues Her husband John Zaccaro had pleaded guilty in January 1985 to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150 hours of community service 114 Then in October 1986 he was indicted on unrelated felony charges regarding an alleged 1981 bribery of Queens Borough President Donald Manes concerning a cable television contract 115 A full year later he was acquitted at trial 116 The case against him was circumstantial a key prosecution witness proved unreliable and the defense did not have to present its own testimony 117 118 Ferraro said her husband never would have been charged had she not run for vice president 118 Meanwhile in February 1986 the couple s son John had been arrested for possession and sale of cocaine 119 He was convicted and in June 1988 sentenced to four months imprisonment Ferraro broke down in tears in court relating the stress the episode had placed on her family 119 Ferraro worked on an unpublished book about the conflicting rights between a free press and being able to have fair trials 120 Asked in September 1987 whether she would have accepted the vice presidential nomination had she known of all the family problems that would follow she said More than once I have sat down and said to myself oh God I wish I had never gone through with it I think the candidacy opened a door for women in national politics and I don t regret that for one minute I m proud of that But I just wish it could have been done in a different way 121 Ferraro remained active in raising money for Democratic candidates nationwide especially women candidates 122 She founded the Americans Concerned for Tomorrow political action committee which focused on getting ten women candidates elected in the 1986 Congressional elections eight of whom would be successful 122 During the 1988 presidential election Ferraro served as vice chair of the party s Victory Fund 120 She also did some commentating for television 120 Ferraro was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics from 1988 to 1992 28 teaching in demand seminars such as So You Want to be President 122 She also took care of her mother who suffered from emphysema for several years before her death in early 1990 123 Ferraro at an upstate New York union hall appearance in 1992 By October 1991 Ferraro was ready to enter elective politics again and ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1992 United States Senate election in New York 124 Her opponents were State Attorney General Robert Abrams Reverend Al Sharpton Congressman Robert J Mrazek and New York City Comptroller and former Congresswoman Elizabeth Holtzman Abrams was considered the early front runner 124 The D Amato campaign feared facing Ferraro the most among these as her Italian ancestry effective debating and stump speech skills and her staunch pro choice views would eat into several of D Amato s usual bases of support 125 Ferraro emphasized her career as a teacher prosecutor congresswoman and mother and talked about how she was tough on crime 126 Ferraro drew renewed attacks during the primary campaign from the media and her opponents over Zaccaro s finances and business relationships 127 She objected that a male candidate would not receive nearly as much attention regarding his wife s activities 127 Ferraro became the front runner capitalizing on her star power from 1984 and using the campaign attacks against her as an explicitly feminist rallying point for women voters 127 As the primary date neared her lead began to dwindle under the charges and she released additional tax returns from the 1980s to try to defray the attacks 112 Holtzman who was trailing in polls borrowed over 400 000 from Fleet Bank to run a negative ad accusing Ferraro and Zaccaro of taking more than 300 000 in rent in the 1980s from the DiBernardo run pornography company whose presence in Zaccaro s building had been raised during her 1984 vice presidential campaign 128 Ferraro said there had been efforts to oust the company at the time but they had remained in the building for three more years 129 In addition a report by an investigator for the New York State Organized Crime Task Force found its way to the media via a tip from a Holtzman aide it said that Zaccaro had been seen meeting with the DiBernardo in 1985 129 Ferraro said in response that those two had never met 129 The final debates were nasty and Holtzman in particular constantly attacked Ferraro s integrity and finances 130 131 In an unusual election eve television broadcast Ferraro talked about the ethnic slur that I am somehow or other connected to organized crime There s lots of innuendo but no proof However it is made plausible because of the fact that I am an Italian American This tactic comes from the poisoned well of fear and stereotype 132 On the September 15 1992 primary Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point winning 37 percent of the vote to 36 percent with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind 131 Ferraro did not concede she had lost for two weeks 133 Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro s endorsement 134 Ferraro enraged and bitter after the nature of the primary 130 133 ignored Abrams and accepted Bill Clinton s request to campaign for his presidential bid instead 135 She was eventually persuaded by Governor Mario Cuomo and state party leaders into giving an unenthusiastic endorsement with just three days to go before the general election in exchange for an apology by Abrams for the tone of the primary 134 D Amato won the election by a very narrow margin 130 Overall the 1992 U S Senate elections saw five victories that it became known as the Year of the Woman The Ferraro Holtzman fighting of the campaign was viewed as a disaster by many feminists however with Ferraro denied her political comeback while Holtzman also politically damaged herself 136 131 The feud between Ferraro and Holtzman from the 1992 Senate primary lingered as the following year Ferraro supported Assemblyman Alan Hevesi s successful primary challenge that unseated Holtzman as New York City Comptroller Ferraro denied that her endorsement was motivated by revenge against Holtzman saying it was due to his liberal State Assembly voting record 137 138 139 Following the Senate primary loss Ferraro became a managing partner in the New York office of Keck Mahin amp Cate a Chicago based law firm 140 141 There she organized the office and spoke with clients but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties 141 Ferraro s second book a collection of her speeches was titled Changing History Women Power and Politics and was published in 1993 142 President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to United Nations Commission on Human Rights in January 1993 143 She attended the June 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna as the alternate U S delegate 144 Then in October 1993 Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights saying that Ferraro had been a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world 145 The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice chair of the U S delegation to the landmark September 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her 146 During her stint on the commission it for the first time condemned anti Semitism as a human rights violation 147 and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing its human rights record 148 Regarding a previous China motion that had failed Ferraro had told the commission Let us do what we were sent here to do decide important questions of human rights on their merits not avoid them 147 Ferraro held the U N position into 1996 11 Commentator and second Senate runIn February 1996 Ferraro joined the high visibility CNN political talk show Crossfire 149 as the co host representing the from the left vantage She kept her brassy rapid fire speech and New York accent intact and her trial experience from her prosecutor days was a good fit for the program s format 150 She sparred effectively with from the right co host Pat Buchanan 150 for whom she developed a personal liking 151 The show stayed strong in ratings for CNN 152 and the job was lucrative 110 153 She welcomed how the role keeps me visible and keeps me extremely well informed on the issues 150 Ferraro during a 1998 campaign appearance in The Bronx At the start of 1998 Ferraro left Crossfire and ran for the Democratic nomination again in the 1998 United States Senate election in New York 152 The other candidates were Congressman Charles Schumer and New York City Public Advocate Mark J Green 154 She had done no fundraising out of fear of conflict of interest with her Crossfire job but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front runner 154 Indeed December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer 110 155 Unlike the previous campaigns her family finances never became an issue 110 However she lost ground during the summer with Schumer catching up in the polls by early August and then soon passing her 156 Schumer a tireless fundraiser outspent her by a five to one margin and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times 110 157 In the September 15 1998 primary she was beaten soundly by Schumer by a 51 percent to 26 percent margin 110 Unlike 1992 the contest was not divisive and Ferraro and third place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day 158 Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D Amato in the general election The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro s political career The New York Times wrote at the time If Ms Ferraro s rise was meteoric her political career s denouement was protracted often agonizing and at first glance baffling 110 She still retained admirers though Anita Perez Ferguson president of the National Women s Political Caucus noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state s notoriously fierce primary races and said This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate Her attempts and even her losses have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning 110 Business career illness and medical activismIn 1980 Ferraro co founded the National Organization of Italian American Women 159 which sought to support the educational and professional goals of its members and put forward positive role models in order to fight ethnic stereotyping 160 and was still a distinguished member of its board at the time of her death 161 Ferraro was connected with many other political and non profit organizations She was a board member of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 162 and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations 28 She became president of the newly established International Institute for Women s Political Leadership in 1989 163 In 1992 she was on the founding board of Project Vote Smart 164 By 1993 she was serving on the Fordham Law School Board of Visitors as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund the New York Easter Seal Society and the Pension Rights Center and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Planned Parenthood Federation of America s Board of Advocates 28 140 In 1999 she joined the board of the Bertarelli Foundation 165 and in 2003 the board of the National Women s Health Resource Center 166 During the 2000s she was on the board of advisors to the Committee to Free Lori Berenson 167 Framing a Life A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in November 1998 It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother it also portrays the rest of her family and is a memoir of her early life but includes relatively little about her political career 168 Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second senate campaign 169 In November 1998 she was diagnosed with multiple myeloma a form of blood cancer where plasma cells secrete abnormal antibodies known as Bence Jones proteins which can cause bones to disintegrate and dump toxic amounts of calcium into the bloodstream 170 She did not publicly disclose the illness until June 2001 when she went to Washington to successfully press in Congressional hearings for passage of the Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act 170 A portion of the Act created the Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program which directs the U S Secretary of Health and Human Services to establish an education program for patients of blood cancers and the general public 171 Ferraro became a frequent speaker on the disease 172 and an avid supporter and honorary board member of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation 170 Ferraro visiting the Franklin D Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum 2004 Though initially given only three to five years to live by virtue of several new drug therapies and a bone marrow transplant in 2005 170 she would beat the disease s Stage 1 survival mean of 62 months by over a factor of two 173 Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well 174 For much of the last decade of her life Ferraro was not in remission but the disease was managed by continually adjusting her treatments 169 Ferraro joined Fox News Channel as a regular political commentator in October 1999 175 By 2005 she was making sporadic appearances on the channel 172 which continued into 2007 and beyond 170 She partnered with Laura Ingraham starting in December 1999 in writing the alternate weeks column Campaign Countdown on the 2000 presidential election for The New York Times Syndicate 176 During the 2000s Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute 177 Ferraro left marked Women s History Month in 2003 with Senator Hillary Clinton House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi and opera singer Denyce Graves In January 2000 Ferraro and Lynn Martin a former Republican Congresswoman and U S Secretary of Labor who had played Ferraro in George H W Bush s debate preparations in 1984 178 co founded and served as co presidents of G amp L Strategies a management consulting firm underneath Weber McGinn 179 Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees 178 G amp L Strategies subsequently became part of Golin Harris International 180 In June 2003 Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group 180 an international investor relations and corporate communications component of Huntsworth There she worked with corporations non profit organizations state governments and political figures 181 She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month 170 After living for many years in Forest Hills Gardens Queens she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002 150 182 183 She republished Ferraro My Story in 2004 with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign 184 Ferraro was a member of the board of directors of Goodrich Petroleum beginning in August 2003 185 She was also a board member for New York Bancorp in the 1990s 153 Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the Blank Rome law firm in February 2007 working both in New York and Washington 181 182 about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities 170 As she passed the age of 70 she was thankful for still being alive and said This is about as retired as I get which is part time 170 and that if she fully retired she would go nuts 182 2008 presidential election involvementIn December 2006 Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton Later she vowed to help defend Clinton from being swiftboated in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry 186 She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for Clinton s 2008 presidential campaign 187 A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barack Obama 188 Ferraro became livid and distraught when one of her daughters voted for Obama in the Massachusetts primary saying What is the matter with you You know Hillary You have seen my involvement with her When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational Ferraro snapped What does he inspire you to do leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders This was seen as an example of a generational difference among American women in contrast to Ferraro s generation younger women saw nothing special about electing a woman president especially one with Clinton s history compared to what writer Anne Kornblut called the milestone of electing an African American president According to Kornblut younger voters saw Clinton as both a relic of that era and a victim of its success She was the wrong woman at the wrong time she was a Clinton she hadn t gotten there on her own 189 The campaign between the two also saw racial dust ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates 188 In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the Daily Breeze in which she said If Obama was a white man he would not be in this position And if he was a woman of any color he would not be in this position He happens to be very lucky to be who he is And the country is caught up in the concept 187 190 Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging Jesse Jackson s candidacy in the party s presidential primaries saying that because of his radical views if Jesse Jackson were not black he wouldn t be in the race 191 Ferraro justified the statements by referring to her own run for vice president Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988 31 Ferraro said that I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying was that if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy which I had just talked about all these things in 1984 if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro I would have never been chosen as a vice presidential candidate It had nothing to do with my qualification 187 Her comments resonated with some older white women but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere 192 There was strong criticism and charges of racism from many supporters of Obama 193 and Obama called them patently absurd 188 Clinton publicly expressed disagreement with Ferraro s remarks while Ferraro vehemently denied she was a racist 187 Again speaking to the Breeze Ferraro responded to the attacks by saying I really think they re attacking me because I m white How s that 188 194 Ferraro resigned from Clinton s finance committee on March 12 2008 two days after the firestorm began saying that she didn t want the Obama camp to use her comments to hurt Clinton s campaign 195 Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a Fox News Channel contributor 196 197 198 By early April Ferraro said people were deluging her with negative comments and trying to get her removed from one of the boards she was on This has been the worst three weeks of my life 198 Ferraro stated in mid May 2008 that Clinton had raised this whole woman candidate thing to a whole different level than when I ran 199 She thought Obama had behaved in a sexist manner and that she might not vote for him 199 During September 2008 Ferraro gained attention yet again after the announcement of Sarah Palin as the Republican vice presidential nominee the first such major party bid for a woman since her own in 1984 200 201 202 Palin mentioned Ferraro as well as Clinton as forerunners in her introductory appearance 203 In reaction to the nomination Ferraro said It s great to be the first but I don t want to be the only And so now it is wonderful to see a woman on a national ticket 106 Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee John McCain the election 204 but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of Joe Biden having resolved her concerns about Obama s lack of experience in certain areas 200 205 Ferraro criticized the media s scrutiny of Palin s background and family as gender based and saw parallels with how she was treated by the media during her own run 200 206 a University of Alabama study also found that media framing of Ferraro and Palin was similar and often revolved around their nominations being political gambles 207 A Newsweek cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro s time to Palin s but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate 201 In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H W Bush Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in her vice presidential debate so that little girls could see someone there who can stand toe to toe with Biden 202 McCain and Palin ended up losing but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result Ferraro said that Every time a woman runs women win 201 Later years and deathAfter her 1998 diagnosis Ferraro continued to battle multiple myeloma making repeated visits to hospitals during her last year and undergoing difficult procedures 208 Much of her care took place at Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients 174 She was able to make a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News Channel s coverage of the November 2010 midterm elections 209 In March 2011 she went to Massachusetts General Hospital to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture a common complication of multiple myeloma 55 Once there however doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia Unable to return to her New York home Ferraro died at Massachusetts General on March 26 2011 55 210 In addition to her husband and three children who were all present she was survived by eight grandchildren 55 211 President Obama said upon her death that Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done 212 Mondale called her a remarkable woman and a dear human being She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society She broke a lot of molds and it s a better country for what she did 210 George H W Bush said Though we were one time political opponents I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time a friendship marked by respect and affection I admired Gerry in many ways not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics 212 Sarah Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women 209 Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind tough brilliant and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in a New York icon and a true American original 211 A funeral Mass was held for her on March 31 at the Church of St Vincent Ferrer in New York the site where Ferraro and Zaccaro had been married and had renewed their vows on their 50th anniversary the year before 213 Figures from local state and national politics were present and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers 213 214 She is buried in St John Cemetery in Middle Village Queens within her old congressional district 214 When Hillary Clinton finally captured the Democratic nomination in the 2016 presidential election becoming the first woman to do so for a major party there was considerable media commentary recalling and relating this to Ferraro s breakthrough 32 years earlier 215 216 217 Awards and honors P S 290 Geraldine Ferraro Campus in Queens Ferraro was inducted into the National Women s Hall of Fame in 1994 218 Ferraro received honorary degrees during the 1980s and early 1990s from Marymount Manhattan College 1982 New York University Law School 1984 Hunter College 1985 Plattsburgh College 1985 College of Boca Raton 1989 Virginia State University 1989 Muhlenberg College 1990 Briarcliffe College for Business 1990 and Potsdam College 1991 28 She subsequently received an honorary degree from Case Western Reserve University 2003 219 During her time in Congress Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens 3 In 2007 Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation 220 In 2008 Ferraro was the initial recipient of the annual Trailblazer Award from the National Conference of Women s Bar Associations 221 and received the Edith I Spivack Award from the New York County Lawyers Association 222 In 2009 legislation passed the House of Representatives calling for a post office in Long Island City in Queens to be renamed for Ferraro 223 and in 2010 the Geraldine A Ferraro Post Office was accordingly rededicated 44 In the fall of 2013 P S 290 in Ridgewood Queens was renamed the Geraldine A Ferraro Campus 224 225 In 2018 she was chosen by the National Women s History Project as one of its honorees for Women s History Month in the United States 226 Electoral historyDemocratic primary for New York s 9th congressional district 1978 227 Geraldine Ferraro 10 254 52 98 Thomas J Manton 5 499 28 41 Patrick C Deignan 3 603 18 61 New York s 9th congressional district 1978 228 Geraldine Ferraro D 51 350 54 17 Alfred A DelliBovi R Conservative 42 108 44 42 Theodore E Garrison Liberal 1 329 1 40 New York s 9th congressional district 1980 229 Geraldine Ferraro D Inc 63 796 58 34 Vito P Battista R Conservative Right to Life 44 473 40 67 Gertrude Geniale Liberal 1 091 1 00 New York s 9th congressional district 1982 230 Geraldine Ferraro D Inc 75 286 73 22 John J Weigandt R 20 352 19 79 Ralph G Groves Conservative 6 011 5 85 Patricia A Salargo Liberal 1 171 1 14 1984 Democratic National Convention Vice Presidential tally nb 6 Geraldine Ferraro 3 920 Shirley Chisholm 31984 United States presidential election 231 Ronald Reagan George H W Bush R Inc 54 166 829 58 5 and 525 electoral votes 49 states carried Walter Mondale Geraldine Ferraro D 37 449 813 40 4 and 13 electoral votes 1 state and D C carried David Bergland Jim Lewis L 227 204 0 2 and 0 electoral votesDemocratic primary for the United States Senate 1992 133 Robert Abrams 426 904 37 Geraldine Ferraro 415 650 36 Al Sharpton 166 665 14 Elizabeth Holtzman 144 026 12 Democratic primary for the United States Senate 1998 232 Chuck Schumer 388 701 50 83 Geraldine Ferraro 201 625 26 37 Mark Green 145 819 19 07 Eric Ruano Melendez 28 493 3 73 See alsoWomen in the United States House of RepresentativesNotes a b Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major party ticket for one of the nation s two highest offices she was not the first woman to receive an electoral college vote That woman was Theodora Nathan a Libertarian Vice Presidential candidate who got the support of Roger MacBride a faithless elector from Virginia who in 1972 voted for her instead of the pledged Spiro Agnew However Ferraro was the first woman to receive more than one electoral vote See Women Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates A Selected List PDF Rutgers University Center for American Women and Politics 2008 Archived from the original PDF on March 20 2009 Retrieved January 23 2009 a b Mention is occasionally made of Al Smith who was the Democratic presidential nominee in the 1928 election as the first Italian American to run on a major party national ticket But Smith was only one quarter Italian in heritage was not known by an Italian surname and was generally identified as an Irish American While his Roman Catholic religion was certainly a major issue in the election his partial Italian heritage was not See Slayton Robert A December 10 2011 When a Catholic Terrified the Heartland The New York Times The large majority of sources consider Ferraro to have been the first Italian American to achieve this distinction See Martin Douglas March 26 2011 She Ended the Men s Club of National Politics The New York Times Schudel Matt March 26 2011 Geraldine A Ferraro first woman major party candidate on presidential ticket dies at 75 The Washington Post Woo Elaine March 26 2011 Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75 shattered political barrier for women as vice presidential nominee in 1984 Los Angeles Times and McGuire Bill March 27 2011 Geraldine Ferraro First Woman VP Candidate Dies at 75 ABC News See Voting Records Americans for Democratic Action Retrieved January 23 2009 From 1979 through 1984 her scores were 74 72 85 75 90 and 70 the decline in the last year was partly due to missed votes while campaigning for vice president See Ratings of Congress American Conservative Union Archived from the original on June 19 2010 Retrieved June 18 2010 From 1979 through 1984 her scores were 16 17 7 10 0 and 0 See Associated Press filing Ferraro Alters Disclosure Vow The Indianapolis News Associated Press August 13 1984 p 4 via Newspapers com This remark was alternately reported as If you re married to an Italian man you know what it s like See United Press International filing Ferraro Won t Release Husband s Tax Returns The Town Talk Alexandria Louisiana United Press International August 13 1984 p B 7 via Newspapers com Ferraro s 1985 memoir uses a variation of the first formulation You people who are married to Italian men you know what it s like I quipped See Ferraro My Story p 156 See Holland Keating 1996 All The Votes Really CNN Archived from the original on September 30 2000 In actuality the 1984 Democratic vice presidential roll call only went through Alabama Alaska and Arizona Arkansas then passed to New York New York cast all its votes for Ferraro and New York then moved that Ferraro be nominated by acclamation which was approved by overwhelming voice vote See Ferraro My Story pp 6 7 Citations a b c d e f g h i j k l Perlez Jane April 10 1984 Woman in the News Democrat Peacemaker Geraldine Anne Ferraro The New York Times a b Ferraro and Francke My Story p 17 a b c The Geraldine A Ferraro Papers PDF Marymount Manhattan College Archived from the original PDF on September 9 2008 Retrieved September 1 2008 pp 2 3 88 90 a b c d e f g Lague Louise July 30 1984 The Making of a Trailblazer People Retrieved September 1 2008 De Sanctis Dona Summer 2011 In Memoriam Geraldine Ferraro PDF Italian America p 13 Ferraro and Whitney Framing a Life p 45 Ferraro Framing a Life pp 50 51 54 a b c d e f g Watson Anticipating Madam President pp 157 160 a b Ferraro Framing a Life pp 65 67 a b John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro The New York Times August 9 1959 a b c d Ferraro Geraldine Anne 1935 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved August 30 2008 Ferraro Framing a Life pp 70 72 a b c Hall Stephen S May 15 1983 Italian Americans Coming Into Their Own The New York Times Ferraro My Story p 18 a b c Ferraro Framing a Life p 90 Ferraro Framing a Life p 91 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Raab Selwyn July 21 1984 Ex Colleagues Praise Rep Ferraro As Lawyer The New York Times Ferraro Framing a Life plate 12 a b Blumenthal Ralph August 18 1984 Ferraro s Husband Competitive Private Man The New York Times Jamieson Beyond the Double Bind p 166 a b c Magnuson Ed Stacks John F Ungeheuer Frederick September 3 1984 Mistakes and Misunderstandings Time Archived from the original on October 29 2010 May Clifford D June 14 1986 On Fire Island Family Haven From City Life The New York Times a b Gerth Jeff August 16 1984 Finances of Ferraro and Husband Are Interwoven The New York Times a b c d e f g Moritz ed Current Biography Yearbook 1984 p 119 Ferraro Framing a Life p 104 Buckley Cara March 28 2011 Of Ferraro s Roles in Many Arenas a Favorite Gerry From Queens The New York Times p A18 Retrieved March 30 2011 Ferraro Framing a Life p 105 a b c d e f Who s Who of American Women 2006 2007 p 610 a b c d e f g h i j Foerstel Climbing the Hill pp 33 34 Ferraro Framing a Life p 107 a b c d e f g h i j k Martin Douglas March 26 2011 Geraldine A Ferraro 1935 2011 She Ended The Men s Club of National Politics The New York Times p A1 Retrieved March 26 2011 a b c Two for the House The New York Times November 6 1978 O Neill and Novak Man of the House p 357 Geraldine Ferraro Women in Congress U S House of Representatives 2011 Archived from the original on January 1 2012 Retrieved March 21 2012 a b c d Scala Shade Campbell eds American Presidential Campaigns and Elections p 962 a b c d e f Gerth Jeff Blumenthal Ralph July 26 1984 Rep Ferraro s Transactions Detailed in Public Records The New York Times a b c d e Blumenthal Ralph September 4 2008 When the Press Vetted Geraldine Ferraro The New York Times Retrieved June 25 2009 a b c d Germond and Witcover Wake Us When It s Over p 372 Goldman and Fuller The Quest for the Presidency 1984 p 209 Women Elected to Party Leadership Positions Women in Congress U S House of Representatives Archived from the original on July 30 2008 Retrieved November 23 2008 a b c Women in Congress 1917 1990 pp 69 70 a b Current Biography Yearbook 1984 p 120 Schwartz Tony September 15 1979 2 Areas of Queens Cut ZIP Tie to Brooklyn PDF The New York Times p 21 a b Bush Daniel August 26 2010 LIC post office renamed for Geraldine Ferraro The Long Island City Astoria Journal Retrieved April 27 2013 a b Cohn ed Congress and the Nation 1981 1984 pp 669 670 Gottro ed Congress and the Nation 1977 1980 p 334 Congress and the Nation 1981 1984 p 300 Congress and the Nation 1981 1984 pp 459 461 a b Ferraro My Story pp 122 124 a b In the Party s Mainstream Time July 23 1984 Archived from the original 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Politicians and the Media pp 113 115 Shaw David December 9 1984 Press values clash over coverage of Ferraro ties to mob Austin American Statesman Los Angeles Times Service pp H1 H14 via Newspapers com a b c Roberts Sam August 22 1984 Ferraro Denies Any Wrongdoing 2d Loan By Zaccaro From Estate The New York Times a b Germond and Witcover Wake Us When It s Over pp 447 448 Goldman and Fuller The Quest for the Presidency 1984 pp 283 284 Davis Tom 2005 Sacred work Planned Parenthood and its clergy alliances Rutgers University Press pp 146 147 ISBN 0 8135 3493 3 a b c d Light and Lake The Elections of 1984 pp 103 107 108 a b Keller Rosemary Skinner Ruether Rosemary Radford Cantlon Marie 2006 Encyclopedia of women and religion in North America Vol 3 Indiana University Press pp 1104 1106 ISBN 0 253 34688 6 a b Heyer Kristin E Rozell Mark J Genovese Michael A 2008 Catholics and politics the dynamic tension between faith and power Religion and politics Georgetown University Press pp 18 20 ISBN 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President p 86 Clift and Brazaitis Madam President p 82 Germond and Witcover Wake Us When It s Over p 537 a b Ferraro My Story pp 312 313 Prendergast The Catholic Vote in American Politics pp 191 193 Falk Women for President p 146 Scala American Presidential Campaigns and Elections p 959 Sprengelmeyer M E August 15 2008 Transcript of M E Sprengelmeyer s interview with Walter Mondale Rocky Mountain News Retrieved June 23 2009 a b Congress and the Nation 1981 1984 p 818 a b c Money Trail Time December 17 1984 Archived from the original on August 17 2007 Kornblut Notes from the Cracked Ceiling p 127 a b Lyden Jacki August 30 2008 Ferraro Wonderful To See Woman On Natl Ticket All Things Considered NPR Retrieved June 23 2009 Kamala Harris will be the country s first female and first Black vice president CNN November 7 2020 a b Chapman Roger 2015 Ms In Chapman Roger Ciment James eds Culture Wars An Encyclopedia of Issues Viewpoints and Voices Second ed London Routledge p 438 Safire William 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The New York Times Purdum Todd S September 15 1992 Senate Race Ends in Whirl of Appeals The New York Times a b c Verhovek Sam Howe October 1 1992 Abrams Gets A Concession From Ferraro The New York Times a b Manegold Catherine S November 1 1992 Ferraro Gets An Apology From Abrams The New York Times Ferraro Framing a Life pp 196 197 Mitchell Alison September 17 1992 For Feminists It Wasn t What They Had in Mind The New York Times McKinley James C Jr April 23 1993 Bank Named to Bond Sale After Loan to Holtzman Campaign The New York Times McKinley James C Jr May 21 1993 Hevesi Throws Hat in Ring For Comptroller s Office The New York Times Mitchell Alison September 15 1993 The 1993 Primary The Overview Hevesi Outpolls Holtzman Forcing a Runoff Vote The New York Times a b President Names Ferraro to UNHRC Press release The White House October 22 1993 Retrieved November 25 2008 a b Lattman Peter February 1 2007 Law Blog Q amp A Geraldine Ferraro The Wall Street Journal Retrieved November 25 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McCain Fox News Retrieved August 29 2008 Geraldine Ferraro Speaks Out Public Broadcasting Service October 31 2008 Retrieved December 5 2008 Baldwin Tom September 5 2008 Geraldine Ferraro accuses media over sexist scrutiny of Sarah Palin The Times London Retrieved July 11 2009 Study Media treat Ferraro Palin the same United Press International October 27 2008 Retrieved July 11 2009 Goodman Ellen March 28 2011 Geraldine Ferraro This friend was a fighter The Washington Post Retrieved March 28 2011 a b James Frank March 28 2011 Ferraro And Palin Most Exclusive Club Down To One Member NPR Retrieved March 28 2011 a b Ferraro first female vice president candidate dies at 75 NBC News Associated Press March 26 2011 Retrieved March 26 2011 a b Trailblazer Geraldine Ferraro dies at age 75 CNN March 26 2011 Retrieved March 26 2011 a b Reaction to Geraldine Ferraro s Death Fox News March 26 2011 Archived from the original on July 26 2011 Retrieved March 26 2011 a b Pogrebin Robin March 31 2011 At Funeral Recalling Ferraro s Grit and Humor The New York Times Retrieved March 31 2011 a b Ferraro Eulogized Laid To Rest in Queens The Queens Gazette April 6 2011 Archived from the original on March 22 2012 Retrieved April 12 2011 Mitchell Alison June 11 2016 To Understand Clinton s Moment Consider That It Came 32 Years After Ferraro s The New York Times Ciolli Rita September 25 2016 Hillary Clinton Geraldine Ferraro 32 years later the gender debate lingers Newsday Sherr Lynn June 7 2016 Hillary Clinton Doesn t Get My Feminist Heart Pumping The Way Geraldine Ferraro Did The Goosebump Gap Bustle Women of the Hall Geraldine Ferraro National Women s Hall of Fame Archived from the original on May 1 2008 Retrieved August 28 2008 Five receive honorary degrees Press release Case Western Reserve University May 19 2003 Archived from the original on June 6 2011 Retrieved November 25 2008 Geraldine Ferraro Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from Sons of Italy Press release Blank Rome May 24 2007 Archived from the original on July 8 2011 Retrieved June 25 2009 Geraldine Ferraro Honored at National Conference of Women s Bar Associations with Trailblazer Award Press release Blank Rome August 8 2008 Retrieved June 25 2009 dead link Geraldine Ferraro to Receive NYCLA s Edith I Spivack Award on March 17 PDF New York County Lawyers Association February 28 2008 Retrieved March 7 2012 Davis Pete May 13 2009 Bill passes to rename Queens Post Office after Geraldine Ferraro The Queens Courier Archived from the original on September 17 2012 Retrieved June 8 2009 Former Queens Elementary School To Be Named For Geraldine Ferraro NY1 News April 24 2013 Archived from the original on May 21 2013 Retrieved April 25 2013 Fortis Bianca October 25 2013 New school campus named for Geraldine Ferraro Times Ledger Retrieved December 7 2014 Lord Debbie February 25 2018 National Women s History Month What is it when did it begin who is being honored this year Seattle KIRO TV Cox Media Group Barone Michael Ujifusa Grant Matthews Douglas 1979 Almanac of American Politics 1980 The Senators the Representatives the Governors Their Records States and Districts E P Dutton p 593 Guthrie Benjamin J April 1 1979 Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 7 1978 PDF U S Government Printing Office p 25 Retrieved June 27 2009 Ladd Thomas E April 15 1981 Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4 1980 PDF U S Government Printing Office p 41 Retrieved June 27 2009 Ladd Thomas E May 5 1983 Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2 1982 PDF U S Government Printing Office p 27 Retrieved June 27 2009 Ladd Thomas E May 1 1985 Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 6 1984 PDF U S Government Printing Office p 69 Retrieved June 27 2009 Federal Elections 98 1998 U S Senate Results Federal Election Commission April 1999 Retrieved June 27 2009 General bibliographyBraden Maria 1996 Women Politicians and the Media Lexington Kentucky The University Press of Kentucky ISBN 0 8131 1970 7 Chesler Ellen 2005 Introduction In Chavkin Wendy Chesler Ellen eds Where Human Rights Begin Health Sexuality and Women in the New Millennium Rutgers University Press ISBN 0 8135 3657 X Clift Eleanor Brazaitis Tom 2000 Madam President Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 85619 0 Falk Erika 2007 Women for President Media Bias in Eight Campaigns University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 07511 7 Ferraro Geraldine A Francke Linda Bird 1985 Ferraro My Story Bantam Books ISBN 0 553 05110 5 Ferraro Geraldine A 1993 Changing History Women Power and Politics Moyer Bell ISBN 1 55921 077 X Ferraro Geraldine Whitney Catherine 1998 Framing a Life A Family Memoir Scribner ISBN 0 684 85404 X Foerstel Herbert N 1996 Climbing the Hill Gender Conflict in Congress Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 0 275 94914 1 Germond Jack Witcover Jules 1985 Wake Us When It s Over Presidential Politics of 1984 Macmillan Publishing ISBN 0 02 630710 3 Goldman Peter Fuller Tony 1985 The Quest for the Presidency 1984 Bantam Books ISBN 0 553 05100 8 Gottro Martha V ed 1981 Congress and the Nation A Review of Government and Politics Vol V 1977 1980 Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 0 87187 112 2 Cohn Mary W ed 1985 Congress and the Nation A Review of Government and Politics Vol VI 1981 1984 Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 0 87187 334 6 Jamieson Kathleen Hall 1995 Beyond the Double Bind Women and Leadership Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 508940 5 Kornblut Anne E 2009 Notes from the Cracked Ceiling Hillary Clinton Sarah Palin and What It Will Take for a Woman to Win New York Crown Books ISBN 978 0 307 46425 5 Light Paul C Lake Celinda 1985 The Election Candidates Strategies and Decisions In Nelson Michael ed The Elections of 1984 Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 0 87187 330 3 Lurie Leonard 1994 Senator Pothole The Unauthorized Biography of Al D Amato Birch Lane Press ISBN 1 55972 227 4 Moritz Charles ed 1985 Current Biography Yearbook 1984 New York H W Wilson Company Nelson Michael ed 1991 Historic Documents on Presidential Elections 1787 1988 Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 0 87187 607 8 O Neill Tip Novak William 1987 Man of the House The Life and Political Memoirs of Speaker Tip O Neill Random House ISBN 0 394 55201 6 Patterson Thomas E Dani Richard 1985 The Media Campaign Struggle for the Agenda In Nelson Michael ed The Elections of 1984 Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 0 87187 330 3 Prendergast William B 1999 The Catholic Vote in American Politics The Passing of the Democratic Monolith Washington D C Georgetown University Press ISBN 0 87840 724 3 Scala Dante J 2003 Shade William Campbell Ballard C eds American Presidential Campaigns and Elections M E Sharpe Inc ISBN 0 7656 8042 4 Schumer Chuck 2007 Positively American Winning Back the Middle Class Majority One Family at a Time Rodale Books ISBN 978 1 59486 572 5 Watson Robert P Gordon Ann 2003 Anticipating Madam President Lynne Rienner Publishers ISBN 1 58826 113 1 Who s Who of American Women 2006 2007 New Providence New Jersey Marquis Who s Who 2005 ISBN 0 8379 0432 3 Women in Congress 1917 1990 DIANE Publishing 1997 ISBN 0 7881 4256 9 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geraldine Ferraro United States Congress Geraldine Ferraro id F000088 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Geraldine Ferraro at IMDb Text of speech accepting Democratic Party nomination for Vice President of the United States July 19 1984 FBI file on Geraldine Ferraro Geraldine Ferraro Archived June 26 2017 at the Wayback Machine Video produced by Makers Women Who Make America Geraldine Ferraro Paving the Way Documentary film about Geraldine Ferraro Appearances on C SPAN Geraldine A Ferraro collected news and commentary at The New York Times Geraldine Ferraro at Find a GraveU S House of RepresentativesPreceded byJames Delaney Member of the U S House of Representativesfrom New York s 9th congressional district1979 1985 Succeeded byThomas MantonPreceded byShirley Chisholm Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus1981 1985 Succeeded byMary OakarParty political officesPreceded byWalter Mondale Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States1984 Succeeded byLloyd BentsenDiplomatic postsPreceded byArmando Valladares United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights1993 1996 Succeeded byNancy Rubin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Geraldine Ferraro amp oldid 1130252179, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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