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Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

January 07, 2023

The insurgency in Cabo Delgado is an ongoing Islamist insurgency in Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique, mainly fought between militant Islamists and jihadists attempting to establish an Islamic state in the region, and Mozambican security forces.[17] Civilians have been the main targets of terrorist attacks by Islamist militants.[52] The main insurgent faction is Ansar al-Sunna, a native extremist faction with tenuous international connections. From mid-2018, the Islamic State's Central Africa Province has allegedly become active in northern Mozambique as well,[14] and claimed its first attack against Mozambican security forces in June 2019.[35] In addition, bandits have exploited the rebellion to carry out raids.[16] As of 2020, the insurgency intensified, as in the first half of 2020 there were nearly as many attacks carried out as in the whole of 2019.[53]

Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
Part of War against the Islamic State, Islamic terrorism in Africa and War on terror[17]

Map of the region
Date5 October 2017 – present
(5 years, 3 months and 1 day)
Location
Cabo Delgado Province, Mozambique, with spillovers into Tanzania[17] and neighboring Niassa Province[18]
11°21′S 40°20′E / 11.350°S 40.333°E / -11.350; 40.333
Status Ongoing (Map of the current military situation)
Territorial
changes		 Mozambican and Rwandan troops launch counteroffensive, taking back many towns and cities
Belligerents

 Mozambique
 Rwanda
(from 2021)[1]
Southern African Development Community (from 2021)

Supported by:
 Russia[8]
EUTM-Moz
(from 2021)
 Uganda[4]
 United States
(from 2021)[9][10]
 Portugal
(from 2020)[11][12]
 United Kingdom[13]

Ansar al-Sunna
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[14]
Supported by:
Organized crime[15]
Foreign sympathizers[15]

Bandits[16]
Commanders and leaders
Filipe Nyusi
Atanasio M'tumuke
Bernadino Rafael[19]
Cyril Ramaphosa
John Magufuli
(2020–21)
Samia Suluhu
(since 2021)
Brig. Gen. Nuno Lemos Pires (Since 2021)		 Abu Yasir Hassan[20][21]
Abdala Likongo [22]
Ibn Omar[23][24]
Abu Dardai Jongo[23]
Abdul Rahmin Faizal (POW)[24][19]
Abdul Remane[24]
Abdul Raim[24]
"Muhamudu" †[23]
Nuno Remane[24]
"Salimo"[24]
Abdul Aziz[19]
Rajab Awadhi Ndanjile †[25]
Twahili Mwidini  †[26]
Units involved

Mozambican security forces

Private Military Contractors

Local self-defense groups[31]
Special Air Service special forces[32]
60 Commandos (Portugal) and Portuguese Marine Corps (training support)[12]
Green Berets (training support)[33]

Various Ansar al-Sunna cells

ISIL

Strength
11,200[36]
1,495[37]
1,000[1]
304[38]
296[3]
60[39]
20[7]
12[40]
200 Wagner personnel[41]		 600–1,200 (2022)[42]
Casualties and losses
Hundreds killed and hundreds wounded
7 Wagner personnel killed[41][43]
1 death (non-combat)[44]
1 killed[45]
4+ killed, several wounded[45]
1 killed [46]
1 death (non-combat) [47]		 Hundreds killed and hundreds wounded
470+ arrested[a][43]
Total: 3,593+ killed (2020)[48]
400,000 displaced[49][50]
a 314 Mozambicans, 52 Tanzanians, 3 Ugandans, 1 Somali and 100 unknown.[51]

Ansar al-Sunna (English: "Supporters of the Tradition") is similar to the name of an Iraqi Sunni insurgent group that fought against U.S. troops between 2003 and 2007. They are known locally as al-Shabaab but they are not formally related to the better known Somali al-Shabaab.[54] although both pledge their allegiance to the militant group, Islamic State (ISIL).[55] Some of the militants are known to speak Portuguese, the official language of Mozambique, however others speak Kimwane, the local language, and Swahili, the lingua franca language spoken north of that area in the Great Lakes region. Reports also state that members are allegedly mostly Mozambicans from Mocimboa da Praia, Palma, and Macomia districts, but also include foreign nationals from Tanzania and Somalia.[56]

Background

Ansar al-Sunna, also known by its original name Ahlu Sunnah Wa-Jamo (translated: "adepts of the prophetic tradition"), was initially an Islamic religious movement in the northern districts of Cabo Delgado[34] which first appeared around 2015. It was formed by followers of the radical Kenyan cleric Aboud Rogo, who was killed in 2012. Thereafter, some members of his movement settled down in Kibiti, Tanzania, before moving into Mozambique.[57]

Ansar al-Sunna claims that Islam as practised in Mozambique has been corrupted and no longer follows the teachings of Muhammad. The movement's members consequently entered traditional mosques with weapons in order to threaten others to follow their own radical beliefs.[34] The movement is also anti-Christian,[58] anti-Animist, and anti-Western, and has tried to prevent people from attending hospitals or schools which it considers secular and anti-Islamic.[15][59] This behavior alienated much of the local population instead of converting them to Ahlu Sunnah Wa-Jamo, so that the movement's members broke away and formed their own places of worship.[59] Over time, the group became increasingly violent: It called an extreme form of Sharia to be implemented in the country,[15] no longer recognized the Mozambican government, and started to form hidden camps in Macomia District, Mocímboa da Praia District, and Montepuez District. There, Ansar al-Sunna militants were trained by ex-policemen, and ex-frontier guards who had been fired and held grudges against the government. The movement also contacted other Islamist militants in East Africa, and reportedly hired trainers from Somalia, Tanzania, and Kenya.[34] Some of the Ansar al-Sunna militants have also journeyed abroad to receive direct training by other militant groups.[59]

The militants are not unified, but split into different cells which do not appear to coordinate their actions.[59] By August 2018, the Mozambican police had identified six men as leaders of the militants in Cabo Delgado: Abdul Faizal, Abdul Raim, Abdul Remane, Ibn Omar, "Salimo", and Nuno Remane.[24] Ansar al-Sunna funds itself through drug trafficking (primarily heroin), contraband, and ivory trade.[15]

While religion does play a fundamental role in the conflict, analysts believe the most important factors in the insurgency are widespread social, economic, and political problems in Mozambique. Unemployment and especially youth unemployment are considered the main causes for locals to join the Islamist rebels. Increasing inequalities have led many young people to be easily attracted by such a radical movement,[60][34][59][57] as Ansar al-Sunna promises that its form of Islam will act as "antidote" to the existing "corrupt, elitist rule".[24] Most rebels belong to the Mwani and Makwa ethnic groups that are native to Cabo Delgado; civilians belonging to these peoples have expressed sympathy for the insurgents. In general, the province lacks infrastructure and the state is underrepresented, easing the spread of the insurgency.[31]

Timeline

2017

  • On 5 October, a pre-dawn raid targeted 3 police stations in the town of Mocímboa da Praia. It was led by 30 armed members, who killed 17 people, including two police officers and a community leader. 14 of the perpetrators were captured. During this brief occupation of Mocímboa da Praia, the perpetrators stole firearms and ammunition and told residents that they reject state health and education, and refused to pay taxes. The group is said to be affiliated with Al-Shabaab, the Al Qaeda-affiliated Islamist extremist group situated and operating in mostly the southern regions of Somalia.[61]
  • On 10 October, police detained 52 suspects in relation to the attack on 5 October.[62]
  • On 21 October, a pre-dawn skirmish took place between the group and government forces in the fishing village of Maluku, approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Mocímboa da Praia. As a result, many locals fled the village.[63]
  • On 22 October, further skirmishes occurred near Columbe village, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of an installation of Anadarko Petroleum.[63]
  • On 27 October 2017, the Mozambican police confirmed the arrest of 100 more members of the group, including foreigners, in relation to the attack on 5 October.[64]
  • On 24 November, in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado, the government ordered the closure of three mosques located in Pemba and in the neighbourhoods of Cariaco, Alto Gigone and Chiuba, which were believed to have a connection with Islamic fundamentalism.[65]
  • On 29 November, the group attacked the villages of Mitumbate and Maculo, injuring two and killing at least two people. The two deaths were by decapitation and death by burning. According to local authorities, the terrorists also destroyed a church and 27 homes.[66]
  • On 4 December, the district government of Moçímboa da Praia in northern Mozambique named two men, Nuro Adremane and Jafar Alawi, as suspected of organising the attacks by an armed group against the police in October. Both men were Mozambican nationals. The district government stated that both men studied Islam in Tanzania, Sudan and Saudi Arabia, where they allegedly also received military training.[67]
  • On 17 December, a successful assassination attempt was committed on the National Director of Reconnaissance of the Police Rapid Intervention Unit.[68]
  • On 26 December, Police Spokesman Inacio Dino announced the commencement of counter-insurgency operations in the forests surrounding Mutumbate, in Cabo Delgado province. Since the amnesty for surrendering expired, stated that 36 Tanzanian citizens would be targeted by the operations.[69]
  • On 29 December, the independent Mozambican newspaper "O Pais" reported that Mozambican paratroopers and marines attacked the village of Mitumbate via air and sea, regarding it as a stronghold for the insurgents. The aftermath of the attack left 50 dead, including women and children, and an unknown number injured.[70]

2018

  • On 3 January, Mozambican police announced that the attacks on 29 December were classified as acts of terrorism.[71]
  • On 13 January, a group of terrorists entered the town of Olumbi in the Palma district around 8pm and fired into a market and a government administrative building, killing 5.[72]
  • On 28 January, a video appeared on social media showing six Islamist extremists dressed in civilian clothing and appealing to Mozambicans to join them in the fight for the values of Islamic doctrine and to establish Islamic law. The video was in both Portuguese and Arabic.[73]
  • On 12 March, Radio Moçambique reported that an armed group attacked the village of Chitolo, burning down 50 homes and killing residents in the process.[74]
  • On 21 March, residents of the village of Manilha abandoned their homes after witnessing armed men carrying out attacks in the surrounding area on the banks of the river Quinhevo.[75]
  • On 20, 21 and 22 April the group attacked the villages of Diaca Velha, near the boundary with Nangade district as well as the village of Mangwaza in the Palma district. Looting houses, burning four houses and killing one person and taking three hostages. However pursuit operations were launched on 22 April by Mozambican security personnel capturing 30 jihadist in the process.[76] Meanwhile, a South African newspaper reported that about 90 militants belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had infiltrated northern Mozambique, citing unnamed intelligence sources. The Mozambican government promptly denied this report as baseless.[77] Nevertheless, the Africa Union reported in May that it had confirmed the presence of ISIL forces in Mozambique.[14]
  • On 27 May, ten people, including children, were beheaded in the village of Monjane in the Palma district of Cabo Delgado province. Locals attribute the violence to al-Shabab, a terrorist group founded in 2015 (no relation to the Somali terrorist group al-Shabab).[78] Twelve days later, the U.S. Embassy in Mozambique warned American citizens to leave the district headquarters of Palma, citing a risk of another imminent attack.[79]
  • On 3 June, five civilians were decapitated in an attack on the village of Rueia in the Macomia district.[80]
  • On 5 June, six men armed with machetes and guns killed seven people and injured four others and set dozens of homes on fire in the village of Naunde in the Macomia district.[80][81][82]
  • On 6 June, at least six people were killed and two seriously injured when terrorists armed with knives and machetes attacked the village of Namaluco in the Quissanga district. The assailants also burned down a hundred houses.[83]
  • On 11 June, terrorists armed with machetes and firearms attacked the village of Changa in the Nangade district in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado, killing four people. The attackers also burned down several houses.[84]
  • On 12 June,a group of armed men attacked the village of Nathuko in the Macomia district in the Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado. The terrorists decapitated a villager, burned down several houses and killed all the animals.[85]
  • On 21 September, 12 people were killed, 15 injured, and 55 houses were burned by jihadists in the village of Paqueue in the province of Cabo Delgado. 10 of the victims were shot to death and 2 were burned to death, with at least one of the victims being decapitated post-mortum.[86]
  • On 3 November, suspected Ansar al Sunna insurgents looted houses and set on fire at least 45 houses in an isolated village in the Macomia District, no casualties were reported in the incident.[87][88]
  • On 7 December 30-year-old Mustafa Suale Machinga was captured by local residents and referred to authorities in Litingina village in Nangade District in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado province. Machinga a former member of the Mozambican armed forces was captured after being accused by residents of leading the group responsible for Islamist militant-inspired attacks in the zone.[89]

2019

 
Satellite image of Cyclone Kenneth approaching Mozambique on 25 April 2019.
  • Sometime in January or early February 2019, security forces captured Abdul Rahmin Faizal, a suspected insurgent leader of Ugandan nationality.[19]
  • On 8 February, Islamist fighters attacked Piqueue village in Cabo Delgado, killing and dismembering seven men, and kidnapping four women.[90]
  • After Cyclone Kenneth hit Mozambique on 25 April, resulting in much devastation, the rebels initially halted their attacks. On 3 May, however, they struck once again by destroying the village of Nacate, Macomia District, killing six civilians. In the following weeks, the Islamists increased their attacks, raiding and burning several villages such as Ntapuala and Banga-Vieja in Macomia District, as well as Ida and Ipho in Meluco District. They also carried out ambushes, and told locals to abandon their homes. At least two attacks targeted workers of Anadarko Petroleum, a United States-headquartered hydrocarbon exploration company.[91]
  • On 4 June, ISIL claimed that its "Central Africa Province" branch had carried out a successful attack on the Mozambican Army at Mitopy in the Mocímboa da Praia District.[35] At least 16 people were killed and about 12 wounded during the attack. By this point, ISIL considered Ansar al-Sunna as one its affiliates, though how many Islamist rebels in Mozambique are actually loyal to ISIL remains unclear.[4]
  • On 3 July, an attack by Islamists in Nangade District killed seven people, including civilians and a policeman. On 6 July ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack.[92]
  • On 25 September, Russian military hardware, namely two Mi-17 helicopters, was delivered via a Russian Air Force An-124 (registration RA-82038) transport aeroplane which landed at Nacala.[93] The Russian and Mozambican governments had previously signed an agreement on military and technical cooperation in late January 2017.[8]
  • In early October, the Mozambican military launched several counter-insurgency operations with the support of Russian mercenaries and defense contractors from the Wagner Group. The rebels were pushed back in many areas of Cabo Delgado, and forced to retreat into the woods.[94] In addition, 34 individuals were detained while traveling from Nampula to Cabo Delgado in order to join the ISIL-affiliated insurgent group.[95] The rebels retaliated by killing seven Russian mercenaries as well as 20 Mozambican soldiers during two ambushes. The attacks were attributed to the Islamic State's Central Africa Province.[96]
  • In November, a number of government troops and 5 fighters from the Wagner Group were killed in an ambush, with ISIL claiming responsibility for the attack.[97][98]

2020

  • 23 March: Mocímboa da Praia was captured by Islamist militants[99] in a coordinated attack from land and sea. The rebels destroyed government buildings and raised a Jihadist flag, but refrained from targeting civilians. Instead, the insurgents distributed food and looted goods to the locals,[28] and withdrew from the city later that day.[100]
  • 25 March: rebels raided the capital of Quissanga District,[101] followed by several more villages.[28]
  • 7 April: militants killed 52 villagers in Xitaxi village, who refused to join them.[citation needed] Islamic State's Central Africa Province was regarded as responsible for the massacre.[102] On the same day, Mozambican security forces reportedly killed 39 militants during an attempted attack on Muidumbe village.[103] Meanwhile, several local rebels declared their intention to establish a caliphate in northern Mozambique.[102]
  • 10 April: security forces allegedly killed 59 rebels during a clash on the Quirimbas Islands.[103]
  • 11–13 April: Mozambican security forces reportedly killed 31 insurgents during operations on Ibo island.[103]
  • 24 April: the Mozambican government admitted for the first time that Islamic State followers were active in the country and involved in the insurgency.[102]
  • 14 May: Mozambican Interior Minister Amade Miquidade claims that the government forces had killed 50 insurgents in separate incidents in the northern part of Cabo Delgado Province.[104]
  • 28 May: around 90 Islamist fighters attacked the town of Macomia and raised the black standard flag.[105]
  • By June: South African SANDF special forces had become active in Mozambique, assisting local security forces against the local rebels.[106][failed verification]
  • 1 June: Government forces recaptured Macomia killing two jihadist leaders.[107]
  • 27 June: Mocímboa da Praia was again captured by Islamist militants,[108] with IS-CAP claiming to be responsible. Many local civilians consequently fled the town. On the same day, other rebels ambushed workers belonging to Fenix Constructions Service Lda, a private construction firm subcontracted by oil and gas company Total S.A., killing at least eight employees.[109]
  • 30 June: Government forces recaptured Mocímboa da Praia.[110]
  • 25 July: Islamic State-aligned militants killed two civilians in Chai village near Macomia.
  • 26 July: Government forces recaptured Chai.[111]
  • 9 August: Insurgents captured Awasse.[112]
  • 11 August: ISCAP rebels once again took control of Mocímboa da Praia after a several days-long offensive which resulted in the death of over one hundred Mozambican troops.[113][114][115]
  • 13 August: A refugee ship coming from Nkomangano was shot at by Government forces sinking it killing 40 civilians.[116]
  • 8 September: Insurgents captured two islands, Mecungo and Vamizi, killing one person.[117] The rebels evicted all locals from the islands, and declared them part of their territory. In addition, the ISIL forces declared Mocímboa da Praia the capital of their province.[118]
  • 24 September: Mozambican soldiers repelled an insurgent attack against the village of Bilibiza.[119]
  • 26 September: Mozambique requests assistance from the European Union (EU) in combating the insurgency.[120]
  • 26 September: Mozambique claims to be in control of Mocimboa da Praia, despite not having a physical presence in the city.[121] In addition, the tourist island of Vamizi is reported to have been recaptured by Mozambican forces, and 50 soldiers are reportedly stationed there.[121]
  • 29 September: Mozambican authorities report that four insurgent attacks were launched against the villages of Chai, Mucojo, Bilibiza, and Cagembe, killing over a dozen people. The militants also attacked a security post in Naliendele, killing several civilians and two Mozambican soldiers.[122]
  • 30 September: The United States reportedly requests Zimbabwe to assist Mozambique in combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado, despite having previously imposed sanctions.[123]
  • 30 September – 6 October: Insurgents took control of Mucojo administrative post and several villages. Local population fled.[124]
 
President Filipe Nyusi visits Mozambican troops in Cabo Delgado, October 2020
  • 14 October: In the first heavy attack outside Mozambique by local terrorists, hundreds of Islamic State and Ansar-al-Sunna members attack a village in Mtwara, Tanzania, killing 20 civilians and damaging properties.[125]
  • 15–17 October: Mozambican security forces claim to have recaptured the region of Awasse and killed over 270 ISCAP insurgents without suffering any casualties of their own. Seven truckloads of weaponry as well as several militants were reported captured.[126] However no proof has been provided and this claim has been disputed by others.[127]
  • 22 October: The EU agrees to assist Mozambique in combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado.[128]
  • 28 October: The Mozambican government reports that the army has captured several insurgent hideouts in the woods and are advancing on a major insurgent base, nicknamed "Syria", in Cabo Delgado.[129]
  • 30 October: A refugee ship carrying 74 refugees capsized near Ilha Makalowe killing 54 people.[116]
  • 1 November: Islamists captured Muidumbe.[130]
  • 6 November: Militants are reported to have beheaded over 50 people in an attack on Muatide village.[131]
  • 11 November: Local media in Mozambique reports that Islamist rebels captured nine towns over the previous two weeks.[132] They were also advancing on the strategically significant town of Mueda.[30]
  • 12 November: Mozambican authorities detain 12 Iraqi nationals for supposed links to Islamist insurgents after discovering numerous weapons and other equipment in their possession.[133]
  • 14 November: The United Nations Human Rights Commissioner, Michelle Bachelet, calls for an international response to the Cabo Delgado insurgency.[134]
  • 17 November: ISIL insurgents reportedly threatened to attack the town of Mueda, warning all residents to evacuate the area by 20 November.[135] In addition, the UN's migration agency reports that 33,000 people have been displaced in just one week due to the insurgency.[136]
  • 19 November: Over 1,000 Mozambican troops recaptured Muidumbe District, killing 16 militants.[137][138]
  • 22 November: Mozambique and Tanzania announce the launch of a joint military operation against Islamic insurgents in Cabo Delgado.[139]
  • 26 November: Insurgents once again captured Namacande, Muidumbe district capital, and Muatide.[140]
  • 2 December: President Nyusi meets with several US counter-terrorism officials to discuss combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado[141]
  • 3 December: Malawi's president announces that troops from the Malawian Defence Force will be sent to Mozambique to assist in anti-insurgent operations.[6]
  • 4 December: Militants ambush a convoy of Mozambican troops in the village of Muidumbe, killing 25 soldiers in an intense firefight before retreating into the woods.[142]
  • 8 December: Government forces have claimed to have recaptured Quissanga village.[143]
  • 12 December: Insurgents went on a shooting spree through Nangade district. Traveling by motorbike, the attackers killed 14 civilians and destroyed four vehicles across the villages of Namiune, 25 de Setembro, Naleke, Chicuaia Nova, Litingina, and Lukuamba.[144]
  • 15 December: Government forces attacked Awasse but were forced to retreat by insurgents.[145]
  • 29 December: ISCAP militants attacked the village of Monjane, forcing the local population to flee the area.[146]

2021

Further information: Battle of Palma and 2021 Cabo Delgado offensives
  • 7 January: ISCAP militants attacked the coastal village of Olumboa, Macomia district. There, they captured 13 civilians. Of those captured, two escaped and at least seven were beheaded by the insurgents.[147]
  • 16 January: A football team travelling from Mueda to Palma were ambushed by insurgents, leaving 5 people dead. On the same day, government forces launched an offensive operation in Ntuleni, Palma district, killing an unknown number of insurgents, who were also using civilians as human shields.[148]
  • 19 January: Insurgents attacked a vehicle transporting cans of gasoline to Palma as it made its way through Pundanhar, Palma district. Some passengers managed to flee. Insurgents killed three civilians and burned the car.[149]
  • 21 January: A small group of insurgents raided the village of Namiune, Nangade district. They beat and then beheaded a village leader and kidnapped four boys aged between 10 and 12.[150]
  • Also on 21 January: IS insurgents attacked the town of Mandimba, occupying the town until 26 January. Whilst in the town, insurgents reportedly killed 1 civilian and 2 policemen in addition to looting the town. During the occupation, militants killed 3 civilians the town of Namiune.[151]
  • 30 January: On 30 January, militants attacked the village of Nkonga, Nangade district, just west of the border with Mocimboa da Praia. No casualties have yet been reported from the attack, but insurgents stole food and burned homes in the village. Insurgents also returned the next day and renewed their assault.[151]
  • Unknown date(Late January): There were clashes between government-backed militias and IS militants in Panjele, Mocimboa da Praia district, leading to the deaths of 3 government-backed militiamen and an unknown number of insurgents.[151]
  • In mid February: state newspaper Notícias reported that only 6,294 young people from Cabo Delgado have been conscripted into the military in the current conscription period, which runs from the beginning of January to the end of February. The military's target was to sign up 14,952 new soldiers from the province.[152]
  • 19 February: insurgents attacked the village of Quionga in northern Palma district near the Tanzanian border. According to a source quoted by Pinnacle News, 30 insurgents were involved in the attack and the raiders remained in the town until the next morning. Insurgents killed four people in Quionga, burned homes — including that of the head of the Quionga administrative post — and looted food in the village.[153]
  • 22 February: Militants attacked Ingalonga, Nangade district, beheading at least 2 people. On the same day, insurgents also attacked Mitope, Mocimboa da Praia district, beheading 3 men and taking 3 women hostage, one of which was later released.[154]
  • 25 February: insurgents attacked the village of Luneque, Nangade district, killing at least 4 civilians and forcing several others to flee.[154]
  • 26 February: insurgents attacked Quirinde, Palma district, killing 7 people, 3 of which were beheaded.[154]
  • 1 March: insurgents began to set up road blocks between Nangade and Mueda. Insurgents also killed 2 civilian farmers near the village of Eduardo Mondlane, east of Litingina.[155]
  • 3 March: insurgents ambushed a military vehicle travelling from Nangade to Mueda. The attack left one lieutenant colonel dead and two other Mozambican soldiers dead. Insurgents also raided the village of N'gangolo, killing 2 civilians.[155]
  • 10 March: 8 insurgents were killed by Mozambican militia in Nangade district.[156]
  • 16 March: Save The Children has reported that children as young as 11 have been beheaded.[157]
  • In mid March: The town of Palma is effectively besieged by insurgents via cutting off supply lines most notably food supplies. Mozambican authorities used air transport to fly in supplies to the town.[158][159]
  • In late March: The United States deployed the Green Berets special forces to train the Mozambican marines.[9][10]
  • Since 24 March, ISIL militants conducted a major attack on the town of Palma, following a loss of communication from the town. Militants first attacked the police station and then proceeded to rob the town's banks. A military source in Palma claimed 'government forces resisted but then had to flee' as the militants were using 'heavy weapons that they had not seen before'. Residential buildings were attacked too, resulting in the death of many civilians.[160][161][162] On 27 March, the fourth day of the siege in the town, several more people were killed by the terrorists. Civilians were killed in the streets and in their houses; some of the victims were beheaded. A gas project was attacked too, and workers were murdered. About 200 foreign nationals fled to a local hotel to protect themselves, but the place was assaulted by the militants. A convoy conducted by Mozambican soldiers arrived at the scene to rescue the foreigners, but it came under fire. A South African man and a British civil contractor were confirmed killed in that attack, alongside 21 responding soldiers and several more people whose identity is unknown so far.[163][164]
 
One of the buildings destroyed during the battle of Palma
  • 5 April: Mozambican forces recapture Palma, though most of the town is destroyed in the fighting. Insurgents still remain in the outskirts and fighting still continues.
  • 8 April: Seven insurgents entered the village of Novo Cabo Delgado, in northwestern Macomia district. They looted food and other goods from the village. As they left, they were ambushed by members of a local militia. In the ensuing firefight, militia members killed three insurgents. One militia member was killed and another wounded.[165]
  • 11 April: A displaced civilian was found beheaded in his house in Palma, after discovering a large cache of food the previous day.[165]
  • 19 April: Civilians discovered the bodies of 3 young men in Palma, addressing they'd been killed by Mozambican troops who were sweeping the town for insurgents.[166]
  • 22 April: A taxi driver was killed by Mozambican soldiers in Pemba after a misunderstanding that led the soldiers to believe the taxi driver was an insurgent.[166]
  • 23 April: 5 civilians were killed and 7 homes were burned down after insurgents attacked a district of Palma.[166]
  • 30 April: Reports of fresh clashes between Mozambican troops and insurgents in Palma began to surface after insurgents burnt more buildings in the town, in the days prior, in an attempt to force Mozambican troops out. The phone service was once again cut off from the town, making communication difficult. Insurgents were also spotted in Quiuia, north of Palma. On the same day, 5 fisherman were beheaded by insurgents near the town of Pangane.[167]
  • 3 May: 7 displaced civilians from Palma were killed and several more were killed after insurgents sunk two boats carrying displaced people off the coast of Ilha Mucongwe.[168]
  • 7 May: 5 insurgents were killed by a local militia after insurgents launched a failed attack on Ngalonga, in southeastern Nangade district.[168]
  • 15 May: Insurgents in Quifula Island in the Quirimba Islands (Ibo, Cabo Delgado) killed a fisherman.[169]
  • 21 May: Government forces reportedly recaptured Diaca and Namacunde.[170]
  • 22 May: There was fighting between government forces and insurgents in lower Palma, insurgents burned down 14 homes and a mosque in lower Palma. There has been no confirmation on casualties.[171]
  • 4 June: Government forces repelled insurgent attack on Namacunde.[172]
  • 12 June: A group of self-appointed vigilantes tried to confront some remaining insurgents with machetes in north Palma. Upon reaching the insurgents, 3 of the vigilantes were shot dead.[173]
  • 12 June: 7 civilians were beheaded in the fields outside the village of Litamanda, in northern Macomia district. Local militia stated Mozambican troops were responsible after Mozambican soldiers were seen with blood on their clothes nearby. The militia also stated they looted the civilians' property and beheaded them to make it look like it was the result of an insurgent attack.[173]
  • 15 June: 7 dead civilians were discovered near Novo Cabo Delgado, Macomia district. It is unclear who it was that killed them.[173]
  • 16 June: IS militants asked for a ransom of 1 million US dollars for the safe return of Indian citizen and businessman, Vinod Beniwal, who was abducted by IS during the Battle of Palma, in March 2021.[174]
  • 17 June: Mozambican troops raided the village of Quitunda, just south of Palma. The troops ransacked the town and looted property of civilians.[173]
  • 19 June: Insurgents attacked the village of Nova Cabo Delgado, looting the village and killing 8 civilians. Once they left the town, they were ambushed by a local militia. 5 insurgents were killed in the shootout.[173]
  • 23 June: ISIS attacked positions of the Mozambican army in Patacua, just south of Quitunda in Palma district. At least one Mozambican soldier was killed and several weapons were captured by the militants. The IS-linked Amaq News Agency claimed the attack resulted in the deaths of 15 Mozambican soldiers.[175]
  • Late June: Skirmishes between insurgents and Mozambican forces continued in Palma, forcing Mozambican forces to abandon one of their barracks'.[176]
  • 2 July: Insurgents attacked the village of Namande, killing 7 civilians and 3 Mozambican militiamen.[177] Also of 2 July, ISIS operatives attacked the town of Diaca, killing one Mozambican policeman and capturing two police armoured personnel carriers.[176]
 
Botswana soldiers board a Botswana Defence Force plane to Mozambique, July 2021
  • 10 July: 9 women displaced by the fighting near Palma drowned after their boats capsized near the island of Ilha Vamize.[175]
  • 13 July: Mozambican troops executed 15 suspected insurgents that had been attempting to cross into Tanzania. It is unclear if the personnel executed were insurgents.[175]
  • 14 July: ISIS claim an attack on the village of Ncumbi, in which 4 civilians were killed.[175]
  • 15 July: Insurgents attacked the village of Congresso, north of Macomia town. Six civilians were killed in the attack.[175]
  • 15 July: Southern African Development Community deploys the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) force.[178]
  • Mid July: Rwandan troops were now being deployed in Cabo Delagado province amid reports that the Mozambican army was preparing to launch a coastal invasion on the insurgent held areas of the province.[175]
  • 17 July: Insurgents attacked the village of Mitope, in the northwest of Mocimboa da Praia district. One civilian was beheaded in the attack.[175] On the same day, insurgents attacked the village of Nampanha, Muidumbe district, killing two civilians.[179]
  • 18 July: ISIL operatives attacked the village of Mandava, engaging with Mozambican militia, killing 2 of them.[180]
  • 19 July: Insurgents attacked the village of Namande, killing 3 civilians. Two more civilians were also killed in an attack on Nampanha. On the same day, a ship carrying supplies to displaced people in Pemba was shipwrecked on the Mozambican coast, killing 12 civilians.[179]
  • 20 July: Rwandan troops and insurgents clashed in the village of Quionga, north of Palma. 30 insurgents were allegedly killed in the clashes.[179]
  • 24 July: Rwandan troops killed 4 insurgents in skirmish in the town of Awasse. Rwandan casualties are unknown.[180]
  • 26 July: Government forces recaptured Awasse.[181] Three insurgents were reportedly killed and one Rwandan soldier was injured.[180]
  • 28 July: ISIL claims an attack on Mozambican militia near Nampanha, killing 2 militiamen.[180]
  • 30 July: Zimbabwe announces they are sending 304 'defence instructors' to help train and provide support for Mozambican troops in the insurgency.[182]
  • 31 July: ISIL claim an attack on Mozambican positions in Mandava, killing at least one Mozambican army officer. Clashes were also reported to have taken place through to 1 August.[180]
  • From July to 4 August, Mozambican and allied forces had captured the settlements of Chinda, Mumu, Mbau, Zambia, Mapalanganha, Maputo, Tete, Njama and Quelimane from insurgents.[183]
  • 8 August: Rwandan and Mozambican forces retook the city of Mocímboa da Praia, after clashed with a small number of insurgents. Most of the town had been abandoned by insurgents prior to the offensive. Casualties are unknown.[184][44]
  • 18 August: Government forces recaptured Marere south of Mocimboa da Praia.[185]
  • 20 August: Government forces recaptured Mbau, killing 11 militiamen.[186]
  • 24 August: 10 fishermen were beheaded by insurgents in Mucojo.[187]
  • 27 August: Government forces occupied insurgent base in Ntchinga in Muidumbe.[187]
  • 31 August: 3 civilians were killed and dismembered in Quissanga during a suspected insurgent attack.[188]
  • 12 September: an IED was detonated, targeting a Rwandan military convoy, causing material damage only.[189]
  • 13 September: clashes between insurgents and Mozambican forces were reported in the Messalo river valley.[189]
  • 16 September: 5 civilians were killed by insurgents for brewing alcohol in Namaluco, Quissanga district.[189]
  • 20 September: Insurgents attacked the villages of Bilibiza, Nacuta, and Tapara, killing at least 17 civilians.[45] 15 insurgents arrived in the village of Kagera, in Tanzania, killing at least one shopkeeper. One source says that 3 civilians were beheaded for failing to recite the Shahada.[45]
  • 22 September: Mozambican forces attacked an insurgent camp in a rural area near Quiterajo, Macomia district, killing 5 insurgents.[45]
  • 23 September: 2 buses carrying Mozambican soldiers were attacked, resulting in the death of at least one person.[45]
  • 24 September: A report from the SADC Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) reported that a Tanzanian soldier and 17 insurgents were killed in an attack on an insurgent base near Chitama, in southeastern Nangade district.[45] On the same day, ISIS claimed responsibility for an attack in Lucuamba in which they beheaded two civilians and set fire to several houses in the village.[25]
  • 25 September: A report from SAMIM stated that Mozambican killed Rajab Awadhi Ndanjile, one of the founders of the insurgency in Litingina during an attack on an insurgent base in Chitama.[25]
  • c.26 September: 4 insurgents were killed near Mucojo by Mozambican security forces.[23]
  • 28 September: Insurgents attacked the village of Litiminha, Mueda district, and beheaded 7 civilians. Mozabican troops responded to the insurgent attack, killing 5 of them.[25]
  • 1 October: Insurgents attacked Quitico, near Olumbe in southern Palma district. The attack killed 3 civilians, the Mozambican military surrounded the insurgents after the attack and killed all 7 of the insurgent group.[25] On the same day, a group of 12 insurgents attacked the Tanzanian village of Kiwengulo, killing one civilian and stealing food.[23]
  • 7 October: Mozambican militiamen executed 4 men in Muatide, Muidumbe district, on suspicion of being members of the insurgency.[23]
 
Rwandan forces in Mocimboa da Praia, October 2021
  • 22 October: Insurgents attacked Lumumua near Mucojo and beheaded 2 civilians.[190]
  • 24 October: ISIS militants attacked Chitama village, Nangade district killing 3 people, including two Mozambican Militiamen and a community leader.[191]
  • 26 October: Mozambican forces killed at least 10 fisherman in the village of Pangane after they were caught violating a supposed ban on maritime activity north of Ilha Matemo.[192]
  • 3 November: The European Union Training Mission in Mozambique is launched. It will train Quick Reaction Forces to deal with the Cabo Delgado insurgent threat.[193]
  • 7 November: Insurgents attacked the village of Ntuleni, killing one person and stealing food supplies.[194]
  • 9 November: Mozambican forces ambushed a group of insurgents in the forest near the village of Samora Machel, also in Nangade district, killing 3 of them. On the same day 4 insurgents were killed in a clash with Mozambican forces at Mandimba, in eastern Nangade district.[194]
  • 10 November: Islamic State (IS) insurgents killed a man in the village of 5º Congresso in northern Macomia district claiming he was a spy for the Mozambican government. The insurgents were later ambushed by militiamen near Chai shortly after the attack, six insurgents and one Mozambican soldier were killed in the clash.[194]
  • 12 November: IS claimed responsibility for capturing and beheading 3 Mozambican soldiers in Namatil, Mueda district.[194]
  • 13 November: IS claim responsibility for killing 7 Mozambican soldiers after insurgents ambushed an army patrol in the village of Neida.[195] On the same day, the village of Nanjaba was attacked by a group of 30 insurgents, burning 17 houses and killing 3 people. On the same day, suspected insurgents killed a taxi driver with a machete and stole his motorcycle.[194]
  • 14 November: IS released photos of them beheading two 'spies' they accused of working with Mozambican security forces in Ngapa.[194]
  • 16 November: IS insurgents established a new base in Nambungal after a period of fighting took place between them and Mozambican forces, resulting in the deaths of 4 Mozambican militiamen.[196]
  • 18 November: Mozambican forces overran an insurgent base Ninga, in southern Nangade district, killing at least 2 insurgents. On the same day, 9 insurgents were also killed after fighting took place in Macomia district.[196]
  • 21 November: Mozambican militiamen fought off an insurgent attack near Mueda town. No casualties were reported in the fighting.[196]
  • 25 November: The insurgency spread to the Mozambican province of Niassa after a group of insurgents attacked the village of Gomba, killing at least one Mozambican police officer.[197]
  • 27 November: IS claimed responsibility for an attack on the village of Naulala, also in Niassa province. The village was raided of its health supplies and two houses were burnt down.[197]
  • 29 November: IS operatives attacked the village of Chitoio, in Macomia district, killed two civilians and then attacked the village of Chai, claiming that the Mozambican forces stationed in the village fled from their positions.[198]
  • 30 November: Insurgents attacked the village of Macananje, 20 kilometers from the capital of Mecula district, Niassa province, wounding a member of the Mozambican security forces.[198]
  • 3 December: IS militants attacked the village of Nova Zambezia, Macomia district, beheading one civilian that IS claimed was a Mozambican soldier.[198]
  • 6 December: 4 insurgents were killed by Mozambican militiamen during a firefight in the village of Nkoe, Macomia district.[199]
  • 8 December: Insurgents attacked the village of Lichengue, in the Mecula district of Niassa province, burning down several houses and killing at least one civilian. ISIS later claimed responsibility for the attack. On the same day ISIS also claimed responsibility for an attack on Chimene, that left one civilian dead.[199]
  • 10 December: Insurgents attacked Kiwengulo, a village in Tanzania's Mtwara region, killing 4 civilians. Tanzanian forces responded to the attack and killed 5 insurgents. A Tanzanian military vehicle was also destroyed in the clash.[199]
  • 19 December: It was reported that ISIS insurgents beheaded a Christian Pastor in the Nova Zambezia area, gave his severed head to his wife and 'ordered her to inform the authorities'.[200]
  • 19 December: Mozambique's defence minister claimed Mozambican and SAMIM soldiers killed ten insurgents after storming an ISIS camp in Cabo Delgado.[46]
  • 20 December: A patrol consisting of South African Special Forces and Mozambican ground troops were ambushed by ISIS east of Chai village. A number of Mozambican soldiers as well as a single South African special forces operator were killed in the attack. Several other soldiers were injured. This marked the first death of a South African special forces operator in combat since the South African Border War[46]
  • 21 December: Two Mozambican militiamen were killed in an ISIS attack in an unspecified location in the Macomia region.[201]

2022

  • 2 January: Three civilians were killed after ISIS militants attacked the Christian village of Nofa Zambizia in Macomia district.[202]
  • 7 January: The village of Nashi Bandi was attacked by ISIS operatives, killing two Christian Mozambican militiamen and destroying at least 30 houses. On the same day, IS also claimed responsibility for attacking the village of Ikomila, in the Mueda region, killing one Mozambican militiaman and setting fire to several buildings.[203]
  • 8 January: IS claimed responsibility for an attack on the village of Alberto Chipande in the Mueda district, killing one civilian and one off-duty Mozambican militiaman.[199]
  • 11 January: Insurgents killed a fisherman after attacking the island of Ilha Quilhaule off the coast of the Ibo district.[199]
  • 12 January: Insurgents attacked Luneke, Nangane district, killing 3 civilians and then fleeing on a motorcycle.[199]
  • 13 January: SADC announced the extension of a 3 month military offensive targeting insurgent bases in Cabo Delgado and that so far they had successfully managed to kill 31 insurgents and had confiscated several weapons in the process.[199]
  • 15 January: ISIS operatives abducted 3 Mozambican militia fighters from Nova Zambezia and executed them by beheading.[204]
  • 23 January: Insurgents attacked the village of Limualamuala, beheading 3 civilians and burning down several buildings.[205]
  • 26 January: Insurgents attacked the village of Nova Zambezia, Macomia district, beheading one civilian.[26]
  • 27 January: The village of Mitambo, in eastern Meluco district, was attacked by a group of insurgents. One civilian was beheaded by insurgents during the attack.[26]
  • 28 January: The village of Iba, Meluco district, was attacked by insurgents, killing at least 6 civilians. The insurgents later left the village and began an attack on the village of Muaguide, killing another 8 civilians. IS later claimed the attack.[26]
  • 29 January: Rwandan and Mozambican soldiers ambushed a group of insurgents near Naquitengue, in southern Mocimboa da Praia district, killing two of them including an insurgent leader who was identified as 'Twahili Mwidini'.[26]
  • 31 January: Insurgents attacked Olumboa, a village on the coast of Macomia district, killing one civilian. IS later claimed responsibility for the attack.[206]
  • 1 February: Insurgents launched an attack on the coastal villages of Ilha Matemo and Matemo. The insurgents arrived by boat and killed 3 civilians in the course of the attack. IS later claimed responsibility.[206]
  • 5 February: Insurgents raided several areas between Macomia town and Pemba. In the raids, the insurgents ambushed a group of civilian hunters, killing 4 of them and stealing their food. The village of Rafique was also attacked, where one civilian was beheaded. Also on 5 February, insurgents ambush a Mozambican army patrol near Nova Zambezia, Macomia district, resulting in the deaths of 5 insurgents and one Mozambican soldier.[206]
  • 7 February: Insurgents attacked the village of Namuembe, south of Nangade, killing one civilian. A group of Mozambican militiamen later ambushed the insurgents as the attack was occurring. The ensuing firefight left 7 insurgents and 4 Mozambican militiamen dead.[207]
  • 6–8 February: Armed forces recaptured Nihca de Rovuma and Pundanhar villages where jihadists have set up their camps.[208]
  • 10 February: An insurgent was captured by Mozambican militiamen near Namuembe, revealing the location of an insurgent camp near Nangade and that the camp was largely led by Tanzanians. The Mozambican militiamen later ambushed a group of insurgents near Nangade, killing 6 insurgents.[207]
  • 6 September: Insurgents attacked a Catholic mission in Chipene, in the Diocese of Nacala, killing a Catholic nun, sister Maria de Coppi.[209]
  • 7 September: Following the attack on Chipene, the same insurgents attacked nearby settlements, killing at least three Christians. [210]

Insurgency as a Maritime Threat

In 2011, Northern Mozambique gained much international attention when large offshore gas fields containing up to 425 billion cubic meters of gas, were discovered.[211] With the goal of becoming a major international player in the energy sector, Mozambique's government has prioritized the region's economic attractiveness and has sent its army to ensure the safety of planned investments.[212][213] Foreign activities include a $30 billion investment of US-based company Exxon Mobil and expected $20 billion of Total Energies.[214] While Total Energies has stated that they will pause their investment to reassess the security situation in Northern Mozambique, the EU's planned reduction in Russian gas imports has made the project more likely.[215]

Terrorist activity is viewed as a risk to international LNG investment, with concerns raised about the kidnapping of foreign workers.[216] However, indigenous coastal communities and maritime facilities are also targets of violent activity: in 2021, the port town of Palma was attacked, killing dozens of civilians.[217] Maritime infrastructure has also been targeted, with the key port of Mocimboa da Praia being seized.[218]

Attacks on maritime infrastructure can be attributed to rising social inequality.[219] The exploitation of the region's natural resources, including the offshore gas fields, puts the native population at risk, as they face displacement and very little profit returns to the region due to high levels of corruption. Finding its root in the precarious economic situation and the political marginalization of the native population, local conflicts have been used to radicalize young men.[219] [220]

Given the increase in extreme violent activities and simultaneously in military personnel, tensions are likely to rise as the region's economic exploitation continues. This also endangers the region's maritime environment. Conflicts on the land spill over to the sea, creating an unsafe environment for offshore investments.[221] Because Northern Mozambique is a major transnational drug trafficking hub, contested governance on land and sea facilitates maritime heroin smuggling.[222]

The deteriorating security situation has led to various international efforts in order to support Mozambique’s maritime capabilities and ensure safety along the coast. Russia has deployed the Wagner Group, a private security organization heavily linked to the Russian government[223]  in Northern Mozambique but failed its mission to support counter-insurgency activities and withdrew in 2020.[224] Wagner Group was allegedly aided by the Russian fleet, though this has not been officially proven.[225] Mozambique has formed an arrangement with Italy to train its navy,[226] while Portugal, the former colonial power, has donated speedboats to the country.[227] Furthermore, Mozambique and India are cooperating on marine security issues, with India assisting in the development of the country's naval infrastructure and the training of personnel.[228] In addition, South Africa has dispatched naval patrol vessels, and Rwanda has increased its presence along the coast.[229] Currently, the UNODC is assisting Mozambique's naval capabilities by training the country's Navy, Maritime Authority, and maritime law enforcement officers, thereby improving domain awareness and port security.[230] However, mere capability training for law enforcement authorities is controversial, as corruption, power abuse and involvement in illicit economies is high in Mozambique’s state authorities.[231][232]

Limits on media freedom

There is a lack of access to reliable information in the region due to journalists being intimidated by government and military personnel. On 5 January 2019, Mozambican authorities unlawfully detained journalist Amade Abubacar, who had reported on the insurgency. He was subsequently subjected to torture, and only released on bail after 107 days in detention.[233]

War crimes

The rebels have committed extensive war crimes, targeting and murdering civilians on many occasions during the insurgency.[234]

In addition, Mozambican security forces were reportedly filmed as they tortured and murdered captured rebel fighters. Amnesty International said that the videos were genuine, while Mozambique's defense ministry spokesperson Omar Saranga argued that they were probably produced by the rebels themselves, using captured uniforms to produce propaganda against the government.[235]

See also

References

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Works cited

  • West, Sunguta (14 June 2018). "Ansar al-Sunna: A New Militant Islamist Group Emerges in Mozambique" (PDF). Terrorism Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. 15 (12): 5–7. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  • Eric Morier-Genoud, "Why Islamist attack demands a careful response from Mozambique", The Conversation, 18 October 2017
  • Eric Morier-Genoud, "Mozambique's own version of Boko Haram is tightening its deadly grip", The Conversation, 11 June 2018

Further reading

  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K. "Why the Mozambican Government's alliance with the Islamic Council of Mozambique might not end the insurgency in Cabo Delgado" Zitamar News, 14 June 2019.
  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K. "The Islamic side of the Cabo Delgado crisis" Zitamar News, 20 June 2018
  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K. ,"Islam in Northern Mozambique: A Historical Overview." History Compass, 8/7, 2010, 573–593.
  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K., "L’Agence des musulmans d’Afrique. Les transformations de l’islam à Pemba au Mozambique". Afrique Contemporaine, No. 231, 2009, 63–80.
  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K., "Muslim Religious Leadership in Post-Colonial Mozambique." South African Historical Journal, No 60 (4), 2008, 637–654.
  • Bonate, Liazzat J. K., "Between Da’wa and Development: Three Transnational Islamic Nongovernmental Organizations in Mozambique, 1980–2010". Newsletter of the Africa Research Initiative, Second Edition –March 2015, Centre for Strategic Intelligence Research, National Intelligence University, Washington DC, pp. 7–11.
  • Morier-Genoud, Eric, "A Prospect of Secularization? Muslims and Political Power in Mozambique Today", Journal for Islamic Studies, Cape Town: University of Cape Town, vol.27, 2007, pp. 233–266. [French version here]
  • Morier-Genoud, Eric, "L’Islam au Mozambique après l’indépendance. Histoire d’une montée en puissance", L’Afrique Politique 2002, Paris: Karthala, 2002, pp. 123–146. [Portuguese version here ]
  • Morier-Genoud, Eric, "The 1996 ‘Muslim holiday’ affair. Religious competition and state mediation in contemporary Mozambique", Journal of Southern African Studies, Oxford: Taylor & Francis, vol.26, n°3, September 2000, pp. 409–27.

January 07, 2023
insurgency, cabo, delgado, insurgency, cabo, delgado, ongoing, islamist, insurgency, cabo, delgado, province, mozambique, mainly, fought, between, militant, islamists, jihadists, attempting, establish, islamic, state, region, mozambican, security, forces, civi. The insurgency in Cabo Delgado is an ongoing Islamist insurgency in Cabo Delgado Province Mozambique mainly fought between militant Islamists and jihadists attempting to establish an Islamic state in the region and Mozambican security forces 17 Civilians have been the main targets of terrorist attacks by Islamist militants 52 The main insurgent faction is Ansar al Sunna a native extremist faction with tenuous international connections From mid 2018 the Islamic State s Central Africa Province has allegedly become active in northern Mozambique as well 14 and claimed its first attack against Mozambican security forces in June 2019 35 In addition bandits have exploited the rebellion to carry out raids 16 As of 2020 the insurgency intensified as in the first half of 2020 there were nearly as many attacks carried out as in the whole of 2019 53 Insurgency in Cabo DelgadoPart of War against the Islamic State Islamic terrorism in Africa and War on terror 17 Map of the regionDate5 October 2017 present 5 years 3 months and 1 day LocationCabo Delgado Province Mozambique with spillovers into Tanzania 17 and neighboring Niassa Province 18 11 21 S 40 20 E 11 350 S 40 333 E 11 350 40 333StatusOngoing Map of the current military situation TerritorialchangesMozambican and Rwandan troops launch counteroffensive taking back many towns and citiesBelligerents Mozambique Rwanda from 2021 1 Southern African Development Community from 2021 South Africa 2 Botswana 3 Tanzania 4 5 Lesotho Malawi 6 Angola 7 Supported by Russia 8 EUTM Moz from 2021 Uganda 4 United States from 2021 9 10 Portugal from 2020 11 12 United Kingdom 13 Ansar al Sunna Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 14 Supported by Organized crime 15 Foreign sympathizers 15 Bandits 16 Commanders and leadersFilipe Nyusi Atanasio M tumuke Bernadino Rafael 19 Cyril Ramaphosa John Magufuli 2020 21 Samia Suluhu since 2021 Brig Gen Nuno Lemos Pires Since 2021 Abu Yasir Hassan 20 21 Abdala Likongo 22 Ibn Omar 23 24 Abu Dardai Jongo 23 Abdul Rahmin Faizal POW 24 19 Abdul Remane 24 Abdul Raim 24 Muhamudu 23 Nuno Remane 24 Salimo 24 Abdul Aziz 19 Rajab Awadhi Ndanjile 25 Twahili Mwidini 26 Units involvedMozambican security forces Armed Forces FADM Police UIR Private Military Contractors Wagner Group until 2019 27 Dyck Advisory Group DAG from 2019 27 28 Paramount Group 27 29 Frontier Services Group FSG 27 Various security companies and unidentified military contractors 27 30 Local self defense groups 31 Special Air Service special forces 32 60 Commandos Portugal and Portuguese Marine Corps training support 12 Green Berets training support 33 Various Ansar al Sunna cells Mozambican ex policemen and ex frontier guards 34 Al Shabaab mercenaries 34 ISIL Central Africa Province 35 Strength11 200 36 1 495 37 1 000 1 304 38 296 3 60 39 20 7 12 40 200 Wagner personnel 41 600 1 200 2022 42 Casualties and lossesHundreds killed and hundreds wounded 7 Wagner personnel killed 41 43 1 death non combat 44 1 killed 45 4 killed several wounded 45 1 killed 46 1 death non combat 47 Hundreds killed and hundreds wounded470 arrested a 43 Total 3 593 killed 2020 48 400 000 displaced 49 50 a 314 Mozambicans 52 Tanzanians 3 Ugandans 1 Somali and 100 unknown 51 Ansar al Sunna English Supporters of the Tradition is similar to the name of an Iraqi Sunni insurgent group that fought against U S troops between 2003 and 2007 They are known locally as al Shabaab but they are not formally related to the better known Somali al Shabaab 54 although both pledge their allegiance to the militant group Islamic State ISIL 55 Some of the militants are known to speak Portuguese the official language of Mozambique however others speak Kimwane the local language and Swahili the lingua franca language spoken north of that area in the Great Lakes region Reports also state that members are allegedly mostly Mozambicans from Mocimboa da Praia Palma and Macomia districts but also include foreign nationals from Tanzania and Somalia 56 Contents 1 Background 2 Timeline 2 1 2017 2 2 2018 2 3 2019 2 4 2020 2 5 2021 2 6 2022 3 Insurgency as a Maritime Threat 4 Limits on media freedom 5 War crimes 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 Works cited 8 Further readingBackground EditAnsar al Sunna also known by its original name Ahlu Sunnah Wa Jamo translated adepts of the prophetic tradition was initially an Islamic religious movement in the northern districts of Cabo Delgado 34 which first appeared around 2015 It was formed by followers of the radical Kenyan cleric Aboud Rogo who was killed in 2012 Thereafter some members of his movement settled down in Kibiti Tanzania before moving into Mozambique 57 Ansar al Sunna claims that Islam as practised in Mozambique has been corrupted and no longer follows the teachings of Muhammad The movement s members consequently entered traditional mosques with weapons in order to threaten others to follow their own radical beliefs 34 The movement is also anti Christian 58 anti Animist and anti Western and has tried to prevent people from attending hospitals or schools which it considers secular and anti Islamic 15 59 This behavior alienated much of the local population instead of converting them to Ahlu Sunnah Wa Jamo so that the movement s members broke away and formed their own places of worship 59 Over time the group became increasingly violent It called an extreme form of Sharia to be implemented in the country 15 no longer recognized the Mozambican government and started to form hidden camps in Macomia District Mocimboa da Praia District and Montepuez District There Ansar al Sunna militants were trained by ex policemen and ex frontier guards who had been fired and held grudges against the government The movement also contacted other Islamist militants in East Africa and reportedly hired trainers from Somalia Tanzania and Kenya 34 Some of the Ansar al Sunna militants have also journeyed abroad to receive direct training by other militant groups 59 The militants are not unified but split into different cells which do not appear to coordinate their actions 59 By August 2018 the Mozambican police had identified six men as leaders of the militants in Cabo Delgado Abdul Faizal Abdul Raim Abdul Remane Ibn Omar Salimo and Nuno Remane 24 Ansar al Sunna funds itself through drug trafficking primarily heroin contraband and ivory trade 15 While religion does play a fundamental role in the conflict analysts believe the most important factors in the insurgency are widespread social economic and political problems in Mozambique Unemployment and especially youth unemployment are considered the main causes for locals to join the Islamist rebels Increasing inequalities have led many young people to be easily attracted by such a radical movement 60 34 59 57 as Ansar al Sunna promises that its form of Islam will act as antidote to the existing corrupt elitist rule 24 Most rebels belong to the Mwani and Makwa ethnic groups that are native to Cabo Delgado civilians belonging to these peoples have expressed sympathy for the insurgents In general the province lacks infrastructure and the state is underrepresented easing the spread of the insurgency 31 Timeline EditThis section is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this section if appropriate Editing help is available May 2018 2017 Edit On 5 October a pre dawn raid targeted 3 police stations in the town of Mocimboa da Praia It was led by 30 armed members who killed 17 people including two police officers and a community leader 14 of the perpetrators were captured During this brief occupation of Mocimboa da Praia the perpetrators stole firearms and ammunition and told residents that they reject state health and education and refused to pay taxes The group is said to be affiliated with Al Shabaab the Al Qaeda affiliated Islamist extremist group situated and operating in mostly the southern regions of Somalia 61 On 10 October police detained 52 suspects in relation to the attack on 5 October 62 On 21 October a pre dawn skirmish took place between the group and government forces in the fishing village of Maluku approximately 30 kilometres 19 mi from Mocimboa da Praia As a result many locals fled the village 63 On 22 October further skirmishes occurred near Columbe village about 16 kilometres 9 9 mi south of an installation of Anadarko Petroleum 63 On 27 October 2017 the Mozambican police confirmed the arrest of 100 more members of the group including foreigners in relation to the attack on 5 October 64 On 24 November in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado the government ordered the closure of three mosques located in Pemba and in the neighbourhoods of Cariaco Alto Gigone and Chiuba which were believed to have a connection with Islamic fundamentalism 65 On 29 November the group attacked the villages of Mitumbate and Maculo injuring two and killing at least two people The two deaths were by decapitation and death by burning According to local authorities the terrorists also destroyed a church and 27 homes 66 On 4 December the district government of Mocimboa da Praia in northern Mozambique named two men Nuro Adremane and Jafar Alawi as suspected of organising the attacks by an armed group against the police in October Both men were Mozambican nationals The district government stated that both men studied Islam in Tanzania Sudan and Saudi Arabia where they allegedly also received military training 67 On 17 December a successful assassination attempt was committed on the National Director of Reconnaissance of the Police Rapid Intervention Unit 68 On 26 December Police Spokesman Inacio Dino announced the commencement of counter insurgency operations in the forests surrounding Mutumbate in Cabo Delgado province Since the amnesty for surrendering expired stated that 36 Tanzanian citizens would be targeted by the operations 69 On 29 December the independent Mozambican newspaper O Pais reported that Mozambican paratroopers and marines attacked the village of Mitumbate via air and sea regarding it as a stronghold for the insurgents The aftermath of the attack left 50 dead including women and children and an unknown number injured 70 2018 Edit On 3 January Mozambican police announced that the attacks on 29 December were classified as acts of terrorism 71 On 13 January a group of terrorists entered the town of Olumbi in the Palma district around 8pm and fired into a market and a government administrative building killing 5 72 On 28 January a video appeared on social media showing six Islamist extremists dressed in civilian clothing and appealing to Mozambicans to join them in the fight for the values of Islamic doctrine and to establish Islamic law The video was in both Portuguese and Arabic 73 On 12 March Radio Mocambique reported that an armed group attacked the village of Chitolo burning down 50 homes and killing residents in the process 74 On 21 March residents of the village of Manilha abandoned their homes after witnessing armed men carrying out attacks in the surrounding area on the banks of the river Quinhevo 75 On 20 21 and 22 April the group attacked the villages of Diaca Velha near the boundary with Nangade district as well as the village of Mangwaza in the Palma district Looting houses burning four houses and killing one person and taking three hostages However pursuit operations were launched on 22 April by Mozambican security personnel capturing 30 jihadist in the process 76 Meanwhile a South African newspaper reported that about 90 militants belonging to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had infiltrated northern Mozambique citing unnamed intelligence sources The Mozambican government promptly denied this report as baseless 77 Nevertheless the Africa Union reported in May that it had confirmed the presence of ISIL forces in Mozambique 14 On 27 May ten people including children were beheaded in the village of Monjane in the Palma district of Cabo Delgado province Locals attribute the violence to al Shabab a terrorist group founded in 2015 no relation to the Somali terrorist group al Shabab 78 Twelve days later the U S Embassy in Mozambique warned American citizens to leave the district headquarters of Palma citing a risk of another imminent attack 79 On 3 June five civilians were decapitated in an attack on the village of Rueia in the Macomia district 80 On 5 June six men armed with machetes and guns killed seven people and injured four others and set dozens of homes on fire in the village of Naunde in the Macomia district 80 81 82 On 6 June at least six people were killed and two seriously injured when terrorists armed with knives and machetes attacked the village of Namaluco in the Quissanga district The assailants also burned down a hundred houses 83 On 11 June terrorists armed with machetes and firearms attacked the village of Changa in the Nangade district in the northern Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado killing four people The attackers also burned down several houses 84 On 12 June a group of armed men attacked the village of Nathuko in the Macomia district in the Mozambican province of Cabo Delgado The terrorists decapitated a villager burned down several houses and killed all the animals 85 On 21 September 12 people were killed 15 injured and 55 houses were burned by jihadists in the village of Paqueue in the province of Cabo Delgado 10 of the victims were shot to death and 2 were burned to death with at least one of the victims being decapitated post mortum 86 On 3 November suspected Ansar al Sunna insurgents looted houses and set on fire at least 45 houses in an isolated village in the Macomia District no casualties were reported in the incident 87 88 On 7 December 30 year old Mustafa Suale Machinga was captured by local residents and referred to authorities in Litingina village in Nangade District in Mozambique s Cabo Delgado province Machinga a former member of the Mozambican armed forces was captured after being accused by residents of leading the group responsible for Islamist militant inspired attacks in the zone 89 2019 Edit Satellite image of Cyclone Kenneth approaching Mozambique on 25 April 2019 Sometime in January or early February 2019 security forces captured Abdul Rahmin Faizal a suspected insurgent leader of Ugandan nationality 19 On 8 February Islamist fighters attacked Piqueue village in Cabo Delgado killing and dismembering seven men and kidnapping four women 90 After Cyclone Kenneth hit Mozambique on 25 April resulting in much devastation the rebels initially halted their attacks On 3 May however they struck once again by destroying the village of Nacate Macomia District killing six civilians In the following weeks the Islamists increased their attacks raiding and burning several villages such as Ntapuala and Banga Vieja in Macomia District as well as Ida and Ipho in Meluco District They also carried out ambushes and told locals to abandon their homes At least two attacks targeted workers of Anadarko Petroleum a United States headquartered hydrocarbon exploration company 91 On 4 June ISIL claimed that its Central Africa Province branch had carried out a successful attack on the Mozambican Army at Mitopy in the Mocimboa da Praia District 35 At least 16 people were killed and about 12 wounded during the attack By this point ISIL considered Ansar al Sunna as one its affiliates though how many Islamist rebels in Mozambique are actually loyal to ISIL remains unclear 4 On 3 July an attack by Islamists in Nangade District killed seven people including civilians and a policeman On 6 July ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack 92 On 25 September Russian military hardware namely two Mi 17 helicopters was delivered via a Russian Air Force An 124 registration RA 82038 transport aeroplane which landed at Nacala 93 The Russian and Mozambican governments had previously signed an agreement on military and technical cooperation in late January 2017 8 In early October the Mozambican military launched several counter insurgency operations with the support of Russian mercenaries and defense contractors from the Wagner Group The rebels were pushed back in many areas of Cabo Delgado and forced to retreat into the woods 94 In addition 34 individuals were detained while traveling from Nampula to Cabo Delgado in order to join the ISIL affiliated insurgent group 95 The rebels retaliated by killing seven Russian mercenaries as well as 20 Mozambican soldiers during two ambushes The attacks were attributed to the Islamic State s Central Africa Province 96 In November a number of government troops and 5 fighters from the Wagner Group were killed in an ambush with ISIL claiming responsibility for the attack 97 98 2020 Edit 23 March Mocimboa da Praia was captured by Islamist militants 99 in a coordinated attack from land and sea The rebels destroyed government buildings and raised a Jihadist flag but refrained from targeting civilians Instead the insurgents distributed food and looted goods to the locals 28 and withdrew from the city later that day 100 25 March rebels raided the capital of Quissanga District 101 followed by several more villages 28 7 April militants killed 52 villagers in Xitaxi village who refused to join them citation needed Islamic State s Central Africa Province was regarded as responsible for the massacre 102 On the same day Mozambican security forces reportedly killed 39 militants during an attempted attack on Muidumbe village 103 Meanwhile several local rebels declared their intention to establish a caliphate in northern Mozambique 102 10 April security forces allegedly killed 59 rebels during a clash on the Quirimbas Islands 103 11 13 April Mozambican security forces reportedly killed 31 insurgents during operations on Ibo island 103 24 April the Mozambican government admitted for the first time that Islamic State followers were active in the country and involved in the insurgency 102 14 May Mozambican Interior Minister Amade Miquidade claims that the government forces had killed 50 insurgents in separate incidents in the northern part of Cabo Delgado Province 104 28 May around 90 Islamist fighters attacked the town of Macomia and raised the black standard flag 105 By June South African SANDF special forces had become active in Mozambique assisting local security forces against the local rebels 106 failed verification 1 June Government forces recaptured Macomia killing two jihadist leaders 107 27 June Mocimboa da Praia was again captured by Islamist militants 108 with IS CAP claiming to be responsible Many local civilians consequently fled the town On the same day other rebels ambushed workers belonging to Fenix Constructions Service Lda a private construction firm subcontracted by oil and gas company Total S A killing at least eight employees 109 30 June Government forces recaptured Mocimboa da Praia 110 25 July Islamic State aligned militants killed two civilians in Chai village near Macomia 26 July Government forces recaptured Chai 111 9 August Insurgents captured Awasse 112 11 August ISCAP rebels once again took control of Mocimboa da Praia after a several days long offensive which resulted in the death of over one hundred Mozambican troops 113 114 115 13 August A refugee ship coming from Nkomangano was shot at by Government forces sinking it killing 40 civilians 116 8 September Insurgents captured two islands Mecungo and Vamizi killing one person 117 The rebels evicted all locals from the islands and declared them part of their territory In addition the ISIL forces declared Mocimboa da Praia the capital of their province 118 24 September Mozambican soldiers repelled an insurgent attack against the village of Bilibiza 119 26 September Mozambique requests assistance from the European Union EU in combating the insurgency 120 26 September Mozambique claims to be in control of Mocimboa da Praia despite not having a physical presence in the city 121 In addition the tourist island of Vamizi is reported to have been recaptured by Mozambican forces and 50 soldiers are reportedly stationed there 121 29 September Mozambican authorities report that four insurgent attacks were launched against the villages of Chai Mucojo Bilibiza and Cagembe killing over a dozen people The militants also attacked a security post in Naliendele killing several civilians and two Mozambican soldiers 122 30 September The United States reportedly requests Zimbabwe to assist Mozambique in combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado despite having previously imposed sanctions 123 30 September 6 October Insurgents took control of Mucojo administrative post and several villages Local population fled 124 President Filipe Nyusi visits Mozambican troops in Cabo Delgado October 2020 14 October In the first heavy attack outside Mozambique by local terrorists hundreds of Islamic State and Ansar al Sunna members attack a village in Mtwara Tanzania killing 20 civilians and damaging properties 125 15 17 October Mozambican security forces claim to have recaptured the region of Awasse and killed over 270 ISCAP insurgents without suffering any casualties of their own Seven truckloads of weaponry as well as several militants were reported captured 126 However no proof has been provided and this claim has been disputed by others 127 22 October The EU agrees to assist Mozambique in combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado 128 28 October The Mozambican government reports that the army has captured several insurgent hideouts in the woods and are advancing on a major insurgent base nicknamed Syria in Cabo Delgado 129 30 October A refugee ship carrying 74 refugees capsized near Ilha Makalowe killing 54 people 116 1 November Islamists captured Muidumbe 130 6 November Militants are reported to have beheaded over 50 people in an attack on Muatide village 131 11 November Local media in Mozambique reports that Islamist rebels captured nine towns over the previous two weeks 132 They were also advancing on the strategically significant town of Mueda 30 12 November Mozambican authorities detain 12 Iraqi nationals for supposed links to Islamist insurgents after discovering numerous weapons and other equipment in their possession 133 14 November The United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Michelle Bachelet calls for an international response to the Cabo Delgado insurgency 134 17 November ISIL insurgents reportedly threatened to attack the town of Mueda warning all residents to evacuate the area by 20 November 135 In addition the UN s migration agency reports that 33 000 people have been displaced in just one week due to the insurgency 136 19 November Over 1 000 Mozambican troops recaptured Muidumbe District killing 16 militants 137 138 22 November Mozambique and Tanzania announce the launch of a joint military operation against Islamic insurgents in Cabo Delgado 139 26 November Insurgents once again captured Namacande Muidumbe district capital and Muatide 140 2 December President Nyusi meets with several US counter terrorism officials to discuss combating the insurgency in Cabo Delgado 141 3 December Malawi s president announces that troops from the Malawian Defence Force will be sent to Mozambique to assist in anti insurgent operations 6 4 December Militants ambush a convoy of Mozambican troops in the village of Muidumbe killing 25 soldiers in an intense firefight before retreating into the woods 142 8 December Government forces have claimed to have recaptured Quissanga village 143 12 December Insurgents went on a shooting spree through Nangade district Traveling by motorbike the attackers killed 14 civilians and destroyed four vehicles across the villages of Namiune 25 de Setembro Naleke Chicuaia Nova Litingina and Lukuamba 144 15 December Government forces attacked Awasse but were forced to retreat by insurgents 145 29 December ISCAP militants attacked the village of Monjane forcing the local population to flee the area 146 2021 Edit Further information Battle of Palma and 2021 Cabo Delgado offensives 7 January ISCAP militants attacked the coastal village of Olumboa Macomia district There they captured 13 civilians Of those captured two escaped and at least seven were beheaded by the insurgents 147 16 January A football team travelling from Mueda to Palma were ambushed by insurgents leaving 5 people dead On the same day government forces launched an offensive operation in Ntuleni Palma district killing an unknown number of insurgents who were also using civilians as human shields 148 19 January Insurgents attacked a vehicle transporting cans of gasoline to Palma as it made its way through Pundanhar Palma district Some passengers managed to flee Insurgents killed three civilians and burned the car 149 21 January A small group of insurgents raided the village of Namiune Nangade district They beat and then beheaded a village leader and kidnapped four boys aged between 10 and 12 150 Also on 21 January IS insurgents attacked the town of Mandimba occupying the town until 26 January Whilst in the town insurgents reportedly killed 1 civilian and 2 policemen in addition to looting the town During the occupation militants killed 3 civilians the town of Namiune 151 30 January On 30 January militants attacked the village of Nkonga Nangade district just west of the border with Mocimboa da Praia No casualties have yet been reported from the attack but insurgents stole food and burned homes in the village Insurgents also returned the next day and renewed their assault 151 Unknown date Late January There were clashes between government backed militias and IS militants in Panjele Mocimboa da Praia district leading to the deaths of 3 government backed militiamen and an unknown number of insurgents 151 In mid February state newspaper Noticias reported that only 6 294 young people from Cabo Delgado have been conscripted into the military in the current conscription period which runs from the beginning of January to the end of February The military s target was to sign up 14 952 new soldiers from the province 152 19 February insurgents attacked the village of Quionga in northern Palma district near the Tanzanian border According to a source quoted by Pinnacle News 30 insurgents were involved in the attack and the raiders remained in the town until the next morning Insurgents killed four people in Quionga burned homes including that of the head of the Quionga administrative post and looted food in the village 153 22 February Militants attacked Ingalonga Nangade district beheading at least 2 people On the same day insurgents also attacked Mitope Mocimboa da Praia district beheading 3 men and taking 3 women hostage one of which was later released 154 25 February insurgents attacked the village of Luneque Nangade district killing at least 4 civilians and forcing several others to flee 154 26 February insurgents attacked Quirinde Palma district killing 7 people 3 of which were beheaded 154 1 March insurgents began to set up road blocks between Nangade and Mueda Insurgents also killed 2 civilian farmers near the village of Eduardo Mondlane east of Litingina 155 3 March insurgents ambushed a military vehicle travelling from Nangade to Mueda The attack left one lieutenant colonel dead and two other Mozambican soldiers dead Insurgents also raided the village of N gangolo killing 2 civilians 155 10 March 8 insurgents were killed by Mozambican militia in Nangade district 156 16 March Save The Children has reported that children as young as 11 have been beheaded 157 In mid March The town of Palma is effectively besieged by insurgents via cutting off supply lines most notably food supplies Mozambican authorities used air transport to fly in supplies to the town 158 159 In late March The United States deployed the Green Berets special forces to train the Mozambican marines 9 10 Since 24 March ISIL militants conducted a major attack on the town of Palma following a loss of communication from the town Militants first attacked the police station and then proceeded to rob the town s banks A military source in Palma claimed government forces resisted but then had to flee as the militants were using heavy weapons that they had not seen before Residential buildings were attacked too resulting in the death of many civilians 160 161 162 On 27 March the fourth day of the siege in the town several more people were killed by the terrorists Civilians were killed in the streets and in their houses some of the victims were beheaded A gas project was attacked too and workers were murdered About 200 foreign nationals fled to a local hotel to protect themselves but the place was assaulted by the militants A convoy conducted by Mozambican soldiers arrived at the scene to rescue the foreigners but it came under fire A South African man and a British civil contractor were confirmed killed in that attack alongside 21 responding soldiers and several more people whose identity is unknown so far 163 164 One of the buildings destroyed during the battle of Palma 5 April Mozambican forces recapture Palma though most of the town is destroyed in the fighting Insurgents still remain in the outskirts and fighting still continues 8 April Seven insurgents entered the village of Novo Cabo Delgado in northwestern Macomia district They looted food and other goods from the village As they left they were ambushed by members of a local militia In the ensuing firefight militia members killed three insurgents One militia member was killed and another wounded 165 11 April A displaced civilian was found beheaded in his house in Palma after discovering a large cache of food the previous day 165 19 April Civilians discovered the bodies of 3 young men in Palma addressing they d been killed by Mozambican troops who were sweeping the town for insurgents 166 22 April A taxi driver was killed by Mozambican soldiers in Pemba after a misunderstanding that led the soldiers to believe the taxi driver was an insurgent 166 23 April 5 civilians were killed and 7 homes were burned down after insurgents attacked a district of Palma 166 30 April Reports of fresh clashes between Mozambican troops and insurgents in Palma began to surface after insurgents burnt more buildings in the town in the days prior in an attempt to force Mozambican troops out The phone service was once again cut off from the town making communication difficult Insurgents were also spotted in Quiuia north of Palma On the same day 5 fisherman were beheaded by insurgents near the town of Pangane 167 3 May 7 displaced civilians from Palma were killed and several more were killed after insurgents sunk two boats carrying displaced people off the coast of Ilha Mucongwe 168 7 May 5 insurgents were killed by a local militia after insurgents launched a failed attack on Ngalonga in southeastern Nangade district 168 15 May Insurgents in Quifula Island in the Quirimba Islands Ibo Cabo Delgado killed a fisherman 169 21 May Government forces reportedly recaptured Diaca and Namacunde 170 22 May There was fighting between government forces and insurgents in lower Palma insurgents burned down 14 homes and a mosque in lower Palma There has been no confirmation on casualties 171 4 June Government forces repelled insurgent attack on Namacunde 172 12 June A group of self appointed vigilantes tried to confront some remaining insurgents with machetes in north Palma Upon reaching the insurgents 3 of the vigilantes were shot dead 173 12 June 7 civilians were beheaded in the fields outside the village of Litamanda in northern Macomia district Local militia stated Mozambican troops were responsible after Mozambican soldiers were seen with blood on their clothes nearby The militia also stated they looted the civilians property and beheaded them to make it look like it was the result of an insurgent attack 173 15 June 7 dead civilians were discovered near Novo Cabo Delgado Macomia district It is unclear who it was that killed them 173 16 June IS militants asked for a ransom of 1 million US dollars for the safe return of Indian citizen and businessman Vinod Beniwal who was abducted by IS during the Battle of Palma in March 2021 174 17 June Mozambican troops raided the village of Quitunda just south of Palma The troops ransacked the town and looted property of civilians 173 19 June Insurgents attacked the village of Nova Cabo Delgado looting the village and killing 8 civilians Once they left the town they were ambushed by a local militia 5 insurgents were killed in the shootout 173 23 June ISIS attacked positions of the Mozambican army in Patacua just south of Quitunda in Palma district At least one Mozambican soldier was killed and several weapons were captured by the militants The IS linked Amaq News Agency claimed the attack resulted in the deaths of 15 Mozambican soldiers 175 Late June Skirmishes between insurgents and Mozambican forces continued in Palma forcing Mozambican forces to abandon one of their barracks 176 2 July Insurgents attacked the village of Namande killing 7 civilians and 3 Mozambican militiamen 177 Also of 2 July ISIS operatives attacked the town of Diaca killing one Mozambican policeman and capturing two police armoured personnel carriers 176 Botswana soldiers board a Botswana Defence Force plane to Mozambique July 2021 10 July 9 women displaced by the fighting near Palma drowned after their boats capsized near the island of Ilha Vamize 175 13 July Mozambican troops executed 15 suspected insurgents that had been attempting to cross into Tanzania It is unclear if the personnel executed were insurgents 175 14 July ISIS claim an attack on the village of Ncumbi in which 4 civilians were killed 175 15 July Insurgents attacked the village of Congresso north of Macomia town Six civilians were killed in the attack 175 15 July Southern African Development Community deploys the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique SAMIM force 178 Mid July Rwandan troops were now being deployed in Cabo Delagado province amid reports that the Mozambican army was preparing to launch a coastal invasion on the insurgent held areas of the province 175 17 July Insurgents attacked the village of Mitope in the northwest of Mocimboa da Praia district One civilian was beheaded in the attack 175 On the same day insurgents attacked the village of Nampanha Muidumbe district killing two civilians 179 18 July ISIL operatives attacked the village of Mandava engaging with Mozambican militia killing 2 of them 180 19 July Insurgents attacked the village of Namande killing 3 civilians Two more civilians were also killed in an attack on Nampanha On the same day a ship carrying supplies to displaced people in Pemba was shipwrecked on the Mozambican coast killing 12 civilians 179 20 July Rwandan troops and insurgents clashed in the village of Quionga north of Palma 30 insurgents were allegedly killed in the clashes 179 24 July Rwandan troops killed 4 insurgents in skirmish in the town of Awasse Rwandan casualties are unknown 180 26 July Government forces recaptured Awasse 181 Three insurgents were reportedly killed and one Rwandan soldier was injured 180 28 July ISIL claims an attack on Mozambican militia near Nampanha killing 2 militiamen 180 30 July Zimbabwe announces they are sending 304 defence instructors to help train and provide support for Mozambican troops in the insurgency 182 31 July ISIL claim an attack on Mozambican positions in Mandava killing at least one Mozambican army officer Clashes were also reported to have taken place through to 1 August 180 From July to 4 August Mozambican and allied forces had captured the settlements of Chinda Mumu Mbau Zambia Mapalanganha Maputo Tete Njama and Quelimane from insurgents 183 8 August Rwandan and Mozambican forces retook the city of Mocimboa da Praia after clashed with a small number of insurgents Most of the town had been abandoned by insurgents prior to the offensive Casualties are unknown 184 44 18 August Government forces recaptured Marere south of Mocimboa da Praia 185 20 August Government forces recaptured Mbau killing 11 militiamen 186 24 August 10 fishermen were beheaded by insurgents in Mucojo 187 27 August Government forces occupied insurgent base in Ntchinga in Muidumbe 187 31 August 3 civilians were killed and dismembered in Quissanga during a suspected insurgent attack 188 12 September an IED was detonated targeting a Rwandan military convoy causing material damage only 189 13 September clashes between insurgents and Mozambican forces were reported in the Messalo river valley 189 16 September 5 civilians were killed by insurgents for brewing alcohol in Namaluco Quissanga district 189 20 September Insurgents attacked the villages of Bilibiza Nacuta and Tapara killing at least 17 civilians 45 15 insurgents arrived in the village of Kagera in Tanzania killing at least one shopkeeper One source says that 3 civilians were beheaded for failing to recite the Shahada 45 22 September Mozambican forces attacked an insurgent camp in a rural area near Quiterajo Macomia district killing 5 insurgents 45 23 September 2 buses carrying Mozambican soldiers were attacked resulting in the death of at least one person 45 24 September A report from the SADC Mission in Mozambique SAMIM reported that a Tanzanian soldier and 17 insurgents were killed in an attack on an insurgent base near Chitama in southeastern Nangade district 45 On the same day ISIS claimed responsibility for an attack in Lucuamba in which they beheaded two civilians and set fire to several houses in the village 25 25 September A report from SAMIM stated that Mozambican killed Rajab Awadhi Ndanjile one of the founders of the insurgency in Litingina during an attack on an insurgent base in Chitama 25 c 26 September 4 insurgents were killed near Mucojo by Mozambican security forces 23 28 September Insurgents attacked the village of Litiminha Mueda district and beheaded 7 civilians Mozabican troops responded to the insurgent attack killing 5 of them 25 1 October Insurgents attacked Quitico near Olumbe in southern Palma district The attack killed 3 civilians the Mozambican military surrounded the insurgents after the attack and killed all 7 of the insurgent group 25 On the same day a group of 12 insurgents attacked the Tanzanian village of Kiwengulo killing one civilian and stealing food 23 7 October Mozambican militiamen executed 4 men in Muatide Muidumbe district on suspicion of being members of the insurgency 23 Rwandan forces in Mocimboa da Praia October 2021 22 October Insurgents attacked Lumumua near Mucojo and beheaded 2 civilians 190 24 October ISIS militants attacked Chitama village Nangade district killing 3 people including two Mozambican Militiamen and a community leader 191 26 October Mozambican forces killed at least 10 fisherman in the village of Pangane after they were caught violating a supposed ban on maritime activity north of Ilha Matemo 192 3 November The European Union Training Mission in Mozambique is launched It will train Quick Reaction Forces to deal with the Cabo Delgado insurgent threat 193 7 November Insurgents attacked the village of Ntuleni killing one person and stealing food supplies 194 9 November Mozambican forces ambushed a group of insurgents in the forest near the village of Samora Machel also in Nangade district killing 3 of them On the same day 4 insurgents were killed in a clash with Mozambican forces at Mandimba in eastern Nangade district 194 10 November Islamic State IS insurgents killed a man in the village of 5º Congresso in northern Macomia district claiming he was a spy for the Mozambican government The insurgents were later ambushed by militiamen near Chai shortly after the attack six insurgents and one Mozambican soldier were killed in the clash 194 12 November IS claimed responsibility for capturing and beheading 3 Mozambican soldiers in Namatil Mueda district 194 13 November IS claim responsibility for killing 7 Mozambican soldiers after insurgents ambushed an army patrol in the village of Neida 195 On the same day the village of Nanjaba was attacked by a group of 30 insurgents burning 17 houses and killing 3 people On the same day suspected insurgents killed a taxi driver with a machete and stole his motorcycle 194 14 November IS released photos of them beheading two spies they accused of working with Mozambican security forces in Ngapa 194 16 November IS insurgents established a new base in Nambungal after a period of fighting took place between them and Mozambican forces resulting in the deaths of 4 Mozambican militiamen 196 18 November Mozambican forces overran an insurgent base Ninga in southern Nangade district killing at least 2 insurgents On the same day 9 insurgents were also killed after fighting took place in Macomia district 196 21 November Mozambican militiamen fought off an insurgent attack near Mueda town No casualties were reported in the fighting 196 25 November The insurgency spread to the Mozambican province of Niassa after a group of insurgents attacked the village of Gomba killing at least one Mozambican police officer 197 27 November IS claimed responsibility for an attack on the village of Naulala also in Niassa province The village was raided of its health supplies and two houses were burnt down 197 29 November IS operatives attacked the village of Chitoio in Macomia district killed two civilians and then attacked the village of Chai claiming that the Mozambican forces stationed in the village fled from their positions 198 30 November Insurgents attacked the village of Macananje 20 kilometers from the capital of Mecula district Niassa province wounding a member of the Mozambican security forces 198 3 December IS militants attacked the village of Nova Zambezia Macomia district beheading one civilian that IS claimed was a Mozambican soldier 198 6 December 4 insurgents were killed by Mozambican militiamen during a firefight in the village of Nkoe Macomia district 199 8 December Insurgents attacked the village of Lichengue in the Mecula district of Niassa province burning down several houses and killing at least one civilian ISIS later claimed responsibility for the attack On the same day ISIS also claimed responsibility for an attack on Chimene that left one civilian dead 199 10 December Insurgents attacked Kiwengulo a village in Tanzania s Mtwara region killing 4 civilians Tanzanian forces responded to the attack and killed 5 insurgents A Tanzanian military vehicle was also destroyed in the clash 199 19 December It was reported that ISIS insurgents beheaded a Christian Pastor in the Nova Zambezia area gave his severed head to his wife and ordered her to inform the authorities 200 19 December Mozambique s defence minister claimed Mozambican and SAMIM soldiers killed ten insurgents after storming an ISIS camp in Cabo Delgado 46 20 December A patrol consisting of South African Special Forces and Mozambican ground troops were ambushed by ISIS east of Chai village A number of Mozambican soldiers as well as a single South African special forces operator were killed in the attack Several other soldiers were injured This marked the first death of a South African special forces operator in combat since the South African Border War 46 21 December Two Mozambican militiamen were killed in an ISIS attack in an unspecified location in the Macomia region 201 2022 Edit 2 January Three civilians were killed after ISIS militants attacked the Christian village of Nofa Zambizia in Macomia district 202 7 January The village of Nashi Bandi was attacked by ISIS operatives killing two Christian Mozambican militiamen and destroying at least 30 houses On the same day IS also claimed responsibility for attacking the village of Ikomila in the Mueda region killing one Mozambican militiaman and setting fire to several buildings 203 8 January IS claimed responsibility for an attack on the village of Alberto Chipande in the Mueda district killing one civilian and one off duty Mozambican militiaman 199 11 January Insurgents killed a fisherman after attacking the island of Ilha Quilhaule off the coast of the Ibo district 199 12 January Insurgents attacked Luneke Nangane district killing 3 civilians and then fleeing on a motorcycle 199 13 January SADC announced the extension of a 3 month military offensive targeting insurgent bases in Cabo Delgado and that so far they had successfully managed to kill 31 insurgents and had confiscated several weapons in the process 199 15 January ISIS operatives abducted 3 Mozambican militia fighters from Nova Zambezia and executed them by beheading 204 23 January Insurgents attacked the village of Limualamuala beheading 3 civilians and burning down several buildings 205 26 January Insurgents attacked the village of Nova Zambezia Macomia district beheading one civilian 26 27 January The village of Mitambo in eastern Meluco district was attacked by a group of insurgents One civilian was beheaded by insurgents during the attack 26 28 January The village of Iba Meluco district was attacked by insurgents killing at least 6 civilians The insurgents later left the village and began an attack on the village of Muaguide killing another 8 civilians IS later claimed the attack 26 29 January Rwandan and Mozambican soldiers ambushed a group of insurgents near Naquitengue in southern Mocimboa da Praia district killing two of them including an insurgent leader who was identified as Twahili Mwidini 26 31 January Insurgents attacked Olumboa a village on the coast of Macomia district killing one civilian IS later claimed responsibility for the attack 206 1 February Insurgents launched an attack on the coastal villages of Ilha Matemo and Matemo The insurgents arrived by boat and killed 3 civilians in the course of the attack IS later claimed responsibility 206 5 February Insurgents raided several areas between Macomia town and Pemba In the raids the insurgents ambushed a group of civilian hunters killing 4 of them and stealing their food The village of Rafique was also attacked where one civilian was beheaded Also on 5 February insurgents ambush a Mozambican army patrol near Nova Zambezia Macomia district resulting in the deaths of 5 insurgents and one Mozambican soldier 206 7 February Insurgents attacked the village of Namuembe south of Nangade killing one civilian A group of Mozambican militiamen later ambushed the insurgents as the attack was occurring The ensuing firefight left 7 insurgents and 4 Mozambican militiamen dead 207 6 8 February Armed forces recaptured Nihca de Rovuma and Pundanhar villages where jihadists have set up their camps 208 10 February An insurgent was captured by Mozambican militiamen near Namuembe revealing the location of an insurgent camp near Nangade and that the camp was largely led by Tanzanians The Mozambican militiamen later ambushed a group of insurgents near Nangade killing 6 insurgents 207 6 September Insurgents attacked a Catholic mission in Chipene in the Diocese of Nacala killing a Catholic nun sister Maria de Coppi 209 7 September Following the attack on Chipene the same insurgents attacked nearby settlements killing at least three Christians 210 Insurgency as a Maritime Threat EditIn 2011 Northern Mozambique gained much international attention when large offshore gas fields containing up to 425 billion cubic meters of gas were discovered 211 With the goal of becoming a major international player in the energy sector Mozambique s government has prioritized the region s economic attractiveness and has sent its army to ensure the safety of planned investments 212 213 Foreign activities include a 30 billion investment of US based company Exxon Mobil and expected 20 billion of Total Energies 214 While Total Energies has stated that they will pause their investment to reassess the security situation in Northern Mozambique the EU s planned reduction in Russian gas imports has made the project more likely 215 Terrorist activity is viewed as a risk to international LNG investment with concerns raised about the kidnapping of foreign workers 216 However indigenous coastal communities and maritime facilities are also targets of violent activity in 2021 the port town of Palma was attacked killing dozens of civilians 217 Maritime infrastructure has also been targeted with the key port of Mocimboa da Praia being seized 218 Attacks on maritime infrastructure can be attributed to rising social inequality 219 The exploitation of the region s natural resources including the offshore gas fields puts the native population at risk as they face displacement and very little profit returns to the region due to high levels of corruption Finding its root in the precarious economic situation and the political marginalization of the native population local conflicts have been used to radicalize young men 219 220 Given the increase in extreme violent activities and simultaneously in military personnel tensions are likely to rise as the region s economic exploitation continues This also endangers the region s maritime environment Conflicts on the land spill over to the sea creating an unsafe environment for offshore investments 221 Because Northern Mozambique is a major transnational drug trafficking hub contested governance on land and sea facilitates maritime heroin smuggling 222 The deteriorating security situation has led to various international efforts in order to support Mozambique s maritime capabilities and ensure safety along the coast Russia has deployed the Wagner Group a private security organization heavily linked to the Russian government 223 in Northern Mozambique but failed its mission to support counter insurgency activities and withdrew in 2020 224 Wagner Group was allegedly aided by the Russian fleet though this has not been officially proven 225 Mozambique has formed an arrangement with Italy to train its navy 226 while Portugal the former colonial power has donated speedboats to the country 227 Furthermore Mozambique and India are cooperating on marine security issues with India assisting in the development of the country s naval infrastructure and the training of personnel 228 In addition South Africa has dispatched naval patrol vessels and Rwanda has increased its presence along the coast 229 Currently the UNODC is assisting Mozambique s naval capabilities by training the country s Navy Maritime Authority and maritime law enforcement officers thereby improving domain awareness and port security 230 However mere capability training for law enforcement authorities is controversial as corruption power abuse and involvement in illicit economies is high in Mozambique s state authorities 231 232 Limits on media freedom EditThere is a lack of access to reliable information in the region due to journalists being intimidated by government and military personnel On 5 January 2019 Mozambican authorities unlawfully detained journalist Amade Abubacar who had reported on the insurgency He was subsequently subjected to torture and only released on bail after 107 days in detention 233 War crimes EditThe rebels have committed extensive war crimes targeting and murdering civilians on many occasions during the insurgency 234 In addition Mozambican security forces were reportedly filmed as they tortured and murdered captured rebel fighters Amnesty International said that the videos were genuine while Mozambique s defense ministry spokesperson Omar Saranga argued that they were probably produced by the rebels themselves using captured uniforms to produce propaganda against the government 235 See also EditSouthern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique List of wars involving Mozambique Mozambican War of Independence Mozambican Civil War Islamic terrorism Insurgency in the Maghreb 2002 present Islamist insurgency in the Sahel Boko Haram or ISWAP insurgency Sinai insurgencyReferences 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November 2020 Mozambique Detains 12 Iraqis for Supporting Insurgents allAfrica com UN rights chief calls for protection of Mozambique civilians amid escalating conflict www jurist org Gulf of Aden Security Review November 16 2020 Critical Threats Mozambiques Insurgency Displaces 33 000 In A Week IOM UrduPoint Ataques em Mocambique Policia diz que foi recuperada sede distrital de Muidumbe 20 November 2020 Mozambique says northern village site of beheadings retaken www aljazeera com Retrieved 20 November 2020 Mozambique Tanzania join forces to tackle Cabo Delgado violence www aljazeera com Cabo Ligado Weekly 23 29 November Mozambique ReliefWeb Mozambique U S Counter Terrorism Official Meets With Nyusi allAfrica com 4 December 2020 Jihadists kill 25 soldiers in Mozambique s restive north The Citizen 5 December 2020 Gulf of Aden Security Review 9 December 2020 Cabo Ligado Weekly 7 13 December 2020 Mozambique ReliefWeb Insurgentes recebem ataque surpreza em Awasse 16 December 2020 New 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Mozambique Palma under attack today By Joseph Hanlon Mozambique Mozambique Armed group attacks town near gas project www aljazeera com Reed Ed 25 March 2021 Mozambique attack undermines Total return plans News for the Oil and Gas Sector Several South Africans feared dead in attacks on Mozambique gas project TimesLIVE Town Jane Flanagan Cape Islamist rebels kill dozens in attack on Mozambique gas project via www thetimes co uk a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 5 11 April 2021 Cabo Ligado a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 19 25 April 2021 Cabo Ligado Weekly 26 April 2 May 2021 a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 3 9 May 2021 Cabo Ligado Cabo Ligado Weekly 10 23 May 2021 Mozambique Defence Forces re occupy Diaca and Namacunde AIM report 24 May 2021 Cabo Ligado Weekly 24 30 May 2021 Cabo Ligado Weekly 31 May 6 June 2021 Cabo Ligado a b c d e Cabo Ligado Weekly 14 20 June 2021 Cabo Ligado Service Tribune News Kin of Panipat man held by Mozambique terrorists in despair Tribuneindia News Service a b c d e f g Cabo Ligado Weekly 12 18 July 2021 Cabo Ligado a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 5 11 July 2021 Cabo Ligado Weekly 28 June 4 July 2021 Southern African Development Community SADC Executive Secretary presents instruments of authority for Standby Force Deployment Mission to Mozambique www sadc int a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 19 25 July 2021 Cabo Ligado a b c d e Cabo Ligado Weekly 26 July 1 August Cabo Ligado Mozambican Rwandan troops overrun major insurgents base in Cabo Delgado 27 July 2021 Herald The 304 ZNA troops to join Mozambique mission The Herald Cabo Delgado Mozambican Rwandan troops in final assault on terrorist strongholds The New Times Rwanda 6 August 2021 Mozambique insurgency Key port retaken from insurgents Rwanda BBC News 8 August 2021 Depois de Mocimboa da Praia forca conjunta invade principal base terrorista em Marere posto administrativo de Mbau 19 August 2021 Mozambique Mozambican and Rwandan Forces Take Mbau 24 August 2021 a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 23 29 August Cabo Ligado Cabo Ligado Weekly 30 August 5 September CaboLigado com a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 13 19 September CaboLigado com Cabo Ligado Weekly 18 24 October Cabo Ligado New insurgent attack causes three dead in Cabo Delgado voaportugues com Cabo Ligado Weekly 25 31 October Cabo Ligado EU begins military training against Mozambique insurgency www euractiv com 3 November 2021 Retrieved 10 November 2021 a b c d e f Cabo Ligado Weekly 8 14 November CaboLigado com Spotlight on Global Jihad November 11 17 2021 The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 18 November 2021 a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 15 21 November CaboLigado com a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 22 28 November CaboLigado com a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 29 November 5 December CaboLigado com a b c d e f g Cabo Ligado Weekly 6 12 December CaboLigado com ISIS Affiliated Extremists Decapitate Pastor Hand His Wife Severed Head to Show Authorities in Mozambique CBN News 19 December 2021 Spotlight on Global Jihad December 23 29 2021 The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 30 December 2021 Spotlight on Global Jihad December 30 5 2022 The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 6 January 2022 Spotlight on Global Jihad January 5 12 2022 The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 13 January 2021 Spotlight on Global Jihad January 13 19 2022 The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center 20 January 2021 Cabo Ligado Weekly 17 23 January CaboLigado com a b c Cabo Ligado Weekly 31 January 6 February CaboLigado com a b Cabo Ligado Weekly 7 13 February CaboLigado com Rwanda Cabo Delgado Rwandan Mozambican Forces Flush Militant Remnants Out of Palma District 8 February 2022 ACN 8 September 2022 Fear in Mozambique after a murder of a nun ACN International Retrieved 21 November 2022 ACN 6 October 2022 Terrorists slit the throats of three Christians ACN International Retrieved 21 November 2022 BBC News 20 October 2011 Large gas field discovered off coast of Mozambique BBC News Laakso Merja 23 May 2022 An increased role for private sector Mozambique s new regulatory policy in the off grid energy sector Casey JP 15 March 2021 Risky business investment and insurgency in Mozambique Reuters 4 November 2021 Exxon looking to capture carbon cut costs at 30 bln Mozambique LNG project Reuters BBC News 10 April 2022 Mozambique Palma terror attack I can t go back BBC News Haysom Simone October 2018 Where Crime Compounds Conflict Understanding Northern Mozambique s Vulnerabilities PDF The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime Mozambique Palma terror attack I can t go back BBC News 10 April 2022 Insurgents seize Mozambique port in gas rich region local media say Reuters 12 August 2020 a b Mapfumo Linos 2020 The Nexus Between Violent Extremism and the Illicit Economy in Northern Mozambique Is Mozambique Under Siege from International Organised Crime Extremisms in Africa p 106 Chingotuane Enio Viegas Filipe Sidumo Egna Rachel Isaias October 2021 Strategic Options for Managing Violent Extremism in Southern Africa The Case of Mozambique PDF Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Situation Report 7 8 Vrey Francois 29 August 2021 Fight Against Mozambique s Insurgency Must Include Maritime Security Decis Hugo 7 May 2021 The Mozambique Channel troubled waters What is the Wagner Group Russia s mercenary organisation The Economist 7 March 2022 Saini Fasanotti Federica 8 February 2022 Russia s Wagner Group in Africa Influence commercial concessions rights violations and counterinsurgency failure The Brookings Institution The Mozambique Channel May Become the Next Maritime Security Hotspot Maritime Executive 24 March 2021 Wingrin Dean 10 February 2014 Italian warship training Mozambican Navy Portugal delivers 10 speedboats to the Mozambican Navy 20 February 2018 India Mozambique review defence cooperation special emphasis on maritime security Club of Mozambique 14 February 2018 Vrey Francois 29 August 2021 Fight Against Mozambique s Insurgency Must Include Maritime Security UNODC and Mozambique cooperate to promote maritime security UNODC 4 August 2021 Haysom Simone Gastrow Peter Shaw Mark June 2018 Tackling heroin trafficking on the East African coast PDF ENACT Enhacing Africa s Response to Transnational Organised Crime 04 U S Embassy in Mozambique 2020 2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Mozambique Mozambique Detained journalist in critical condition denied medical treatment Amnesty International 5 March 2019 Retrieved 8 October 2019 Jacob Zenn 26 May 2020 ISIS in Africa The Caliphate s Next Frontier Center for Global Policy Retrieved 22 November 2020 Salem Solomon 10 September 2020 Release of Torture Videos Prompts Denials by Mozambican Authorities Voice of America Retrieved 22 November 2020 Works cited Edit West Sunguta 14 June 2018 Ansar al Sunna A New Militant Islamist Group Emerges in Mozambique PDF Terrorism Monitor Jamestown Foundation 15 12 5 7 Retrieved 23 August 2018 Eric Morier Genoud Why Islamist attack demands a careful response from Mozambique The Conversation 18 October 2017 Eric Morier Genoud Mozambique s own version of Boko Haram is tightening its deadly grip The Conversation 11 June 2018Further reading EditBonate Liazzat J K Why the Mozambican Government s alliance with the Islamic Council of Mozambique might not end the insurgency in Cabo Delgado Zitamar News 14 June 2019 Bonate Liazzat J K The Islamic side of the Cabo Delgado crisis Zitamar News 20 June 2018 Bonate Liazzat J K Islam in Northern Mozambique A Historical Overview History Compass 8 7 2010 573 593 Bonate Liazzat J K L Agence des musulmans d Afrique Les transformations de l islam a Pemba au Mozambique Afrique Contemporaine No 231 2009 63 80 Bonate Liazzat J K Muslim Religious Leadership in Post Colonial Mozambique South African Historical Journal No 60 4 2008 637 654 Bonate Liazzat J K Between Da wa and Development Three Transnational Islamic Nongovernmental Organizations in Mozambique 1980 2010 Newsletter of the Africa Research Initiative Second Edition March 2015 Centre for Strategic Intelligence Research National Intelligence University Washington DC pp 7 11 Morier Genoud Eric A Prospect of Secularization Muslims and Political Power in Mozambique Today Journal for Islamic Studies Cape Town University of Cape Town vol 27 2007 pp 233 266 French version here Morier Genoud Eric L Islam au Mozambique apres l independance Histoire d une montee en puissance L Afrique Politique 2002 Paris Karthala 2002 pp 123 146 Portuguese version here Morier Genoud Eric The 1996 Muslim holiday affair Religious competition and state mediation in contemporary Mozambique Journal of Southern African Studies Oxford Taylor amp Francis vol 26 n 3 September 2000 pp 409 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Insurgency in Cabo Delgado amp oldid 1127765969, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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