List of wars by death toll

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by the war. These numbers usually include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are the results of war-induced epidemics, famines, atrocities, genocide, etc.

Pre-modern (before 1500 AD)

Ancient wars (before 500 AD)

War	Death range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Conquests of Cyrus the Great	100,000+	549 BC–530 BC	Persian Empire vs. various states	Middle East	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Persian writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Greco–Persian Wars	300,000+	499 BC–449 BC	Greek City-States vs. Persian Empire	Greece
Chinese Warring States	1,500,000+	c. 475 BC – 221 BC	Seven great powers of China	China	Estimated at 1,500,000 before Qin's wars of unification^[1]
Samnite Wars	33,500+	343 BC–290 BC	Roman Republic vs. Samnites	Italy	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Wars of Alexander the Great	142,000+	336 BC–323 BC	Macedonian Empire and other Greek City-States vs. Persian Empire and various other states	Middle East / North Africa / Central Asia / India	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle during these wars recorded by Greek writers, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Punic Wars	1,620,000–1,920,000+	264 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa
First Punic War	400,000+	264 BC–241 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Southern Europe / North Africa	Part of the Punic Wars
Qin's Wars of Unification	700,000+^[citation needed]	230 BC–221 BC	Qin state vs. Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu, Qi States	China	Part of Warring States period
Second Punic War	770,000+	218 BC–201 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Western Europe / North Africa	^[2] – Part of the Punic Wars
Third Punic War	450,000–750,000+	149 BC–146 BC	Roman Republic vs. Carthaginian Empire	Tunisia	Part of the Punic Wars
Cimbrian War	410,000–650,000	113 BC–101 BC	Roman Republic vs. Cimbri and Teutones	Western Europe	Part of the Germanic Wars
Roman civil wars from Social War (91–87 BC) to War of Actium	3,000,000+^[3]	91 BC– 30 BC	Roman civil wars	Europe/North Africa/Middle East	Fall of the Roman Republic
Gallic Wars	1,000,000+	58 BC–50 BC	Roman Republic vs. Gallic tribes	France
Iceni Revolt	150,000+^[4]	60–61	Roman Empire vs. Celtic tribes	England	Year is uncertain – Part of the Roman Conquest of Britain
Jewish–Roman Wars	1,270,000–2,000,000^[5]	66–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East/North Africa	Deaths caused by Roman attempt to permanently root out Judaism included.
First Jewish–Roman War	250,000–1,100,000^[5]	66–73	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East	– Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Kitos War	440,000+	115–117	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Southern Europe / North Africa	– Also known as the Second Jewish–Roman War – Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Bar Kokhba Revolt	580,000	132–136	Roman Empire vs. Jews	Middle East	– Also known as the Third Jewish–Roman War – Part of Jewish–Roman Wars
Three Kingdoms War	36,000,000–40,000,000	184–280	Wei vs. Shu vs. Wu	China	^[6]^[7] – Academically, the period of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the foundation of the state of Wei in 220 and the conquest of the state of Wu by the Jin dynasty in 280. The earlier, "unofficial" part of the period, from 184 to 220, was marked by chaotic infighting between warlords in various parts of China. See: End of the Han dynasty - Also, note that the death range provided is actually the amount the population declined according to the census data and is likely an overestimation of actual combat fatalities.
Yellow Turban Rebellion	3,000,000–7,000,000	184–205	Peasants vs. Eastern Han China	China	– Part of Three Kingdoms War
Wars of the Sixteen Kingdoms	150,000+ ^[citation needed]	304–439	Northern Chinese States	Northern China	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded in this time period in battles between armies of the Sixteen Kingdoms, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Hunnic Reclaims	165,000+ ^[citation needed]	395–453	Roman Empire vs. Hunnic Empire	Europe	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period; does not take into account civilian deaths; the actual number may be much greater.

Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root.

Medieval wars (500–1500 AD)

Note: the identity of a single "war" cannot be reliably given in some cases, and some "wars" can be taken to last over more than a human lifetime, e.g. "Reconquista" (711–1492, 781 years) "Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent" (12th to 16th c., 500 years) "Crusades" (ten or more campaigns during the period 1095–1291, 196 years), "Mongol invasions and conquests" (1206–1368, 162 years), "early Muslim conquests" (622–750, 128 years), "Hundred Years' War" (1337–1453, 116 years).

War	Deaths range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Arab–Byzantine Wars	2,000,000+^[citation needed]	629–1050	Byzantine Empire and allies vs. Islamic Empire and allies	Middle East / North Africa / Southern Europe	Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater.
Reconquista	7,000,000	711–1492	Spanish and Portuguese Christian states vs. Spanish and Portuguese Muslim states	Iberian Peninsula	^[8]- Also known as the reconquest of Al-Andalus
Goguryeo–Sui War	300,000+	598–614	Sui dynasty China and Goguryeo Kingdom Korea	China, Korea	^[9]
An Lushan Rebellion	13,000,000–36,000,000	755–763	Tang dynasty China and Islamic Empire vs. Yan state	China	^[10] – Also known as the An–Shi Rebellion
Goryeo–Khitan Wars	90,000+	993–1019	Liao Empire vs. Goryeo Kingdom	Korea	^[11]
Song–Đại Việt war	600,000+	1075–1077	Song Empire vs. Dai Viet Kingdom under Lý dynasty	China, Vietnam	^[12]^[13]
Crusades	1,000,000–3,000,000	1095–1291	Originally Byzantine Empire vs. Seljuq Empire, but evolved into Christians vs. Muslims.	Europe / Middle East ("Holy Land")	^[14]
Albigensian Crusade	200,000–1,000,000	1208–1229	Papal States and France vs. Cathar States	France	^[15]^[16] – Also known as the Cathar Crusade – Part of the Crusades
Mongol invasions and conquests	30,000,000–40,000,000	1206–1368	Mongol Empire vs. Several Eurasian states	Eurasia	^[17]^[18]^[19] – Excludes the (up to) 200,000,000 deaths from the Black Death migration that may have been associated with the Mongol expansion
Wars of Scottish Independence	60,000–150,000	1296–1357	Scotland vs. England	Scotland / England
Hundred Years' War	2,300,000–3,500,000	1337–1453	House of Valois vs. House of Plantagenet	Western Europe	^[20]
Conquests of Timur	8,000,000–20,000,000	1370–1405	Timurid Empire vs. several middle eastern states	Eurasia	^[21]^[22]
Wars of the Roses	35,000–105,000	1455–1487	House of Lancaster, House of Tudor, and allies vs. House of York and allies	England / Wales	^[23]^[better source needed]

Modern

Modern (1500 AD–present) wars with greater than 25,000 deaths

War	Deaths range	Date	Combatants	Location	Notes
Mediterranean War	900,000–1,000,000	1470–1574	Republic of Venice, Spain, Republic of Genoa, Papal States, Duchy of Savoy, and Order of Saint John vs. Ottoman Empire	Mediterranean	^[24]
Italian Wars	300,000–400,000	1494–1559	Holy Roman Empire, Spain, and some Italian states vs. France, Ottoman Empire, and some Italian states	Southern Europe (primarily)	^[24] – Also known as the Great Wars of Italy
Spanish conquest of New Granada	5,000,000–8,000,000+	1499–1540	Spanish Empire vs. Colombian civilizations	Colombia	^[25]^[26] - Includes Spanish conquest of the Muisca, part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes death from European disease
Spanish conquest of Mexico	8,000,000–10,000,000+	1519–1530	Spanish Empire vs. Aztec Empire	Mexico	^[24] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes the cocoliztli plagues
Spanish conquest of Yucatán	1,460,000+	1519–1595	Spanish Empire vs. Mayan states	North America	^[24] – Part of the European colonisation of the Americas, includes deaths due to European disease
Spanish conquest of Nicaragua	575,000+	1522–1536	Spanish Empire vs. Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua	Nicaragua	^[24] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes deaths due to European diseases
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire	8,400,000+	1533–1572	Spanish Empire vs. Inca Empire	Peru	^[24] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes deaths due to European diseases
Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent	200,000+	1521–1566	Ottoman Empire vs. several Balkan, African, and Arabian states	Eastern Europe / Middle East / North Africa	^[27]
German Peasants' War	100,000+	1524–1525	German Peasants vs. Swabian League	Germany	^[28] – Also known as the Great Peasants War
Arauco War	125,000–142,000	1550–1790	Spanish Empire vs. Mapuches	Chile	^[24] – Part of the European colonization of the Americas, includes deaths due to European diseases
French Wars of Religion	2,000,000–4,000,000	1562–1598	Protestants vs. France vs. Catholics	France	^[29] – Also known as the Huguenot Wars
Eighty Years' War	600,000–700,000	1568–1648	Dutch Republic, England, and France vs. Spanish Empire	Northern Europe (primarily)	^[24] – Also known as the Dutch War of Independence
Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)	106,285+	1585–1604	Spanish Empire and allies vs. Kingdom of England and allies	Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, England, Ireland, Atlantic Ocean	English 88,285^[30]^[31] Spanish 18,000 during the Spanish Armada^[31]
Japanese invasions of Korea	1,000,000+	1592–1598	Kingdom of Great Joseon and Ming China vs. Japan	Korea	^[32]^[24]
Nine Years' War (Ireland)	130,000+	1593–1603	Irish rebels vs. Kingdom of England	Ireland	^[24]
Transition from Ming to Qing	25,000,000+	1616–1683	Qing China vs. Ming China vs. peasant rebels like the Shun dynasty (led by Li Zicheng) and Xi dynasty (led by Zhang Xianzhong) vs. Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion) vs. Evenk-Daur federation (Bombogor)	China	^[33] – Also known as the Ming–Qing transition
Thirty Years' War	4,000,000–12,000,000	1618–1648	Austria and Spain vs. Anti-Habsburg states	Europe	^[34]
Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)	200,000+	1635–1659	France and allies vs. Spain and allies	Western Europe	^[27]^[31]
Wars of the Three Kingdoms	876,000+	1639–1651	Royalists vs. Covenanters vs.Union of the Irish vs. Scottish Protestants vs. Parliamentarians	British Isles	^[35]^[36]^[37] – Also known as the British Civil Wars
Portuguese Restoration War	80,000	1640–1668	Portugal, France, and England vs. Spain	Iberian Peninsula
English Civil War	211,830+	1642–1651	Royalists vs. Parliamentarians	England, Scotland, and Ireland	Part of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Fifth Ottoman–Venetian War	72,000	1645–1669	Republic of Venice vs. Ottoman Empire	Candia, Crete, Dalmatia and Aegean Sea
Deluge	3,000,000	1655–1660 or 1648–1667	Primarily Poland vs. Sweden and Russia	Poland	^[38]
Mughal–Maratha Wars	5,000,000+	1658–1707	Maratha empire vs. Mughal Empire	India-Bangladesh	^[39]^[40]
Franco-Dutch War	342,000	1672–1678	France and allies vs. Dutch Republic and allies	Western Europe	Also known as the Dutch War
Great Turkish War	380,000+	1683–1699	Ottoman Empire vs. European Holy League	Eastern Europe	^[27] – Also known as the War of the Holy League
Nine Years' War	680,000+	1688–1697	France vs. League of Augsburg (Dutch, Habsburgs, England, Scotland, Spain and others)	Global (mainly Europe)	^[41]
Great Northern War	350,000+	1700–1721	Russia and allies vs. Swedish Empire	Eastern Europe	Sweden, the Swedish Baltic provinces, and Finland, together, with a population of only 2.5 million, lost some 350,000 dead during the war from all causes.^[42]
War of the Spanish Succession	400,000–1,250,000	1701–1714	Grand Alliance vs. Bourbon Alliance	Europe / Americas	^[27]
War of Jenkins' Ear	30,000+	1739–1748	Spanish Empire vs. British Empire	American South, Caribbean, Pacific and Atlantic	^[43]
Maratha expeditions in Bengal	400,000+	1741–1751	Maratha Empire vs. Nawab of Bengal	India, Bangladesh	^[44]^[45]
Seven Years' War	868,000–1,400,000	1756–1763	Great Britain and allies vs. France and allies	Worldwide
Sino-Burmese War	70,000+	1765–1769	Burma vs. Qing China	Southeast Asia	– Also known as the Qing invasions of Burma
Tây Sơn rebellion	1,200,000–2,000,000+	1771–1802	Tây Sơn rebels then dynasty (British supports) and Chinese pirates vs Nguyễn lords, Trịnh lords, Lê dynasty of Vietnam; Siam; Qing dynasty of China; Kingdom of Vientiane; French army.	Southeast Asia
American Revolutionary War	70,000–116,000	1775–1783	United States and allies vs. British Empire and German Mercenaries	Worldwide	37,324 battle dead, all sides, all theaters.^[27]^[46]^[47]^[48]^[49] – Also known as the American War of Independence
White Lotus Rebellion	100,000+	1794–1804	Qing China vs. White Lotus rebels	China
French campaign in Egypt and Syria	65,000+	1798–1801	France vs. Ottoman Empire and Great Britain	Middle East / North Africa	^[27]
Saint-Domingue expedition	135,000+	1802–1803	France vs. Haiti and UK	Haiti	^[31] – Part of the Haitian Revolution
Napoleonic Wars	3,500,000–7,000,000	1803–1815	Coalition powers vs. French empire and allies	Worldwide	See: Napoleonic Wars casualties
Peninsular War	1,000,000+	1808–1814	Spain, Portugal and United Kingdom vs. France, Kingdom of Italy and Duchy of Warsaw	Iberian Peninsula	^[31] – Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Spanish American wars of independence	600,000–1,200,000+	1808–1833	Spain vs. American Independentists	Americas	^[50]
Colombian War of Independence	250,000–400,000+	1810–1823	Royalists vs. Patriots	Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela (Viceroyalty of New Granada)	Part of Spanish American Wars of Independence
Venezuelan War of Independence	228,000+	1810–1823	Spain vs. Venezuelan states	Venezuela	Part of Spanish American Wars of Independence
Mfecane	1,000,000–2,000,000	1810s–1840s	Ethnic communities in southern Africa	Modern day South Africa	^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]
French invasion of Russia	540,000+	1812	French Empire vs. Russia	Russia	^[27] – Part of the Napoleonic Wars
Carlist Wars	200,000+	1820–1876	Carlist Insurgents vs. Spain	Spain	^[50]
Greek War of Independence	170,000+	1821–1831	Greek Revolutionaries vs. Ottoman Empire	Greece
French conquest of Algeria	595,665–1,095,665	1830–1903	France vs. Algerian resistance	Algeria	Between 500,000 and 1,000,000, from approximately 3 million Algerians, were killed in the first three decades of the conquest.^[55]^[56] French losses from 1830 to 1851 were 92,329 dead from disease and only 3,336 killed in action.^[31]^[57]^[58]
French colonial campaigns	110,000+	1830–1895	France vs. Local forces	Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos), Mexico, Madagascar, West Africa	In all colonial campaigns, France suffered 10,000 killed and 35,000 wounded, primarily in Algeria. From this number, a few thousand soldiers died in Mexico and Vietnam. Disease further compounded the toll, resulting in an estimated total of 110,000 deaths among French and Foreign Legion forces due to battles and disease throughout the entire 19th century.^[31]
Taiping Rebellion	20,000,000–70,000,000	1850–1864	Qing China vs. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom	China	^[59]^[60]^[61] – Also known as the Taiping Civil War
Crimean War	356,000–615,000	1853–1856	Ottoman Empire and allies vs. Russia	Crimean Peninsula
Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)	1,000,000+	1854–1856	Qing China vs. Red Turban rebels	China
Miao Rebellion	4,900,000 ^[citation needed]	1854–1873	Qing China vs. Miao	China	Also known as the Qian rebellion
Punti–Hakka Clan Wars	500,000–1,000,000+	1855–1868	Hakka vs. Punti	China
Panthay Rebellion	890,000–1,000,000	1856–1873	Qing China vs. Hui	China	– Also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion
Indian Rebellion of 1857	800,000–1,000,000	1857–1858	Sepoy Mutineers vs. British East India Company	India	^[62] – Also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian First War of Independence
American Civil War	650,000–1,000,000	1861–1865	Union States vs. Confederate States	USA	^[63]^[64]^[65]
Dungan Revolt	8,000,000–20,000,000	1862–1877	Qing China vs. Hui vs. Kashgaria	China	– Also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt
French intervention in Mexico	49,287+	1862–1867	Mexican Republicans vs. France and Mexican Empire	Mexico	^[31]
Paraguayan War	300,000–1,200,000	1864–1870	Triple alliance vs. Paraguay	South America	^[66] – Also known as the War of the Triple Alliance
Austro-Prussian War	40,000+	1866	Austrian states vs. German states	Central Europe
Ten Years' War	241,000+	1868–1878	Spain vs. Cuba and Dominican volunteers^[67]	Cuba	^[31] – Also known as the Great War
Franco-Prussian War	433,571+	1870–1871	France vs. German states	France and Prussia
Conquest of the Desert	30,000–35,000	1870s–1884	Argentina vs. Mapuche people	Patagonia
Aceh War	97,000–107,000	1873–1914	Kingdom of the Netherlands vs. Aceh Sultanate	Indonesia	^[68] – Also known as the Infidel War
First Sino–Japanese War	48,311+	1894–1895	Qing China vs. Japan	East Asia
Cuban War of Independence	362,000+	1895–1898	USA and Cuba vs. Spain	Cuba	^[31]
War of Canudos	30,000+	1896–1897	First Brazilian Republic vs. Canudos inhabitants	Brazil
Thousand Days' War	120,000–180,000+	1899–1902	Colombian Conservatives vs. Colombian Liberals	Colombia	Famine and Civilian casualties are included.^[69]^[70]
Boxer Rebellion	100,000	1899–1901	Boxers vs. Foreign powers	China
South African War (Second Boer War)	73,000–90,000	1899–1902	United Kingdom and allies vs. South African Republic and Orange Free State	South Africa	^[71]
Philippine–American War	234,000+	1899–1912	Philippines vs. USA	Philippines	^[72] – Also known as the Philippine War
Russo-Japanese War	101,300–206,100	1904–1905	Russia vs. Japan	Northeast Asia
Mexican Revolution	1,000,000–3,500,000	1910–1920	Pro-government vs. Anti-government	Mexico	^[73]
1911 Revolution	220,000	1911	Qing China vs. Revolutionaries	China
Balkan Wars	140,000+	1912–1913	See Balkan wars	Balkan Peninsula
World War I	17,000,000-40,000,000	1914–1918	Allied Powers vs. Central Powers	Worldwide	^[27] – Also known as the Great War
Russian Civil War	7,000,000–12,000,000	1917–1922	Red army and allies vs. White army and allies	Russia	^[74]
Kurdish separatism in Iran	15,000–58,000	1918–present	Qajar dynasty vs. Shekak (tribe)	Iran	^[75]
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict	138,800–320,100	1918–2003	Kurdistan/Iraqi Kurdistan and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Iraq	^[76]^[77]
Rif War	90,000	1921–1926	Spain vs. Republic of the Rif	Morocco	^[78]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	100,000+	1921–present	Turkey vs. Kurdish people	Middle East
Second Italo-Senussi War	40,000+	1923–1932	Italy vs. Senussi Order	Libya
Chinese Civil War	8,000,000–11,692,000	1927–1949	ROC vs. PRC	China	^[79]
Chaco War	85,000–130,000	1932–1935	Bolivia vs. Paraguay	Gran Chaco
Second Italo–Ethiopian War	278,000+	1935–1936	Ethiopian Empire vs. Italy	Ethiopia	According to Italian government statistics, the Italians suffered 1,148 KIA, 125 DOW, and 31 MIA.^[80] According to the Ethiopian government, at least 275,000 Ethiopians died in the brief war.^[80]^[81] – Also known as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War
Spanish Civil War	500,000–1,000,000	1936–1939	Nationalists vs. Republicans	Spain	^[31]
Second Sino-Japanese War	20,000,000–25,000,000	1937–1945	Republic of China and allies vs. Japan	China	^[82] – Part of World War II
World War II	80,000,000	1939–1945	Allied powers vs. Axis Powers	Worldwide	^[27] – Largest and deadliest war in history
Winter War	153,736–194,837	1939–1940	Finland vs. Soviet Union	Finland	– Part of World War II
Greco-Italian War	27,000+	1940–1941	Greece vs. Italy	Southeast Europe	– Part of World War II
Continuation War	387,300+	1941–1944	Finland and Germany vs. Soviet Union	Northern Europe	– Part of World War II
Soviet–Japanese War	33,420–95,768	1945	Soviet Union and Mongolia vs. Japan	Manchuria	– Part of World War II
First Indochina War	400,000+	1946–1954	France vs. Việt Minh, Lao Assara, and Khmer Issarak	Southeast Asia	– Also known as the Indochina War
Partition of India	200,000–2,000,000	1946–1948	India and Pakistan	South Asia	Partition of India
Greek Civil War	158,000+	1946–1949	Greek Government army vs. DSE	Greece	^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]
Kashmir conflict	80,000–110,000	1947–present	India vs. Pakistan	North India / Pakistan
La Violencia	192,700–300,000	1948–1958	Colombian Conservative Party vs. Colombian Liberal Party	Colombia
Internal conflict in Myanmar	130,000–250,000	1948–present	Myanmar vs. Burmese Insurgent Groups	Myanmar	^[87]
Arab–Israeli conflict	116,074+	1948–present	Arab Countries vs. Israel	Middle East	^[88]
Annexation of Hyderabad	29,000–242,000	1948	Dominion of India vs. Hyderabad	India	– Also known as Operation Polo
Korean War	1,500,000–4,500,000	1950–1953	South Korea and allies vs. North Korea and allies	Korea	^[89] American casualties in the Korean War included 54,246 dead and 103,284 wounded.
Algerian War	400,000–1,500,000	1954–1962	Algeria vs. France	Algeria	^[90] – Also known as the Algerian War of Independence
Ethnic conflict in Nagaland	34,000+	1954–present	India and Myanmar vs. Naga People	Northeast India	^[91]
Vietnam War	1,300,000–4,300,000	1955–1975	South Vietnam and allies vs. North Vietnam and allies	Vietnam	^[92]^[93]^[94] American casualties in the Vietnam War included 58,226 dead and 304,000 wounded. – Also known as the Second Indochina War - Includes deaths in Cambodia and Laos
First Sudanese Civil War	500,000+	1955–1972	Sudan vs. South Sudanese Rebels	Sudan
Congo Crisis	100,000+	1960–1965	DRC, USA, and Belgium vs. Simba and Kwilu Rebels	Congo	^[95]
Angolan War of Independence	83,000–103,000	1961–1974	Angola vs. Portugal and South Africa	Angola
North Yemen Civil War	100,000–200,000	1962–1970	Kingdom of Yemen and Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen Arab Republic and United Arab Republic	Yemen	^[96]
Mozambican War of Independence	63,500–88,500	1964–1974	FRELIMO vs. Portugal	Mozambique	^[97]
Insurgency in Northeast India	25,000+	1964–present	India and allies vs. Insurgent Groups	Northeast India	^[87]
Colombian conflict	220,000-450,000+	1964–present	Colombia and allies vs. Far Left guerillas and Far Right paramilitares	Colombia	^[98]
Nigerian Civil War	1,000,000–3,000,000	1967–1970	Nigeria vs. Biafra	Nigeria	– Also known as the Biafran War
Moro conflict	120,000+	1969–2019	Philippines vs. Jihadist Groups vs. Bangsamoro	Philippines	^[99]
Communist rebellion in the Philippines	30,000–43,000	1969–present	Philippines vs. Communist Party of the Philippines	Philippines	^[100]
Bangladesh Liberation War	400,000–3,600,000+	1971	India and Bangladesh vs. Pakistan	Bangladesh	^[101] – Also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence Figure includes 30,000 military dead, 300,000 to 3,000,000 Bengali civilian and 64,000 to 600,000 Bihari civilian deaths ^[102]^[103]
Ethiopian Civil War	500,000–1,500,000	1974–1991	Derg, PEDR, and Cuba vs. Anti-Communist rebel groups	Ethiopia
Angolan Civil War	504,158+	1975–2002	MPLA and Cuba vs. UNITA and South Africa	Angola
South African invasion of Angola	50,000+	1975–1976	Cuba and MPLA vs. South Africa, FNLA, UNITA and Zaire	Angola	50,000 Angolans dead (mostly civilians)^[31] – Part of the South African Border War and the Angolan Civil War
Indonesian invasion of East Timor	100,000–200,000	1975–1976	Indonesia vs. East Timor	East Timor
Lebanese Civil War	120,000–150,000	1975–1990	Various groups	Lebanon
Insurgency in Laos	100,000+	1975–2007	Laos and Vietnam vs. "Secret army" and Hmong people	Laos	^[104]
Ogaden War	60,000	1977–1978	Ethiopia and Cuba vs. Somalia	Ethiopia	^[105]
Afghanistan conflict	1,400,000–2,500,000	1978–present	see Afghanistan conflict	Afghanistan	^[106]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict	45,000+	1978–present	Turkey vs. KCK	Middle East	^[107] – Part of the Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
Soviet–Afghan War	600,000–2,000,000	1979–1989	Soviet Union and Afghanistan vs. Insurgent groups	Afghanistan	^[108]^[109]^[110] – Part of War in Afghanistan
Salvadoran Civil War	70,000–80,000	1979–1992	El Salvador vs. FMLN	El Salvador	^[111]^[112]
Iran–Iraq War	500,000–1,500,000	1980–1988	Iran and allies vs. Iraq and allies	Middle East	^[113]
Internal conflict in Peru	70,000+	1980–present	Peru vs. PCP-SL and MRTA	Peru	^[114]
Ugandan Bush War	100,000–500,000	1981–1986	ULNF and Tanzania vs. National Resistance Army	Uganda	^[115]^[116] – Also known as the Luwero War
Second Sudanese Civil War	1,000,000–2,000,000	1983–2005	Sudan vs. South Sudanese rebels	Sudan
Sri Lankan Civil War	80,000–100,000	1983–2009	Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Tigers	Sri Lanka	^[117]
Somali Civil War	300,000–500,000	1986–present	Varying Somali governments vs. insurgent groups	Somalia	^[118]^[119]
Lord's Resistance Army insurgency	100,000–500,000	1987–present	Lord's Resistance Army vs. Central African states	Central Africa	^[120]
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	50,000+	1988–2024	Artsakh and Armenia vs. Azerbaijan and allies	Caucasus region	– Also known as the Artsakh Liberation War
Gulf War	25,500–40,500	1990–1991	Iraq vs. Coalition Forces	Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia
Rwandan Civil War	500,000–807,500	1990–1994	Rwandan Patriotic Front rebel forces vs. Rwanda	Rwanda	– The majority of casualties were civilians killed by Hutu rebels in the Rwandan genocide.
Algerian Civil War	44,000–200,000	1991–2002	Algeria vs. FIS loyalists vs. GIA	Algeria	^[121]
Bosnian War	97,000–105,000	1991–1995	Bosnia and Herzegovinian governments and allies vs. Republika Srpska and allies	Bosnia
1991 Iraqi uprisings	85,000–235,000	1991	Iraq vs various rebels	Iraq	^[122]^[123]^[124] – Also known as the Sha'aban Intifada
Eritrean–Ethiopian War	70,000–300,000	1998–2000	see Eritrean–Ethiopian War	Eritrean–Ethiopian border
Sierra Leone Civil War	50,000–300,000	1991–2002	see Sierra Leone Civil War	Sierra Leone
Burundian Civil War	300,000+	1993–2005	Burundi vs. Hutu rebels vs. Tutsi rebels	Burundi	^[125]
First Congo War	250,000–800,000	1996–1997	Zaire and allies vs. AFDL and allies	Congo
Second Congo War	2,500,000–5,400,000	1998–2003	See Second Congo War	Central Africa	^[126]^[127]^[128]^[129] – Also known as the Great War of Africa
Ituri conflict	60,000+	1999–2003	Lendu Tribe vs. Hemu Tribe and allies	Congo	^[130] – Part of the Second Congo War
War on terror	272,000–1,260,000	2001–2021	Anti-Terrorist Forces vs. Terrorist groups	Worldwide	^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134] – Also known as the Global War on Terrorism
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	212,191+	2001–2021	See War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)	Afghanistan	^[132] – Part of the War on Terror and Afghanistan conflict
Insurgency in the Maghreb	70,000+	2002–present	See Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)	Algeria, Libya, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad, Mauritania and other Maghreb and Sahel countries	Part of the War on Terror. Includes Mali War, Libyan crisis (various factions of Libyan crisis vs Islamists) Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso and Jihadist insurgency in Niger.
US Invasion of Iraq	800,000-1,000,000^[citation needed]	2003	United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland vs Iraq	Iraq	The invasion phase began on 19 March 2003 (air) and 20 March 2003 (ground) and lasted just over one month
Iraq War (US lead Coalition Invasion of Iraq & subsequent war)	405,000–654,965	2003–2011	See Iraq War	Iraq	^[133]^[134]^[132] – Part of the War on Terror See: Casualties of the Iraq War
War in Darfur	300,000+	2003–present	SRF and allies vs. Sudan and allies vs. UNAMID	Sudan	^[135]
Kivu Conflict	100,000+	2004–present	see Kivu Conflict	Congo	– Part of the Second Congo War
Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa	46,872–79,000	2004–present	Pakistan, USA, and UK vs. Terrorist groups	Pakistan	^[132] – Also known as the War in Waziristan – Part of the War on Terror and War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Mexican drug war	200,000–400,000+	2006–present	Mexico vs. Drug cartels, including inter-cartel conflicts	Mexico	^[136]^[137] – Also known as the Mexican War on Drugs
Boko Haram insurgency	350,000+	2009–present	Multinational Joint Task Force vs. Boko Haram	Nigeria with spillover into Cameroon, Chad, Mali and Niger	2,400,000 internally displaced
Libyan crisis	30,000–43,000^[138]^[139]^[140]^[141]	2011–present	First stage: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya vs Anti-Gaddafi forces; Second stage: Libyan National Army vs various militias (including jihadists); Third stage: House of Representatives vs Government of National Accord vs Islamic State and other jihadist militias	Libya	Includes the First Libyan Civil War, Factional violence in Libya and the Second Libyan Civil War
Syrian civil war	580,000–613,407+	2011–present	Syrian Arab Republic vs. Republic of Syria vs. ISIL vs. Syrian Democratic Forces	Syria	See: Casualties of the Syrian civil war
Rojava–Islamist conflict	50,000+	2013–present	Syrian Democratic Forces vs. Islamic States of Iraq and Levant vs. al-Nusra Front	Syria	100,000^[142] Syrian Kurds fleeing to Turkey
South Sudanese Civil War	383,000+^[143]	2013–2020	South Sudan vs. SPLM-IO	South Sudan	About 190,000 died of violence and 383,000 died if healthcare services disruption and war-caused food scarcity factored in as of 2018
War in Iraq (2013–2017)	195,000–200,000+	2013–2017	Iraq and allies vs. ISIL	Iraq
Yemeni Civil War	377,000+	2014–present	Yemen's Supreme Political Council vs. Hadi Government, Saudi-led Coalition and the UAE-backed Southern Movement vs Al-Qaeda	Yemen	UNDP estimate for the end of 2021. 60% attributable to hunger and disease. Also part of the Arab Winter.
Tigray War	162,000–378,000+ (Total civilian casualties including famine victims, per Ghent University)^[144]	2020–2022	UFEFCF vs. Ethiopian and Eritrean Government	Ethiopia (Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions)	Part of the Ethiopian civil conflict.
Myanmar Civil War	49,219	2021–present	National Unity Government vs. State Administration Council	Myanmar	Part of the Internal conflict in Myanmar.
Russian invasion of Ukraine	300,000+	2022–present	Russia vs. Ukraine	Ukraine	Estimates of deaths vary widely.^[145]^[146] The Ukrainian government stopped publishing country's demographic statistics starting from January 2022. Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Hamas–Israel war	38,515–47,464+	2023–present	Israel vs Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups	Israel, Gaza Strip, spillover into West Bank, Lebanon, Syria	Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Modern wars with fewer than 25,000 deaths by death toll

• 22,211 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)^[147]
• 22,000+ – Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865)^[a]
• 21,000+ – Six-Day War (1967)^[148]
• 20,068 – Reform War (1857–1860)
• 20,000+ – Yaqui Wars (1533–1929)^[27]
• 20,000+ – War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)^[31]
• 20,000+ – Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)^[149]
• 20,000+ – Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)^[27]
• 20,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)^[27]
• 19,619+ – Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
• 19,000+ – Mexican–American War (1846–1848)^[27]
• 18,069–20,069 – First Opium War (1839–1842)^[150]
• 17,200+ – First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)^[151]
• 16,765–17,065 – Balochistan conflict (1948–present)^{[152][153][154]}
• 16,000+ – War of the Pacific (1879–1883)
• 16,000+ – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
• 16,000+ – Spanish–American War (1898)^[27]
• 15,200–15,300 – Peasants' War (1798) – Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
• 15,000+ – Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present)^{[155][156][157]}
• 15,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
• 14,460–14,922 – South African Border War (1966–1990)
• 14,077–22,077 – Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960)
• 13,929+ – Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)^[119]
• 13,812+ – Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)^[158][159]
• 13,100–34,000 – Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present)^[148]
• 13,073–26,373 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)^[160]
• 11,500–12,843 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 – Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War
• 11,342–89,000 – Malagasy Uprising (1947–1948)^[161][162]
• 10,700–14,300 – Yom Kippur War (1973)^[78]
• 10,000+ – Assam separatist movements (1979–present)
• 10,000+ – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)^[163]
• 10,000+ – War in Donbas^[164] – Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
• 10,000+ – First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896)^[27]
• 10,000+ – Second Melillan campaign (1909)^[27]
• 10,000+ – Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)^[27]
• 10,000+ – Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)^[165]
• 9,400+ – Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011)^[166]
• 8,136+ – Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)^[167]
• 7,500–21,741 – War of 1812 (1812–1815)^[27][168]
• 7,400–16,200 – Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present)
• 7,050+ – Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510)^[169]
• 7,104+ – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 (1947–1949)^[170]
• 7,000+ – Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) (2005–2010)^[171]
• 6,800–13,459 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965)
• 6,859+ – 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–2024)
• 5,641–6,991 – Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war (2014–present)
• 6,543+ – South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)^[172]
• 6,295+ – Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
• 6,000+ – Permesta Rebellion (1958–1961)
• 5,641+ – Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present)^[173][174]
• 5,100+ – Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–Present) – Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict
• 5,000+ – Casamance conflict (1982–2014)^[175]
• 5,000+ – Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891)^[176]
• 5,000+ – Cuban Revolution (1953–1959)^[177]
• 5,000 – War of the Reunions (1683–1684)
• 4,715+ – Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present)
• 4,275 – Dominican Civil War (1965)^[178]
• 4,200+ – Shifta War (1963–1967)^[179]
• 4,000–10,000 – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present)^[180]
• 4,000 – War of Devolution (1667–1668)
• 3,699+ – Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present)^[119]
• 3,552+ – First Schleswig War (1848–1852)
• 3,529+ – The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998)^[181]
• 3,366+ – Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017)^[182]
• 3,270+ – Second Schleswig War (1864)
• 3,222–3,722 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956)
• 3,144+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
• 3,114+ – 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) – Part of the 1948 Palestine war
• 3,007+ – War of the Golden Stool (1900)^{[citation needed]}
• 3,000–6,000 – Negro Rebellion (1912)^[183][184]
• 3,000–5,000 – Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573) ^[185]
• 3,000 – 1958 Lebanon crisis (1958)
• 3,000+ – Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011)^[186]
• 3,000+ – Banana Wars (1914–1933)^[59]
• 3,000+ – Dominican War of Independence (1844)
• 2,800+ – Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)
• 2,781+ – Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)^[187]
• 2,751+ – Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)^[188]
• 2,557+ – Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present)^{[189][190][191]}
• 2,394+ – Sinai insurgency (2011–present)^[192]
• 2,300+ – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present)^[193][194]
• 2,270–2,971 – Second Opium War (1856–1860)
• 2,221–2,406 – 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) – Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict
• 2,150+ – Persian expedition of 1796 (1796)
• 2,096+ – Aden Emergency (1963–1967)
• 2,054+ – South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015)
• 2,014 – Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
• 2,000–3,800 – Albanian civil unrest (1997)
• 2,000+ – Costa Rican civil war (1948)
• 2,000+ – Six-Day War (2000) (2000)^[195]
• 2,000+ – 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010)^{[196][197][198]}
• 2,000 – Iran crisis of 1946 (1946)^[199]
• 1,817+ – Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
• 1,810+ – Anglo-Iraqi War (1941) – Part of World War II
• 1,774+ – Lapland War (1944–1945) – Part of World War II
• 1,648 – Sinaloa Cartel–Gulf Cartel conflict (2004–present)
• 1,643–2,237 – Transnistria War (1992)^{[200][201][202][203]}
• 1,600+ – Texas Revolution (1835–1836)^[b]
• 1,561 – Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present)
• 1,500+ – Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
• 1,480 – Ifni War (1957–1958)^[78]
• 1,444 – Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan (2015–present)
• 1,300+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)^[204]
• 1,295+ – Siachen conflict (1984–2011)
• 1,229+ – Basque conflict (1959–2011)^[205]
• 1,227–5,600 – Kargil War (1999)^{[206][207][208][209]}
• 1,000–1,500 – Cabinda conflict (1994–present)^[210]
• 1,000+ – Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
• 1,000+ – 1991–1992 South Ossetia War (1991–1992)^[211]
• 1,000+ – Xinjiang conflict (1930–present)
• 1,000+ – Chincha Islands War (1864–1866)^[27]
• 1,000+ – Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) – Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
• 1,000 – Second Mafia War (1980–1983)
• 968+ – Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
• 907 – Falklands War (1982)^[212]
• 898 – Barbary Wars (1801–1815)
• 864 – Jamaican political conflict (1943–present)
• 850 – Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) – Part of the Syrian Civil War
• 846 – 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)
• 818 – Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)
• 808 – Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
• 789–1,874 – 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002)
• 771 – Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present)
• 740 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)^[213][214]
• 722 – Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)
• 700–800 – Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902)
• 638–838 – Operation Just Cause (1989–1990)
• 670+ Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present)
• 659–2,496 – Russo–Georgian War (2008)
• 650+ – Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present)
• 643–1,500 – Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present)^[191][190]
• 621 – Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991)
• 316 – Chiapas conflict (1994–1996)
• 302 – Operation Uphold Democracy (1994–1995)
• 300+ – Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006–2007)
• 547 – Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959)
• 542 – East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)
• 500 – Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)
• 483–494 – 2007 Lebanon conflict
• 422 – Franco-Thai War (1940–1941)
• 327 – RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
• 275–569 – Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
• 247 – Cortina Troubles (1859–1861)
• 246–353 – Korean Expedition (1871)
• 236 – Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)
• 233 – First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976)
• 233 – Anglophone Crisis (2017–present)^[c]
• 217 – Cuban invasion of the Dominican Republic (1959)
• 213–523+ – Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959)^[220]
• 206–345 – Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022)
• 200+ – 1967 Opium War (1967)
• 200 – 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935)^{[citation needed]}
• 174–194 – United States occupation of Veracruz (1914)^[221]
• 164 – Red Sea Crisis (2023–Present)
• 162 – Quebec Biker War (1994–2002)
• 159 – Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia (2015–2022)
• 141 – 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006)
• 126 – Kasese clashes (2016)^[222][223]
• 125 – Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)
• 115 – Pool War (2016–present)
• 112 – Operation Urgent Fury (1983)
• 108 – Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present)^[d]
• 102–227 – 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
• 99–500 – Sand War (1963–1964)
• 95 – 2013 Guinea clashes (2013)^[235]
• 84–134 – 2013 Lahad Datu standoff (2013)^[236][237]
• 82 – Quasi-War (1798–1800)^{[citation needed]}
• 82 – North-West Rebellion (1885)^[238]
• 80+ – Las Cuevas War (1875)
• 71 – Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present)^{[citation needed]}
• 70+ – DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present)
• 63–77 – Operation El Dorado Canyon (1986)
• 63 – Ten-Day War (1991)
• 56+ – Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present)
• 50 – Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899)
• 46 – Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954)
• 45+ – 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes (2020–2021)
• 41 – 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010)
• 39–111 – 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
• 37 – 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013)
• 36 – 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present)^[239] – Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta
• 20 – 2024 Ecuadorian conflict (2024–Present)
• 12–61 – 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) – Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
• 11–30 – 2008 Kufra conflict (2008)
• 11 – 2024 Iran–Pakistan border skirmishes (2024)
• 8–16 – 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011)

Charts and graphs

 

Bubble chart of wars over 1.5M deaths.

See also

• Casualty recording
• Timeline of wars
• List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
• List of battles by casualties
• List of number of conflicts per year
• Lists of wars
• List of ongoing armed conflicts
• List of genocides by death toll
• List of countries by refugee population

Notes

1. One estimate placed total Spanish deaths from all causes at 18,000. The fatal losses among the Dominican insurgents were estimated at 4,000.^[31]
2. One author estimates Mexican casualties at 1,000 dead, 700 prisoners, and 400 wounded. Desertion and noncombat deaths would significantly increase these numbers. The Texans lost about 600 killed and 350 wounded.
3. See^{[215][216][217][218][219]}
4. See^{[224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234]}

References

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2. White, Matthew. "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". Necrometrics.
3. Estimated at "several millions." Alföldy, Géza, (1975). The Social History of Rome, (London & Sydney: Johns Hopkins University Press), p 91.
4. "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". users.erols.com.
5. "The Jewish Roman Wars". www.jewishwikipedia.info. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
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9. Book of Sui. 636.
10. White, Matthew. "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century". Necrometrics. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
11. "귀주대첩 [네이버 지식백과] 귀주대첩 [龜州大捷] (두산백과)". Naver. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
12. Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.
13. Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian《長編》卷三百上載出師兵員“死者二十萬”，“上曰：「朝廷以交址犯順，故興師討罪，郭逵不能剪滅，垂成而還。今廣源瘴癘之地，我得之未為利，彼失之未為害，一夫不獲，朕尚閔之，况十死五六邪？」又安南之師，死者二十萬，朝廷當任其咎。《續資治通鑑長編·卷三百》”。 《越史略》載廣西被殺者“無慮十萬”。 《玉海》卷一九三上稱“兵夫三十萬人冒暑涉瘴地，死者過半”。
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16. . Time. April 28, 1961. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008.
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36. Carlton 2002, p. 212.
37. Carlton 2002, p. 213.
38. Grabieże szwedzkie w Polsce (1). Przyczyny, charakterystyka i skutki
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Works cited

• Carlton, Charles (2002). Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638-1651. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-42558-9.
• Čečuk, Božidar (March 1960). "Tragom poginulih seljaka u Seljačkoj buni 1573. godine" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Department of Historical Research of the Institute of Historical and Social Research of Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (in Croatian). 3. Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 499–503. Retrieved 5 September 2017.

Further reading

• Steven Pinker (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101544643. pp. 832. (see also: 2016 update)
• Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495-1975. University Press of Kentucky, USA. ISBN 081316365X.

External links

• An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years
• Max Roser: 'War and Peace'. (2016). Published online at OurWorldInData.org.