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Edmund Muskie

February 15, 2024

Edmund Sixtus Muskie[a] (March 28, 1914 – March 26, 1996) was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 58th United States secretary of state under President Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981, a United States senator from Maine from 1959 to 1980, the 64th governor of Maine from 1955 to 1959, and a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1946 to 1951. He was the Democratic Party's nominee for vice president in the 1968 presidential election.

Edmund Muskie
Muskie in 1971
58th United States Secretary of State
In office
May 8, 1980 – January 18, 1981
PresidentJimmy Carter
DeputyWarren Christopher
Preceded byCyrus Vance
Succeeded byAlexander Haig
United States Senator
from Maine
In office
January 3, 1959 – May 7, 1980
Preceded byFrederick Payne
Succeeded byGeorge Mitchell
Chair of the Senate Budget Committee
In office
January 3, 1975 – May 8, 1980
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byFritz Hollings
Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
In office
January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1969
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byBennett Johnston
64th Governor of Maine
In office
January 5, 1955 – January 2, 1959
Preceded byBurton Cross
Succeeded byRobert Haskell
Member of the Maine House of Representatives
from the 110th district
In office
December 5, 1946 – November 2, 1951
Preceded byCharles Cummings
Succeeded byRalph Farris
Personal details
Born
Edmund Sixtus Muskie

(1914-03-28)March 28, 1914
Rumford, Maine, U.S.
DiedMarch 26, 1996(1996-03-26) (aged 81)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
​
(m. 1948)​
Children5
EducationBates College (BA)
Cornell University (LLB)
Signature
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Navy
Years of service1942–1945
Rank Lieutenant
UnitU.S. Naval Reserve
Battles/wars

Born in Rumford, Maine, he worked as a lawyer for two years before serving in the United States Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. Upon his return, Muskie served in the Maine State Legislature from 1946 to 1951, and unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Waterville. Muskie was elected the 64th governor of Maine in 1954 under a reform platform as the first Democratic governor since Louis J. Brann left office in 1937, and only the fifth since 1857. Muskie pressed for economic expansionism and instated environmental provisions. Muskie's actions severed a nearly 100-year Republican stronghold and led to the political insurgency of the Maine Democrats.

Muskie's legislative work during his career as a senator coincided with an expansion of modern liberalism in the United States. He promoted the 1960s environmental movement which led to the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Muskie supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the creation of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and opposed Richard Nixon's "Imperial presidency" by advancing New Federalism. Muskie ran with Vice President Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in the 1968 presidential election, losing the popular vote by 0.7 percentage point—one of the narrowest margins in U.S. history. He would go on to run in the 1972 presidential election, where he secured 1.84 million votes in the primaries, coming in fourth out of 15 contesters. The release of the forged "Canuck letter" derailed his campaign and sullied his public image with Americans of French-Canadian descent.

After the election, Muskie returned to the Senate, where he gave the 1976 State of the Union Response. Muskie served as first chairman of the new Senate Budget Committee from 1975 to 1980, where he established the United States budget process.[b] Upon his retirement from the Senate, he became the 58th U.S. Secretary of State under President Carter. Muskie's tenure as Secretary of State was one of the shortest in modern history. His department negotiated the release of 52 Americans, thus concluding the Iran hostage crisis. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Carter in 1981 and has been honored with a public holiday in Maine since 1987.

Early life and education edit

Edmund Sixtus Muskie was born on March 28, 1914, in Rumford, Maine.[9][10] He was born after his parents' first child, Irene (born 1912), and before his brother Eugene (born 1918) and three sisters, Lucy (born 1916), Elizabeth (born 1923), and Frances (born 1921).[1] His father, Stephen Marciszewski, was born and raised in Jasionówka, Russian Poland[11] and worked as an estate manager for minor Russian nobility.[12] He immigrated to America in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski" in 1914.[2][13] He worked as a master tailor and Muskie's mother, Josephine (née Czarnecka) worked as a housewife. She was born to a Polish-American family in Buffalo, New York. Muskie's parents married in 1911, and Josephine moved to Rumford soon after.[14]

Muskie's first language was Polish; he spoke it as his only language until age 4. He began learning English soon after and eventually lost fluency in his mother language.[15] In his youth he was an avid fisherman, hunter, and swimmer.[16] He felt as though his given name was "odd" so he went by Ed throughout his life.[17] Muskie was shy and anxious in his early life but maintained a sizable number of friends.[18] Muskie attended Stephens High School, where he played baseball, participated in the performing arts, and was elected student body president in his senior year. He would go on to graduate in 1932 at the top of his class as valedictorian.[19] A 1931 edition of the school's newspaper noted him with the following: "when you see a head and shoulders towering over you in the halls of Stephen's, you should know that your eyes are feasting on the future President of the United States."[20]

Influenced by the political excitement of Franklin D. Roosevelt's election to the White House, he attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.[19][21] While at college, Muskie was a successful member of the debating team, participated in several sports, and was elected to student government.[19] Although he received a small scholarship and New Deal subsidies, he had to work during the summers as a dishwasher and bellhop at a hotel in Kennebunk to finance his time at Bates.[22] He would record in his diaries occasional feelings of insecurity among his wealthier Bates peers; Muskie was fearful of being kicked out of the college as a consequence of his socioeconomic status.[23] His situation would gradually improve and he went on to graduate in 1936 as class president and a member of Phi Beta Kappa.[14] Initially intending to major in mathematics he switched to a double major in history and government.[24]

Upon his graduation, he was given a partial merit-based scholarship to Cornell Law School. After his second semester there, his scholarship ran out. As he was preparing to drop out, he heard of an "eccentric millionaire" named William Bingham II who had a habit of randomly and sporadically paying the university costs, mortgages, car loans, and other expenses of those who wrote to him. After Muskie wrote to him about his immigrant origins he secured $900 from the man allowing him to finance his final years at Cornell. While in law school he was elected to Phi Alpha Delta and went on to graduate cum laude, in 1939.[25] Upon graduating from Cornell, Muskie was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1939.[26]

He then worked as a high school substitute teacher while he was studying for the Maine Bar examination; he passed in 1940. Muskie moved to Waterville and purchased a small law practice—renamed "Muskie & Glover"—for $2,000 in March 1940.[27] He helped write Waterville's first zoning ordinance and was elected secretary of the Zoning Board of Appeals.[28]

Marriage and children edit

 
Jane Gray Muskie in 1968

Jane Frances Gray was born February 12, 1927, in Waterville to Myrtie and Millage Guy Gray. Growing up, she was voted "prettiest in school" in high school and at age 15, started her first job, in a dress shop.[29][30] At age 18, Gray was hired to be a bookkeeper and saleswoman in an exclusive haute couture boutique in Waterville. While there, a mutual friend tried to introduce her to Muskie while he was working in the city as a lawyer. She had Gray model the dresses in the shop window while he was walking to work. Muskie came into the shop one day and invited her to a gala event. At the time, she was 19 and he was 32; their difference in age stirred controversy in the town.[31] However, after eighteen months of courting Gray and her family, she agreed to marry him in a private ceremony in 1948. Gray and Muskie had five children: Stephen (born 1949), Ellen (born 1950), Melinda (born 1956), Martha (born 1958, d. 2006), and Edmund Jr. (born 1961).[10] The Muskies lived in a yellow cottage at Kennebunk Beach while they lived in Maine.[18]

U.S. Navy Reserve, 1942–1945 edit

In June 1940, President Roosevelt created the V-12 Navy College Training Program to prepare men under the age of 28 for the eventual outbreak of World War II. Muskie formally registered for the draft in October 1940 and was formally called to deck officer training on March 26, 1942.[32] At 28, he was assigned to work as a diesel engineer in the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School.[32] On September 11, 1942, Muskie was called to Annapolis, Maryland to attend the United States Naval Academy. He left his law practice running so "his name would continue to circulate in Waterville" while he was gone. He trained as an apprentice seaman for six weeks before being assigned the rank of midshipman.[33]

In January 1943, Muskie attended diesel engineering school for sixteen weeks before being assigned to First Naval District, Boston in May. Muskie worked on the USS YP-422 for a month. In June, he was assigned to the USS De Grasse (ID-1217) at Fort Schuyler in New York, where he worked as an indoctrinator.[34] In November 1943, Muskie was promoted to Deck Officer. He trained for two weeks in Miami, Florida at the Submarine Chaser Training Center. After that, Muskie was relocated to Columbus, Ohio to study reconnaissance in February 1944.[35] In March, he was promoted to Lieutenant (junior grade).[35] Muskie was stationed at California's Mare Island in April temporarily before formally engaging in active duty warfare.[35]

Muskie began his active duty tour aboard the destroyer escort USS Brackett (DE-41). His vessel was in charge of protecting U.S. convoys traveling from the Marshal and Gilbert Islands from Japanese submarines. The Brackett escorted ships to and from the islands for the majority of summer 1944. In January 1945, the ship engaged and eventually sank a Japanese cargo ship headed for Taroa Island.[36] After a few more months of escorting ships to and from the two islands, the ship was decommissioned. He was discharged from the Navy on December 18, 1945.[37]

Maine House of Representatives edit

 
The floor of the Maine House of Representatives.

Muskie returned to Maine in January 1946 and began rebuilding his law practice. Convinced by others to run for political office as a way of expanding his law practice, he formally entered politics.[38] Muskie ran against Republican William A. Jones in an election for the Maine House of Representatives for the 110th District. Muskie secured 2,635 votes and won the election to most people's surprise on September 9, 1946.[39] During this time, the Maine Senate was stacked 30-to-3 and the House was stacked 127-to-24 Republicans against Democrats.[40]

Muskie was assigned to the committees on federal and military relations during his first year. He advocated for bipartisanship, which won him widespread support across political parties. On October 17, 1946, Muskie's law practice sustained a large fire, costing him an estimated $2,300 in damages. However, a yearly stipend of $800 and help from other business leaders who were affected by the fire quickly restarted his practice.[40]

Muskie's work with city ordinances in Waterville prompted locals to ask him to run in the 1947 election to become Mayor of Waterville, against banker Russel W. Squire. Perhaps due to incumbency advantage, Muskie lost the election with 2,853 votes, 434 votes behind Squire.[41] Some historians believe that his loss had to do with his inability to gain traction with Franco-American voters.[42]

Muskie continued his political involvement locally by securing a position on the Waterville Board of Zoning Adjustment in 1948 and stayed in this part-time position until he became governor. He later returned to the House to start his second term in 1948 as Minority Leader against heavy Republican opposition.[43] Muskie was appointed the chairman of the platform committee during the 1949 Maine Democratic Convention. During the convention, he brought together a variety of the political elite of Maine—notably Frank M. Coffin and Victor Hunt Harding—to plan a comeback for the party.[44] On February 8, 1951, Muskie resigned from the Maine House of Representatives to become acting director for the Maine Office of Price Stabilization. He moved to Portland soon after and was assigned the inflation-control and price-ceiling divisions.[45] His job required him to move across Maine to spread word about economic incentives which he used to increase his name recognition.[45] He served as the regional director at the Office of Price Stabilization from 1951 to 1952.[10] Upon leaving the Office he was asked to join the Democratic National Committee as a member; he served on the committee from 1952 to 1956.[10]

In April 1953, while working on renovations for his family home in Waterville, Muskie broke through a balcony railing, falling down two flights of stairs.[46] He landed on his back, knocked unconscious. He was rushed to the hospital, where he remained unconscious for two days.[46] Doctors believed that Muskie was in a coma, so they gave him comatose-specific medication which caused him to regain consciousness but start to hallucinate.[47] Muskie tried to jump out of the hospital window, but was restrained by staff members. After a couple of months, through physical rehabilitation and corrective braces, he was able to walk once more.[48]

Governor of Maine, 1955–1959 edit

Gubernatorial campaign edit

Main article: 1954 Maine gubernatorial election
 
Muskie For Maine campaign for the governorhip of Maine

After establishing a prominent presence in the Maine State Legislature and with the Office of Price Stabilization, he officially launched his bid in the 1954 Maine gubernatorial race as a Democrat. Burton M. Cross, the Republican incumbent governor, was seeking reelection. Had he won, he would have been the fifth consecutive Governor to be reelected. Throughout the election Muskie was viewed as the underdog because of the Republican stronghold in Maine. Muskie acknowledged this himself by saying, "[this is] more as a duty than an opportunity because there was no chance of a Democrat winning."[18] A variety of personal reasons motivated his run. Muskie was deeply in debt owing five thousand dollars in hospital bills and maintained a rising mortgage. At the time of his election, the salary for the Governor of Maine was set at ten thousand dollars annually.[18] While he was campaigning he was offered a position involving full partnership at a prestigious Rumford law firm that maintained "clients and income that [Muskie] had not achieved in fourteen years of practice in Waterville."[18] His final choice reflected his 'society over self' mentality and decided to pursue the election.[49] He announced his candidacy for the office on April 8, 1954.[50]

Muskie ran on a party platform of environmentalism and public investment. His environmental platform argued for the establishment of the Maine Department of Conservation to "have jurisdiction of forestry, inland fish and game, sea and shore fisheries, mineral, water, and other natural resources" and the creation of anti-pollution legislation.[51] He stressed the need for "a two-party" approach to Maine politics with resonated with both Democratic and Republican voters wishing to see change. Muskie's central campaign slogan was "Maine Needs A Change" referencing the multi-year Republican stronghold.[50] He criticized the Republican Party for neglecting the environment, failing to restart the economy, underutilizing skilled labor forces, and ignoring public investment.[52]

He successively won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and then the general election by a majority popular vote on September 13, 1954. The upset victory made Muskie the first Democrat to be elected chief executive of Maine since Louis J. Brann in 1934. His election has been viewed as a causal link to the end of Republican political dominance in Maine and the rise of the Democratic Party.[18][53][54] After his win, he was asked by other Democrats running in elections outside of Maine to make a series of campaign stops.[55]

First term edit

 
Muskie purchased 40 acres of Cape Elizabeth for Maine.

Muskie was inaugurated as the 64th Governor of Maine on January 6, 1955.[56] He was the state's first Roman Catholic governor.[57] Shortly after his assumption of the office, the next election cycle stacked the legislature with a 4-to-1 Republican-Democrat ratio against Muskie. Through bipartisanship and his aggressive personality[18] he managed to pass the majority of his party platform. Constituents pressured him to more aggressively pursue water control and anti-pollution legislation. In August, the Maine State Legislature authorized him to take extraordinary action to control the state's pollution standards. He used this authority to sign the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Compact on August 31, 1955. This compact required member states to pay for anti-pollution measures collectively. Conservative members of the Chamber of Commerce fought back against Muskie in his attempt to allocate money to the compact and greatly reduced the amount paid.[58] One of the chief concerns of Muskie during this time was economic development. Maine's population was aging, putting pressure on welfare services. He expanded certain programs and cut down on others in order rebalance state spending.[6][59] Before leaving office Muskie signed an executive order extending the gubernatorial term to four years.[60]

He expanded the territory comprising Baxter State Park by 3,569 acres and purchased 40 acres (1.7 million ft2) of Cape Elizabeth from the federal government for $28,000.[61] He also created the Department of Development of Commerce and Industry and Maine Industrial Building Authority.[54] In February 1955, he was briefed on atomic energy power by the United States Atomic Energy Commission leading him to limit the expansion of atomic-powered electrical facilities.[62]

Second term edit

 
Muskie's legacy portrait to commemorate his term as the 64th Governor of Maine (1955 to 1959).

On September 10, 1956, Muskie was re-elected Governor of Maine with 180,254 votes (59% of the vote) against Republican Willis A. Trafton. He won 14 of the 16 counties. He began his second term by aggressively enforcing environmental standards. In 1957, he sanctioned a $29 million highway bond.[63] This bond funded the largest road construction ever undertaken by Maine. The highway included 91 bridges and was extended in 1960 and 1967 by Interstate 95.[59]

During his tenure as Governor he retained a reputation for increased spending in public education, subsidized hospitals, modernized state facilities, and cumulatively raised state sale taxes by 1%.[63] He added $4 million to infrastructure development focusing on roads and river maintenance.[64] Muskie pushed aggressive economic expansionism.[52][65] In 1957, he founded the Maine Guarantee Authority which combated economic maturation-related job loss making capital more accessible for business owners.[66] Muskie also sporadically lowered sales tax, increased the minimum wage and furthered labor protections leading to a marked increase in consumer spending.[67] He amended the constitution of Maine in order divert $20 million in public funds into private investment.[68] He increased subsidies to expensive institutions such as public primary and secondary schools as well as universities.[69] Although initially founded in 1836, the Maine State Museum was closed and reopened six time before Muskie permanently endowed it in 1958.[70]

His governorship exploited multi-factionalism in the Republican Party leading to a vast expansion of the Democratic Party in Maine. From 1954 to 1974, the party doubled in size, while the Republican Party steadily decreased from 262,367 to 227,828 registered members.[54] Numerous state politicians mimicked his political style to push their programs through various local governments and garnered electoral success.[54] His executive appointments of moderate politicians shifted the entire Republican establishment in the state to the left.[54] This shift garnered comparisons to Hubert Humphrey's influence in Minnesota and George McGovern's impact in South Dakota.[54] During his last months as governor he changed his office's term from two years to four years.[63] Shortly before leaving office he moved Maine's general election date from September to November conclusively ending the notion that "as Maine goes, so goes the nation".[71] This was attempted thirty-six times before Muskie brought about a constitutional amendment that moved the date.[72]

Muskie resigned on January 2, 1959, to take his seat in the United States Senate after the 1958 Senate election. He was succeeded by Republican Robert Haskell in an interim capacity until the Governor-elect, Democrat Clinton Clauson, was inaugurated. Muskie was officially succeeded by Clauson on January 6, 1959.[54]

United States Senate, 1959–1980 edit

Elections and campaigns edit

Main article: Electoral history of Edmund Muskie
 
Sticker for Edmund Muskie's Senate run

Muskie's first contestation for the Senate of the United States was in 1958. He ran in the 1958 elections against incumbent Republican Senator Frederick G. Payne. Muskie won the election with 60% of the vote against Payne's 39%. He was one of the 12 Democrats who overtook Republican incumbents and established the party as the party-of-house during the election cycle.[73] The New York Times reported that during this election that the absentee ballots requested for Democrats increased considerable signaling voter-discontent with Republican ideology.[73] This election was considered the largest single-party gain in the Senate's history.[74]

He ran for a second term in 1964, running against Republican Clifford McIntire. Muskie won with 67% of the vote. The election was called "The Senate Race That Couldn't Be Lost" because of the outpouring of Democratic support following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[75]

Election eve speech edit

His third campaign and election to the Senate occurred in 1970. During the 1970 elections, Muskie secured 62% of the vote against Republican Neil S. Bishop's 38%. The elections were seen as tumultuous due to the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War and rising unpopularity of incumbent president Richard Nixon. On the night of poll-opening Muskie gave a nationwide, 14 minute speech to addressed American voters following a similar address by Nixon. Dubbed the "election eve speech"[76][77][78][79] it spoke to American exceptionalism and against "torrents of falsehood and insinuation".[80] The speech was considered bipartisan and was well received by both parties. Political analysts believed that the speech influenced voting patterns during the election as there were thirty million listeners.[80] Commentators received the speech as "essentially evangelical"[25] and indicative of "a volcanic private temper but a soothing public manner".[80] The most famous passage from the speech was widely commented on by the public[81] for its biting nature and critique of "politics of fear":

I am speaking from Cape Elizabeth, Maine to discuss with you the election campaign which is coming to a close. In the heat of our campaigns, we have all become accustomed to a little anger and exaggeration. That is our system. It has worked for almost two hundred years—longer than any other political system in the world. But in these elections of 1970, something has gone wrong. There has been name-calling and deception of almost unprecedented volume. Honorable men have been slandered. Faithful servants of the country have had their motives questioned and their patriotism doubted. It has been led . . . inspired . . . and guided . . . from the highest offices in the land. ... We cannot make America small. ... Ordinarily that division is not between parties, but between men and ideas. But this year the leaders of the Republican party have intentionally made that line a party line. They have confronted you with exactly that choice. Thus—in voting for the Democratic party tomorrow—you cast your vote for trust—not just in leaders or policies—but for trusting your fellow citizens . . . in the ancient traditions of this home for freedom . . . and most of all, for trust in yourself.[77]

The Portland Press Herald on November 4, 1970, noted it akin to Franklin D. Roosevelt's fire-side chats "with video".[77] The speech has been the subject of numerous studies regarding "the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs".[82]

In his fourth and final election, Muskie ran against Republican Robert A. G. Monks in 1976; he won 60% of the vote compared to Monk's 40%.[83] The elections coincided with the election of Jimmy Carter as president leading to a large influx of Democratic support,[84] though Carter lost Maine to incumbent President Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election.

First and second term edit

 
Muskie's engraved name in his Senate Chamber desk: below that of "Biden, Del." in silver.

Edmund Muskie was sworn into office as U.S. Senator from Maine on January 3, 1959.[85] His first couple of months in the Senate earned a reputation for being combative and often sparred with Majority Leader, Lyndon B. Johnson, who subsequently relegated him to outer seats in the Senate. In the next five years, he gained significant power and influence and was considered among the most effective legislators in the Senate.[86] However, increased power and influence prompted supporters in Maine to label him "an honorary Kennedy", alluding to the indifference John F. Kennedy had to Massachusetts when first gaining political traction.[86] Muskie used the influence gain in his first two terms to push a vast expansion of environmentalism in the late 1950s and early 1960s.[87] His specific goals were to curb pollution and provide a cleaner environment. Occasional speeches on environmental preservation earned him the nickname "Mr. Clean".[88][89]

He served his entire career in the Senate as a member of the Committee on Public Works, a committee he used to execute the majority of his environmental legislation.[10] He served on the Committee on Banking and Currency from 1959 to 1970; the Committee on Government Operations until 1978.[10] As a member of the Public Works Committee, he traveled to the Soviet Union in 1959.[10] He sponsored the Intergovernmental Relations Act, later that year.[90]

In 1962, he co-founded the United States Capital Historical Society along with other members of congress.[91] The same year, members of Congress elected him to serve as the first chair of the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution.[10] In 1963, he was the first to sponsor a new Act to regulate air pollution. The Clean Air Act of 1963 was written and developed by Muskie and his aide Leon Billings.[10]

 
Muskie established the Roosevelt Campobello International Park in New Brunswick, Canada.

His first major accomplishment was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He assembled more than one hundred votes for the proposed legislation eventually passing it.[86] Also during 1964, he was critical of J. Edgar Hoover's management of the Federal Bureau of investigation. Muskie was upset by its "overzealous surveillance and its director's intemperance".[86] Muskie also sponsored the construction of the Roosevelt Campobello International Park near Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Brunswick estate.[10] Due to its international nature, Muskie was asked to chair a joint U.S.-Canada commission to maintain the park.[10] In 1965, he was again sponsored the Water Quality Act (later to be known as the Clean Water Act). He was the floor manager for the discussion and led to its passage in 1965 and its successful amendments in 1970.[10]

Alongside President Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty programs, Muskie drafted the Model Cities Bill which eventually passed both houses of Congress in 1966.[53] Previously, combative with Johnson, Muskie began developing a more cooperative relationship with him. During Johnson's signing of the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act he said: I am pleased that Senator Muskie could be with us this afternoon. I believe that no man has done more to encourage cooperation among the National Government, the States, and the cities."[92] Also in 1966, Muskie was elected assistant Democratic whip and served as the floor manager for the Clean Water Restoration Act.[10]

 
Muskie urged President Johnson to withdraw U.S. military support from Operation Rolling Thunder.

During 1967 the popular sentiment in the U.S. was anti-war, which prompted Muskie to visit Vietnam to inform his political stance in 1968. Prior to his visiting the country, he debated with a congressman on a pro-war platform. After the trip, he became a leading voice for the anti-war movement and entered into the ongoing debate by speaking at the year's Democratic Convention. His speech was followed by "tens of thousands of protestors surrounded the convention and violent clashes with police carried on for five days."[93] He wrote to Johnson personally asserting his position on the Vietnam War. He made the case that the U.S. ought to withdraw from Vietnam as quickly as possible.[10] Months later, he wrote to the president again urging him to end the bombing of North Vietnam.[94] During the same year, he traveled with other Senators to the Republic of South Vietnam to validate their elections.[10]

Later, at the 1968 Democratic National Convention, he led the debate for the administration plank on Vietnam, which sparked public outrage. On October 15, 1969, he was welcomed to the green at Yale University to address the issues regarding his vote but chose to decline the offer and speak that night at his alma mater, Bates College, in Lewiston, Maine.[18] His decision to do so was widely criticized by the Democratic party and Yale University officials.[18] From 1967 to 1969, he served as the chair of Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee.[10] He voted against the appointment of Clement Haynsworth to the U.S. Supreme Court.[10]

Third and fourth term edit

His third term began in 1970 by co-sponsoring the McGovern-Hatfield resolution to limit military intervention in the Vietnam War.[10] During this time Harold Carswell was seeking appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court. Muskie voted against him and Carswell failed the confirmation process.[10] Muskie also proposed a six-month ban on domestic and Soviet Union development of nuclear technologies to taper the nuclear arms race.[10]

 
George Mitchell copy-editing a speech with Muskie, 1960

As chair of the congressional environmental committee, he and fellow committee members including Howard Baker introduced the Clean Air Act of 1970,[95] which was co-written by the committee's staff director Leon Billings and minority staff director Tom Jorling. As part of the act, he told the automobile industry it would need to reduce its tailpipe air pollution emissions by 90% by 1977.[96] He also co-wrote amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Act, more commonly known as the Clean Water Act, and urged his fellow Congress members to adopt it, saying "The country was once famous for its rivers ... But today, the rivers of this country serve as little more than sewers to the seas. ... The danger to health, the environmental damage, the economic loss can be anywhere."[97] The bill enjoyed bipartisan support in the U.S. Congress and was passed by the House on November 29, 1971, and the Senate on March 29, 1972. While congressional support was enough to enact it into law President Richard Nixon exercised his executive veto on the bill and stopped it from becoming law. However, after further campaigning by Muskie, the Senate and House of Representatives passed the bill 247–23 to override Nixon's veto.[98][99] The bill was historic in that it established the regulation of pollutants in the federal and state waters of the U.S., created extended authority for the Environmental Protection Agency, and created water health standards.[100][101] Also in 1971, Muskie was asked to join the Senate Foreign Relations Committee; he traveled to Europe and the Middle East in this capacity.[10]

After concluding his 1968 campaign for the White House he returned to the Senate. While in Chattanooga, the shooting of two black students at Jackson State College in 1970 by the Mississippi State Police, prompted Muskie to hire a jet airliner to take approximately one hundred people to see the bullet holes and attend a funeral of one of the victims. Critics in Maine described his actions as "rash and self serving" but Muskie publicly expressed no regret for his actions.[18] At an event in Los Angeles, he publicly stated his support for several black empowerment movements in California, which garnered the attention of numerous media outlets, and black city councilman Thomas Bradley.[18] In 1970, Muskie was chosen to articulate the Democratic party's message to congressional voters before the midterm elections. His national stature was raised as a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972. In 1973, he gave the Democratic response to Nixon's State of the Union address.[102] During this time, he was appointed the chair of the intergovernmental relations subcommittee.[103] Considered "a backwater assignment", Muskie used it to advocate for a widening of governmental responsibilities, limiting the power of Richard Nixon's "Imperial Presidency" and advancing New Federalism ideals.[104]

He served as the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee through the Ninety-third to the Ninety-sixth Congresses from 1973 to 1980. During this time, Congress founded the Congressional Budget Office in order to challenge Nixon's budget request. Prior to 1974, there was no formal process for establishing a federal budget so Congress founded the office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee. As chairman, Muskie presided over, formulated, and approved of the creation of the United States budget process.[3][4][5][6]

In 1977, he amended Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 along with others, to pass the Clean Water Act of 1977.[105] These new additions incorporated "non-degradation" or "clean growth" policies intended to limit negative externalities.[105] In 1978, he made minor adjustments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the "Superfund".[106]

Campaigns for the White House edit

1968 presidential election edit

Main article: 1968 United States presidential election

Campaign edit

 
A campaign poster for the 1968 presidential election.

In 1968, Muskie was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with sitting Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey asked Muskie to be his running mate because he was a more reserved contrast personality-wise, from a Catholic background and of Polish origin.[107]

The Humphrey-Muskie ticket narrowly lost the popular vote to Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew. Humphrey and Muskie received 42.7% of the popular vote and carried 13 states and 191 electoral votes; Nixon and Agnew won 43.4% of the popular vote and carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes, while the third party ticket of George Wallace and Curtis LeMay, running as candidates of the American Independent Party, took 14% of the popular vote and took five states in the Deep South and their 46 votes in the electoral college. Because of Agnew's apparent weakness as a candidate relative to Muskie, Humphrey was heard to remark that voters' uncertainties about whom to choose between the two major presidential candidates should be resolved by their attitudes toward the Vice-Presidential candidates.[108] While on the vice-presidential campaign trail in Chattanooga, Tennessee, he was quoted as saying:

The truth is that Americans, born in this great tradition of humanism, still yield to prejudice and practice discrimination against other Americans. The truth is, having developed patterns and ways of living which reflect these shortcomings and weaknesses, we find it burdensome and difficult to – and all too often unacceptable to – do the uncomfortable things that we all must do to right the wrongs of our society.[18]

1972 presidential election edit

Background and primaries edit

Main article: 1972 United States presidential election
 
Muskie campaigning during the 1972 presidential elections.

Before the 1972 election, Muskie was viewed as a front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Despite his political rise in the polls he continued to engage in tiring day-after-day speeches in various parts of the country.[18] During an August 17, 1969, appearance on Meet the Press, Muskie said his entry into the presidential primary would depend on his being convinced that he could meet the challenges as well as his comfort: "I don't think I'll answer either question for a year or two."[109] On November 8, 1970, Muskie said he would only declare himself as a presidential candidate in the event he became convinced he was best suited for unifying the country through the presidency.[110] In August 1971, Harris polling amid a growing economic crisis, Muskie came out on top of incumbent Nixon if the election had been held that day.[111] In late 1971, Muskie gave an anti-war speech in Providence.[18] The nation was at war in Vietnam and President Richard Nixon's foreign policy promised to be a major issue in the campaign.[108]

The 1972 Iowa caucuses, however, significantly altered the race for the presidential nomination. Senator George McGovern from South Dakota, initially a dark horse candidate, made a strong showing in the caucuses which gave his campaign national attention. Although Muskie won the Iowa caucuses, McGovern's campaign left Iowa with momentum. Muskie himself had never participated in a primary election campaign, and it is possible that this led to a weakening of his campaign. Muskie went on to win the New Hampshire primary, the victory was by only a small margin, and his campaign took a hit after the release of the "Canuck letter".[108]

"Canuck letter" edit

Main article: Canuck letter

On February 24, 1972, a staffer from the White House forwarded a letter about Muskie to the Manchester Union-Leader. The forged letter—reportedly the successful sabotage work of Donald Segretti and Ken W. Clawson[112][113]—asserted that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French Canadians which were likely to injure his support among the French-American population in northern New England.[114] The letter contained reference to French Canadians as "Canucks"—a term used affectionately by some Canadians [115] but which may be regarded as offensive when referring to French Canadians [116]—leading to its sobriquet, "The Canuck letter".[117]

A day later, the same paper released an article that contained accusatory reference to his wife, Jane, as a drunkard and racially intolerant. On the morning of February 26, Muskie gave a speech to supporters outside of the Manchester Union-Leader offices in Manchester, New Hampshire. His speech was viewed as emotional and defensive; he called the newspaper's editor a "gutless coward".[114] Muskie gave the speech during a snowstorm which created the appearance of him crying.[118] Though Muskie later attempted to claim that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.[119][120][121]

Evidence later came to light during the Watergate scandal investigation that, during the 1972 presidential campaign, the Nixon campaign committee maintained a "dirty tricks" unit focused on discrediting Nixon's strongest challengers. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigators revealed that the Canuck Letter was a forged document as part of the dirty-tricks campaign against Democrats orchestrated by the Nixon campaign.[89][122] Nixon was also reported to have ordered men to follow Muskie around and gather information. He tried to connect Muskie's acquaintance with singer Frank Sinatra to an abuse of office. Muskie often flew on Sinatra's private plane while traveling around California.[123][124]

1976 presidential election edit

Main article: 1976 United States presidential election

In early July 1976, Muskie spoke with Jimmy Carter in a "productive" and "harmonious" discussion that was followed by Carter confirming that he considered Muskie qualified for the vice-presidential nomination.[125] Carter ultimately selected Walter Mondale as his running mate.[126]

U.S. Secretary of State, 1980–1981 edit

 
Edmund Muskie in his office as Secretary of State, 1980[c]

In late April 1980, he was tapped by President Jimmy Carter to serve as secretary of state, following the resignation of Cyrus Vance. Vance had opposed Operation Eagle Claw, a secret rescue mission intended to rescue American hostages held by Iran. After that mission failed with the loss of eight U.S. servicemen, Vance resigned. Muskie was picked by Carter for his accomplishments with senatorial foreign policy. He was appointed and soon after confirmed by the Senate on May 8, 1980, by a margin of 94–2.[93][129]

Draft Muskie movement edit

In June 1980, there was a "draft Muskie" movement among Democratic voters within the primaries of the 1980 presidential election. President Carter was running against Senator Ted Kennedy, and opinion polls ranked Muskie more favorably against Kennedy. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Ted Kennedy, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Moreover, Muskie was polled against Republican challenger Ronald Reagan at the time showing Carter seven points down.[130] Due to a political allegiance with Carter, he backed out of the contention.[131] Pressured by the Carter Administration, Muskie released the following public statement to Democratic voters: "I accepted the appointment as secretary of state to serve the country and to serve the president. I continue to serve the president, and I will support him all the way! I have a commitment to the president. I don't make such commitments lightly, and I intend to keep it."[131] An article by The New Yorker speculated that the move to back Muskie was a temporary flex of political power by the Democratic voter base to unease Carter.[132]

Afghanistan edit

In December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan which prompted NATO to trigger its ally contract.[93] Muskie began his tenure as secretary of state five months into the invasion. He assigned Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher the tasks of managing the domestic side of the department while he participated in international deliberations.[133] Muskie met with Soviet diplomat Andrei Gromyko who categorically rejected a compromise that would secure the Soviet Union's withdrawal from Afghanistan.[134] Gromyko wanted the state department to formally recognize Kabul as a part of the Soviet Union.[135]

Soviet Union edit

Muskie was against the rapid accumulation of highly developed weaponry during the 1950s and 1960s as he thought that would inevitably lead to a nuclear arms race that would erode international trust and cooperation. He spoke frequently with the government executives of Cold War allies and that of the Soviet Union urging them to suspend their programs in pursuit of global security.[93] Muskie's inclinations were confirmed during the early 1970s when Russia split from the U.S. and accumulated more warheads and anti-ballistic missile systems. In November 1980, Muskie stated that Russia was interested in pursuing a "more stable, less confrontational' relationship with the United States."[136] He criticized the stances undertaken by Ronald Reagan multiple times during his presidential campaign expressing disdain for the calls to reject the SALT II treaty.[137] Muskie, throughout his political career, was deeply afraid of global nuclear war with the Soviet Union.[138]

Iran hostage crisis edit

Main article: Iran hostage crisis negotiations

On November 4, 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by an Iranian student group in Tehran's U.S. Embassy. After the resignation of Cyrus Vance left a gap in the negotiations for the hostages, Muskie appealed to the United Nations (U.N.) and the government of Iran to release the hostages to little success. Already six months into the hostage crisis, he was pressed to reach a diplomatic solution.[139] Before he assumed the position, the Delta Force rescue attempt called Operation Eagle Claw resulted in the death of multiple soldiers, leaving military intervention a sensitive course of action for the American public. He established diplomatic ties with the Iranian government and attempted to have the hostages released yet was initially unsuccessful. On January 15, as Muskie was flying to address the Maine Senate in Augusta, President Carter called him as his jet was touching down at Andrews Air Force Base.[140] Carter alerted him that there was a possible breakthrough in the negotiations conducted by his deputy secretary Warren Christopher.[140] After the negotiations failed, Muskie instructed the state department to continue seeking an agreement for the hostages' release.[135] On January 20—the inauguration day of Ronald Reagan—the fifty-two hostages were handed over to U.S. authorities, a solution that had eluded Muskie and the entire Carter administration for 444 days and contributed to Carter's defeat.[139]

Muskie left office on January 18, 1981, two days before Carter's last day as president and the inauguration of Ronald Reagan.[133]

Later years edit

 
Muskie with Ronald Reagan and John Tower discussing the Tower Commission

Muskie retired to his home in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1981. He continued to work as a lawyer for some years. After leaving public office, he was a partner with Chadbourne & Parke, a law firm in Washington.[135] Muskie also served as the chairman of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University as well as the chairman Emeritus of the Center for National Policy.[141]

In 1981, he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics.[142]

Tower Commission edit

In 1987, Muskie was appointed a member of the President's Special Review Board known as the "Tower Commission" to investigate President Ronald Reagan's administration's role in the Iran-Contra affair. Muskie and the commission issued a highly detailed report of more than 300 pages that was critical of the president's actions and blamed the White House chief of staff, Donald T. Regan, for unduly influencing the president's activities. The panel was notable as the findings of the report were directly critical of the president who appointed the commission.[143]

Muskie was critical of the commission decrying the "over-obsession with secrecy," noting that "there are occasions when it's necessary to hold closely information about especially covert operations, but even possibly other operations of the Government. But every time that you are over-concerned about secrecy, you tend to abandon process."[144] While underfunded, the commission did find that the Reagan administration ran a parallel policy directive at the same time they were publicly condemning negotiating for hostages.[145]

Death and funeral edit

 
Muskie's gravestone at the Arlington National Cemetery, 2007

Muskie died at 4:06 AM EST on the morning of March 26, 1996, at the Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., after seeking treatment for bouts of congestive heart failure.[146] He died two days shy of his 82nd birthday. Eight days prior he underwent a carotid endarterectomy in his right neck.[147] His assistant reported that he had suffered a myocardial infarction.[147] Some historians believe that his blood clots were brought on from frequent 8,421 mile (13,552 km) flights to Cambodia; he was asked to assist in stabilizing its government[148] on behalf of President Bill Clinton.[74]

Due to his service in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II, he was eligible to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.[147][149] His ultimate rank of lieutenant had him placed in Section 25 of the cemetery.[150][151] Although he died on March 26, his grave stone initially noted that he died on the 25th. His wife, Jane, died on December 25, 2004, at age 77, due to health complications brought on by Alzheimer's disease.[30] She was buried next to Muskie and his grave stone was corrected to read "March 26, 1996".[152]

Muskie was memorialized in Washington D.C., Lewiston, Maine, and Bethesda, Maryland. At his Washington memorial, he was paid tribute to by a variety of U.S. senators and house representatives.[153] His alma mater—Bates College—held a memorial presided over by its president, Donald Harward.[153] On March 30, 1996, a publicly broadcast, Roman Catholic funeral was held in Bethesda at the Church of the Little Flower.[154] He was eulogized by U.S. president Jimmy Carter; U.S. Senator, George J. Mitchell; 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Madeleine Albright; a political aide, Leon G. Billings; and one of Muskie's sons, Stephen.[153]

Legacy edit

Historical evaluations edit

 
Bronze bust of Muskie looking upwards, a part of the Edmund S. Muskie Archives.

Historical evaluations of Edmund Muskie focus on the impact his actions and legislation had in the United States and the greater world.[74][155][156] His accomplishments in his home state have had him noted as one of the most influential politicians in the history of Maine.[6][74] Depending on the metric he is coupled with Hannibal Hamlin and James Blaine as the three most important politicians from Maine.[157][158][159] Muskie occupied all offices available in the Maine political system excluding state senator and United States representative. His political status in Maine is generally perceived favorably.[160] During his four-year term as Governor of Maine he initiated a constitutional amendment, invested heavily in infrastructure, and institutionalized economic development—effectively bringing Maine into the Golden Age of Capitalism.[161] Muskie ended the "as Maine goes, so goes the nation" political sentiment in the United States by moving Maine's general election date to November instead of September.[161] He preserved the cultural integrity of the state by endowing the Maine State Museum which was seen as critical to his public perception.[161] Although economic expansionism was historically seen negatively by the people of Maine, Muskie's policies were seen favorably as they were coupled with environmental provisions. His advocation for minimum wage increases, increased labor protections, and sales tax exemptions boosted consumer spending.[162][163] Muskie has been widely characterized as the catalyst for the political renaissance of the Democratic Party in Maine.[18][53][54] His election to the governorship signaled a fracturing of the Republican Party in the state and nearly tripled the number of Democrats in Maine between 1954 and 1974.[162][59]

Since Muskie left office as the U.S. Secretary of State, writers, historians, scholars, political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy. Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the environmentalist and civil rights movement; bureaucratic advancement, and diplomacy. Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of environmental protection, preservation, and security.[164] Numerous historians have noted him as "the father of the 1960s environmental movement in America".[74][87] His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in U.S. environmental policy: the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977 and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977.[165] His contributions to the Clean Air Act were so great that the bill was nicknamed the "Muskie Act".[166][167][168] These two laws have been credited as the first major step to launching the wider environmentalism movement both in the U.S. and to some extent, the rest of the Free World.[169][170][171] Harvard University law professor Richard Lazarus summarized Muskie's legislative legacy with the following:

Senator Muskie's environmental law legacy is no less than stunning in terms of positive impact on the nation's natural environment. It takes little imagination to speculate what our national landscape would now look like if the economic growth we witnessed in the past four decades had not been accompanied by the environmental protections for air, land, and water provided by the laws that Senator Muskie championed in the 1970s.[172]

Muskie's influence on American diplomacy was detailed by the Office of the Historian with the following: "In the nine months Muskie served as Secretary of State, he conducted the first high-level meeting with the Soviet government after its December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. During these negotiations, Secretary Muskie unsuccessfully attempted to secure the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. [He] also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the "Carter Doctrine", which aimed to limit Soviet expansion into the Middle East and Persian Gulf. Finally, under Muskie's leadership, the State Department negotiated the release of the remaining American hostages held by Iran."[135][173] Many political commentators believed the bestowing of the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Carter to be an affirmation of this assertion.[139][174][175]

The public perception of his civil rights advancement has endured. A champion of the civil rights movement in the United States, he publicly criticized J. Edgar Hoover's Federal Bureau of Investigation, which was at the time considered political suicide as Hoover often spied and attempted to smear his opponents.[176][177] Muskie also was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the creation of Martin Luther King Jr. Day, and developed the reform of lobbying.[74][178] His time as the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee from 1975 to 1980 include the formation of the United States budget process.[3][4][8] Because of this, he is known as the "father of the federal budget process".[5][6][179] David Broder of The Washington Post, noted that Muskie's leadership of the Senate's intergovernmental relations subcommittee was, in part, responsible for countering Richard Nixon's "Imperial Presidency" and advancing "New Federalism".[104]

Public and political image edit

 
Edmund Muskie in 1972

Muskie's early political career was helped by his physical appearance. Voters could relate to his public persona in ways that translated to relatively high voter turnout. R. W. Apple Jr. described Muskie as "long-jawed and craggy-faced" later noting that he "looked like the typical New Englander [with] a classic Down East accent."[155] Muskie's height has variously been recorded as 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) to 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m).[180][181] His height had him often compared to U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and referred to by voters and media alike as "Lincolnesque".[86] He was often seen as "towering over" political candidates creating symbolic superiority and power.[16]

Known as a recluse, he disliked public attention and media speculation. Voters often associated with his "trademark directness, homespun integrity, and apolitical candor".[18] However, political aides have described him as having a "hot temper" and being demanding.[86] A notorious micro-manager, Muskie often required his aides to have "every speech and every position researched, analyzed and reported directly back to him."[86] While reserved and polite in public, when roused, it was reported that Muskie "had the vocabulary of a sailor".[16] His ability to command an argument was taken positively by voters as it signaled good leadership ability. Political opponents noted his "cutting intellect" as in-conducive to lengthy debates and voters noted it as a good quality to possess when negotiating with foreign leaders.[86] An official publication by Cornell University commented on his political image by saying: "he will be remembered for the quality of his mind; the toughness, the rigor, the common sense; and for another quality: the courage to take risks for what he saw as right".[182]

Known to be punctual, he was present 90% of Senate roll-call votes.[86] Although he was portrayed as socially rigid, he often broke from this mold and showed a personable side. While campaigning in cities, he often let students from the crowd run up to the stage and present a case for policy reform, unheard of at the time.[18]

Honors and memorials edit

 
Memorial to Edmund Muskie in his birthplace of Rumford, Maine.

He was awarded the Guardian of Berlin's Freedom Award from the U.S. Army Berlin Command in 1961.[183] In 1969, he was inducted in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences alongside Ted Kennedy, George McGovern, Walter Mondale, Shirley Chisholm, and Bella Abzug.[184]

At the conclusion of his political career, he held the highest political office by a Polish American in U.S. history, and also was the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for vice president.[185] On the 100th birthday of Edmund Muskie, U.S. Senator Angus King spoke on the floor of the United States Senate in memoriam. King noted the following: "if you would see Ed Muskie's memorial, look around you. Take a deep breath. Experience our great rivers. Experience the environment that we now have in the country that we treasure."[6] Muskie received the keys to all three major cities in Maine: Portland, Lewiston, and Augusta.[183] He was given honorary citizenship to the State of Texas in 1968.[186] Numerous days have been named "Edmund S. Muskie Day": September 25, 1968 (Michigan), January 20, 1980 (New York), March 28, 1988 (Maine), March 1928, 1994 (Maine), and March 20, 1995 (Maine).[183] In 1987, the Maine State Legislature enacted Statute §A7 enacting "Edmund S. Muskie Day" on March 28. The statute was amended in 1989; Edmund S. Muskie Day is celebrated annually and is a public holiday in Maine.[187]

Muskie was given honorary degrees from Portland University (1955), Suffolk University (1955), University of Maine (1956), University of Buffalo (1960), Saint Francis College (1961), Nasson College (1962), Hanover College (1967), Syracuse University (1969), Boston University (1969), John Carroll University (1969), Notre Dame University (1969), Middlebury College (1969), Providence College (1969), University of Maryland (1969), George Washington University (1969), Northeastern University (1969), College of William and Mary (1970), Ricker College (1970), St. Joseph's College (1970), University of New Hampshire (1970), St. Anselm College (1970), Washington and Jefferson College (1971), Rivier College (1971), Thomas College (1973), Husson College (1974), Unity College (1975), Marquette University (1982), Rutgers University (1986), Bates College (1986), Washington College (1987), and University of Southern Maine (1992).[183]

Muskie was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom—the nation's highest honor—by President Jimmy Carter on January 16, 1981, for his work during the Iran hostage crisis, four days before stepping down from the presidency.[188] In 1984, the House of Representatives designated the Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building in Augusta.[189][190]

The American Bar Association honors lawyers who under take pro bono work with the annual Edmund S. Muskie Pro Bono Service Award.[191] From 1993 to 2013, the United States Department of State ran the Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program in an effort to increase international study abroad.[192] In 1996, the Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award was founded by the Truman National Security Project to honor current or former elected officials.[193]

The Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service at the University of Southern Maine was named in his honor in 1990.[141] Muskie's papers and personal effects are kept at the Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.[194]

See also edit

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ According to David (1970) and Witherell (2014) Muskie was born with the surname "Muskie"; his father changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski".[1][2]
  2. ^ According to Baldwin (2015), King (2014), and Nevin (1970), Congress founded the Congressional Budget Office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee of which Muskie first presided over. Muskie developed the notions of direct spending, discretionary allowances, annual appropriations bills, and continuing resolutions.[3][4][5] Muskie ultimately approved of and shaped the formation of the modern United States budget process.[6][7][8]
  3. ^ Muskie did not receive an official portrait in his capacity as Secretary of State. This photo was a photo op at the Southwest Federal Center in Washington.[127][128]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 4
  2. ^ a b David (1970), p. 10
  3. ^ a b c Joyce, Philip G. (2011). The Congressional Budget Office: Honest Numbers, Power, and Policymaking. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1589017580.
  4. ^ a b c "Backstage at the Budget Committee". The Washington Post. April 11, 1980. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c Archived at Ghostarchive and the : University of Southern Maine (December 11, 2014), Muskie Centennial Celebration (Part 1: Mark Shields), retrieved February 20, 2018
  6. ^ a b c d e f Archived at Ghostarchive and the : Senator Angus S. King, Jr. (March 27, 2014). Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday. Event occurs at[time needed]. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  7. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (February 14, 1979). "Budget Balancers Warned by Muskie". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  9. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 1
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. September 9, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  11. ^ ampoleagle.com/ann-mikoll-a-trailblazer-p10493-226.htm "Stephen Marciszewski, came to Buffalo in the early 1900s after leaving his birthplace in Jasionewka, Poland. That part of Poland was occupied by Russia, and Stephen's father sent him away so that he wouldn't be conscripted into the Russian Army."
  12. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 7
  13. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 3
  14. ^ a b "Edmund Sixtus Muskie; People – Department History – Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  15. ^ Witherell (2014), p. viiii
  16. ^ a b c "Obituary: Edmund Muskie". The Independent. March 27, 1996. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  17. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 2
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York. p. 99. ... a man many deemed to be the single-most influential figure in Maine
  19. ^ a b c "Edmund S. Muskie | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. March 22, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  20. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 29
  21. ^ "Muskie, Edmund S." Maine: An Encyclopedia. April 24, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  22. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 36
  23. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 39, 42–45
  24. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 45
  25. ^ a b Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York. p. 32.
  26. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 62
  27. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 63–64
  28. ^ Waterville (Me.) (1948). Annual Report of the City of Waterville for the Year Ending December 31, 1948. Maine Town Documents. pp. 18–21. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  29. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 80–81
  30. ^ a b "Jane Muskie Dies; Husband's Emotional Defense Turned Race (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  31. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 82
  32. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 64
  33. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 66
  34. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 68–69
  35. ^ a b c Witherell (2014), p. 70
  36. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 72
  37. ^ "Biography | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. December 21, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  38. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 77
  39. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 78
  40. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 79
  41. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 86
  42. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 86–87
  43. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 89
  44. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 93
  45. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 99
  46. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 109
  47. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 110
  48. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 111
  49. ^ Robert Mason, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2004), p. 153.
  50. ^ a b Blomquist 1999, p. 93
  51. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 92–93
  52. ^ a b Blomquist 1999, pp. 93–94
  53. ^ a b c Blomquist, Robert (1999). "What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955–58". Valparaiso University.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h Palmer, Kenneth T.; Taylor, G. Thomas (1992). Maine Politics & Government. U of Nebraska Press. p. 30. ISBN 0803287186.
  55. ^ Blomquist 1999, p. 94
  56. ^ Blomquist 1999, p. 95
  57. ^ Witherell, James L. (2014). Ed Muskie: Made in Maine, The Early Years 1914–1960. Thomaston, Maine: Tilbury House Publishers. ISBN 978-0884483922.
  58. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 101–02
  59. ^ a b c "1946–1970 A Different Place". Maine History Online. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  60. ^ root. "Edmund Sixtus Muskie". www.nga.org. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  61. ^ Blomquist 1999, p. 104
  62. ^ Blomquist 1999, p. 106
  63. ^ a b c root. "Edmund Sixtus Muskie". www.nga.org. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  64. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 140
  65. ^ "Maine | history – geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  66. ^ "Economic development plans in Maine, 1957–present". Bangor Daily News. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  67. ^ DeFord, Deborah H. (2003). Maine: The Pine Tree State. Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0836851519.
  68. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 141
  69. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 142
  70. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 150
  71. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 152
  72. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 101–02
  73. ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Mid-term Revolution". www.senate.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  74. ^ a b c d e f "Commentary: Happy 100th, Edmund Muskie". Press Herald. March 16, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  75. ^ "The Senate Race That Couldn't Be Lost – And Was". Politicp. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  76. ^ "Edmund S. Muskie: Late A Senator of Maine" (PDF).
  77. ^ a b c College, Bates. "Muskie Congressional Record: Election Eve Speech". abacus.bates.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  78. ^ New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. August 18, 1975.
  79. ^ Rooks, Douglas (2016). Statesman: George Mitchell and the Art of the Possible. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1608933983.
  80. ^ a b c "The Muskie Moment | RealClearPolitics". Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  81. ^ Naughton, James M. (1972). "Muskie Home for Crucial Speech". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  82. ^ Velasco, Antonio de; Campbell, John Angus; Henry, David (2016). Rethinking Rhetorical Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy: The Living Art of Michael C. Leff. MSU Press. ISBN 978-1628952735.
  83. ^ "1970 Elections: Democrats Gain in House and Governorships".
  84. ^ Schlesinger, Arthur Meier; Israel, Fred L.; Frent, David J. (2002). The Election of 1976 and the Administration of Jimmy Carter. Mason Crest Publishers. ISBN 978-1590843635.
  85. ^ "Muckie, Edmund Sixtus – Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nevin, David (1970). Muskie of Maine. Ladd Library, Bates College: Random House, New York.
  87. ^ a b "The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation – The Founder". www.muskiefoundation.org. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  88. ^ "Supreme Court affirms Muskie's environmental legacy". May 17, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  89. ^ a b "On Ed Muskie's 100th birthday, six things everyone should know". March 27, 2014. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
  90. ^ "Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine". usm.maine.edu. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  91. ^ "Mission & History". The U.S. Capitol Historical Society. July 11, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  92. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act". American Presidency Project. October 16, 1968.
  93. ^ a b c d "The Mainer at the Center of the Cold War | Maine Meets World". Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  94. ^ "Muskie Warns Protestors". Chicago Tribune.
  95. ^ "Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California." EPA Alumni Association. Video, Transcript (see p. 2). July 12, 2016.
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General and cited references edit

Cited works edit

  • Anson, Cherrill A. (1972). Edmund S. Muskie, Democratic Senator from Maine. Grossman Publishing.
  • Baldwin, Samuel J.; Nicoll Donald E.; Goldstien Soel K. et al. (2015). The Legacy of U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie. Maine Law Review. Online.
  • Blomquist, Robert F. (1999). What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955–58. Valparaiso University School of Law.
  • Hirshon, Robert E. (2003). "The Legacy of Senator Edmund Muskie". Maine Law Review. Online.
  • King, Angus. (2014). "Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday". Senator Angus S. King, Jr. YouTube.
  • Lippmann, Theo; Hansen Donald C. (1971). Muskie. W.W. Norton & Company[ISBN missing] ASIN B000NQK5OM. Print.
  • Mitchell George J. (1997). The World Peace: The Legacy of Edmund S. Muskie. Cornell Law Review. Cornell University Press.
  • Witherell, James L. (2014). Ed Muskie: Made in Maine: The Early Years, 1914–1960. Tilbury House Publishers. Print. ISBN 0884483924

Primary sources edit

  • Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library Archives & Manuscripts
  • Edmund Muskie personal papers February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  • Online legislative record

External links edit

Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Maine
1954, 1956 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Roger Dube
 Democratic nominee for U.S. senator from Maine
(Class 1)
1958, 1964, 1970, 1976 		Succeeded by
New office Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee
1967–1969 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States
1968 		Succeeded by
Vacant
Title last held by
Howard Baker, George H. W. Bush, Peter Dominick, Gerald Ford, Robert Griffin, Thomas Kuchel, Mel Laird, Bob Mathias, George Murphy, Dick Poff, Chuck Percy, Al Quie, Charlotte Reid, Hugh Scott, Bill Steiger, John Tower 		Response to the State of the Union address
1970
Served alongside: Donald Fraser, Scoop Jackson, Mike Mansfield, John McCormack, Patsy Mink, Bill Proxmire 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Response to the State of the Union address
1976 		Vacant
Title next held by
Howard Baker
John Rhodes
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Maine
1955–1959 		Succeeded by
Preceded by United States Secretary of State
1980–1981 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Maine
1959–1980
Served alongside: Margaret Smith, Bill Hathaway, William Cohen 		Succeeded by
George Mitchel
New office Chair of the Senate Budget Committee
1975–1980 		Succeeded by

February 15, 2024
edmund, muskie, edmund, sixtus, muskie, march, 1914, march, 1996, american, statesman, political, leader, served, 58th, united, states, secretary, state, under, president, jimmy, carter, from, 1980, 1981, united, states, senator, from, maine, from, 1959, 1980,. Edmund Sixtus Muskie a March 28 1914 March 26 1996 was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 58th United States secretary of state under President Jimmy Carter from 1980 to 1981 a United States senator from Maine from 1959 to 1980 the 64th governor of Maine from 1955 to 1959 and a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1946 to 1951 He was the Democratic Party s nominee for vice president in the 1968 presidential election Edmund MuskieMuskie in 197158th United States Secretary of StateIn office May 8 1980 January 18 1981PresidentJimmy CarterDeputyWarren ChristopherPreceded byCyrus VanceSucceeded byAlexander HaigUnited States Senatorfrom MaineIn office January 3 1959 May 7 1980Preceded byFrederick PayneSucceeded byGeorge MitchellChair of the Senate Budget CommitteeIn office January 3 1975 May 8 1980Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byFritz HollingsChair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign CommitteeIn office January 3 1967 January 3 1969Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byBennett Johnston64th Governor of MaineIn office January 5 1955 January 2 1959Preceded byBurton CrossSucceeded byRobert HaskellMember of the Maine House of Representatives from the 110th districtIn office December 5 1946 November 2 1951Preceded byCharles CummingsSucceeded byRalph FarrisPersonal detailsBornEdmund Sixtus Muskie 1914 03 28 March 28 1914Rumford Maine U S DiedMarch 26 1996 1996 03 26 aged 81 Washington D C U S Resting placeArlington National CemeteryPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseJane Gray m 1948 wbr Children5EducationBates College BA Cornell University LLB SignatureMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited StatesBranch serviceUnited States NavyYears of service1942 1945RankLieutenantUnitU S Naval ReserveBattles warsWorld War II Asiatic Pacific TheaterBorn in Rumford Maine he worked as a lawyer for two years before serving in the United States Naval Reserve from 1942 to 1945 during World War II Upon his return Muskie served in the Maine State Legislature from 1946 to 1951 and unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Waterville Muskie was elected the 64th governor of Maine in 1954 under a reform platform as the first Democratic governor since Louis J Brann left office in 1937 and only the fifth since 1857 Muskie pressed for economic expansionism and instated environmental provisions Muskie s actions severed a nearly 100 year Republican stronghold and led to the political insurgency of the Maine Democrats Muskie s legislative work during his career as a senator coincided with an expansion of modern liberalism in the United States He promoted the 1960s environmental movement which led to the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1970 and the Clean Water Act of 1972 Muskie supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the creation of Martin Luther King Jr Day and opposed Richard Nixon s Imperial presidency by advancing New Federalism Muskie ran with Vice President Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in the 1968 presidential election losing the popular vote by 0 7 percentage point one of the narrowest margins in U S history He would go on to run in the 1972 presidential election where he secured 1 84 million votes in the primaries coming in fourth out of 15 contesters The release of the forged Canuck letter derailed his campaign and sullied his public image with Americans of French Canadian descent After the election Muskie returned to the Senate where he gave the 1976 State of the Union Response Muskie served as first chairman of the new Senate Budget Committee from 1975 to 1980 where he established the United States budget process b Upon his retirement from the Senate he became the 58th U S Secretary of State under President Carter Muskie s tenure as Secretary of State was one of the shortest in modern history His department negotiated the release of 52 Americans thus concluding the Iran hostage crisis He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Carter in 1981 and has been honored with a public holiday in Maine since 1987 Contents 1 Early life and education 1 1 Marriage and children 2 U S Navy Reserve 1942 1945 3 Maine House of Representatives 4 Governor of Maine 1955 1959 4 1 Gubernatorial campaign 4 2 First term 4 3 Second term 5 United States Senate 1959 1980 5 1 Elections and campaigns 5 1 1 Election eve speech 5 2 First and second term 5 3 Third and fourth term 6 Campaigns for the White House 6 1 1968 presidential election 6 1 1 Campaign 6 2 1972 presidential election 6 2 1 Background and primaries 6 2 2 Canuck letter 6 3 1976 presidential election 7 U S Secretary of State 1980 1981 7 1 Draft Muskie movement 7 2 Afghanistan 7 3 Soviet Union 7 4 Iran hostage crisis 8 Later years 8 1 Tower Commission 9 Death and funeral 10 Legacy 10 1 Historical evaluations 10 2 Public and political image 10 3 Honors and memorials 11 See also 12 Explanatory notes 13 Citations 14 General and cited references 14 1 Cited works 14 2 Primary sources 15 External linksEarly life and education editEdmund Sixtus Muskie was born on March 28 1914 in Rumford Maine 9 10 He was born after his parents first child Irene born 1912 and before his brother Eugene born 1918 and three sisters Lucy born 1916 Elizabeth born 1923 and Frances born 1921 1 His father Stephen Marciszewski was born and raised in Jasionowka Russian Poland 11 and worked as an estate manager for minor Russian nobility 12 He immigrated to America in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie from Marciszewski in 1914 2 13 He worked as a master tailor and Muskie s mother Josephine nee Czarnecka worked as a housewife She was born to a Polish American family in Buffalo New York Muskie s parents married in 1911 and Josephine moved to Rumford soon after 14 Muskie s first language was Polish he spoke it as his only language until age 4 He began learning English soon after and eventually lost fluency in his mother language 15 In his youth he was an avid fisherman hunter and swimmer 16 He felt as though his given name was odd so he went by Ed throughout his life 17 Muskie was shy and anxious in his early life but maintained a sizable number of friends 18 Muskie attended Stephens High School where he played baseball participated in the performing arts and was elected student body president in his senior year He would go on to graduate in 1932 at the top of his class as valedictorian 19 A 1931 edition of the school s newspaper noted him with the following when you see a head and shoulders towering over you in the halls of Stephen s you should know that your eyes are feasting on the future President of the United States 20 Influenced by the political excitement of Franklin D Roosevelt s election to the White House he attended Bates College in Lewiston Maine 19 21 While at college Muskie was a successful member of the debating team participated in several sports and was elected to student government 19 Although he received a small scholarship and New Deal subsidies he had to work during the summers as a dishwasher and bellhop at a hotel in Kennebunk to finance his time at Bates 22 He would record in his diaries occasional feelings of insecurity among his wealthier Bates peers Muskie was fearful of being kicked out of the college as a consequence of his socioeconomic status 23 His situation would gradually improve and he went on to graduate in 1936 as class president and a member of Phi Beta Kappa 14 Initially intending to major in mathematics he switched to a double major in history and government 24 Upon his graduation he was given a partial merit based scholarship to Cornell Law School After his second semester there his scholarship ran out As he was preparing to drop out he heard of an eccentric millionaire named William Bingham II who had a habit of randomly and sporadically paying the university costs mortgages car loans and other expenses of those who wrote to him After Muskie wrote to him about his immigrant origins he secured 900 from the man allowing him to finance his final years at Cornell While in law school he was elected to Phi Alpha Delta and went on to graduate cum laude in 1939 25 Upon graduating from Cornell Muskie was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1939 26 He then worked as a high school substitute teacher while he was studying for the Maine Bar examination he passed in 1940 Muskie moved to Waterville and purchased a small law practice renamed Muskie amp Glover for 2 000 in March 1940 27 He helped write Waterville s first zoning ordinance and was elected secretary of the Zoning Board of Appeals 28 Marriage and children edit nbsp Jane Gray Muskie in 1968Jane Frances Gray was born February 12 1927 in Waterville to Myrtie and Millage Guy Gray Growing up she was voted prettiest in school in high school and at age 15 started her first job in a dress shop 29 30 At age 18 Gray was hired to be a bookkeeper and saleswoman in an exclusive haute couture boutique in Waterville While there a mutual friend tried to introduce her to Muskie while he was working in the city as a lawyer She had Gray model the dresses in the shop window while he was walking to work Muskie came into the shop one day and invited her to a gala event At the time she was 19 and he was 32 their difference in age stirred controversy in the town 31 However after eighteen months of courting Gray and her family she agreed to marry him in a private ceremony in 1948 Gray and Muskie had five children Stephen born 1949 Ellen born 1950 Melinda born 1956 Martha born 1958 d 2006 and Edmund Jr born 1961 10 The Muskies lived in a yellow cottage at Kennebunk Beach while they lived in Maine 18 U S Navy Reserve 1942 1945 editIn June 1940 President Roosevelt created the V 12 Navy College Training Program to prepare men under the age of 28 for the eventual outbreak of World War II Muskie formally registered for the draft in October 1940 and was formally called to deck officer training on March 26 1942 32 At 28 he was assigned to work as a diesel engineer in the Naval Reserve Midshipmen s School 32 On September 11 1942 Muskie was called to Annapolis Maryland to attend the United States Naval Academy He left his law practice running so his name would continue to circulate in Waterville while he was gone He trained as an apprentice seaman for six weeks before being assigned the rank of midshipman 33 In January 1943 Muskie attended diesel engineering school for sixteen weeks before being assigned to First Naval District Boston in May Muskie worked on the USS YP 422 for a month In June he was assigned to the USS De Grasse ID 1217 at Fort Schuyler in New York where he worked as an indoctrinator 34 In November 1943 Muskie was promoted to Deck Officer He trained for two weeks in Miami Florida at the Submarine Chaser Training Center After that Muskie was relocated to Columbus Ohio to study reconnaissance in February 1944 35 In March he was promoted to Lieutenant junior grade 35 Muskie was stationed at California s Mare Island in April temporarily before formally engaging in active duty warfare 35 Muskie began his active duty tour aboard the destroyer escort USS Brackett DE 41 His vessel was in charge of protecting U S convoys traveling from the Marshal and Gilbert Islands from Japanese submarines The Brackett escorted ships to and from the islands for the majority of summer 1944 In January 1945 the ship engaged and eventually sank a Japanese cargo ship headed for Taroa Island 36 After a few more months of escorting ships to and from the two islands the ship was decommissioned He was discharged from the Navy on December 18 1945 37 Maine House of Representatives edit nbsp The floor of the Maine House of Representatives Muskie returned to Maine in January 1946 and began rebuilding his law practice Convinced by others to run for political office as a way of expanding his law practice he formally entered politics 38 Muskie ran against Republican William A Jones in an election for the Maine House of Representatives for the 110th District Muskie secured 2 635 votes and won the election to most people s surprise on September 9 1946 39 During this time the Maine Senate was stacked 30 to 3 and the House was stacked 127 to 24 Republicans against Democrats 40 Muskie was assigned to the committees on federal and military relations during his first year He advocated for bipartisanship which won him widespread support across political parties On October 17 1946 Muskie s law practice sustained a large fire costing him an estimated 2 300 in damages However a yearly stipend of 800 and help from other business leaders who were affected by the fire quickly restarted his practice 40 Muskie s work with city ordinances in Waterville prompted locals to ask him to run in the 1947 election to become Mayor of Waterville against banker Russel W Squire Perhaps due to incumbency advantage Muskie lost the election with 2 853 votes 434 votes behind Squire 41 Some historians believe that his loss had to do with his inability to gain traction with Franco American voters 42 Muskie continued his political involvement locally by securing a position on the Waterville Board of Zoning Adjustment in 1948 and stayed in this part time position until he became governor He later returned to the House to start his second term in 1948 as Minority Leader against heavy Republican opposition 43 Muskie was appointed the chairman of the platform committee during the 1949 Maine Democratic Convention During the convention he brought together a variety of the political elite of Maine notably Frank M Coffin and Victor Hunt Harding to plan a comeback for the party 44 On February 8 1951 Muskie resigned from the Maine House of Representatives to become acting director for the Maine Office of Price Stabilization He moved to Portland soon after and was assigned the inflation control and price ceiling divisions 45 His job required him to move across Maine to spread word about economic incentives which he used to increase his name recognition 45 He served as the regional director at the Office of Price Stabilization from 1951 to 1952 10 Upon leaving the Office he was asked to join the Democratic National Committee as a member he served on the committee from 1952 to 1956 10 In April 1953 while working on renovations for his family home in Waterville Muskie broke through a balcony railing falling down two flights of stairs 46 He landed on his back knocked unconscious He was rushed to the hospital where he remained unconscious for two days 46 Doctors believed that Muskie was in a coma so they gave him comatose specific medication which caused him to regain consciousness but start to hallucinate 47 Muskie tried to jump out of the hospital window but was restrained by staff members After a couple of months through physical rehabilitation and corrective braces he was able to walk once more 48 Governor of Maine 1955 1959 editGubernatorial campaign edit Main article 1954 Maine gubernatorial election nbsp Muskie For Maine campaign for the governorhip of MaineAfter establishing a prominent presence in the Maine State Legislature and with the Office of Price Stabilization he officially launched his bid in the 1954 Maine gubernatorial race as a Democrat Burton M Cross the Republican incumbent governor was seeking reelection Had he won he would have been the fifth consecutive Governor to be reelected Throughout the election Muskie was viewed as the underdog because of the Republican stronghold in Maine Muskie acknowledged this himself by saying this is more as a duty than an opportunity because there was no chance of a Democrat winning 18 A variety of personal reasons motivated his run Muskie was deeply in debt owing five thousand dollars in hospital bills and maintained a rising mortgage At the time of his election the salary for the Governor of Maine was set at ten thousand dollars annually 18 While he was campaigning he was offered a position involving full partnership at a prestigious Rumford law firm that maintained clients and income that Muskie had not achieved in fourteen years of practice in Waterville 18 His final choice reflected his society over self mentality and decided to pursue the election 49 He announced his candidacy for the office on April 8 1954 50 Muskie ran on a party platform of environmentalism and public investment His environmental platform argued for the establishment of the Maine Department of Conservation to have jurisdiction of forestry inland fish and game sea and shore fisheries mineral water and other natural resources and the creation of anti pollution legislation 51 He stressed the need for a two party approach to Maine politics with resonated with both Democratic and Republican voters wishing to see change Muskie s central campaign slogan was Maine Needs A Change referencing the multi year Republican stronghold 50 He criticized the Republican Party for neglecting the environment failing to restart the economy underutilizing skilled labor forces and ignoring public investment 52 He successively won the Democratic gubernatorial nomination and then the general election by a majority popular vote on September 13 1954 The upset victory made Muskie the first Democrat to be elected chief executive of Maine since Louis J Brann in 1934 His election has been viewed as a causal link to the end of Republican political dominance in Maine and the rise of the Democratic Party 18 53 54 After his win he was asked by other Democrats running in elections outside of Maine to make a series of campaign stops 55 First term edit nbsp Muskie purchased 40 acres of Cape Elizabeth for Maine Muskie was inaugurated as the 64th Governor of Maine on January 6 1955 56 He was the state s first Roman Catholic governor 57 Shortly after his assumption of the office the next election cycle stacked the legislature with a 4 to 1 Republican Democrat ratio against Muskie Through bipartisanship and his aggressive personality 18 he managed to pass the majority of his party platform Constituents pressured him to more aggressively pursue water control and anti pollution legislation In August the Maine State Legislature authorized him to take extraordinary action to control the state s pollution standards He used this authority to sign the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Compact on August 31 1955 This compact required member states to pay for anti pollution measures collectively Conservative members of the Chamber of Commerce fought back against Muskie in his attempt to allocate money to the compact and greatly reduced the amount paid 58 One of the chief concerns of Muskie during this time was economic development Maine s population was aging putting pressure on welfare services He expanded certain programs and cut down on others in order rebalance state spending 6 59 Before leaving office Muskie signed an executive order extending the gubernatorial term to four years 60 He expanded the territory comprising Baxter State Park by 3 569 acres and purchased 40 acres 1 7 million ft2 of Cape Elizabeth from the federal government for 28 000 61 He also created the Department of Development of Commerce and Industry and Maine Industrial Building Authority 54 In February 1955 he was briefed on atomic energy power by the United States Atomic Energy Commission leading him to limit the expansion of atomic powered electrical facilities 62 Second term edit nbsp Muskie s legacy portrait to commemorate his term as the 64th Governor of Maine 1955 to 1959 On September 10 1956 Muskie was re elected Governor of Maine with 180 254 votes 59 of the vote against Republican Willis A Trafton He won 14 of the 16 counties He began his second term by aggressively enforcing environmental standards In 1957 he sanctioned a 29 million highway bond 63 This bond funded the largest road construction ever undertaken by Maine The highway included 91 bridges and was extended in 1960 and 1967 by Interstate 95 59 During his tenure as Governor he retained a reputation for increased spending in public education subsidized hospitals modernized state facilities and cumulatively raised state sale taxes by 1 63 He added 4 million to infrastructure development focusing on roads and river maintenance 64 Muskie pushed aggressive economic expansionism 52 65 In 1957 he founded the Maine Guarantee Authority which combated economic maturation related job loss making capital more accessible for business owners 66 Muskie also sporadically lowered sales tax increased the minimum wage and furthered labor protections leading to a marked increase in consumer spending 67 He amended the constitution of Maine in order divert 20 million in public funds into private investment 68 He increased subsidies to expensive institutions such as public primary and secondary schools as well as universities 69 Although initially founded in 1836 the Maine State Museum was closed and reopened six time before Muskie permanently endowed it in 1958 70 His governorship exploited multi factionalism in the Republican Party leading to a vast expansion of the Democratic Party in Maine From 1954 to 1974 the party doubled in size while the Republican Party steadily decreased from 262 367 to 227 828 registered members 54 Numerous state politicians mimicked his political style to push their programs through various local governments and garnered electoral success 54 His executive appointments of moderate politicians shifted the entire Republican establishment in the state to the left 54 This shift garnered comparisons to Hubert Humphrey s influence in Minnesota and George McGovern s impact in South Dakota 54 During his last months as governor he changed his office s term from two years to four years 63 Shortly before leaving office he moved Maine s general election date from September to November conclusively ending the notion that as Maine goes so goes the nation 71 This was attempted thirty six times before Muskie brought about a constitutional amendment that moved the date 72 Muskie resigned on January 2 1959 to take his seat in the United States Senate after the 1958 Senate election He was succeeded by Republican Robert Haskell in an interim capacity until the Governor elect Democrat Clinton Clauson was inaugurated Muskie was officially succeeded by Clauson on January 6 1959 54 United States Senate 1959 1980 editElections and campaigns edit Main article Electoral history of Edmund Muskie nbsp Sticker for Edmund Muskie s Senate runMuskie s first contestation for the Senate of the United States was in 1958 He ran in the 1958 elections against incumbent Republican Senator Frederick G Payne Muskie won the election with 60 of the vote against Payne s 39 He was one of the 12 Democrats who overtook Republican incumbents and established the party as the party of house during the election cycle 73 The New York Times reported that during this election that the absentee ballots requested for Democrats increased considerable signaling voter discontent with Republican ideology 73 This election was considered the largest single party gain in the Senate s history 74 He ran for a second term in 1964 running against Republican Clifford McIntire Muskie won with 67 of the vote The election was called The Senate Race That Couldn t Be Lost because of the outpouring of Democratic support following the assassination of President John F Kennedy 75 Election eve speech edit His third campaign and election to the Senate occurred in 1970 During the 1970 elections Muskie secured 62 of the vote against Republican Neil S Bishop s 38 The elections were seen as tumultuous due to the United States involvement in the Vietnam War and rising unpopularity of incumbent president Richard Nixon On the night of poll opening Muskie gave a nationwide 14 minute speech to addressed American voters following a similar address by Nixon Dubbed the election eve speech 76 77 78 79 it spoke to American exceptionalism and against torrents of falsehood and insinuation 80 The speech was considered bipartisan and was well received by both parties Political analysts believed that the speech influenced voting patterns during the election as there were thirty million listeners 80 Commentators received the speech as essentially evangelical 25 and indicative of a volcanic private temper but a soothing public manner 80 The most famous passage from the speech was widely commented on by the public 81 for its biting nature and critique of politics of fear I am speaking from Cape Elizabeth Maine to discuss with you the election campaign which is coming to a close In the heat of our campaigns we have all become accustomed to a little anger and exaggeration That is our system It has worked for almost two hundred years longer than any other political system in the world But in these elections of 1970 something has gone wrong There has been name calling and deception of almost unprecedented volume Honorable men have been slandered Faithful servants of the country have had their motives questioned and their patriotism doubted It has been led inspired and guided from the highest offices in the land We cannot make America small Ordinarily that division is not between parties but between men and ideas But this year the leaders of the Republican party have intentionally made that line a party line They have confronted you with exactly that choice Thus in voting for the Democratic party tomorrow you cast your vote for trust not just in leaders or policies but for trusting your fellow citizens in the ancient traditions of this home for freedom and most of all for trust in yourself 77 The Portland Press Herald on November 4 1970 noted it akin to Franklin D Roosevelt s fire side chats with video 77 The speech has been the subject of numerous studies regarding the dimensions of the televised public address as an emerging rhetorical genre of pervasive influence in contemporary affairs 82 In his fourth and final election Muskie ran against Republican Robert A G Monks in 1976 he won 60 of the vote compared to Monk s 40 83 The elections coincided with the election of Jimmy Carter as president leading to a large influx of Democratic support 84 though Carter lost Maine to incumbent President Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election First and second term edit nbsp Muskie s engraved name in his Senate Chamber desk below that of Biden Del in silver Edmund Muskie was sworn into office as U S Senator from Maine on January 3 1959 85 His first couple of months in the Senate earned a reputation for being combative and often sparred with Majority Leader Lyndon B Johnson who subsequently relegated him to outer seats in the Senate In the next five years he gained significant power and influence and was considered among the most effective legislators in the Senate 86 However increased power and influence prompted supporters in Maine to label him an honorary Kennedy alluding to the indifference John F Kennedy had to Massachusetts when first gaining political traction 86 Muskie used the influence gain in his first two terms to push a vast expansion of environmentalism in the late 1950s and early 1960s 87 His specific goals were to curb pollution and provide a cleaner environment Occasional speeches on environmental preservation earned him the nickname Mr Clean 88 89 He served his entire career in the Senate as a member of the Committee on Public Works a committee he used to execute the majority of his environmental legislation 10 He served on the Committee on Banking and Currency from 1959 to 1970 the Committee on Government Operations until 1978 10 As a member of the Public Works Committee he traveled to the Soviet Union in 1959 10 He sponsored the Intergovernmental Relations Act later that year 90 In 1962 he co founded the United States Capital Historical Society along with other members of congress 91 The same year members of Congress elected him to serve as the first chair of the Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution 10 In 1963 he was the first to sponsor a new Act to regulate air pollution The Clean Air Act of 1963 was written and developed by Muskie and his aide Leon Billings 10 nbsp Muskie established the Roosevelt Campobello International Park in New Brunswick Canada His first major accomplishment was the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 He assembled more than one hundred votes for the proposed legislation eventually passing it 86 Also during 1964 he was critical of J Edgar Hoover s management of the Federal Bureau of investigation Muskie was upset by its overzealous surveillance and its director s intemperance 86 Muskie also sponsored the construction of the Roosevelt Campobello International Park near Franklin Delano Roosevelt s New Brunswick estate 10 Due to its international nature Muskie was asked to chair a joint U S Canada commission to maintain the park 10 In 1965 he was again sponsored the Water Quality Act later to be known as the Clean Water Act He was the floor manager for the discussion and led to its passage in 1965 and its successful amendments in 1970 10 Alongside President Johnson s Great Society and War on Poverty programs Muskie drafted the Model Cities Bill which eventually passed both houses of Congress in 1966 53 Previously combative with Johnson Muskie began developing a more cooperative relationship with him During Johnson s signing of the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act he said I am pleased that Senator Muskie could be with us this afternoon I believe that no man has done more to encourage cooperation among the National Government the States and the cities 92 Also in 1966 Muskie was elected assistant Democratic whip and served as the floor manager for the Clean Water Restoration Act 10 nbsp Muskie urged President Johnson to withdraw U S military support from Operation Rolling Thunder During 1967 the popular sentiment in the U S was anti war which prompted Muskie to visit Vietnam to inform his political stance in 1968 Prior to his visiting the country he debated with a congressman on a pro war platform After the trip he became a leading voice for the anti war movement and entered into the ongoing debate by speaking at the year s Democratic Convention His speech was followed by tens of thousands of protestors surrounded the convention and violent clashes with police carried on for five days 93 He wrote to Johnson personally asserting his position on the Vietnam War He made the case that the U S ought to withdraw from Vietnam as quickly as possible 10 Months later he wrote to the president again urging him to end the bombing of North Vietnam 94 During the same year he traveled with other Senators to the Republic of South Vietnam to validate their elections 10 Later at the 1968 Democratic National Convention he led the debate for the administration plank on Vietnam which sparked public outrage On October 15 1969 he was welcomed to the green at Yale University to address the issues regarding his vote but chose to decline the offer and speak that night at his alma mater Bates College in Lewiston Maine 18 His decision to do so was widely criticized by the Democratic party and Yale University officials 18 From 1967 to 1969 he served as the chair of Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 10 He voted against the appointment of Clement Haynsworth to the U S Supreme Court 10 Third and fourth term editHis third term began in 1970 by co sponsoring the McGovern Hatfield resolution to limit military intervention in the Vietnam War 10 During this time Harold Carswell was seeking appointment to the U S Supreme Court Muskie voted against him and Carswell failed the confirmation process 10 Muskie also proposed a six month ban on domestic and Soviet Union development of nuclear technologies to taper the nuclear arms race 10 nbsp George Mitchell copy editing a speech with Muskie 1960As chair of the congressional environmental committee he and fellow committee members including Howard Baker introduced the Clean Air Act of 1970 95 which was co written by the committee s staff director Leon Billings and minority staff director Tom Jorling As part of the act he told the automobile industry it would need to reduce its tailpipe air pollution emissions by 90 by 1977 96 He also co wrote amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Act more commonly known as the Clean Water Act and urged his fellow Congress members to adopt it saying The country was once famous for its rivers But today the rivers of this country serve as little more than sewers to the seas The danger to health the environmental damage the economic loss can be anywhere 97 The bill enjoyed bipartisan support in the U S Congress and was passed by the House on November 29 1971 and the Senate on March 29 1972 While congressional support was enough to enact it into law President Richard Nixon exercised his executive veto on the bill and stopped it from becoming law However after further campaigning by Muskie the Senate and House of Representatives passed the bill 247 23 to override Nixon s veto 98 99 The bill was historic in that it established the regulation of pollutants in the federal and state waters of the U S created extended authority for the Environmental Protection Agency and created water health standards 100 101 Also in 1971 Muskie was asked to join the Senate Foreign Relations Committee he traveled to Europe and the Middle East in this capacity 10 After concluding his 1968 campaign for the White House he returned to the Senate While in Chattanooga the shooting of two black students at Jackson State College in 1970 by the Mississippi State Police prompted Muskie to hire a jet airliner to take approximately one hundred people to see the bullet holes and attend a funeral of one of the victims Critics in Maine described his actions as rash and self serving but Muskie publicly expressed no regret for his actions 18 At an event in Los Angeles he publicly stated his support for several black empowerment movements in California which garnered the attention of numerous media outlets and black city councilman Thomas Bradley 18 In 1970 Muskie was chosen to articulate the Democratic party s message to congressional voters before the midterm elections His national stature was raised as a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1972 In 1973 he gave the Democratic response to Nixon s State of the Union address 102 During this time he was appointed the chair of the intergovernmental relations subcommittee 103 Considered a backwater assignment Muskie used it to advocate for a widening of governmental responsibilities limiting the power of Richard Nixon s Imperial Presidency and advancing New Federalism ideals 104 He served as the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee through the Ninety third to the Ninety sixth Congresses from 1973 to 1980 During this time Congress founded the Congressional Budget Office in order to challenge Nixon s budget request Prior to 1974 there was no formal process for establishing a federal budget so Congress founded the office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee As chairman Muskie presided over formulated and approved of the creation of the United States budget process 3 4 5 6 In 1977 he amended Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 along with others to pass the Clean Water Act of 1977 105 These new additions incorporated non degradation or clean growth policies intended to limit negative externalities 105 In 1978 he made minor adjustments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Superfund 106 Campaigns for the White House edit1968 presidential election edit Main article 1968 United States presidential election Campaign edit nbsp A campaign poster for the 1968 presidential election In 1968 Muskie was nominated for vice president on the Democratic ticket with sitting Vice President Hubert Humphrey Humphrey asked Muskie to be his running mate because he was a more reserved contrast personality wise from a Catholic background and of Polish origin 107 The Humphrey Muskie ticket narrowly lost the popular vote to Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew Humphrey and Muskie received 42 7 of the popular vote and carried 13 states and 191 electoral votes Nixon and Agnew won 43 4 of the popular vote and carried 32 states and 301 electoral votes while the third party ticket of George Wallace and Curtis LeMay running as candidates of the American Independent Party took 14 of the popular vote and took five states in the Deep South and their 46 votes in the electoral college Because of Agnew s apparent weakness as a candidate relative to Muskie Humphrey was heard to remark that voters uncertainties about whom to choose between the two major presidential candidates should be resolved by their attitudes toward the Vice Presidential candidates 108 While on the vice presidential campaign trail in Chattanooga Tennessee he was quoted as saying The truth is that Americans born in this great tradition of humanism still yield to prejudice and practice discrimination against other Americans The truth is having developed patterns and ways of living which reflect these shortcomings and weaknesses we find it burdensome and difficult to and all too often unacceptable to do the uncomfortable things that we all must do to right the wrongs of our society 18 1972 presidential election edit Background and primaries edit Main article 1972 United States presidential election nbsp Muskie campaigning during the 1972 presidential elections Before the 1972 election Muskie was viewed as a front runner for the Democratic presidential nomination Despite his political rise in the polls he continued to engage in tiring day after day speeches in various parts of the country 18 During an August 17 1969 appearance on Meet the Press Muskie said his entry into the presidential primary would depend on his being convinced that he could meet the challenges as well as his comfort I don t think I ll answer either question for a year or two 109 On November 8 1970 Muskie said he would only declare himself as a presidential candidate in the event he became convinced he was best suited for unifying the country through the presidency 110 In August 1971 Harris polling amid a growing economic crisis Muskie came out on top of incumbent Nixon if the election had been held that day 111 In late 1971 Muskie gave an anti war speech in Providence 18 The nation was at war in Vietnam and President Richard Nixon s foreign policy promised to be a major issue in the campaign 108 The 1972 Iowa caucuses however significantly altered the race for the presidential nomination Senator George McGovern from South Dakota initially a dark horse candidate made a strong showing in the caucuses which gave his campaign national attention Although Muskie won the Iowa caucuses McGovern s campaign left Iowa with momentum Muskie himself had never participated in a primary election campaign and it is possible that this led to a weakening of his campaign Muskie went on to win the New Hampshire primary the victory was by only a small margin and his campaign took a hit after the release of the Canuck letter 108 Canuck letter edit Main article Canuck letter On February 24 1972 a staffer from the White House forwarded a letter about Muskie to the Manchester Union Leader The forged letter reportedly the successful sabotage work of Donald Segretti and Ken W Clawson 112 113 asserted that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about French Canadians which were likely to injure his support among the French American population in northern New England 114 The letter contained reference to French Canadians as Canucks a term used affectionately by some Canadians 115 but which may be regarded as offensive when referring to French Canadians 116 leading to its sobriquet The Canuck letter 117 A day later the same paper released an article that contained accusatory reference to his wife Jane as a drunkard and racially intolerant On the morning of February 26 Muskie gave a speech to supporters outside of the Manchester Union Leader offices in Manchester New Hampshire His speech was viewed as emotional and defensive he called the newspaper s editor a gutless coward 114 Muskie gave the speech during a snowstorm which created the appearance of him crying 118 Though Muskie later attempted to claim that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried shattering the candidate s image as calm and reasoned 119 120 121 Evidence later came to light during the Watergate scandal investigation that during the 1972 presidential campaign the Nixon campaign committee maintained a dirty tricks unit focused on discrediting Nixon s strongest challengers Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI investigators revealed that the Canuck Letter was a forged document as part of the dirty tricks campaign against Democrats orchestrated by the Nixon campaign 89 122 Nixon was also reported to have ordered men to follow Muskie around and gather information He tried to connect Muskie s acquaintance with singer Frank Sinatra to an abuse of office Muskie often flew on Sinatra s private plane while traveling around California 123 124 1976 presidential election edit Main article 1976 United States presidential electionIn early July 1976 Muskie spoke with Jimmy Carter in a productive and harmonious discussion that was followed by Carter confirming that he considered Muskie qualified for the vice presidential nomination 125 Carter ultimately selected Walter Mondale as his running mate 126 U S Secretary of State 1980 1981 edit nbsp Edmund Muskie in his office as Secretary of State 1980 c In late April 1980 he was tapped by President Jimmy Carter to serve as secretary of state following the resignation of Cyrus Vance Vance had opposed Operation Eagle Claw a secret rescue mission intended to rescue American hostages held by Iran After that mission failed with the loss of eight U S servicemen Vance resigned Muskie was picked by Carter for his accomplishments with senatorial foreign policy He was appointed and soon after confirmed by the Senate on May 8 1980 by a margin of 94 2 93 129 Draft Muskie movement edit In June 1980 there was a draft Muskie movement among Democratic voters within the primaries of the 1980 presidential election President Carter was running against Senator Ted Kennedy and opinion polls ranked Muskie more favorably against Kennedy One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Ted Kennedy implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter Moreover Muskie was polled against Republican challenger Ronald Reagan at the time showing Carter seven points down 130 Due to a political allegiance with Carter he backed out of the contention 131 Pressured by the Carter Administration Muskie released the following public statement to Democratic voters I accepted the appointment as secretary of state to serve the country and to serve the president I continue to serve the president and I will support him all the way I have a commitment to the president I don t make such commitments lightly and I intend to keep it 131 An article by The New Yorker speculated that the move to back Muskie was a temporary flex of political power by the Democratic voter base to unease Carter 132 Afghanistan edit In December 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan which prompted NATO to trigger its ally contract 93 Muskie began his tenure as secretary of state five months into the invasion He assigned Deputy Secretary Warren Christopher the tasks of managing the domestic side of the department while he participated in international deliberations 133 Muskie met with Soviet diplomat Andrei Gromyko who categorically rejected a compromise that would secure the Soviet Union s withdrawal from Afghanistan 134 Gromyko wanted the state department to formally recognize Kabul as a part of the Soviet Union 135 Soviet Union edit Muskie was against the rapid accumulation of highly developed weaponry during the 1950s and 1960s as he thought that would inevitably lead to a nuclear arms race that would erode international trust and cooperation He spoke frequently with the government executives of Cold War allies and that of the Soviet Union urging them to suspend their programs in pursuit of global security 93 Muskie s inclinations were confirmed during the early 1970s when Russia split from the U S and accumulated more warheads and anti ballistic missile systems In November 1980 Muskie stated that Russia was interested in pursuing a more stable less confrontational relationship with the United States 136 He criticized the stances undertaken by Ronald Reagan multiple times during his presidential campaign expressing disdain for the calls to reject the SALT II treaty 137 Muskie throughout his political career was deeply afraid of global nuclear war with the Soviet Union 138 Iran hostage crisis edit Main article Iran hostage crisis negotiations On November 4 1979 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by an Iranian student group in Tehran s U S Embassy After the resignation of Cyrus Vance left a gap in the negotiations for the hostages Muskie appealed to the United Nations U N and the government of Iran to release the hostages to little success Already six months into the hostage crisis he was pressed to reach a diplomatic solution 139 Before he assumed the position the Delta Force rescue attempt called Operation Eagle Claw resulted in the death of multiple soldiers leaving military intervention a sensitive course of action for the American public He established diplomatic ties with the Iranian government and attempted to have the hostages released yet was initially unsuccessful On January 15 as Muskie was flying to address the Maine Senate in Augusta President Carter called him as his jet was touching down at Andrews Air Force Base 140 Carter alerted him that there was a possible breakthrough in the negotiations conducted by his deputy secretary Warren Christopher 140 After the negotiations failed Muskie instructed the state department to continue seeking an agreement for the hostages release 135 On January 20 the inauguration day of Ronald Reagan the fifty two hostages were handed over to U S authorities a solution that had eluded Muskie and the entire Carter administration for 444 days and contributed to Carter s defeat 139 Muskie left office on January 18 1981 two days before Carter s last day as president and the inauguration of Ronald Reagan 133 Later years edit nbsp Muskie with Ronald Reagan and John Tower discussing the Tower CommissionMuskie retired to his home in Bethesda Maryland in 1981 He continued to work as a lawyer for some years After leaving public office he was a partner with Chadbourne amp Parke a law firm in Washington 135 Muskie also served as the chairman of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown University as well as the chairman Emeritus of the Center for National Policy 141 In 1981 he was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics 142 Tower Commission edit In 1987 Muskie was appointed a member of the President s Special Review Board known as the Tower Commission to investigate President Ronald Reagan s administration s role in the Iran Contra affair Muskie and the commission issued a highly detailed report of more than 300 pages that was critical of the president s actions and blamed the White House chief of staff Donald T Regan for unduly influencing the president s activities The panel was notable as the findings of the report were directly critical of the president who appointed the commission 143 Muskie was critical of the commission decrying the over obsession with secrecy noting that there are occasions when it s necessary to hold closely information about especially covert operations but even possibly other operations of the Government But every time that you are over concerned about secrecy you tend to abandon process 144 While underfunded the commission did find that the Reagan administration ran a parallel policy directive at the same time they were publicly condemning negotiating for hostages 145 Death and funeral edit nbsp Muskie s gravestone at the Arlington National Cemetery 2007Muskie died at 4 06 AM EST on the morning of March 26 1996 at the Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington D C after seeking treatment for bouts of congestive heart failure 146 He died two days shy of his 82nd birthday Eight days prior he underwent a carotid endarterectomy in his right neck 147 His assistant reported that he had suffered a myocardial infarction 147 Some historians believe that his blood clots were brought on from frequent 8 421 mile 13 552 km flights to Cambodia he was asked to assist in stabilizing its government 148 on behalf of President Bill Clinton 74 Due to his service in the United States Naval Reserve during World War II he was eligible to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County Virginia 147 149 His ultimate rank of lieutenant had him placed in Section 25 of the cemetery 150 151 Although he died on March 26 his grave stone initially noted that he died on the 25th His wife Jane died on December 25 2004 at age 77 due to health complications brought on by Alzheimer s disease 30 She was buried next to Muskie and his grave stone was corrected to read March 26 1996 152 Muskie was memorialized in Washington D C Lewiston Maine and Bethesda Maryland At his Washington memorial he was paid tribute to by a variety of U S senators and house representatives 153 His alma mater Bates College held a memorial presided over by its president Donald Harward 153 On March 30 1996 a publicly broadcast Roman Catholic funeral was held in Bethesda at the Church of the Little Flower 154 He was eulogized by U S president Jimmy Carter U S Senator George J Mitchell 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations Madeleine Albright a political aide Leon G Billings and one of Muskie s sons Stephen 153 Legacy editHistorical evaluations edit nbsp Bronze bust of Muskie looking upwards a part of the Edmund S Muskie Archives Historical evaluations of Edmund Muskie focus on the impact his actions and legislation had in the United States and the greater world 74 155 156 His accomplishments in his home state have had him noted as one of the most influential politicians in the history of Maine 6 74 Depending on the metric he is coupled with Hannibal Hamlin and James Blaine as the three most important politicians from Maine 157 158 159 Muskie occupied all offices available in the Maine political system excluding state senator and United States representative His political status in Maine is generally perceived favorably 160 During his four year term as Governor of Maine he initiated a constitutional amendment invested heavily in infrastructure and institutionalized economic development effectively bringing Maine into the Golden Age of Capitalism 161 Muskie ended the as Maine goes so goes the nation political sentiment in the United States by moving Maine s general election date to November instead of September 161 He preserved the cultural integrity of the state by endowing the Maine State Museum which was seen as critical to his public perception 161 Although economic expansionism was historically seen negatively by the people of Maine Muskie s policies were seen favorably as they were coupled with environmental provisions His advocation for minimum wage increases increased labor protections and sales tax exemptions boosted consumer spending 162 163 Muskie has been widely characterized as the catalyst for the political renaissance of the Democratic Party in Maine 18 53 54 His election to the governorship signaled a fracturing of the Republican Party in the state and nearly tripled the number of Democrats in Maine between 1954 and 1974 162 59 Since Muskie left office as the U S Secretary of State writers historians scholars political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the environmentalist and civil rights movement bureaucratic advancement and diplomacy Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of environmental protection preservation and security 164 Numerous historians have noted him as the father of the 1960s environmental movement in America 74 87 His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in U S environmental policy the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977 and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977 165 His contributions to the Clean Air Act were so great that the bill was nicknamed the Muskie Act 166 167 168 These two laws have been credited as the first major step to launching the wider environmentalism movement both in the U S and to some extent the rest of the Free World 169 170 171 Harvard University law professor Richard Lazarus summarized Muskie s legislative legacy with the following Senator Muskie s environmental law legacy is no less than stunning in terms of positive impact on the nation s natural environment It takes little imagination to speculate what our national landscape would now look like if the economic growth we witnessed in the past four decades had not been accompanied by the environmental protections for air land and water provided by the laws that Senator Muskie championed in the 1970s 172 Muskie s influence on American diplomacy was detailed by the Office of the Historian with the following In the nine months Muskie served as Secretary of State he conducted the first high level meeting with the Soviet government after its December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan During these negotiations Secretary Muskie unsuccessfully attempted to secure the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan He also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the Carter Doctrine which aimed to limit Soviet expansion into the Middle East and Persian Gulf Finally under Muskie s leadership the State Department negotiated the release of the remaining American hostages held by Iran 135 173 Many political commentators believed the bestowing of the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Carter to be an affirmation of this assertion 139 174 175 The public perception of his civil rights advancement has endured A champion of the civil rights movement in the United States he publicly criticized J Edgar Hoover s Federal Bureau of Investigation which was at the time considered political suicide as Hoover often spied and attempted to smear his opponents 176 177 Muskie also was instrumental in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 the creation of Martin Luther King Jr Day and developed the reform of lobbying 74 178 His time as the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee from 1975 to 1980 include the formation of the United States budget process 3 4 8 Because of this he is known as the father of the federal budget process 5 6 179 David Broder of The Washington Post noted that Muskie s leadership of the Senate s intergovernmental relations subcommittee was in part responsible for countering Richard Nixon s Imperial Presidency and advancing New Federalism 104 Public and political image edit nbsp Edmund Muskie in 1972Muskie s early political career was helped by his physical appearance Voters could relate to his public persona in ways that translated to relatively high voter turnout R W Apple Jr described Muskie as long jawed and craggy faced later noting that he looked like the typical New Englander with a classic Down East accent 155 Muskie s height has variously been recorded as 6 ft 4 in 1 93 m to 6 ft 6 in 1 98 m 180 181 His height had him often compared to U S President Abraham Lincoln and referred to by voters and media alike as Lincolnesque 86 He was often seen as towering over political candidates creating symbolic superiority and power 16 Known as a recluse he disliked public attention and media speculation Voters often associated with his trademark directness homespun integrity and apolitical candor 18 However political aides have described him as having a hot temper and being demanding 86 A notorious micro manager Muskie often required his aides to have every speech and every position researched analyzed and reported directly back to him 86 While reserved and polite in public when roused it was reported that Muskie had the vocabulary of a sailor 16 His ability to command an argument was taken positively by voters as it signaled good leadership ability Political opponents noted his cutting intellect as in conducive to lengthy debates and voters noted it as a good quality to possess when negotiating with foreign leaders 86 An official publication by Cornell University commented on his political image by saying he will be remembered for the quality of his mind the toughness the rigor the common sense and for another quality the courage to take risks for what he saw as right 182 Known to be punctual he was present 90 of Senate roll call votes 86 Although he was portrayed as socially rigid he often broke from this mold and showed a personable side While campaigning in cities he often let students from the crowd run up to the stage and present a case for policy reform unheard of at the time 18 Honors and memorials edit nbsp Memorial to Edmund Muskie in his birthplace of Rumford Maine He was awarded the Guardian of Berlin s Freedom Award from the U S Army Berlin Command in 1961 183 In 1969 he was inducted in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences alongside Ted Kennedy George McGovern Walter Mondale Shirley Chisholm and Bella Abzug 184 At the conclusion of his political career he held the highest political office by a Polish American in U S history and also was the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for vice president 185 On the 100th birthday of Edmund Muskie U S Senator Angus King spoke on the floor of the United States Senate in memoriam King noted the following if you would see Ed Muskie s memorial look around you Take a deep breath Experience our great rivers Experience the environment that we now have in the country that we treasure 6 Muskie received the keys to all three major cities in Maine Portland Lewiston and Augusta 183 He was given honorary citizenship to the State of Texas in 1968 186 Numerous days have been named Edmund S Muskie Day September 25 1968 Michigan January 20 1980 New York March 28 1988 Maine March 1928 1994 Maine and March 20 1995 Maine 183 In 1987 the Maine State Legislature enacted Statute A7 enacting Edmund S Muskie Day on March 28 The statute was amended in 1989 Edmund S Muskie Day is celebrated annually and is a public holiday in Maine 187 Muskie was given honorary degrees from Portland University 1955 Suffolk University 1955 University of Maine 1956 University of Buffalo 1960 Saint Francis College 1961 Nasson College 1962 Hanover College 1967 Syracuse University 1969 Boston University 1969 John Carroll University 1969 Notre Dame University 1969 Middlebury College 1969 Providence College 1969 University of Maryland 1969 George Washington University 1969 Northeastern University 1969 College of William and Mary 1970 Ricker College 1970 St Joseph s College 1970 University of New Hampshire 1970 St Anselm College 1970 Washington and Jefferson College 1971 Rivier College 1971 Thomas College 1973 Husson College 1974 Unity College 1975 Marquette University 1982 Rutgers University 1986 Bates College 1986 Washington College 1987 and University of Southern Maine 1992 183 Muskie was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom the nation s highest honor by President Jimmy Carter on January 16 1981 for his work during the Iran hostage crisis four days before stepping down from the presidency 188 In 1984 the House of Representatives designated the Edmund S Muskie Federal Building in Augusta 189 190 The American Bar Association honors lawyers who under take pro bono work with the annual Edmund S Muskie Pro Bono Service Award 191 From 1993 to 2013 the United States Department of State ran the Edmund S Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program in an effort to increase international study abroad 192 In 1996 the Edmund S Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award was founded by the Truman National Security Project to honor current or former elected officials 193 The Edmund S Muskie School of Public Service at the University of Southern Maine was named in his honor in 1990 141 Muskie s papers and personal effects are kept at the Edmund S Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library at Bates College in Lewiston Maine 194 See also edit nbsp Biography portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Liberalism portal nbsp United States portalList of people from Maine List of Bates College people List of Cornell University people List of governors of Maine List of United States senators from Maine List of secretaries of state of the United States List of United States presidential candidates List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets Response to the State of the Union addressExplanatory notes edit According to David 1970 and Witherell 2014 Muskie was born with the surname Muskie his father changed his name to Muskie from Marciszewski 1 2 According to Baldwin 2015 King 2014 and Nevin 1970 Congress founded the Congressional Budget Office under the auspices of the Senate Budget Committee of which Muskie first presided over Muskie developed the notions of direct spending discretionary allowances annual appropriations bills and continuing resolutions 3 4 5 Muskie ultimately approved of and shaped the formation of the modern United States budget process 6 7 8 Muskie did not receive an official portrait in his capacity as Secretary of State This photo was a photo op at the Southwest Federal Center in Washington 127 128 Citations edit a b Witherell 2014 p 4 a b David 1970 p 10 a b c Joyce Philip G 2011 The Congressional Budget Office Honest Numbers Power and Policymaking Georgetown University Press ISBN 978 1589017580 a b c Backstage at the Budget Committee The Washington Post April 11 1980 ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved February 20 2018 a b c Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine University of Southern Maine December 11 2014 Muskie Centennial Celebration Part 1 Mark Shields retrieved February 20 2018 a b c d e f Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Senator Angus S King Jr March 27 2014 Sen King Honors Sen Ed Muskie s Centennial Birthday Event occurs at time needed Retrieved February 20 2018 Ayres B Drummond Jr February 14 1979 Budget Balancers Warned by Muskie The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 20 2018 a b Chronology of Muskie s life and work Archives Bates College www bates edu September 9 2016 Retrieved February 20 2018 Witherell 2014 p 1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Chronology of Muskie s life and work Archives Bates College www bates edu September 9 2016 Retrieved February 21 2018 ampoleagle com ann mikoll a trailblazer p10493 226 htm Stephen Marciszewski came to Buffalo in the early 1900s after leaving his birthplace in Jasionewka Poland That part of Poland was occupied by Russia and Stephen s father sent him away so that he wouldn t be conscripted into the Russian Army Witherell 2014 p 7 Witherell 2014 p 3 a b Edmund Sixtus Muskie People Department History Office of the Historian history state gov Retrieved January 30 2018 Witherell 2014 p viiii a b c Obituary Edmund Muskie The Independent March 27 1996 Retrieved January 5 2018 Witherell 2014 p 2 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Nevin David 1970 Muskie of Maine Ladd Library Bates College Random House New York p 99 a man many deemed to be the single most influential figure in Maine a b c Edmund S Muskie 150 Years Bates College www bates edu March 22 2010 Retrieved January 30 2018 Witherell 2014 p 29 Muskie Edmund S Maine An Encyclopedia April 24 2011 Retrieved January 16 2016 Witherell 2014 p 36 Witherell 2014 pp 39 42 45 Witherell 2014 p 45 a b Nevin David 1970 Muskie of Maine Ladd Library Bates College Random House New York p 32 Witherell 2014 p 62 Witherell 2014 pp 63 64 Waterville Me 1948 Annual Report of the City of Waterville for the Year Ending December 31 1948 Maine Town Documents pp 18 21 Retrieved November 5 2021 Witherell 2014 pp 80 81 a b Jane Muskie Dies Husband s Emotional Defense Turned Race washingtonpost com www washingtonpost com Retrieved February 21 2018 Witherell 2014 p 82 a b Witherell 2014 p 64 Witherell 2014 p 66 Witherell 2014 pp 68 69 a b c Witherell 2014 p 70 Witherell 2014 p 72 Biography Archives Bates College www bates edu December 21 2016 Retrieved May 16 2017 Witherell 2014 p 77 Witherell 2014 p 78 a b Witherell 2014 p 79 Witherell 2014 p 86 Witherell 2014 pp 86 87 Witherell 2014 p 89 Witherell 2014 p 93 a b Witherell 2014 p 99 a b Witherell 2014 p 109 Witherell 2014 p 110 Witherell 2014 p 111 Robert Mason Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority Chapel Hill NC University of North Carolina 2004 p 153 a b Blomquist 1999 p 93 Blomquist 1999 pp 92 93 a b Blomquist 1999 pp 93 94 a b c Blomquist Robert 1999 What is Past is Prologue Senator Edmund S Muskie s Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine 1955 58 Valparaiso University a b c d e f g h Palmer Kenneth T Taylor G Thomas 1992 Maine Politics amp Government U of Nebraska Press p 30 ISBN 0803287186 Blomquist 1999 p 94 Blomquist 1999 p 95 Witherell James L 2014 Ed Muskie Made in Maine The Early Years 1914 1960 Thomaston Maine Tilbury House Publishers ISBN 978 0884483922 Blomquist 1999 pp 101 02 a b c 1946 1970 A Different Place Maine History Online Retrieved February 20 2018 root Edmund Sixtus Muskie www nga org Retrieved February 20 2018 Blomquist 1999 p 104 Blomquist 1999 p 106 a b c root Edmund Sixtus Muskie www nga org Retrieved January 26 2018 Witherell 2014 p 140 Maine history geography Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved February 21 2018 Economic development plans in Maine 1957 present Bangor Daily News Retrieved February 20 2018 DeFord Deborah H 2003 Maine The Pine Tree State Gareth Stevens ISBN 978 0836851519 Witherell 2014 p 141 Witherell 2014 p 142 Witherell 2014 p 150 Witherell 2014 p 152 Witherell 2014 pp 101 02 a b U S Senate Mid term Revolution www senate gov Retrieved February 19 2018 a b c d e f Commentary Happy 100th Edmund Muskie Press Herald March 16 2014 Retrieved February 19 2018 The Senate Race That Couldn t Be Lost And Was Politicp Retrieved February 19 2018 Edmund S Muskie Late A Senator of Maine PDF a b c College Bates Muskie Congressional Record Election Eve Speech abacus bates edu Retrieved February 19 2018 New York Magazine New York Media LLC August 18 1975 Rooks Douglas 2016 Statesman George Mitchell and the Art of the Possible Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1608933983 a b c The Muskie Moment RealClearPolitics Retrieved February 19 2018 Naughton James M 1972 Muskie Home for Crucial Speech The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 19 2018 Velasco Antonio de Campbell John Angus Henry David 2016 Rethinking Rhetorical Theory Criticism and Pedagogy The Living Art of Michael C Leff MSU Press ISBN 978 1628952735 1970 Elections Democrats Gain in House and Governorships Schlesinger Arthur Meier Israel Fred L Frent David J 2002 The Election of 1976 and the Administration of Jimmy Carter Mason Crest Publishers ISBN 978 1590843635 Muckie Edmund Sixtus Biographical Information bioguide congress gov Retrieved February 19 2018 a b c d e f g h i Nevin David 1970 Muskie of Maine Ladd Library Bates College Random House New York a b The Edmund S Muskie Foundation The Founder www muskiefoundation org Retrieved May 15 2017 Supreme Court affirms Muskie s environmental legacy May 17 2006 Retrieved May 15 2017 a b On Ed Muskie s 100th birthday six things everyone should know March 27 2014 Retrieved May 15 2017 Edmund S Muskie Muskie School of Public Service University of Southern Maine usm maine edu Retrieved February 21 2018 Mission amp History The U S Capitol Historical Society July 11 2012 Retrieved February 20 2018 Remarks Upon Signing the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act American Presidency Project October 16 1968 a b c d The Mainer at the Center of the Cold War Maine Meets World Retrieved May 16 2017 Muskie Warns Protestors Chicago Tribune Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California EPA Alumni Association Video Transcript see p 2 July 12 2016 Early Implementation of the Clean Air Act of 1970 in California EPA Alumni Association Video Transcript see p 5 July 12 2016 Jim Hanlon Mike Cook Mike Quigley Bob Wayland Water Quality A Half Century of Progress EPA Alumni Association March 2016 Clean Water Act Vetoes by Eisenhower Nixon presaged today s partisan divide www eenews net Retrieved May 15 2017 Rinde Meir 2017 Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism Distillations 3 1 16 29 Retrieved April 4 2018 EPA OA OP ORPM RMD US February 22 2013 History of the Clean Water Act www epa gov Retrieved May 15 2017 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Edmund S Muskie Muskie School of Public Service University of Southern Maine usm maine edu Retrieved February 19 2018 Frum David 2000 How We Got Here The 70s New York Basic Books p 47 ISBN 0 465 04195 7 The Edmund S Muskie Foundation The Founder www muskiefoundation org Retrieved February 21 2018 a b Broder David S March 31 1996 Muskie Reason to Weep The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved February 21 2018 a b Blomquist 1999 p 261 Blomquist 1999 p 263 Gould Lewis L 2010 1968 The Election That Changed America Government Institutes ISBN 978 1566639101 a b c Nixon Richard RN The Memoirs of Richard Nixon Elsasser Glen August 18 1969 Muskie Grim on Party Unity Chicago Tribune Presidential Bid Later Muskie Chicago Tribune November 9 1970 Frum David 2000 How We Got Here The 70s New York Basic Books p 298 ISBN 0 465 04195 7 Bernstein Carl Woodward Bob 2005 All the President s Men New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 671 89441 2 Bernstein Carl Woodward Bob October 10 1972 FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats The Washington Post Retrieved May 14 2014 a b Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine NHIOP July 22 2013 Edmund Muskie Regarding the Canuck Letter 1972 YouTube Retrieved May 15 2017 Cheng Pang Guek Barlas Robert 2009 CultureShock Canada A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd pp 262 ISBN 978 981 4435 31 4 Canuck Definition amp Meaning Dictionary com Retrieved May 13 2022 16 worst political dirty tricks 3 of 16 Politico Retrieved January 30 2018 Reality Itself Is Too Twisted XPress Magazine Retrieved May 15 2017 Remembering Ed Muskie Archived April 27 1999 at the Wayback Machine Online NewsHour PBS March 26 1996 FBI Finds Nixon Aides Sabotaged Democrats The Washington Post Retrieved January 30 2018 Woodward Bob Bernstein Carl 2012 All the President s Men Simon and Schuster ISBN 978 1471104664 Theodore White The Making of the President 1972 Fulsom Don 2017 The Mafia s President Nixon and the Mob St Martin s Press ISBN 978 1250119407 Fulsom Don 2012 Nixon s Darkest Secrets The Inside Story of America s Most Troubled President Macmillan ISBN 978 1429941365 Mohr Charles July 6 1976 Carter Describes Muskie As Qualified for Ticket The New York Times 5 Vice Presidential Picks Who Were Key To Victory NPR org Retrieved February 20 2018 Secretary of State Edmund Sixtus Muskie 2001 2009 state gov Retrieved February 20 2018 Edmund Sixtus Muskie U S Secretary of State Flickr Retrieved February 20 2018 College Bates Muskie Congressional Record Confirmation abacus bates edu Retrieved January 5 2018 Clinton Campaign Reminiscent of 1980 Race The CBS News a b Goshko John M Reid T R report Washington Post Staff Writers Staff writer Richar L Lyons contributed to this July 30 1980 Muskie Backs Carter but Does Not Rule Out a Draft The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved February 20 2018 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link The New Yorker Digital Edition Aug 25 1980 archives newyorker com Retrieved February 20 2018 a b Edmund Sixtus Muskie People Department History Office of the Historian history state gov Retrieved February 20 2018 Edmund Sixtus Muskie People Department History Office of the Historian history state gov Retrieved May 16 2017 a b c d Mihalkanin Edward S 2004 American Statesmen Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0313308284 Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union UPI Retrieved May 16 2017 Secretary of State Edmund Muskie says the Soviet Union UPI Retrieved May 16 2017 Mitchell 2009 641 a b c Mitchell 2009 640 a b Ed Muskie s Hostage Struggle Is Over but the Families Courage Is Still Being Tested Vol 15 No 4 People com February 2 1981 Retrieved May 16 2017 a b Edmund S Muskie Muskie School of Public Service University of Southern Maine usm maine edu Retrieved May 15 2017 Recipients The Laetare Medal University of Notre Dame Retrieved July 31 2020 Times Steven V Roberts Special To The New York February 27 1987 The White House Crisis The Tower Report Inquiry Finds Reagan and Chief Advisors Responsible for Chaos in Iran Arms Deals Reagan Also Blamed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved May 15 2017 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Mitchell 1997 639 Tower Commission Report Excerpts www presidency ucsb edu Retrieved May 16 2017 Witherell 2014 p 250 a b c Apple R W Jr March 27 1996 Edmund S Muskie 81 Dies Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved January 5 2018 Unstable Cambodia The New York Times May 16 1971 ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 19 2018 Maine s Worcester Wreaths set out for Arlington National Cemetery Bangor Daily News Retrieved February 2 2018 Burial Detail Muskie Edmund Sixtus ANC Explorer Segregated in Life Integrated in Death American Battle Monuments Commission www abmc gov Retrieved February 2 2018 Knudsen Robert C 2008 A Living Treasure Seasonal Photographs of Arlington National Cemetery Potomac Books Inc ISBN 978 1597972727 a b c Memorial Tributes Delivered in Congress Edmund S Muskie 1914 1996 Late a Senator from Maine U S Government Printing Office 1996 Senator Muskie Funeral Mar 30 1996 Video C SPAN org C SPAN org Retrieved February 21 2018 a b Apple R W Jr March 27 1996 Edmund S Muskie 81 Dies Maine Senator and a Power on the National Scene The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 19 2018 Baldwin Nicoll Goldstien et al 2015 214 Witherell 2014 pp 250 52 Muskie Edmund S Maine An Encyclopedia April 24 2011 Retrieved February 19 2018 Rolde Neil 2006 Continental Liar from the State of Maine James G Blaine Tilbury House Publishers ISBN 978 0884482864 Witherell James L 2014 Ed Muskie Made in Maine Tilbury House Publishers and Cadent Publishing ISBN 978 0884483922 a b c Witherell 2014 pp 130 42 a b Judd Richard William Churchill Edwin A Eastman Joel W 1995 Maine The Pine Tree State from Prehistory to the Present University of Maine Press ISBN 978 0891010821 Coan Ronald W 2017 A History of American State and Local Economic Development As Two Ships Pass in the Night Edward Elgar Publishing ISBN 978 1785366369 Witherell 2014 p 251 Jimmy Carter Clean Air Act Amendments Letter to Senator Edmund S Muskie www presidency ucsb edu Retrieved February 19 2018 The Edmund S Muskie Foundation Muskie Chafee Award www muskiefoundation org Retrieved May 16 2017 The Edmund S Muskie Foundation www muskiefoundation org Retrieved May 16 2017 Clean Water Muskie and the Environment Maine History Online Retrieved May 16 2017 Bloomsbury com A People s History of Environmentalism in the United States Bloomsbury Publishing Retrieved February 19 2018 A Fierce Green Fire Timeline of Environmental Movement and History American Masters PBS American Masters April 15 2014 Retrieved February 19 2018 Lockwood Alan H How the Clean Air Act Has Saved 22 Trillion in Health Care Costs The Atlantic Retrieved February 19 2018 Lazarus Richard J Senator Edmund Muskie s Enduring Legacy in the Courts PDF www law harvard edu Edmund Sixtus Muskie People Department History Office of the Historian history state gov Retrieved February 19 2018 Jimmy Carter Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony www presidency ucsb edu Archived from the original on February 14 2017 Retrieved February 19 2018 Tobias Ted 1999 In Tribute Eulogies of Famous People Scarecrow Press p 116 ISBN 978 0810835375 J Edgar Hoover Facts amp Summary History com Retrieved May 15 2017 Ackerman Kenneth D Ackerman Kenneth D November 7 2011 Five myths about J Edgar Hoover The Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved May 15 2017 Muskie Edmund S Edmund S Muskie www congress gov Retrieved February 19 2018 The Edmund S Muskie Foundation The Founder www muskiefoundation org Retrieved February 20 2018 Former Sen Edmund Muskie dies UPI Retrieved February 20 2018 Obituary Edmund Muskie The Independent March 27 1996 Retrieved February 20 2018 Mitchell George J 2009 The World Peace The Legacy of Edmund S Muskie a b c d Edmund Muskie Archives 2018 Presentation pieces honors and commemoratives PDF Lewis James R 2009 Scientology Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0199887118 Hirshon 2003 p 274 Texas Office of the Lieutenant Governor An Inventory of the Records of William Pettus Hobby Jr at the Texas State Archives 1917 1924 1931 1947 1953 1990 undated bulk 1968 1990 legacy lib utexas edu Retrieved February 20 2018 Title 1 130 Edmund S Muskie Day legislature maine gov Retrieved February 20 2018 The Edmund S Muskie Foundation Muskie Chafee Award www muskiefoundation org Retrieved May 16 2017 Protesters in Augusta call on Sen Collins to reject Senate health bill Press Herald June 23 2017 Retrieved February 20 2018 George Mitchell May 8 1984 S 2460 98th Congress 1983 1984 A bill to designate a Federal building in Augusta Maine as the Edmund S Muskie Federal Building www congress gov Retrieved February 20 2018 TIPS Edmund S Muskie Award Nomination Information Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section www americanbar org Retrieved February 19 2018 Edmund S Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program U S Embassy in Uzbekistan U S Embassy in Uzbekistan Retrieved February 19 2018 2017 Awards Dinner Truman Project trumanproject org Archived from the original on February 20 2018 Retrieved February 20 2018 Witherell 2014 p 251General and cited references editCited works edit Anson Cherrill A 1972 Edmund S Muskie Democratic Senator from Maine Grossman Publishing Baldwin Samuel J Nicoll Donald E Goldstien Soel K et al 2015 The Legacy of U S Senator Edmund Muskie Maine Law Review Online Blomquist Robert F 1999 What is Past is Prologue Senator Edmund S Muskie s Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine 1955 58 Valparaiso University School of Law Hirshon Robert E 2003 The Legacy of Senator Edmund Muskie Maine Law Review Online King Angus 2014 Sen King Honors Sen Ed Muskie s Centennial Birthday Senator Angus S King Jr YouTube Lippmann Theo Hansen Donald C 1971 Muskie W W Norton amp Company ISBN missing ASIN B000NQK5OM Print Mitchell George J 1997 The World Peace The Legacy of Edmund S Muskie Cornell Law Review Cornell University Press Witherell James L 2014 Ed Muskie Made in Maine The Early Years 1914 1960 Tilbury House Publishers Print ISBN 0884483924 Primary sources edit Edmund S Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library Archives amp Manuscripts Edmund Muskie personal papers Archived February 25 2009 at the Wayback Machine Online legislative recordExternal links editBiography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress The Edmund S Muskie Foundation Appearances on C SPAN nbsp Party political officesPreceded byJames Oliver Democratic nominee for Governor of Maine1954 1956 Succeeded byClinton ClausonPreceded byRoger Dube Democratic nominee for U S senator from Maine Class 1 1958 1964 1970 1976 Succeeded byGeorge MitchellNew office Chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee1967 1969 Succeeded byBennett JohnstonPreceded byHubert Humphrey Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States1968 Succeeded byThomas EagletonWithdrewVacantTitle last held byHoward Baker George H W Bush Peter Dominick Gerald Ford Robert Griffin Thomas Kuchel Mel Laird Bob Mathias George Murphy Dick Poff Chuck Percy Al Quie Charlotte Reid Hugh Scott Bill Steiger John Tower Response to the State of the Union address1970 Served alongside Donald Fraser Scoop Jackson Mike Mansfield John McCormack Patsy Mink Bill Proxmire Succeeded byMike MansfieldPreceded byCarl AlbertHubert Humphrey Response to the State of the Union address1976 VacantTitle next held byHoward BakerJohn RhodesPolitical officesPreceded byBurton Cross Governor of Maine1955 1959 Succeeded byRobert HaskellPreceded byCyrus Vance United States Secretary of State1980 1981 Succeeded byAlexander HaigU S SenatePreceded byFrederick Payne U S Senator Class 1 from Maine1959 1980 Served alongside Margaret Smith Bill Hathaway William Cohen Succeeded byGeorge MitchelNew office Chair of the Senate Budget Committee1975 1980 Succeeded byFritz Hollings Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Edmund Muskie amp oldid 1187595415, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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