fbpx
Wikipedia

Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

February 16, 2024

This article is about the armed conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region in 2020. For the armed conflict between 1988 and 1994, see First Nagorno-Karabakh War.

Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Part of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

  Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war
  Areas ceded to Azerbaijan under the ceasefire agreement
  Areas in Nagorno-Karabakh proper remaining under the control of Artsakh
  Lachin corridor and Dadivank monastery, patrolled by Russian peacekeepers
Date27 September 2020 (2020-09-27) – 10 November 2020 (2020-11-10)
(1 month and 2 weeks)[30]
Location
Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding Armenian-occupied territories, Armenia–Azerbaijan border
Result Azerbaijani victory[31][32]
Territorial
changes

During the conflict:

Post-ceasefire:

  • Azerbaijan retains control of territories captured during the war
  • All Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh ceded back to Azerbaijan by 1 December 2020[34]
  • All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked, including transport connections between Nakhchivan and the rest of Azerbaijan
Belligerents

 Azerbaijan

 Turkey (alleged by Armenia)[9][10][11]

 Artsakh
 Armenia

Commanders and leaders
Units involved
Azerbaijan
Syrian mercenaries[15]
Artsakh
Armenia
Strength
Equipment:
  • Unknown regular military
Equipment:
Casualties and losses

Per Azerbaijan:

  • 2,906 servicemen killed[d]
  • 6 servicemen missing[58]
  • 11,110 servicemen wounded[74]
  • 14 servicemen captured[75][76]

Per SOHR:

  • 541 Syrian mercenaries killed[59]
  • 3+ Syrian mercenaries captured[77]
See Casualties for details

Per Armenia/Artsakh:

  • 3,825 servicemen killed[78]
  • 187 servicemen missing[79]
  • ~11,000 servicemen wounded and sick[80]
  • 60+ servicemen captured[81]
See Casualties and Prisoners of war for details
  • 100 Azerbaijani[82] and 85 Armenian civilians killed[e]
  • 21 Armenian civilians missing[79]
  • 416 Azerbaijani[82] and 165 Armenian civilians injured[83][84]
  • 3 Azerbaijani[85] and 40 Armenian civilians captured[86]
  • 1 Russian Mi-24 shot down, 2 crew members killed, 1 injured[87]
  • 1 Russian civilian killed[88]
  • 2 French[89] and 3 Russian journalists injured[90]
  • 1 Iranian civilian injured by stray fire[91]
  • 40,000 Azerbaijanis[92] and 100,000 Armenians displaced[93][94][95]

The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involving Azerbaijan, Armenia and the self-declared Armenian breakaway state of Artsakh.[f] The war lasted for 44 days and resulted in Azerbaijani victory, with the defeat igniting anti-government protests in Armenia. Post-war skirmishes continued in the region, including substantial clashes in 2022.

Fighting began on the morning of 27 September, with an Azerbaijani offensive[96][97] along the line of contact established in the aftermath of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994). Clashes were particularly intense in the less mountainous districts of southern Nagorno-Karabakh.[98] Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan. [96][99]

The war was marked by the deployment of drones, sensors, long-range heavy artillery[100] and missile strikes, as well as by state propaganda and the use of official social media accounts in online information warfare.[101] In particular, Azerbaijan's widespread use of drones was seen as crucial in determining the conflict's outcome.[102] Numerous countries and the United Nations strongly condemned the fighting and called on both sides to de-escalate tensions and resume meaningful negotiations.[103] Three ceasefires brokered by Russia, France, and the United States failed to stop the conflict.[104]

Following the capture of Shusha, the second-largest city in Nagorno-Karabakh, a ceasefire agreement was signed, ending all hostilities in the area from 10 November 2020.[105][106][107] The agreement resulted in a major shift regarding the control of the territories in Nagorno-Karabakh and the areas surrounding it. Approximately 2,000 Russian soldiers were deployed as peacekeeping forces along the Lachin corridor connecting Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, with a mandate of at least five years.[30] Following the end of the war, an unconfirmed number of Armenian prisoners of war were held captive in Azerbaijan, with reports of mistreatment and charges filed against them,[108][109][110][111] leading to a case at the International Court of Justice.[112]

Naming

The war has been referred to as the "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War",[113][114] and has also been called the "44-Day War" in both Armenia and Azerbaijan.[115][116]

In Armenia and Artsakh, it has been called the "Second Artsakh War" (Armenian: Արցախյան երկրորդ պատերազմ, romanized: Arts'akhyan yerkrord paterazm),[117][118] "Patriotic War"[119] and the "Fight for Survival" (Armenian: Գոյամարտ, romanized: Goyamart).[120]

In Azerbaijan, it has been called the "Second Karabakh War" (Azerbaijani: İkinci Qarabağ müharibəsi)[121] and "Patriotic War".[122][123] The Azerbaijani government referred to it as an "operation for peace enforcement"[124] and "counter-offensive operation".[125] It later announced it had initiated military operations under the code-name "Operation Iron Fist" (Azerbaijani: Dəmir Yumruq əməliyyatı).[126]

Background

Further information: History of Nagorno-Karabakh and Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

The territorial ownership of Nagorno-Karabakh is fiercely contested between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. The current conflict has its roots in events following World War I and today the region is de jure part of Azerbaijan, although large parts are de facto held by the internationally unrecognised Republic of Artsakh, which is supported by Armenia.[127]

Soviet era

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

During the Soviet era, the predominantly Armenian-populated region was governed as an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan SSR.[128] As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate during the late 1980s the question of Nagorno-Karabakh's status re-emerged, and on 20 February 1988 the parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast passed a resolution requesting transfer of the oblast from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR. Azerbaijan rejected the request several times,[129] and ethnic violence began shortly thereafter with a series of pogroms between 1988 and 1990 against Armenians in Sumgait, Ganja and Baku,[130][131][132][133] and against Azerbaijanis in Gugark and Stepanakert.[134][135][136][137] Following the revocation of Nagorno-Karabakh's autonomous status, an independence referendum was held in the region on 10 December 1991. The referendum was boycotted by the Azerbaijani population, which then constituted around 22.8% of the region's population; 99.8% of participants voted in favour. In early 1992, following the Soviet Union's collapse, the region descended into outright war.[129][dead link]

First Nagorno-Karabakh War

Main article: First Nagorno-Karabakh War
 
Ethnic groups of the region in 1995, following the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and the displacement of the region's Azerbaijani and ethnic Armenian population. (See entire map)

The First Nagorno-Karabakh War resulted in the displacement of approximately 725,000 Azerbaijanis and 300,000–500,000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia.[138] The 1994 Bishkek Protocol brought the fighting to an end and resulted in significant Armenian territorial gains: in addition to controlling most of Nagorno-Karabakh, the Republic of Artsakh also occupied the surrounding Azerbaijani-populated districts of Agdam, Jabrayil, Fuzuli, Kalbajar, Qubadli, Lachin and Zangilan.[139] The terms of the Bishkek agreement produced a frozen conflict,[140] and long-standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994, with the interrupted Madrid Principles being the most recent iteration prior to the 2020 war.[141][142] The United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions in 1993 calling for the withdrawal of "occupying forces" from the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh,[143] and in 2008 the General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the immediate withdrawal of Armenian occupying forces,[144] although the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group, Russia, France and USA, voted against it.[145]

Frozen conflict

See also: July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes

For three decades multiple violations of the ceasefire occurred, the most serious being the four-day 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[146] Surveys indicated that the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh did not want to be part of Azerbaijan[147] and in 2020 the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan announced plans to make Shusha, a city of historical and cultural significance to both Armenians and Azerbaijanis,[130] Artsakh's new capital. In August of the same year the government of Artsakh moved the country's parliament to Shusha, escalating tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[148] Further skirmishes occurred on the border between the two countries in July 2020.[146] Thousands of Azerbaijanis rallied for war against Armenia in response, and Turkey voiced its firm support for Azerbaijan.[149] On 29 July 2020, Azerbaijan conducted a series of military exercises that lasted from 29 July to 10 August 2020,[150] followed by further exercises in early September with the involvement of Turkey.[151] Prior to the resumption of hostilities, allegations emerged that Turkey had facilitated the transfer of hundreds of Syrian National Army members from the Hamza Division to Azerbaijan.[152] Baku denied the involvement of foreign fighters.[153]

Course of the war

Main article: Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

Overview

 
Approximate frontlines at the time of the ceasefire, with Azerbaijan's territorial gains during the war in red, the Lachin corridor under Russian peacekeepers in blue, and areas ceded by Armenia to Azerbaijan hashed.

The conflict was characterised by the widespread use of combat drones, particularly by Azerbaijan,[154] as well as heavy artillery barrages, rocket attacks and trench warfare.[155] Throughout the campaign, Azerbaijan relied heavily on drone strikes against Armenian/Artsakh forces, inflicting heavy losses upon Armenian tanks, artillery, air defence systems and military personnel, although some Azerbaijani drones were shot down.[156][157] It also featured the deployment of cluster munitions, which are banned by the majority of the international community but not by Armenia or Azerbaijan.[158] Both Armenia[159] and Azerbaijan[160] used cluster munitions against civilian areas outside of the conflict zone.[161] A series of missile attacks on Ganja, Azerbaijan inflicted mass civilian casualties, as did artillery strikes on Stepanakert, Artsakh's capital.[162] Much of Stepanakert's population fled during the course of the fighting.[163] The conflict was accompanied by coordinated attempts to spread misleading content and disinformation via social media and the internet.[164]

The conflict began with an Azerbaijani ground offensive that included armoured formations, supported by artillery and drones, including loitering munitions. Armenian and Artsakh troops were forced back from their first line of defence in Artsakh's southeast and northern regions, but inflicted significant losses on Azerbaijani armoured formations with anti-tank guided missiles and artillery, destroying dozens of vehicles. Azerbaijan made heavy use of drones in strikes against Armenian air defences, taking out 13 short-range surface-to-air missile systems. Azerbaijani forces used drones to systematically isolate and destroy Armenian/Artsakh positions. Reconnaissance drones would locate a military position on the front lines and the placement of reserve forces, after which the position would be shelled along with roads and bridges that could potentially be used by the reserves to reach the position. After the Armenian/Artsakh position had been extensively shelled and cut off from reinforcement, the Azerbaijanis would move in superior forces to overwhelm it. This tactic was repeatedly used to gradually overrun Armenian and Artsakh positions.[165] Azerbaijani troops managed to make limited gains in the south in the first three days of the conflict. For the next three days, both sides largely exchanged fire from fixed positions. In the north, Armenian/Artsakh forces counterattacked, managing to retake some ground. Their largest counterattack took place on the fourth day, but incurred heavy losses when their armour and artillery units were exposed to Azerbaijani attack drones, loitering munitions, and reconnaissance drones spotting for Azerbaijani artillery as they manoeuvred in the open.[45]

Day-by-day animation of the war. Red: Artsakh; blue: captured by the Azerbaijani army; dotted blue: regions in which Azerbaijani special forces were active.

Azerbaijan targeted infrastructure throughout Artsakh starting on the first day of the war, including the use of rocket artillery and cluster munitions against Stepanakert, the capital of Artsakh, and a missile strike against a bridge in the Lachin Corridor linking Armenia with Artsakh. On the 6th day of the war, Armenia/Artsakh targeted Ganja for the first of four times with ballistic missiles, nominally targeting the military portion of Ganja International Airport but instead hitting residential areas. On the morning of the seventh day, Azerbaijan launched a major offensive. The Azerbaijani Army's First, Second, and Third Army Corps, reinforced by reservists from the Fourth Army Corps, began an advance in the north, making some territorial gains, but the Azerbaijani advance stalled.[45]

Most of the fighting subsequently shifted to the south, in terrain that is relatively flat and underpopulated as compared to the mountainous north. Azerbaijani forces launched offensives toward Jabrayil and Füzuli, managing to break through the multi-layered Armenian/Artsakh defensive lines and recapture a stretch of territory held by Armenian troops as a buffer zone, but the fighting subsequently stalled.[45]

 
Map of the war showing Azerbaijan's day-to-day advances

After the shelling of Martuni,[166] Artsakh authorities began mobilising civilians.[167] Just before 04:00 (00:00 UTC) on 10 October 2020, Russia reported that both Armenia and Azerbaijan had agreed on a humanitarian ceasefire after ten hours of talks in Moscow (the Moscow Statement) and announced that both would enter "substantive" talks.[citation needed] After the declared ceasefire, the President of Artsakh admitted Azerbaijan had been able to achieve some success, moving the front deep into Artsakh territory;[168] the Armenian Prime Minister announced that Armenian forces had conducted a "partial retreat".[169]

The ceasefire quickly broke down and the Azerbaijani advance continued. Within days Azerbaijan announced the capture of dozens of villages on the southern front.[170] A second ceasefire attempt midnight 17 October 2020 was also ignored.[171] Azerbaijan announced the capture of Jabrayil on 9 October 2020 and Füzuli on 17 October 2020. Azerbaijani troops also captured the Khoda Afarin Dam and Khodaafarin Bridges. Azerbaijan announced that the border area with Iran was fully secured with the capture of Agbend on 22 October 2020.[172] Azerbaijani forces then turned northwest, advancing towards the Lachin corridor, the sole highway between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, putting it within artillery range. According to Artsakh, a counterattack repelled forward elements of the Azerbaijani force and pushed them back. Armenian/Artsakh resistance had managed to halt the Azerbaijani advance to within 25 kilometres of the Lachin corridor by 26 October 2020. Artsakh troops who had retreated into the mountains and forests began launching small-unit attacks against exposed Azerbaijani infantry and armour, and Armenian forces launched a counteroffensive near the far southwestern border between Armenia and Azerbaijan.[173] On 26 October 2020, a US-brokered ceasefire came into effect, but fighting resumed within minutes.[174][175] Three days later, the Artsakh authorities stated that the Azerbaijani forces were 5 km (3.1 mi) from Shusha.[176] On 8 November 2020, Azerbaijani forces seized Shusha,[177] the second-largest city in Artsakh before the war, located 15 kilometres from Stepanakert, the republic's capital.[178]

Although the amount of territory contested was relatively restricted, the conflict impacted the wider region, in part due to the type of munitions deployed. Shells and rockets landed in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, although no damage was reported,[179][180] and Iran reported that several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) had been downed or had crashed within its territory.[181][182][183][184] Georgia stated that two UAVs had crashed in its Kakheti Province.[185]

Ceasefire agreement

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement
 
Map of the ceasefire agreement
  Azerbaijan outside of the conflict zone
  Armenia
  Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war, to stay under its control
  Agdam District: evacuated by Armenia by 20 November[186][187]
  Kalbajar District: evacuated by Armenia by 25 November[188]
  Lachin District: evacuated by Armenia by 1 December[189]
  Part of Nagorno-Karabakh remaining under the control of Artsakh
  Lachin corridor, monitored by Russian peacekeepers
  Access roads into Nagorno-Karabakh
   All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked, including transport connections between Nakhchivan and rest of Azerbaijan (arrow's hypothetical location chosen by a Wikipedia user, and not defined by the statement itself)
  Line of contact before the 2020 conflict.
  Other areas claimed by Artsakh

On 9 November 2020, in the aftermath of the capture of Shusha, a ceasefire agreement was signed by the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, ending all hostilities in the zone of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict from 10 November 2020, 00:00 Moscow time.[105][106][107] The President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, also agreed to end the hostilities.[190]

Under the terms of the deal, both belligerent parties were to exchange prisoners of war and the bodies of the fallen. Furthermore, Armenian forces were to withdraw from Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh by 1 December 2020, while a peacekeeping force, provided by the Russian Ground Forces and led by Lieutenant General Rustam Muradov,[191] of just under 2,000 soldiers would be deployed for a minimum of five years along the line of contact and the Lachin corridor linking Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Additionally, Armenia undertook to "guarantee safety" of transport communication between Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan exclave and mainland Azerbaijan in both directions, while Russia's border troops (under the Federal Security Service) were to "exercise control over the transport communication".[192][193][194]

On 15 December 2020, after several weeks of cease fire, the sides finally exchanged prisoners of war. 44 Armenian and 12 Azeri prisoners were exchanged.[195] It is unclear whether more prisoners remain in captivity on either side.

Non-military actions taken by Armenia and Azerbaijan

Since the beginning of the conflict, both Armenia and Azerbaijan declared martial law, limiting the freedom of speech. Meanwhile, a new law came into effect since October 2020 in Armenia, which prohibits negative coverage of the situation at the front.[196] Restrictions have been reported on the work of international journalists in Azerbaijan, with no corresponding restrictions reported in Nagorno-Karabakh.[197]

Armenia

 
A pro-military billboard in Republic Square, Yerevan, on 7 October 2020.

On 28 September 2020, Armenia banned men aged over 18 listed in the mobilisation reserve from leaving the country.[198] The next day, it postponed the trial of former President Robert Kocharyan and other former officials charged in the 2008 post-election unrest case, owing to one of the defendants, the former Defence Minister of Armenia, Seyran Ohanyan, going to Artsakh during the conflict.[199]

On 1 October 2020, the Armenian National Security Service (NSS) stated that it had arrested and charged a former high-ranking Armenian military official with treason on suspicion of spying for Azerbaijan.[200] Three days later, the NSS stated that it had arrested several foreign citizens on suspicion of spying.[201] Protesting Israeli arms sales to Azerbaijan, Armenia recalled its ambassador to Israel.[202]

On 8 October 2020, the Armenian President, Armen Sarkissian, dismissed the director of the NSS.[203] Subsequently, the Armenian government toughened the martial law and prohibited criticising state bodies and "propaganda aimed at disruption of the defense capacity of the country".[204] On the same day, the Armenian MoD cancelled a Novaya Gazeta correspondent's journalistic accreditation, officially for entering Nagorno-Karabakh without accreditation.[205] On 9 October 2020, Armenia tightened its security legislation.[204] On 21 October 2020, the Armenian Cabinet of Ministers temporarily banned the import of Turkish goods, the decision will come into force on 31 December 2020.[206] The following day, the Armenian parliament passed a law to write off the debts of the Armenian servicemen wounded during the clashes and the debts of the families of those killed.[207]

On 27 October 2020, the Armenian president Armen Sarkissian dismissed the head of the counterintelligence department of the National Security Service, Major General Hovhannes Karumyan and the chief of staff of the border troops of the National Security Service Gagik Tevosyan.[208] On 8 November 2020, Sarkissian yet again dismissed the interim head of the National Security Service.[209]

As of 8 November 2020, one Armenian activist was fined by the police for his anti-war post.[210]

Azerbaijan

 
Azerbaijani flag in Jafar Jabbarly Square near the 28 May station in Baku on 10 October 2020.

On 27 September 2020, Azerbaijani authorities restricted internet access shortly after the clashes began,[211] stating it was "in order to prevent large-scale Armenian provocations." The government made a noticeable push to use Twitter, which was the only unblocked platform in the country. Despite the restrictions, some Azerbaijanis still used VPNs to bypass them.[212] The National Assembly of Azerbaijan declared a curfew in Baku, Ganja, Goygol, Yevlakh and a number of districts from midnight on 28 September 2020,[213][214] under the Interior Minister, Vilayet Eyvazov.[215] Azerbaijan Airlines announced that all airports in Azerbaijan would be closed to regular passenger flights until 30 September 2020.[216] The Military Prosecutor's Offices of Fuzuli, Tartar, Karabakh and Ganja began criminal investigations of war and other crimes.[217]

Also on 28 September 2020, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, issued a decree authorising a partial mobilisation in Azerbaijan.[218] On 8 October 2020, Azerbaijan recalled its ambassador to Greece for consultations, following allegations of Armenians from Greece arriving in Nagorno-Karabakh to fight against Azerbaijan.[219] Three days later, the Azerbaijani State Security Service (SSS) warned against a potential Armenian-backed terror attack.[220]

On 17 October 2020, the Azerbaijani MoFA stated that member of the Russian State Duma from the ruling United Russia, Vitaly Milonov, was declared persona non grata in Azerbaijan for visiting Nagorno-Karabakh without permission from the Azerbaijani government.[221] On 24 October 2020, by recommendation of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan, the member banks of the Azerbaijani Banks' Association unanimously adopted a decision to write off the debts of the military servicemen and civilians who died during the conflict.[222]

On 29 October 2020, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, issued a decree on the formation of temporary commandant's offices in the areas that the Azerbaijani forces seized control of during the conflict. According to the decree, the commandants will be appointed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but they will have to coordinate with other executive bodies of the government, including Ministry of Defense, the State Border Service, the State Security Service, and ANAMA.[223][224]

Over the course of the war several Azerbaijani activists were brought in for questioning by the State Security Service, due to their anti-war activism.[225][226] On 12 December, a decree by President Aliyev lifted the curfew that had been imposed in September.[227]

Casualties

Main article: Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

Casualties were high,[228] officially in the low thousands. According to official figures released by the belligerents, Armenia lost 3,825 troops killed[78] and 187 missing,[79] while Azerbaijan lost 2,906 troops killed, with six missing in action.[58] During the conflict, it was noted that the sides downplayed the number of their own casualties and exaggerated the numbers of enemy casualties and injuries.[229]

Civilians

 
The wall with images of fallen Armenian soldiers. According to Artsakhian President, mainly 18–20 year old soldiers fought in hostilities.[230]

The Armenian authorities stated that 85 Armenian civilians were killed during the war,[e] while another 21 were missing.[79] According to Azerbaijani sources, the Armenian military has targeted densely populated areas containing civilian structures.[231] As of 9 November 2020, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan stated that during the war, as a result of reported shelling by Armenian artillery and rocketing, 100 people had been killed, while 416 people had been wounded.[82] Also, during the post-war clashes, the Azerbaijani authorities stated that an Azercell employee was seriously injured during the installation of communication facilities and transmission equipment near Hadrut.[232]

As of 23 October 2020, the Armenian authorities has stated that the conflict had displaced more than half of Nagorno-Karabakh's population or approximately 90,000 people.[94] The International Rescue Committee has also claimed that more than half of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh has been displaced by the conflict.[233] As of 2 November 2020, the Azerbaijani authorities has stated that the conflict had displaced approximately 40,000 people in Azerbaijan.[92]

Seven journalists have been injured.[157][234] On 1 October 2020, two French journalists from Le Monde covering the clashes in Khojavend were injured by Azerbaijani shellfire.[235] A week later, three Russian journalists reporting in Shusha were seriously injured by an Azerbaijani attack.[236][237] On 19 October 2020, according to Azerbaijani sources, an Azerbaijani AzTV journalist received shrapnel wounds from Armenian shellfire in Aghdam District.[234]

Military

 
Wounded Azerbaijani servicemen attending the victory parade on 10 December.
 
An Artsakh 2S1 Gvozdika captured as a war trophy by the Azerbaijani forces, displayed on 10 December during the victory parade.

Armenian authorities reported the deaths of 3,825 servicemen during the war, while the Azerbaijani authorities stated that more than 5,000 Armenian servicemen were killed, and several times more were wounded as of 28 October 2020.[238] After the war, the former director of the Armenian National Security Service, Artur Vanetsyan, had also stated that some 5,000 Armenians were killed during the war.[239] Also, the Armenian authorities had stated that about 60 Armenian servicemen were captured by Azerbaijan as prisoners of war.[81] The former Head of the Military Control Service of the Armenian MoD, Movses Hakobyan, stated that already on the fifth day of war there were 1,500 deserters from Armenian armed forces, who were kept in Karabakh and not allowed to return to Armenia in order to prevent panic. The press secretary of Armenian prime minister called the accusations absurd and asked the law enforcement agencies to deal with them.[240] Former military commissar of Armenia major-general Levon Stepanyan stated that the number of deserters in Armenian army was over 10,000, and it is not possible to prosecute such a large number of military personnel.[241] During the post-war clashes, the Armenian government stated that 60 servicemen went missing,[242] including several dozen that were captured.[243] and On 27 October 2020, Artsakh authorities stated that its defence minister Jalal Harutyunyan was wounded in action.[244] However, unofficial Azerbaijani military sources alleged that he was killed and released footage apparently showing the assassination from a drone camera.[245]

During the conflict, the government of Azerbaijan did not reveal the number of its military casualties.[246] On 11 January, Azerbaijan stated that 2,853 of its soldiers had been killed during the war, while another 50 went missing.[58] Also, Azerbaijani authorities stated that 11 more Azerbaijani servicemen were killed during the post-war clashes or landmine explosions.[247][248][249] On 23 October 2020, President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, confirmed that Shukur Hamidov who was made National Hero of Azerbaijan in 2016, was killed during the operations in Qubadli District.[250] This was the first military casualty officially confirmed by the government. However, Armenian and Artsakh authorities have claimed 7,630 Azerbaijani soldiers and Syrian mercenaries were killed.[251][252]

The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documented the death of at least 541 Syrian fighters or mercenaries fighting for Azerbaijan.[59] On 14 November 2020, the Observatory reported the death of a commander of the Syrian National Army's Hamza Division.[253]

Infrastructure damage

 
The Armenian Apostolic Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha was shelled twice during the conflict.[254][255][256]
 
Azerbaijani authorities had stated that about four thousand civilian objects were damaged in the territory of the Tartar District as a result of the bombardment of the district.[257][258]

Civilian areas, including major cities, have been hit, including Azerbaijan's second-largest city, Ganja, and the region's capital, Stepanakert, with many buildings and homes destroyed.[259][260] The Ghazanchetsots Cathedral has also been damaged.[261] Several outlets reported increased cases of COVID-19 in Nagorno-Karabakh, particularly the city of Stepanakert, where the population was forced to live in overcrowded bunkers, due to Azerbaijan artillery and drone strikes conflict.[262][263] There were also reported difficulties in testing and contact tracing during the conflict.[262][263]

The Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha became damaged as a result of shelling. On 19 October 2020, a strong fire broke out in a cotton plant in Azad Qaraqoyunlu, Tartar District, as a result of the Armenian artillery shelling, with several large hangars of the plant becoming completely burned down.[264] An Armenian-backed Nagorno-Karabakh human rights ombudsman report noted 5,800 private properties and 520 private vehicles destroyed, with damage to 960 items of civilian infrastructure, and industrial and public and objects.[265] On 16 November 2020, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan reported 3,410 private houses, 512 civilian facilities, and 120 multi-storey residential buildings being damaged throughout the war.[82]

Equipment losses

By 7 October 2020, Azerbaijan reported to have destroyed about 250 tanks and other armoured vehicles; 150 other military vehicles; 11 command and command-observation posts; 270 artillery units and MLRSs, including a BM-27 Uragan; 60 Armenian anti-aircraft systems, including 4 S-300 and 25 9K33 Osas; 18 UAVs and 8 arms depots.[238][266][267][268] destroyed. As of 16 October 2020, the Azerbaijani President stated that the Armenian losses were at US$2 billion.[269] In turn an Azerbaijani helicopter was stated to have been damaged, but its crew had apparently returned it to Azerbaijani-controlled territory without casualties.[270] Later it was reported that on 12 October 2020, Azerbaijan had destroyed one Tochka-U missile launcher. On 14 October 2020, Azerbaijan stated it had further destroyed five T-72 tanks, three BM-21 Grad rocket launchers, one 9K33 Osa missile system, one BMP-2 vehicle, one KS-19 air defence gun, two D-30 howitzers and several Armenian army automobiles.[271] On the same day, Azerbaijan announced the destruction of three R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile launchers that had been targeting Ganja and Mingachevir.[272] BBC reporters confirmed the destruction of at least one tactical ballistic missile launcher in the vicinity of Vardenis, close to the border with Azerbaijan, and posted photo evidence in support of this information.[273] Later American journalist Josh Friedman posted a high quality video of a destroyed Armenian ballistic missile launcher.[274]

Armenian and Artsakh authorities initially reported the downing of four Azerbaijani helicopters and the destruction of ten tanks and IFVs, as well as 15 drones.[275] Later the numbers were revised to 36 tanks and armoured personnel vehicles destroyed, two armoured combat engineering vehicles destroyed and four helicopters and 27 unmanned aerial vehicles downed all within the first day of hostilities.[276] They released footage showing the destruction or damage of five Azerbaijani tanks.[277] Over the course of 2 October, the Artsakh Defence Army said they had destroyed 39 Azerbaijani military vehicles, including a T-90 tank; four SU-25 fighter-bombers; three Mi-24 attack helicopters; and 17 UAVs.[278]

According to Dutch warfare research group Oryx, which documents visually confirmed losses on both sides, Armenia lost 255 tanks (destroyed: 146, damaged: 6, captured: 103), 78 armoured fighting vehicles (destroyed: 25, damaged: 1, captured: 52), and 737 trucks, vehicles and jeeps (destroyed: 331, damaged: 18, captured: 387), while Azerbaijan lost 62 tanks (destroyed: 38, damaged: 16, abandoned: 1, captured: 7, captured but later lost: 1), 23 armoured fighting vehicles (destroyed: 6, damaged: 3, abandoned: 7, captured: 9), 76 trucks, vehicles and jeeps (destroyed: 40, damaged: 22, abandoned: 8, captured: 6), as well 11 old An-2 aircraft, used as unmanned bait in order for Armenia to reveal the location of air defence systems. Oryx only counts destroyed vehicles and equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available, and therefore, the actual number of equipment destroyed is higher.[279]

Suspected war crimes

Main article: War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated that "indiscriminate attacks on populated areas anywhere, including in Stepanakert, Ganja and other localities in and around the immediate Nagorno-Karabakh zone of conflict, were totally unacceptable".[280] Amnesty International stated that both Azerbaijani and Armenian forces committed war crimes during recent fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh, and called on Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities to immediately conduct independent, impartial investigations, identify all those responsible, and bring them to justice.[281][282] Columbia University’s Institute for the Study of Human Rights recognized that violent conflict affected all sides in the conflict but distinguished "the collateral damage of Azerbaijanis" from "the policy of atrocities such as mutilations and beheadings committed by Azerbaijani forces and their proxies in Artsakh."[283] Azerbaijan started an investigation on war crimes by Azerbaijani servicemen in November[284] and as of 14 December, has arrested four of its servicemen.[285]

Aftermath

Armenia

See also: 2020–2021 Armenian protests, 2021 Armenian political crisis, and Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
 
Protests in Yerevan against the terms of a cease-fire agreement on 18 November 2020.[286]

Shortly after the news about the signing the ceasefire agreement broke in the early hours of 10 November violent protests erupted in Armenia against Nikol Pashinyan, claiming he was a "traitor" for having accepted the peace deal.[287] Protesters also seized the parliament building by breaking a metal door, and pulled the President of the National Assembly of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan from a car and beat him.[288][289] Throughout November, numerous Armenian officials resigned from their posts, including the Armenian minister of foreign affairs, Zohrab Mnatsakanyan,[290] the minister of defence, David Tonoyan,[291] head of the same ministry's military control service, Movses Hakobyan,[292] and the spokesman of Armenia's Defense Ministry, Artsrun Hovhannisyan.[293]

After the ceasefire agreement was signed, President Armen Sarksyan held a meeting with Karekin II, where they both made a call to declare 22 November as the Day of Remembrance of the Heroes who fell for the Defense of the Motherland in the Artsakh Liberation War.[294] On 16 November, he declared that snap parliamentary elections and Pashinyan's resignation were inevitable, proposing that a process be overseen and managed by an interim "National Accord Government".[295]

On 10 December, the Armenian media reported that an Azerbaijani citizen was detained at night near Berdavan in Tavush Province. It was reported that an Azerbaijani civilian was observed in Berdavan between 4:00 and 5:00 in the morning. The executive head of Berdavan, Smbat Mugdesyan, said that the NSS had taken him away and that he did not know other details. According to the Armenian media, a criminal case was opened against the detained citizen on suspicion of illegally crossing to the Armenian state border. The name of the detained Azerbaijani was not disclosed. According to the BBC Azerbaijani Service, Azerbaijan's Internal Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministries said they had no information about the incident.[296]

On 12 December, Azerbaijani trucks, accompanied by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Russian peacekeepers, entered David Bek in Syunik Province of Armenia to pick up the bodies of fallen soldiers. Armenian officials refuted the media reports of Azerbaijani vehicles entering Goris.[297]

On 16 December, the family members of the missing Armenian soldiers gathered in front of the Armenian Ministry of Defence building, demanding information about their loved ones. They were not allowed into the building and Armenian military representatives did not give a response. A scuffle ensued, during which the family members of the missing Armenian soldiers broke through to the building.[298]

Azerbaijan

 
Celebrations in Baku, Azerbaijan after the peace treaty.

The peace agreement and the end of the war was seen as a victory and was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan.[299][300] On 10 November 2020, crowds waved flags in Baku after the peace deal was announced.[301] On that day, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev gave a speech in which he mockingly said Nə oldu Paşinyan? ("What happened Pashinyan?"), which became an Internet meme in Azerbaijan and Turkey.[302][303] On 11 November, at a meeting with wounded Azerbaijani servicemen who took part in the war, Aliyev said that new orders and medals would be established in Azerbaijan, and that he gave appropriate instructions on awarding civilians and servicemen who showed "heroism on the battlefield and in the rear and distinguished themselves in this war." He also proposed the names of these orders and medals.[304] About a week later, at a plenary session of the Azerbaijani National Assembly, a draft law on amendments to the law "On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan" was submitted for discussion.[305] Seventeen new orders and medals were established on the same day in the first reading in accordance with the bill "On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan".[306] In mid-November, Aliyev and Azerbaijan's First Vice-president, Mehriban Aliyeva, visited Fuzuli and Jabrayil Districts, both of which were ghost towns in ruins after the Armenian forces occupied it in 1993.[307] Aliyev ordered the State Agency of Azerbaijan Automobile Roads to construct a new highway, starting from Alxanlı, which will connect Fuzuli to Shusha.[308] In Jabrayil, Aliyev stated that a "new master plan" will be drawn up to rebuild the city.[309]

 
Azerbaijani Sukhoi Su-25 fighter jets during the victory parade in Baku on 10 December.

27 September and 10 November were declared Memorial Day and Victory Day respectively,[310][311] although the latter's date was changed to 8 November as it overlapped with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's Memorial Day in Turkey.[312] It was also announced that the new station in the Baku Metro will be named 8 November at the suggestion of Aliyev.[313] On the same day, President Aliyev signed a decree on the establishment of the YASHAT Foundation to support the families of those wounded and killed during the war, and general control over the management of the foundation was transferred to the ASAN service.[314] On 2 December, the Association of Banks of Azerbaijan announced that the bank debts of servicemen and civilians killed during the war in Azerbaijan would be completely written off.[315] On 4 December, at 12:00 (GMT+4) local time, a moment of silence was held in Azerbaijan to commemorate the fallen soldiers of the war.[316][317] Flags were lowered across the country, and traffic halted, while ships moored in the Bay of Baku, as well as cars honked their horns.[318] A unity prayer was held at the Heydar Mosque in Baku in memory of those killed in the war, and Shaykh al-Islām Allahshukur Pashazadeh, chairman of the Religious Council of the Caucasus, said that "Sunnis and Shiites prayed for the souls of our martyrs together." Commemoration ceremonies were also held in mosques in Sumgayit, Guba, Ganja, Shamakhi, Lankaran, Shaki, in churches in Baku and Ganja, and in the synagogue of Ashkenazi Jews in Baku.[319] On 9 December, President Aliyev awarded 83 servicemen with the title of Hero of the Patriotic War,[320] 204 servicemen with Karabakh Order,[321] and 33 servicemen with Zafar Order.[322]

A victory parade was held on 10 December in honour of the Azerbaijani victory on Azadliq Square,[323] with 3,000 military servicemen who distinguished themselves during the war marched alongside military equipment, unmanned aerial vehicles and aircraft,[324] as well as Armenian war trophies,[325] and Turkish soldiers and officers.[326] Turkish President Erdoğan attended the military parade as part of a state visit to Baku.[327] In April 2021, Azerbaijan opened a Military Trophy Park featuring items from the conflict.[328]

According to peer-reviewed journal Caucasus Survey:[329]

…for the first time in the post-Soviet era, the Azerbaijani leadership has achieved a high degree of social solidarity. All opposition parties and organizations, including the Popular Front, Musavat, ReAl, and National Council, expressed their full support for the war. The citizens acquired a shared emotional experience of "making history". (...) The government received the stamp of approval from its most vicious critics. The authoritarian government and the civil society it long persecuted were united in the name of homeland. The definition of homeland, consequently, has been reduced to a military victory for the soil, not values or the rights or lives of its people. By supporting a war the government waged, both the opposition and civil society contributed to the creation of a new source and reserve of legitimacy for authoritarianism. Further, while the opposition and civil society criticized the regime in Russia for its authoritarianism and imperialist nationalism, the majority of them did not express misgivings about the no less authoritarian and imperialist politics of Turkey, and enthusiastically embraced ultra-right pan-Turkism.

Transfer of territories and flight of Armenian population

 
Russian peacekeepers and Azerbaijani military personnel near Dadivank of Kalbajar District.
Main article: Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh § 2020 war
External videos
  Nagorno-Karabakh: The families burning down their own homes on YouTube

The Armenian population of the territories ceded to Azerbaijan was forced to flee to Armenia, sometimes destroying their houses and livestock to keep them out of Azerbaijani hands.[330][331]

Turkish-Russian peacekeeping

Main article: Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh

Post-ceasefire clashes

Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis

Canada's boycott of arms exports to Turkey

In 2020, Canada suspended arms exports to Turkey due to accusations of the use of Canadian technology in the conflict, in violation of end-use assurances Turkey had given to Canada. Turkey criticised the Canadian decision.[332] In 2021, Canada prohibited arms exports to Turkey after an investigation verified the accusations.[333] Turkey protested that the embargo will harm bilateral relations and NATO alliance solidarity.[334]

Analysis

Nationalist sentiment

Further information: Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan and Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia

While Armenians and Azerbaijanis lived side by side under Soviet rule, the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to racialisation and fierce nationalism, causing both Armenians and Azerbaijanis to stereotype each other, shaping rhetoric on both sides.[335] Before, during and after the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, the growth of anti-Armenian and anti-Azerbaijan sentiment resulted in ethnic violence, including pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan, as in Sumgait and Baku,[336][337][338][339] and against Azerbaijanis in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, as at Gugark and Stepanakert.[134][135][136][137]

Azerbaijani aims

 
Most of Azerbaijan's initial successful advances were concentrated in the areas located along the Aras River, which has less mountainous terrain compared to the region's northern and central territories.

In a 27 September 2020 interview, regional expert Thomas de Waal said that it was highly unlikely that hostilities were initiated by the Armenian side, as they were already in possession of the disputed territory and were incentivised to normalise the status quo, while "for various reasons, Azerbaijan calculate[d] that military action w[ould] win it something".[340] The suspected immediate goal of the Azerbaijani offensive was to capture the districts of Fuzuli and Jabrayil in southern Nagorno-Karabakh, where the terrain is less mountainous and more favourable for offensive operations.[97] Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center[341][342] believed that Azerbaijan had launched the offensive to improve Azerbaijan's position in a suitable season for hostilities in the terrain.[343]

Turkey and Russia

The geostrategic interests of Russia and Turkey in the region were widely commented upon during the war.[344] Both were described as benefiting from the ceasefire agreement, with The Economist stating that for Russia, China and Turkey, "all sides stand to benefit economically".[345] In late October, massed Russian airstrikes targeted a training camp for Failaq al-Sham, one of the largest Turkish-backed Sunni Islamist rebel groups in Syria's Idlib province, killing 78 militants in an act widely interpreted as a warning shot to Ankara over the latter's involvement in the Nagorno-Karabakh fighting.[346][347]

Turkey

Azerbaijan and Turkey are bound by ethnic, cultural and historic ties, and both countries refer to their relationship as being one between "two states, one nation".[348] Turkey (then the Ottoman Empire) helped Azerbaijan, previously part of the Russian Empire gain its independence in 1918, and became the first country to recognise Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.[349] Turkey has also been the guarantor of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, an exclave of Azerbaijan, since 1921.[350][351] Other commentators have seen Turkey's support for Azerbaijan as part of an activist foreign policy, linking it with neo-Ottoman policies in Syria, Iraq, and the Eastern Mediterranean.[352][353] Turkey's highly visible role in the conflict was described by Armenians as a continuation of the Armenian genocide, the mass murder and expulsion of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman government, particularly given Turkey's continued denial of the genocide.[354][355][356][357] Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan, including military experts and Syrian mercenaries.[345] The transport communications stipulated by the ceasefire agreement, linking Nakhchivan and the main part of Azerbaijan through Armenia, would provide Turkey with trade access to Central Asia and China's Belt and Road Initiative.[345]

Russia

Russia had sought to maintain good relations with Azerbaijan and had sold weapons to both parties. Even prior to the war, Russia had possessed a military base in Armenia as part of a military alliance with Armenia, and thus was obligated by treaty to defend Armenia in the case of a war. Like in Syria and in Libya's ongoing civil war, Russia and NATO-member Turkey therefore had opposing interests.[358] Turkey appeared to use the conflict to attempt to leverage its influence in the South Caucasus along its eastern border, using both military and diplomatic resources to extend its sphere of influence in the Middle East, and to marginalise the influence of Russia, another regional power.[359][360] Russia had historically pursued a policy of maintaining neutrality in the conflict, and Armenia never formally requested aid.[96] According to the director of the Russia studies program at the CNA, at the beginning of the war Russia was judged to be unlikely to intervene militarily unless Armenia incurred drastic losses.[96] The Russian MoFA also released a statement, saying that Russia will provide Armenia with "all the necessary assistance" if the war continued on the territories of Armenia, as both countries are part of the Collective Security Treaty Organization.[361][362] Nonetheless, when the Azerbaijani forces reportedly struck the Armenian territories on 14 October 2020, Russia did not directly interfere in the conflict.[363] In a piece published by the Russian broadsheet Vedomosti on 10 November, Konstantin Makienko, a member of the State Duma Defence Committee, wrote that the geopolitical consequences of the war were "catastrophic" not only for Armenia but for Russia as well, because Moscow's influence in the Southern Caucasus had dwindled while "the prestige of a successful and feisty Turkey, contrariwise, had increased immensely".[364] Alexander Gabuev of the Carnegie Moscow Center took the opposite view, describing the peace agreement as "a win for Russia", as it had "prevented the conclusive defeat of Nagorno-Karabakh" and, by placing Russia in charge of the strategic Lachin corridor, boosted the country's leverage in the region.[365]

The relative success of Azerbaijan in meeting its strategic goals to gain control over Nagorno-Karabakh via the use of military force may have influenced the Russian decision to invade Ukraine in 2022.[366]

Military tactics

 
Bayraktar TB2 at 2020 Baku Victory Parade. Bayraktar TB2 drones were used extensively by Azerbaijani forces during the war.

Azerbaijan's oil wealth allowed a consistently higher military budget than Armenia,[345] and it purchased advanced weapons systems from Israel, Russia and Turkey.[154] Despite the similar size of both militaries, Azerbaijan possessed superior tanks, armoured personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles,[157] and had also amassed a fleet of Turkish and Israeli drones. Armenia built its own drones, but these were greatly inferior to the Turkish and Israeli drones owned by Azerbaijan.[157] Azerbaijan had a quantitative advantage in artillery systems, particularly self-propelled guns and long-range multiple rocket launchers, while Armenia had a minor advantage in tactical ballistic missiles.[45] Because of the air defence systems of both sides, there was little use of manned aviation during the conflict.[157] In the opinion of military analyst Michael Kofman, Director of the Russia Studies Program at the CNA and a Fellow at the Kennan Institute, Azerbaijan deployed mercenaries from Syria to minimise Azeri troop casualties: "They took quite a few casualties early on, especially in the south-east, and these mercenaries were essentially used as expendable assault troops to go in the first wave. They calculated quite cynically that if it turned out these offensives were not successful early on, then it was best these casualties would be among mercenaries not Azerbaijani forces."[4]

According to Gustav Gressel, a Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations, the Armenian Army was superior to the Azerbaijani Army on a tactical level, with better officers, more agile leadership, and higher motivation in soldiers but these were overcome by Azerbaijan's innovative use of drones to discover Armenian forward and reserve positions followed by conventional artillery and ballistic missiles to isolate and destroy Armenian forces.[165] Gressel argues that European militaries are not better prepared for anti-drone warfare than Armenia's (with only France and Germany having some limited jamming capabilities) and warns that a lack of gun-based self-propelled air-defence systems and radar systems capable of tracking drones (using "plot-fusion" of several radar echoes) makes European forces extremely vulnerable to loitering munitions and small drones.[165]

In the opinion of a Forbes magazine contributor, Azerbaijan managed to inflict a devastating and decisive defeat through adept usage of sophisticated military hardware which avoided bogging down in a costly war of attrition. According to Forbes, Azerbaijan had prepared itself for tomorrow's war rather than a repeat of yesterday's war.[367]

The International Institute for Strategic Studies presented a summary of analyses by Russian military experts, who concluded that the Azerbaijani victory was not just a result of drone warfare and Turkish assistance, but could actually be attributed to a number of other factors, such as a more professional army with recent battlefield experience, employment by Armenia of Soviet-era tactics against the modern warfare waged by Azerbaijan, a strong national will to fight on part of Azerbaijan compared to irresolute Armenian leadership, and the Armenians believing their own propaganda and underestimating the enemy.[368]

In the opinion voiced by Russian military expert Vladimir Yevseev after the war, for unclear reasons Armenia appeared not to have executed the mobilisation it had announced and hardly any mobilised personnel were deployed to the conflict area.[369]

Drone warfare

 
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (green) is one of several pipelines running from Baku.

Azerbaijan made devastating use of drones and sensors, demonstrating what The Economist described as a "new, more affordable type of air power".[154] Azerbaijani drones, notably the Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2, carried out precise strikes as well as reconnaissance, relaying the coordinates of targets to Azerbaijani artillery.[100] Commentators noted how drones enabled small countries to conduct effective air campaigns, potentially making low-level conflicts much more deadly.[370] Close air support was provided by specialised suicide drones such as the Israeli-made IAI Harop loitering munition, rendering tanks vulnerable and suggesting the need for changes to armoured warfare doctrine.[371] Another suicide drone, the Turkish-made STM Kargu, was also reportedly used by Azerbaijan.[372][64]

Targeting of pipelines

Concerns were raised about the security of the petroleum industry in Azerbaijan.[373][374] Azerbaijan claimed that Armenia targeted, or tried to target, the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, which accounted for around 80% of country's oil exports, and the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline.[375][376][377] Armenia rejected the accusations.[378]

Use of propaganda

 
Billboards in Yerevan began displaying footage released by the Armenian Ministry of Defence at the beginning of the conflict.
See also: State-sponsored Internet propaganda

Both sides engaged in extensive propaganda campaigns through official mainstream and social media accounts magnified online,[101] including in Russian media. Video from drones recording their kills was used in highly effective Azerbaijani propaganda.[100][154] In Baku, digital billboards broadcast high-resolution footage of missiles striking Armenian soldiers, tanks, and materiel. Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev told Turkish television that Azerbaijani-operated drones had reduced the number of Azerbaijan's casualties, stating, "These drones show Turkey's strength" and "empower" Azerbaijanis.[157]

Cyberwarfare

Hackers from Armenia and Azerbaijan as well as their allied countries have waged cyberwarfare, with Azerbaijani hackers targeting Armenian websites and posting Aliyev's statements,[379] and Greek hackers targeting Azerbaijani governmental websites.[380] There have been coordinated messages posted from both sides. Misinformation and videos of older events and other conflicts have been shared as new. New social media accounts posting about Armenia and Azerbaijan have spiked, with many from authentic users, but many inauthentic also.[381][382] According to the EU Parliament, Azerbaijani information operations also specifically aimed at harassing Armenia social media users.[383]

Official statements

Armenia and Artsakh

On 27 September 2020, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, accused the Azerbaijani authorities of a large-scale provocation. The Prime Minister stated that the "recent aggressive statements of the Azerbaijani leadership, large-scale joint military exercises with Turkey, as well as the rejection of OSCE proposals for monitoring" indicated that the aggression was pre-planned and constituted a major violation of regional peace and security.[384] The next day, Armenia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) issued a statement, noting that the "people of Artsakh were at war with the Turkish–Azerbaijani alliance".[385]

The same day, the Armenian ambassador to Russia, Vardan Toganyan, did not rule out that Armenia may turn to Russia for fresh arms supplies.[386] On 29 September 2020, Prime Minister Pashinyan stated that Azerbaijan, with military support from Turkey, was expanding the theatre into Armenian territory.[387] On 30 September 2020, Pashinyan stated that Armenia was considering officially recognising the Republic of Artsakh as an independent territory.[388] The same day, the Armenian MoFA stated that the Turkish Air Force had carried out provocative flights along the front between the forces of the Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan, including providing air support to the Azerbaijani army.[389]

On 1 October 2020, the President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, stated that Armenians needed to prepare for a long-term war.[390] Two days later, the Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh) Foreign Ministry called on the international community to recognise the independence of the Republic of Artsakh in order to restore regional peace and security.[391]

On 6 October 2020, the Armenian prime minister, Nikol Pashinyan, stated that the Armenian side was prepared to make concessions, if Azerbaijan was ready to reciprocate.[392]

On 9 October 2020, Armen Sarkissian demanded that international powers, particularly, the United States, Russia and NATO, do more to stop Turkey's involvement in the war and warned that Ankara is creating "another Syria in the Caucasus".[393]

On 21 October 2020, Nikol Pashinyan stated that "it is impossible to talk about a diplomatic solution at this stage, at least at this stage", since the compromise option is not acceptable for Azerbaijan, while the Armenian side stated many times that it is ready to resolve the issue through compromises. Pashinyan said that "to fight for the rights of our people means, first of all, to take up arms and commit to the protection of the rights of the homeland".[394]

On 12 November 2020, Pashinyan addressed his nation, saying that "Armenia and the Armenian people are living extremely difficult days. There is sorrow in the hearts of all of us, tears in the eyes of all of us, pain in the souls of all of us". The prime minister pointed out that the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Armenia reported that the war "must be stopped immediately". And the President of Artsakh warned that if the hostilities do not stop, Stepanakert could be lost in days. Pashinyan also stated that the Karabakh issue was not resolved and is not resolved and that the international recognition of the Artsakh Republic is becoming an absolute priority.[395]

Azerbaijan

 
Meeting of the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev with the country's Security Council on 27 September 2020

According to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence, the Armenian military violated the ceasefire 48 times along the line of contact on 26 September 2020, the day before the conflict. Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian side attacked first, prompting an Azerbaijani counter-offensive.[396]

On 27 September 2020, Azerbaijan accused Armenian forces of a "willful and deliberate" attack on the front line[397] and of targeting civilian areas, alleging a "gross violation of international humanitarian law".[398] On 28 September 2020, it stated that Armenia's actions had destroyed the peace negotiations through an act of aggression,[399] alleged that a war had been launched against Azerbaijan, mobilised the people of Azerbaijan, and declared a Great Patriotic War.[400] It then stated that the deployment of the Armenian military in Nagorno-Karabakh constituted a threat to regional peace and accused Armenia of propagandising, adding that the Azerbaijani military was operating according to international law.[401] The Azerbaijani authorities issued a statement accusing the Armenian military of purposefully targeting civilians, including women and children.[402] The Azerbaijani Minister of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) denied any reports of Turkish involvement, while admitting military-technical cooperation with Turkey and other countries.[403]

On 29 September 2020, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, said that Armenian control of the area and aggression had led to the destruction of infrastructure and mosques, caused the Khojaly massacre and resulted in cultural genocide, and was tantamount to state-backed Islamophobia and anti-Azerbaijani sentiment.[404] The Azerbaijani MoFA demanded that Armenia stop shelling civilians and called on international organisations to ensure Armenia followed international law.[405] Azerbaijan denied reports of mercenaries brought in from Turkey by Azerbaijan,[406][407] and the First Vice-president of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Mehriban Aliyeva, stated that Azerbaijan had never laid claim to others' territory nor committed crimes against humanity.[408]

On 3 October 2020, Aliyev stated that Armenia needed to leave Azerbaijan's territory (in Nagorno-Karabakh) for the war to stop.[409] The next day, Aliyev issued an official statement that Azerbaijan was "writing a new history", describing Karabakh as an ancient Azerbaijani territory and longstanding home to Azerbaijanis, and claiming that Armenians had occupied Azerbaijan's territory, destroying its religious and cultural heritage, for three decades. He added that Azerbaijan would restore its cities and destroyed mosques and accused Armenia of distorting history.[410]

Two days later, Aliyev's aide, Hikmat Hajiyev, said that Armenia had deployed cluster munitions against cities,[411] however this had not been verified by other sources. On 7 October 2020, Azerbaijan officially notified members of the World Conference on Constitutional Justice, the Conference of European Constitutional Courts, the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and similar organisations that it had launched the operation in line with international law to re-establish its internationally recognised territorial integrity and for the safety of its people.[412] He also accused Armenia of ethnic discrimination on account of the historical expulsion or self-exile of ethnic minority communities, highlighting its mono-ethnic population.[413]

On 10 October 2020, Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov stated that the truce signed on the same day was temporary.[414] Despite this, Aliyev stated that both parties were now attempting to determine a political resolution to the conflict.[415]

On 21 October 2020, Aliyev stated that Azerbaijan did not rule out the introduction of international observers and peacekeepers in Nagorno-Karabakh, but will put forward some conditions when the time comes.[416] He then added that Azerbaijan did not agree for a referendum in Nagorno-Karabakh,[417] but didn't exclude the cultural autonomy of Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh,[416] and reaffirmed that the Azerbaijan considers Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh as their citizens, promising security and rights.[418]

On 26 October 2020, Aliyev stated that the Azerbaijani government will inspect and record the destruction by Armenian forces in Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.[419]

Allegations of third-party involvement

Main article: Allegations of third-party involvement in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

Because of the geography, history, and sensitivities of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, accusations, allegations, and statements have been made of involvement by third-party and international actors.

International reactions

Main article: International reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Denied by Azerbaijan[1][2] and Turkey.[3]
  2. ^ Turkey and Azerbaijan deny direct involvement of Turkey.[14][15][16]
  3. ^ Reported by Azerbaijan,[23] and some Armenian military officials,[24] also reports that Russia supplied arms to Armenia via Iran.[25][26][27] It has been denied by Iran.[28][29]
  4. ^ On 21 October 2021, the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan published a list of dead servicemen. It said 2,908 people were killed during the war,[58] although at least two of the soldiers named were killed after the conflict ended,[72][73] leaving a total of 2,906 servicemen confirmed killed in the war.
  5. ^ a b By 27 September 2021, 84 civilians were confirmed killed in the conflict, 80 of which died in the Republic of Artsakh and 4 were killed in Armenia.[1] [2] Another 22 were still missing.[3] Subsequently, the number of civilians missing was updated to 21 by 21 March 2022,[4] bringing the total number of confirmed civilian fatalities to 85.
  6. ^ Nagorno-Karabakh was an autonomous region of Azerbaijan during the Soviet era, and is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan. At the end of the Soviet period, it was recorded as being populated by 76.9% Armenians, 21.5% Azerbaijanis, and 1.5% other groups, totalling 188,685 persons, in the 1989 census. The surrounding districts, occupied by the Republic of Artsakh since the 1994 ceasefire, were recorded in the 1979 census to have a population of 97.7% Azerbaijanis, 1.3% Kurds, 0.7% Russians, 0.1% Armenians, and 0.1% Lezgins, for a total of 186,874 persons. This does not include the populations of Fuzuli District and Agdam District, which were only partially under Armenian control before the 2020 war.

References

  1. ^ "Azerbaijan denies Turkey sent it fighters from Syria". 28 September 2020. from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  2. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: Azerbaijan accuses Armenia of rocket attack". The Guardian. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  3. ^ "Türkiye'nin Dağlık Karabağ'a paralı asker gönderdiği iddiası" (in Turkish). Deutsche Welle. 29 September 2020. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  4. ^ a b Butler, Ed (10 December 2020). "The Syrian mercenaries used as 'cannon fodder' in Nagorno-Karabakh". BBC.
  5. ^ "France accuses Turkey of sending Syrian jihadists to Nagorno-Karabakh". Reuters. 1 October 2020. from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020. We now have information which indicates that Syrian fighters from jihadist groups have (transited) through Gaziantep (southeastern Turkey) to reach the Nagorno-Karabakh theatre of operations
  6. ^ "Turkey deploying Syrian fighters to help ally Azerbaijan, two fighters say". Reuters. 28 September 2020. from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
    "Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict: Azerbaijan president vows to fight on". bbc.com. 30 September 2020. from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  7. ^ Carley, Patricia (29 September 2020). "Turkey recruiting Syrians to guard troops and facilities in Azerbaijan". Middle East Eye. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  8. ^ McKernan, Bethan; Safi, Michael (30 September 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh: at least three Syrian fighters killed". The Guardian. from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  9. ^ "Принуждение к конфликту" [Coercion to conflict]. Kommersant (in Russian). 16 October 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  10. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (29 January 2021). "Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail?". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Armenia has said that Turkey was directly involved in the fighting in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, and that a Turkish F-16 fighter shot down an Armenian jet. Turkey denied those accusations.
  11. ^ Tsvetkova, Maria; Auyezov, Olzhas (9 November 2020). "Analysis: Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2021. Turkey's support for Azerbaijan has been vital, and Azerbaijan's superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal. Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F-16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer, and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides.
  12. ^ "Texts adopted – Implementation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy – annual report 2020". European Parliament. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021. Strongly condemns the destabilising role of Turkey which further undermines the fragile stability in the whole of the South Caucasus region; calls on Turkey to refrain from any interference in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, including offering military support to Azerbaijan, and to desist from its destabilising actions and actively promote peace; condemns, furthermore, the transfer of foreign terrorist fighters by Turkey from Syria and elsewhere to Nagorno-Karabakh, as confirmed by international actors, including the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries; regrets its willingness to destabilise the OSCE Minsk Group as it pursues ambitions of playing a more decisive role in the conflict;
  13. ^ "F-16s Reveal Turkey's Drive to Expand Its Role in the Southern Caucasus". Stratfor. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020. The presence of the Turkish fighter aircraft ... demonstrate[s] direct military involvement by Turkey that goes far beyond already-established support, such as its provision of Syrian fighters and military equipment to Azerbaijani forces.
  14. ^ Chausovsky, Eugene (7 October 2020). "Turkey Challenging Russia's Monopoly in the South Caucasus". Center for Global Policy. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. ... it has been reported (though denied by Turkish and Azerbaijani officials) that Turkish soldiers and aircraft have been directly involved in the fighting.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan". The Drive. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  16. ^ "Turkey supplies T-300 Kasirga rocket system to Azerbaijan". AzerNews. 21 September 2016.
  17. ^ Melman, Yossi (7 October 2020). "As Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Expands, Israel-Azerbaijan Arms Trade Thrives". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  18. ^ Georgian, Armen (6 October 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Israel under diplomatic fire over arms to Azerbaijan". France 24. Retrieved 4 March 2021.
  19. ^ Semerdjian, Maria; Francis, Ellen (1 November 2020). "Despite Lebanon's woes, Armenians spring to action for Nagorno-Karabakh". Reuters. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  20. ^ Zargaryan, Robert (3 October 2020). [By direct flight to Yerevan, ready to go to the front line]. azatutyun.am (in Armenian). RFE/RL. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  21. ^ Cragg, Gulliver (7 October 2020). . France24. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. ^ Harounyan, Stéphanie (11 October 2020). "De Marseille à Erevan, un militant marqué au front". Libération (in French).
  23. ^ "Prezident: "Ermənistanın təhlükəsizliyi, pulsuz silahlanması Rusiya tərəfindən təmin edilir"". apa.az (in Azerbaijani). 11 October 2020. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  24. ^ Khojoyan, Sara (19 November 2020). "Armenia Fired Iskander Missiles in Azeri War, Ex-Army Chief Says". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  25. ^ "Iran denies allowing passage of weapons into Armenia after video emerges on social media". intellinews.com. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  26. ^ "Video footages spread regarding weapons and military equipment transport from Iran to Armenia". apa.az. 30 September 2020. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  27. ^ . azernews.az. AzerNews. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  28. ^ "Spokesman Denies Claim That Arms Transferred via Iran to Armenia". mfa.gov.ir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 29 September 2020. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  29. ^ "شایعات مبنی بر کمک ایران به ارمنستان کاملا بی اساس است". iribnews.ir (in Persian). Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting. 30 September 2020. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  30. ^ a b "Deal Struck to End Nagorno-Karabakh War". The Moscow Times. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  31. ^ "'One nation, two states' on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade". France24. 10 December 2020. Azerbaijan's historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey's leading role as a powerbroker in the ex-Soviet Caucasus region.
  32. ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC. 10 November 2020. The BBC's Orla Guerin in Baku says that, overall, the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia.
  33. ^ . Azerbaijan State News Agency (in Azerbaijani). 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  34. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 November 2020). "Facing Military Debacle, Armenia Accepts a Deal in Nagorno-Karabakh War". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  35. ^ "Release of the Press Service of the President". president.az. Official website of the President of Azerbaijan. 4 October 2020. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  36. ^ . Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020.
  37. ^ "President Ilham Aliyev congratulates 1st Army Corps Commander Hikmet Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz from occupation". apa.az. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020. President Ilham Aliyev has congratulated 1st Army Corps Commander Hikmet Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz, APA reports.
  38. ^ a b "Release of the Press Service of the President". Azerbaijan State News Agency. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan, President Ilham Aliyev congratulated Chief of the State Border Service (SBS), Colonel General Elchin Guliyev on raising the Azerbaijani flag over the Khudafarin bridge, liberating several residential settlements with the participation of the SBS, and instructed to convey his congratulations to all personnel. Colonel General Elchin Guliyev reported that the State Border Service personnel will continue to decently fulfill all the tasks set by the Commander-in-Chief.
  39. ^ a b "Jalal Harutyunyan wounded, Mikael Arzumanyan appointed Artsakh Defense Minister". 27 October 2020.
  40. ^ "Artsakh Defense Army deputy commander killed". 2 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Արցախում զոհվել է ՊԲ փոխհրամանատար, գնդապետ Հովհաննես Սարգսյանը" [Deputy Commander of the Defence Army, Colonel Hovhannes Sargsyan was killed in Artsakh]. Lurer.com (in Armenian). 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  42. ^ "Հայաստանի Ազգային հերոս Վահագն Ասատրյանն Օմարի բարձունքներն անառիկ պահեց, բայց ընկավ Հադրութը պաշտպանելիս" [Armenian national hero Vahagn Asatryan kept Omar heights invincible, but fell while defending Hadrut]. 1lurer.am (in Armenian). 1 January 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  43. ^ "Tiran Khachatryan – National Hero of the Republic of Armenia". armradio.am. Public Radio of Armenia. 22 October 2020.
  44. ^ "President Ilham Aliyev congratulates Commander of 1st Army Corps Hikmat Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz". Trend News Agency. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  45. ^ a b c d e "The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, Two Weeks In". War on the Rocks. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  46. ^ a b c "Эксперт оценил потери Армении и Азербайджана в Нагорном Карабахе" (in Russian). Moskovsky Komsomolets. 7 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  47. ^ "Qarabağın qəlbi necə azad olundu: 300 spartalının əfsanəsi gerçək oldu Şuşada". Bizim Yol (in Azerbaijani). 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  48. ^ Aliyev, Ilham (26 October 2020). "Release of the Press Service of the President". President.az. Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
  49. ^ [Who are the 4 servicemen that became generals today?]. Milli.az (in Azerbaijani). 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. ^ Ahmad, Murad (3 December 2020). ["We went to Shusha through Armenians, they didn't know" – SOF member + Video]. Qafqazinfo (in Azerbaijani). Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  51. ^ Kazimoglu, Mirmahmud (10 December 2020). "Xarici Kəşfiyyat Xidmətinin YARASA xüsusi bölməsi ilk dəfə nümayiş etdirildi". Report Information Agency (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  52. ^ a b "Syrian rebel fighters prepare to deploy to Azerbaijan in sign of Turkey's ambition". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 28 September 2020. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  53. ^ "46 servicemen of Armenia NSS border troops killed during NK war". armenpress.am.
  54. ^ "Law enforcement: 65 Armenia Police officers died in Artsakh war". news.am. 29 September 2023.
  55. ^ Hovhannisyan, Samvel (16 January 2021). [Duel of Vanetsyan and Kyaramyan – shoot each other, end up in Armenia]. ArmenianReport (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  56. ^ "The Artsakh War brought about Armenia's first all-women military unit". 16 November 2020.
  57. ^ "Üç minə yaxın qazi təklif olunan işdən imtina edib". Report İnformasiya Agentliyi (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  58. ^ a b c d e "List of servicemen who died as Shehids in the Patriotic War". Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan. from the original on 22 October 2021.
  59. ^ a b c "SOHR exclusive | Death toll of mercenaries in Azerbaijan is higher than that in Libya, while Syrian fighters given varying payments". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  60. ^ a b c d e f "What Open Source Evidence Tells Us About The Nagorno-Karabakh War". Forbes. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  61. ^ Bensaid, Adam (29 September 2020). "A military breakdown of the Azerbaijan–Armenia conflict". TRTWorld. from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  62. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (1 October 2020). "Israeli drones in Azerbaijan raise questions on use in the battlefield". Jerusalem Post. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  63. ^ "Son dakika... Görüntü dünyayı çalkaladı! SİHA vurdu, bir başka drone..." (in Turkish). Milliyet. 1 October 2020. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  64. ^ a b "İlk kez Libya'da kullanılmıştı! Bu kez Azerbaycan'da görüntülendi" (in Turkish). CNN Türk. 28 September 2020.
  65. ^ "Azerbaijani Military Retools Old Crop Duster Planes as Attack Drones". Hetq Online. 14 October 2020.
  66. ^ "Missiles, rockets and drones define Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict". The Jerusalem Post. 4 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  67. ^ a b "Azerbaijan shoots down Armenian Su-25 fighter jet". TRT World. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  68. ^ a b "Cities under fire as Armenia-Azerbaijan fighting intensifies". RTL Today. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
  69. ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan announce new attempt at cease-fire". AP News. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  70. ^ "Село Тапкаракоюнлу, примерно в 60 километрах от города Гянджа. Военный показывает журналистам ракету "Смерч" перед разминированием" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  71. ^ "Azerbaijani used TB2 drone to destroy second S-300 SAM of Armenia". Global Defense Corp. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  72. ^ "Four Azerbaijanis killed in mine blast in Fuzuli region". AzerNews.az. 28 November 2020.
  73. ^ Yazar, Yazar (28 November 2020). . Sozcu.az. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  74. ^ "Vətən müharibəsində yaralanan hərbçilərin sayı açıqlanıb". Report.az. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  75. ^ Khulian, Artak (10 February 2021). "Armenia, Azerbaijan Exchange More Prisoners". www.azatutyun.am.
  76. ^ "Azerbaijani captives, including Shahbaz Guliyev and Dilgam Asgarov, who were held hostage by Armenians, brought home". www.news.az. 14 December 2020.
  77. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh battles | Fatalities among Turkish-backed Syrian mercenaries jump to 250, and more bodies arrive in Syria". The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. 6 November 2020.
  78. ^ a b . primeminister.am. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia. 13 April 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. The number of victims of the 44-day war is 3825 by today's data.
  79. ^ a b c d "187 Armenian troops still MIA, 21 civilians missing in 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war". armenpress.m. Armenpress. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  80. ^ "Around 11,000 Armenian soldiers wounded and got sick in recent Artsakh war, military official says". Panorama. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  81. ^ a b "МИД Армении и Красный Крест объединят усилия для решения вопроса пленных". Armenian Report (in Russian). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  82. ^ a b c d "Civilian death toll in Armenian attacks reaches 100". AzerNews. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  83. ^ "Artsakh Ombudsman's Office updates interim report on killing of civilians by Azerbaijani forces". armenpress.am.
  84. ^ "Caucasus: 4 Journalists Injured in Nagorno-Karabakh Fighting". Voice of America. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  85. ^ "3 vətəndaşımız Ermənistanda əsir-girovluqda saxlanılır". axar.az. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  86. ^ "Armenia awaits complete numbers of killed soldiers and POWs". OC-Media. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  87. ^ Welle (dw.com), Deutsche. "Nagorno-Karabakh: Russian helicopter shot down over Armenia". DW.
  88. ^ "Russian teenager dies in missile attack on Ganja". NEWSru. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  89. ^ "Two French journalists seriously wounded after shelling in Nagorno-Karabakh". Reuters. 1 October 2020. from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  90. ^ "МИД РФ: Российские журналисты в Карабахе получили средние и тяжелые ранения" (in Russian). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 8 October 2020. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  91. ^ "Iran comes under attack as fighting between Armenia–Azerbaijan spreads across border". Almasdar News. 3 October 2020. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  92. ^ a b "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: Bachelet warns of possible war crimes as attacks continue in populated areas". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2 November 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  93. ^ "Uneasy peace takes hold in contested region of Azerbaijan". PBS NewsHour. 30 November 2020.
  94. ^ a b "Глава МИД Армении назвал число беженцев из-за ситуации в Карабахе" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  95. ^ "Nearly 90,000 people displaced, lost homes and property in Nagorno Karabakh". ArmenPress. 24 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  96. ^ a b c d Kofman, Michael (2 October 2020). . russiamatters.org. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020. On 27 September 2020, Azerbaijan launched a military offensive, resulting in fighting that spans much of the line of contact in the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh...{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  97. ^ a b Kucera, Joshua (29 September 2020). "As fighting rages, what is Azerbaijan's goal?". eurasianet.org. from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020. The Azerbaijani offensive against Armenian forces is its most ambitious since the war between the two sides formally ended in 1994.
  98. ^ "Armenia and Azerbaijan erupt into fighting over disputed Nagorno-Karabakh". BBC News. 27 September 2020. from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  99. ^ Jones, Dorian (28 September 2020). . Voice of America. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020. 'Turkey is already supporting Azerbaijan militarily, technical assistance and arms sales, providing critical military support, especially in terms of armed drones and technical expertise', said Turkish analyst Ilhan Uzgel.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  100. ^ a b c Gatopoulos, Alex. "The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is ushering in a new age of warfare". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  101. ^ a b Mirovalev, Mansur (15 October 2020). "Armenia, Azerbaijan battle an online war over Nagorno-Karabakh". Al Jazeera.
  102. ^ Sabbagh, Dan (29 December 2020). "UK wants new drones in wake of Azerbaijan military success". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
  103. ^ "UN Security Council calls for immediate end to fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh". france24.com. Associated Press. 30 September 2020. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  104. ^ Hovhannisyan, Nvard; Bagirova, Nailia (13 October 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict unacceptable: EU". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  105. ^ a b "Путин выступил с заявлением о прекращении огня в Карабахе" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  106. ^ a b "Пашинян заявил о прекращении боевых действий в Карабахе" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  107. ^ a b "Nagorno-Karabakh: Russia deploys peacekeeping troops to region". BBC News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  108. ^ de Waal, Thomas (27 September 2021). "The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict in its Fourth Decade". Centre for European Policy Studies. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  109. ^ "Azerbaijan: Armenian POWs Abused in Custody". 19 March 2021.
  110. ^ "Azerbaijan: Armenian Prisoners of War Badly Mistreated". Human Rights Watch. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  111. ^ Natiqqizi, Ulkar; Mejlumyan, Ani (1 July 2021). "Armenian soldiers on trial in Azerbaijan". Eurasianet. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  112. ^ "THE HAGUE – the International Court of Justice (ICJ) holds public hearings in the case Armenia v. Azerbaijan". 14 October 2021.
  113. ^ Hedenskog, Jakob; Lund, Aron; Norberg, Johan. "The End of the Second Karabakh War: New realities in the South Caucasus". Swedish Defence Research Agency. Stockholm.
  114. ^ Chupryna, Oleg (14 December 2020). . Geopolitical Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  115. ^ Pashinyan, Nikol (4 January 2021). . Prime Minister of Armenia (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  116. ^ . Khalg Gazeti (in Azerbaijani). 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  117. ^ . GeoPolitics.am (in Armenian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  118. ^ . 1lurer.am (in Armenian). 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  119. ^ "#ՀԱՂԹԵԼՈՒԵՆՔ. Սա հայրենական սուրբ պատերազմ է. Արայիկ Հարությունյան". www.1lurer.am. 4 October 2020.
  120. ^ Toghramadjian, Hagop; Bailey, Kathleen (13 November 2020). "It's Time to Get Real About U.S. Interests in the South Caucasus". National Review. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  121. ^ . AzerNews (in Azerbaijani). 22 December 2020. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  122. ^ (in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  123. ^ . AzeriDefence (in Azerbaijani). 20 November 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  124. ^ Mikayıloğlu, Ramiz (11 October 2020). "Assistant to President of Azerbaijan: "First phase of operation for peacemenforcement of Armenia was successfully completed"". from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  125. ^ "Defense Ministry: Azerbaijan Army's Troops launches counter-offensive operation along entire front". 29 September 2020. from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  126. ^ . Report Information Agency (in Azerbaijani). 10 December 2020. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  127. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh profile". BBC News. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  128. ^ "UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) – Conflicts in the Caucasus". UNHCR. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 1 May 1996. Retrieved 18 November 2020. This mountain enclave, mostly inhabited by people of Armenian language and origin, had been placed under Azerbaijan's jurisdiction in the 1920s, and was entirely surrounded by villages populated by Azeris.
  129. ^ a b De Waal, Thomas (2013). Black Garden Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War, 10th Year Anniversary Edition, Revised and Updated. ISBN 978-0-8147-7082-5. OCLC 1154881834.
  130. ^ a b "The fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh reflects decades of conflict". The Economist. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  131. ^ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9. Around ninety Armenians died in the Baku pogroms.
  132. ^ Parks, Michael (27 November 1988). "Soviet Tells of Blocking Slaughter of Armenians: General Reports His Soldiers Have Suppressed Dozens of Massacre Attempts by Azerbaijanis". Los Angeles Times.
  133. ^ Broers, Laurence (2019). Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of Rivalry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4744-5055-3. Armenians see the campaign that emerged in 1987 to unify Karabakh and Armenia as peaceful, yet met with organized pogroms killing dozens of Armenians in the Azerbaijani cities of Sumgait, Kirovabad (today's Ganja) and Baku in 1988–1990.
  134. ^ a b Barringer, Felicity (7 December 1988). "3 More Killed in Soviet Ethnic Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  135. ^ a b "Карабах: хронология конфликт" [Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict]. BBC Russian Service (in Russian). BBC. 29 August 2005. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  136. ^ a b Khlystun, Victor (1 February 2001). "10 БАЛЛОВ ПО ШКАЛЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО" [10 POINTS ON THE POLITBURO SCALE]. Trud (in Russian). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  137. ^ a b Papyan, Mane (22 April 2015). . Caucasus Edition (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  138. ^ Haider, Hans (2 January 2013). "Gefährliche Töne im "Frozen War"". Wiener Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  139. ^ "Military occupation of Azerbaijan by Armenia". Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  140. ^ Grant, Stan (29 September 2020). "A hundred-year 'frozen conflict' has restarted — and it's a pattern we've seen before". ABC News (Australia). Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  141. ^ Palmer, James (28 September 2020). "Why Are Armenia and Azerbaijan Heading to War?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  142. ^ "Statement by the Co-Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 2 October 2020. from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  143. ^ Resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884:
    • "Resolution 822 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 30 April 1993.
    • "Resolution 853 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 29 July 1993.
    • "Resolution 874 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 14 October 1993.
    • "Resolution 884 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 12 November 1993.
  144. ^ "General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces". United Nations. 14 March 2008.
  145. ^ "United Nations A/62/PV.86 General Assembly Sixty-second session". undocs.org. United Nations. 14 March 2008.
  146. ^ a b "Armenia/Azerbaijan – Border clashes between the two countries (15 July 2020)". Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs (France). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  147. ^ Toal, Gerard; O’Loughlin, John; Bakke, Kristin M. (12 October 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh: what do residents of the contested territory want for their future?". The Conversation. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  148. ^ Gall, Carlotta (27 October 2020). . The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  149. ^ Weise, Zia; Cienski, Jan; Herszenhorn, David M. (28 September 2020). "The Armenia–Azerbaijan conflict explained". Politico. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  150. ^ "Игра мускулами: зачем Азербайджан проводит учения с Турцией". gazeta.Ru (in Russian). 28 July 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  151. ^ "Turkey-Azerbaijan military drills intimidate Armenia, President Aliyev says". Daily Sabah. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  152. ^ Synovitz, Ron (15 October 2020). . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  153. ^ "Azerbaijani President: There is not a single evidence of any foreign presence in Azerbaijan". apa.az. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2020. There is not a single evidence of any foreign presence in Azerbaijan. We have capable army. We have enough people in our army, we have enough people in our reserves. I announced a partial mobilization, which will allow us to involve tens of thousands of reservists. If necessary, so we don't need it. Armenia needs it, because Armenian population is declining. And it is only two million people.
  154. ^ a b c d "The Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict hints at the future of war". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  155. ^ McKernan, Bethan (13 October 2020). . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  156. ^ Bulos, Nabih (15 October 2020). "A new weapon complicates an old war in Nagorno-Karabakh". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  157. ^ a b c d e f Forestier-Walker, Robin. "Nagorno-Karabakh: New weapons for an old conflict spell danger". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  158. ^ . treaties.un.org. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  159. ^ "Armenia: Cluster Munitions Kill Civilians in Azerbaijan". Human Rights Watch. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  160. ^ Freeman, Colin (5 October 2020). "Azerbaijan dropping cluster bombs on civilian areas in war with Armenia". Daily Telegraph. The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  161. ^ "Armenia/Azerbaijan: Civilians must be protected from use of banned cluster bombs". amnesty.org. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  162. ^ "Azerbaijan: Unlawful Strikes in Nagorno-Karabakh" (Report). Human Rights Watch. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  163. ^ Hauer, Neil. "Nagorno-Karabakh: Sirens, shelling and shelters in Stepanakert". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  164. ^ Giles, Christopher; Bhat, Upasana (26 October 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Armenian-Azeri 'information wars'". BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  165. ^ a b c Gressel, Gustav (24 November 2020). "Military lessons from Nagorno-Karabakh: Reason for Europe to worry". ECFR.
  166. ^ "Taking Up Arms in Nagorno-Karabackh". Bloomberg. 15 October 2020.
  167. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh volunteers get weapons as clashes intensify". Associated Press. AP NEWS. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  168. ^ "Конфликт в Карабахе: Азербайджан ударил по территории Армении" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  169. ^ "Пашинян заявил о частичном отступлении в Карабахе" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  170. ^ Chiragov, Fuad (19 October 2020). "Azerbaijan Makes Strategic Advances Along Karabakh's Northern, Southern Flanks". Jamestown. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  171. ^ "Минобороны Азербайджана опубликовало еще одно видео из взятого села" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 26 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  172. ^ "Azerbaijan claims "full control" of border with Iran". timesnownews.com. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  173. ^ Giragosian, Richard (26 October 2020). "Azerbaijan's next move will make or break Karabakh war". Asia Times. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  174. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: US-brokered ceasefire frays soon after starting". BBC News. 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  175. ^ Roblin, Sebastien. "Despite Ceasefire, Fate Of Nagorno-Karabakh May Turn On The Lachin Corridor". Forbes. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  176. ^ "Глава НКР заявил, что азербайджанская армия – в пяти километрах от Шуши" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  177. ^ "Azerbaijan captures strategic city in Nagorno-Karabakh". Financial Times. 9 November 2020.
  178. ^ Hovhannisyan, Nvard; Bagirova, Nailia (9 November 2020). "Fierce fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh after Azeris say they advance". Reuters. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  179. ^ Hashemzadeh, Mehri (27 September 2020). Teymouri, Robab (ed.). "اصابت راکت به روستای خلف بیگلو خسارت مالی و جانی نداشت" (in Persian). Iranian Students News Agency. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  180. ^ "Rocket attack on northwest of Iran border". Islamic World News. October 2020. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  181. ^ Israel, David (13 October 2020). "Iran Reports Crash of Israeli-Made Azeri Drone in Clashes with Armenia". Jewish Press.
  182. ^ "Iran shoots down suspected Azerbaijani drone". Geopolitics News. 30 September 2020. from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  183. ^ "'Мы предупреждали Алиева!': Иран сбил азербайджанский военный самолёт". avia.pro. from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  184. ^ . Al-Masdar News. 29 September 2020. Archived from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  185. ^ "Statement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs". Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. 7 October 2020. from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  186. ^ "Nagorno-Karabakh: Azeri army enters first territory ceded by Armenia". DW.com. Deutsche Welle. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  187. ^ "Azerbaijan enters Nagorno-Karabakh district after peace deal". AlJazeera.com. Al Jazeera. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  188. ^ "Azerbaijani Forces Reclaim Second District From Armenians Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce". RFERL.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  189. ^ "Azerbaijani Forces Enter Third District Under Nagorno-Karabakh Truce". RFERL.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 December 2020.
  190. ^ Losh, Jack; Roth, Andrew (10 November 2020). "Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal brokered by Moscow prompts anger in Armenia". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  191. ^ "General Rustam Muradov is appointed Commander of Russian peacekeepers in Karabakh". Turan Information Agency. 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  192. ^ "Заявление Президента Азербайджанской Республики, Премьер-министра Республики Армения и Президента Российской Федерации" (in Russian). Kremlin.ru. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  193. ^ "Пашинян заявляет о подписании мирного соглашения" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  194. ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno-Karabakh peace deal". BBC News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  195. ^ "Armenia, Azerbaijan exchange first prisoners after war". Yahoo News. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  196. ^ Avaliani, Dimitri (28 October 2020). "The (dis)information war around Karabakh". JAM News. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  197. ^ "'France is no longer an honest broker', say Azeri officials ahead of Nagorno-Karabakh talks". France 24. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  198. ^ "Armenian cabinet bans all men from mobilization reserve aged over 18 from leaving state". tass.com. TASS. 28 September 2020. from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  199. ^ Kocharyan, Stepan, ed. (29 September 2020). "Kocharyan trial delayed as indicted ex-defense minister Seyran Ohanyan heads to Artsakh amid attack". armenpress.am. Armenpress. from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  200. ^ Kocharyan, Stepan, ed. (1 October 2020). "Armenia ex-military official charged with high treason on suspicion of spying for Azeri intelligence". armenpress.am. Armenpress. from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  201. ^ Sirekanyan, Tigran, ed. (4 October 2020). "NSS Armenia arrests foreign citizens on intelligence suspicions". armenpress.am. Armenpress. from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  202. ^ Hovhannisyan, Nvard; Ayyub, Rami (1 October 2020). "Armenia recalls ambassador to Israel over arms sales to Azerbaijan". Reuters. from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  203. ^ Harutyunyan, Aneta, ed. (8 October 2020). "Director of Armenia's National Security Service dismissed". armenpress.am. Armenpress. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  204. ^ a b "Stepanakert man detained after convincing soldiers to forfeit positions to Azerbaijani army". Jam News. 9 October 2020. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  205. ^ Azar, Il'ja (8 October 2020). "МИД Армении лишил аккредитации журналиста "Новой газеты" Илью Азара после репортажа из Нагорного Карабаха". meduza.io (in Russian). from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  206. ^ "Правительство Армении запретило импорт турецких товаров" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 21 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  207. ^ "Debt write-offs for soldiers' families and tax breaks for military service in Armenia". JAM News. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
  208. ^ "В Армении уволены начальник контрразведки и начштаба погранохраны" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  209. ^ "В Армении снова уволен глава контрразведки" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  210. ^ "Armenian police fine peace activist over anti-war post". OC Media. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  211. ^ "Власти Азербайджана ограничили доступ к интернету после обстрелов в Карабахе". tvrain.ru (in Russian). Dozhd. 27 September 2020. from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  212. ^ Pearce, Katy (4 December 2020). "While Armenia and Azerbaijan fought over Nagorno-Karabakh, their citizens battled on social media". The Washington Post. from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  213. ^ . azerbaycan24.com (in Azerbaijani). 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  214. ^ . aqreqator.az (in Azerbaijani). 27 September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  215. ^ . apa.az. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  216. ^ . azal.az (in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijan Airlines. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  217. ^ "Mətbuat xidmətinin MƏLUMATI – cəbhədəki son vəziyyət". genprosecutor.gov.az (in Azerbaijani). Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan. 27 September 2020. from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  218. ^ "Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the announcement of partial mobilization in the Republic of Azerbaijan". Ministry of Transport, Communications and High Technologies (Azerbaijan). 28 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  219. ^ "Azerbaijan recalls its ambassador to Greece for consultations". ekathimerini.com. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  220. ^ Lmahamad, Ayya (16 October 2020). "State Security Service issues warning over Armenian terror threat". AzerNews. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  221. ^ Tagiev, Anar (16 October 2020). "Депутату Госдумы запретили въезд в Азербайджан" (in Russian). Report Information Agency. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  222. ^ "Consumer credits of our martyred military servicemen and civilian citizens who sustained damage as result of enemy provocation to be completely written off". apa.az. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  223. ^ Aliyev, Ilham (29 October 2020). "Azərbaycan Respublikasının işğaldan azad olunmuş ərazilərində müvəqqəti xüsusi idarəetmənin təşkili haqqında Azərbaycan Respublikası Prezidentinin Fərmanı". president.az (in Azerbaijani). Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  224. ^ "Азербайджан создает комендатуры отвоеванных районов" (in Russian). BBC Russian Service. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  225. ^ Weir, Fred (31 October 2020). "In Azerbaijan and Armenia, a brave few call for end to fighting". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  226. ^ Abubakirova, Sabina (13 October 2020). "Azerbaijani peace activists called for questioning". OC Media. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
  227. ^ Sadyhova, Nargiz (12 December 2020). Kochneva, Natal'ja (ed.). "С сегодняшнего дня в Азербайджане отменен комендантский час" (in Russian). Trend. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  228. ^ "The human cost of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  229. ^ "Military experts from Armenia and Azerbaijan question official casualty figures". JAMnews. 3 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  230. ^ "Главные предатели – мы все, мы оставили солдат одних» – подчеркнул лидер Карабаха". rus.azatutyun.am (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 November 2020. «Мы предали всей нацией, помощь оказывали, я доволен, но мы предали, потому что невозможно было бороться 18-20-летним ребятам против 6-7-8 государств. Да, в основном воевали 18-20-летние», – подчеркнул лидер Карабаха.
  231. ^ "One more civil person killed as a result of shelling of residential settlements by Armenia". apa.az. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  232. ^ "Azərbaycan MN: "4 hərbi qulluqçumuz öldürülüb"". BBC Azerbaijani Service (in Azerbaijani). 12 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  233. ^ "Crisis Watch: Breaking news from the International Rescue Committee". rescue.org. International Rescue Committee. 7 November 2020.
  234. ^ a b "Азербайджан заявил о четырех пострадавших при обстреле Агдамского района" (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  235. ^ Safi, Michael (1 October 2020). "Russia says it and Turkey urge end to hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  236. ^ Sirekanyan, Tigran, ed. (8 October 2020). "Russian reporter in critical situation, witnesses say drone flying over the Church before striking". armenpress.am. from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  237. ^ "Russia MFA: Russian reporters wounded in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone to be transported to Yerevan". Armenia News. 10 October 2020. from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  238. ^ a b "ВС Армении потеряли убитыми порядка 5 тыс. человек в ходе боевых действий в Карабахе – президент Азербайджана". Interfax (in Russian). 28 October 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
  239. ^ "Артур Ванецян: "Поражение Армении в войне – результат некомпетентного управления"". Armenian Report (in Russian). 20 November 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
February 16, 2024
second, nagorno, karabakh, this, article, about, armed, conflict, over, nagorno, karabakh, region, 2020, armed, conflict, between, 1988, 1994, first, nagorno, karabakh, part, nagorno, karabakh, conflict, areas, captured, azerbaijan, during, areas, ceded, azerb. This article is about the armed conflict over the Nagorno Karabakh region in 2020 For the armed conflict between 1988 and 1994 see First Nagorno Karabakh War Second Nagorno Karabakh WarPart of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war Areas ceded to Azerbaijan under the ceasefire agreement Areas in Nagorno Karabakh proper remaining under the control of Artsakh Lachin corridor and Dadivank monastery patrolled by Russian peacekeepersDate27 September 2020 2020 09 27 10 November 2020 2020 11 10 1 month and 2 weeks 30 LocationNagorno Karabakh and surrounding Armenian occupied territories Armenia Azerbaijan borderResultAzerbaijani victory 31 32 TerritorialchangesDuring the conflict Azerbaijan regains control of 5 cities 4 towns 286 villages 33 and the entire Azerbaijan Iran borderPost ceasefire Azerbaijan retains control of territories captured during the war All Armenian occupied territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh ceded back to Azerbaijan by 1 December 2020 34 All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked including transport connections between Nakhchivan and the rest of AzerbaijanBelligerents Azerbaijan Syrian mercenaries a 4 5 6 7 8 Turkey alleged by Armenia 9 10 11 Supported by Turkey 12 13 b Arms suppliers Israel 17 18 Artsakh Armenia Armenian diaspora volunteers 19 20 21 22 Arms suppliers Russia c Commanders and leadersIlham Aliyev Zakir Hasanov Karim Valiyev Hikmat Mirzayev 35 Mais Barkhudarov 36 Hikmat Hasanov 37 Kanan Seyidov Zaur Javanshir Elchin Guliyev 38 Ilham Mehdiyev Ramiz Tahirov Namig IslamzadehArayik Harutyunyan Jalal Harutyunyan WIA 39 Mikael Arzumanyan 39 Karen Jalavyan Artur Sargsyan 40 Hovhannes Avagyan 41 Nikol Pashinyan Armen Sarkissian Vahagn Asatryan 42 David Tonoyan Onik Gasparyan Tiran Khachatryan 43 Units involvedAzerbaijan Azerbaijani Armed ForcesAzerbaijani Land Forces1st Corps 44 2nd Corps 45 3rd Corps 46 4th Corps 46 Nakhchivan Garrison 46 Special Forces 47 Azerbaijani Navy Marine Infantry Battalion 48 Azerbaijani Air Forces 49 State Border Service 38 Ministry of Internal AffairsInternal Troops 50 Foreign Intelligence ServiceYARASA Special Forces az tr 51 Syrian mercenaries 15 Hamza Division 52 Sultan Murad Division 52 Artsakh Artsakh Defence Army Armenia Armed Forces of ArmeniaNational Security Service 53 Police of Armenia 54 Homeland Detachment 55 Erato Detachment 56 Strength14 272 servicemen 57 58 2 580 Syrian fighters 59 Equipment Various types of tanks and armoured vehicles including T 90 T 72 BMP 1 BMP 2 BMP 3 and BTR 82 15 60 Unknown number of Bayraktar TB2 combat drone 61 60 Unknown number of IAI Harop Orbiter 1K and STM Kargu suicide drones 62 63 64 Unknown number of converted Antonov An 2 used as unmanned drone for different roles 65 Various MRLs including TRG 300 guided MRLs and BM 30 Smerches 66 60 Various anti aircraft missiles including S 300s 67 Various artillery 68 Unknown regular militaryEquipment T 72 tanks and various types of armoured vehicles including BMP 1 BMP 2 and MT LB 15 60 Scud B and OTR 21 Tochka tactical ballistic missiles 60 69 Various MRLs including BM 30 Smerches WM 80s and BM 21 Grads 70 60 Various anti aircraft missiles including S 300s Osas and Strela 10s 15 71 Various types of anti tank guided missiles 15 Various artillery 68 Su 25 ground attack aircraft 67 Casualties and lossesPer Azerbaijan 2 906 servicemen killed d 6 servicemen missing 58 11 110 servicemen wounded 74 14 servicemen captured 75 76 Per SOHR 541 Syrian mercenaries killed 59 3 Syrian mercenaries captured 77 See Casualties for detailsPer Armenia Artsakh 3 825 servicemen killed 78 187 servicemen missing 79 11 000 servicemen wounded and sick 80 60 servicemen captured 81 See Casualties and Prisoners of war for details100 Azerbaijani 82 and 85 Armenian civilians killed e 21 Armenian civilians missing 79 416 Azerbaijani 82 and 165 Armenian civilians injured 83 84 3 Azerbaijani 85 and 40 Armenian civilians captured 86 1 Russian Mi 24 shot down 2 crew members killed 1 injured 87 1 Russian civilian killed 88 2 French 89 and 3 Russian journalists injured 90 1 Iranian civilian injured by stray fire 91 40 000 Azerbaijanis 92 and 100 000 Armenians displaced 93 94 95 The Second Nagorno Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region involving Azerbaijan Armenia and the self declared Armenian breakaway state of Artsakh f The war lasted for 44 days and resulted in Azerbaijani victory with the defeat igniting anti government protests in Armenia Post war skirmishes continued in the region including substantial clashes in 2022 Fighting began on the morning of 27 September with an Azerbaijani offensive 96 97 along the line of contact established in the aftermath of the First Nagorno Karabakh War 1988 1994 Clashes were particularly intense in the less mountainous districts of southern Nagorno Karabakh 98 Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan 96 99 The war was marked by the deployment of drones sensors long range heavy artillery 100 and missile strikes as well as by state propaganda and the use of official social media accounts in online information warfare 101 In particular Azerbaijan s widespread use of drones was seen as crucial in determining the conflict s outcome 102 Numerous countries and the United Nations strongly condemned the fighting and called on both sides to de escalate tensions and resume meaningful negotiations 103 Three ceasefires brokered by Russia France and the United States failed to stop the conflict 104 Following the capture of Shusha the second largest city in Nagorno Karabakh a ceasefire agreement was signed ending all hostilities in the area from 10 November 2020 105 106 107 The agreement resulted in a major shift regarding the control of the territories in Nagorno Karabakh and the areas surrounding it Approximately 2 000 Russian soldiers were deployed as peacekeeping forces along the Lachin corridor connecting Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh with a mandate of at least five years 30 Following the end of the war an unconfirmed number of Armenian prisoners of war were held captive in Azerbaijan with reports of mistreatment and charges filed against them 108 109 110 111 leading to a case at the International Court of Justice 112 Contents 1 Naming 2 Background 2 1 Soviet era 2 2 First Nagorno Karabakh War 2 3 Frozen conflict 3 Course of the war 3 1 Overview 3 2 Ceasefire agreement 3 3 Non military actions taken by Armenia and Azerbaijan 3 3 1 Armenia 3 3 2 Azerbaijan 4 Casualties 4 1 Civilians 4 2 Military 4 3 Infrastructure damage 4 4 Equipment losses 5 Suspected war crimes 6 Aftermath 6 1 Armenia 6 2 Azerbaijan 6 3 Transfer of territories and flight of Armenian population 6 4 Turkish Russian peacekeeping 6 5 Post ceasefire clashes 6 6 Canada s boycott of arms exports to Turkey 7 Analysis 7 1 Nationalist sentiment 7 2 Azerbaijani aims 7 3 Turkey and Russia 7 3 1 Turkey 7 3 2 Russia 7 4 Military tactics 7 4 1 Drone warfare 7 4 2 Targeting of pipelines 7 4 3 Use of propaganda 7 4 4 Cyberwarfare 8 Official statements 8 1 Armenia and Artsakh 8 2 Azerbaijan 9 Allegations of third party involvement 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External linksNamingThe war has been referred to as the Second Nagorno Karabakh War 113 114 and has also been called the 44 Day War in both Armenia and Azerbaijan 115 116 In Armenia and Artsakh it has been called the Second Artsakh War Armenian Արցախյան երկրորդ պատերազմ romanized Arts akhyan yerkrord paterazm 117 118 Patriotic War 119 and the Fight for Survival Armenian Գոյամարտ romanized Goyamart 120 In Azerbaijan it has been called the Second Karabakh War Azerbaijani Ikinci Qarabag muharibesi 121 and Patriotic War 122 123 The Azerbaijani government referred to it as an operation for peace enforcement 124 and counter offensive operation 125 It later announced it had initiated military operations under the code name Operation Iron Fist Azerbaijani Demir Yumruq emeliyyati 126 BackgroundFurther information History of Nagorno Karabakh and Nagorno Karabakh conflict The territorial ownership of Nagorno Karabakh is fiercely contested between Armenians and Azerbaijanis The current conflict has its roots in events following World War I and today the region is de jure part of Azerbaijan although large parts are de facto held by the internationally unrecognised Republic of Artsakh which is supported by Armenia 127 Soviet era Main article Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast During the Soviet era the predominantly Armenian populated region was governed as an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan SSR 128 As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate during the late 1980s the question of Nagorno Karabakh s status re emerged and on 20 February 1988 the parliament of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Oblast passed a resolution requesting transfer of the oblast from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR Azerbaijan rejected the request several times 129 and ethnic violence began shortly thereafter with a series of pogroms between 1988 and 1990 against Armenians in Sumgait Ganja and Baku 130 131 132 133 and against Azerbaijanis in Gugark and Stepanakert 134 135 136 137 Following the revocation of Nagorno Karabakh s autonomous status an independence referendum was held in the region on 10 December 1991 The referendum was boycotted by the Azerbaijani population which then constituted around 22 8 of the region s population 99 8 of participants voted in favour In early 1992 following the Soviet Union s collapse the region descended into outright war 129 dead link First Nagorno Karabakh War Main article First Nagorno Karabakh War nbsp Ethnic groups of the region in 1995 following the end of the First Nagorno Karabakh War and the displacement of the region s Azerbaijani and ethnic Armenian population See entire map The First Nagorno Karabakh War resulted in the displacement of approximately 725 000 Azerbaijanis and 300 000 500 000 Armenians from both Azerbaijan and Armenia 138 The 1994 Bishkek Protocol brought the fighting to an end and resulted in significant Armenian territorial gains in addition to controlling most of Nagorno Karabakh the Republic of Artsakh also occupied the surrounding Azerbaijani populated districts of Agdam Jabrayil Fuzuli Kalbajar Qubadli Lachin and Zangilan 139 The terms of the Bishkek agreement produced a frozen conflict 140 and long standing international mediation attempts to create a peace process were initiated by the OSCE Minsk Group in 1994 with the interrupted Madrid Principles being the most recent iteration prior to the 2020 war 141 142 The United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions in 1993 calling for the withdrawal of occupying forces from the territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh 143 and in 2008 the General Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the immediate withdrawal of Armenian occupying forces 144 although the co chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group Russia France and USA voted against it 145 Frozen conflict See also July 2020 Armenian Azerbaijani clashes For three decades multiple violations of the ceasefire occurred the most serious being the four day 2016 Nagorno Karabakh conflict 146 Surveys indicated that the inhabitants of Nagorno Karabakh did not want to be part of Azerbaijan 147 and in 2020 the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan announced plans to make Shusha a city of historical and cultural significance to both Armenians and Azerbaijanis 130 Artsakh s new capital In August of the same year the government of Artsakh moved the country s parliament to Shusha escalating tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan 148 Further skirmishes occurred on the border between the two countries in July 2020 146 Thousands of Azerbaijanis rallied for war against Armenia in response and Turkey voiced its firm support for Azerbaijan 149 On 29 July 2020 Azerbaijan conducted a series of military exercises that lasted from 29 July to 10 August 2020 150 followed by further exercises in early September with the involvement of Turkey 151 Prior to the resumption of hostilities allegations emerged that Turkey had facilitated the transfer of hundreds of Syrian National Army members from the Hamza Division to Azerbaijan 152 Baku denied the involvement of foreign fighters 153 Course of the warMain article Timeline of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War Overview nbsp Approximate frontlines at the time of the ceasefire with Azerbaijan s territorial gains during the war in red the Lachin corridor under Russian peacekeepers in blue and areas ceded by Armenia to Azerbaijan hashed The conflict was characterised by the widespread use of combat drones particularly by Azerbaijan 154 as well as heavy artillery barrages rocket attacks and trench warfare 155 Throughout the campaign Azerbaijan relied heavily on drone strikes against Armenian Artsakh forces inflicting heavy losses upon Armenian tanks artillery air defence systems and military personnel although some Azerbaijani drones were shot down 156 157 It also featured the deployment of cluster munitions which are banned by the majority of the international community but not by Armenia or Azerbaijan 158 Both Armenia 159 and Azerbaijan 160 used cluster munitions against civilian areas outside of the conflict zone 161 A series of missile attacks on Ganja Azerbaijan inflicted mass civilian casualties as did artillery strikes on Stepanakert Artsakh s capital 162 Much of Stepanakert s population fled during the course of the fighting 163 The conflict was accompanied by coordinated attempts to spread misleading content and disinformation via social media and the internet 164 The conflict began with an Azerbaijani ground offensive that included armoured formations supported by artillery and drones including loitering munitions Armenian and Artsakh troops were forced back from their first line of defence in Artsakh s southeast and northern regions but inflicted significant losses on Azerbaijani armoured formations with anti tank guided missiles and artillery destroying dozens of vehicles Azerbaijan made heavy use of drones in strikes against Armenian air defences taking out 13 short range surface to air missile systems Azerbaijani forces used drones to systematically isolate and destroy Armenian Artsakh positions Reconnaissance drones would locate a military position on the front lines and the placement of reserve forces after which the position would be shelled along with roads and bridges that could potentially be used by the reserves to reach the position After the Armenian Artsakh position had been extensively shelled and cut off from reinforcement the Azerbaijanis would move in superior forces to overwhelm it This tactic was repeatedly used to gradually overrun Armenian and Artsakh positions 165 Azerbaijani troops managed to make limited gains in the south in the first three days of the conflict For the next three days both sides largely exchanged fire from fixed positions In the north Armenian Artsakh forces counterattacked managing to retake some ground Their largest counterattack took place on the fourth day but incurred heavy losses when their armour and artillery units were exposed to Azerbaijani attack drones loitering munitions and reconnaissance drones spotting for Azerbaijani artillery as they manoeuvred in the open 45 source source source source source source source Day by day animation of the war Red Artsakh blue captured by the Azerbaijani army dotted blue regions in which Azerbaijani special forces were active Azerbaijan targeted infrastructure throughout Artsakh starting on the first day of the war including the use of rocket artillery and cluster munitions against Stepanakert the capital of Artsakh and a missile strike against a bridge in the Lachin Corridor linking Armenia with Artsakh On the 6th day of the war Armenia Artsakh targeted Ganja for the first of four times with ballistic missiles nominally targeting the military portion of Ganja International Airport but instead hitting residential areas On the morning of the seventh day Azerbaijan launched a major offensive The Azerbaijani Army s First Second and Third Army Corps reinforced by reservists from the Fourth Army Corps began an advance in the north making some territorial gains but the Azerbaijani advance stalled 45 Most of the fighting subsequently shifted to the south in terrain that is relatively flat and underpopulated as compared to the mountainous north Azerbaijani forces launched offensives toward Jabrayil and Fuzuli managing to break through the multi layered Armenian Artsakh defensive lines and recapture a stretch of territory held by Armenian troops as a buffer zone but the fighting subsequently stalled 45 nbsp Map of the war showing Azerbaijan s day to day advancesAfter the shelling of Martuni 166 Artsakh authorities began mobilising civilians 167 Just before 04 00 00 00 UTC on 10 October 2020 Russia reported that both Armenia and Azerbaijan had agreed on a humanitarian ceasefire after ten hours of talks in Moscow the Moscow Statement and announced that both would enter substantive talks citation needed After the declared ceasefire the President of Artsakh admitted Azerbaijan had been able to achieve some success moving the front deep into Artsakh territory 168 the Armenian Prime Minister announced that Armenian forces had conducted a partial retreat 169 The ceasefire quickly broke down and the Azerbaijani advance continued Within days Azerbaijan announced the capture of dozens of villages on the southern front 170 A second ceasefire attempt midnight 17 October 2020 was also ignored 171 Azerbaijan announced the capture of Jabrayil on 9 October 2020 and Fuzuli on 17 October 2020 Azerbaijani troops also captured the Khoda Afarin Dam and Khodaafarin Bridges Azerbaijan announced that the border area with Iran was fully secured with the capture of Agbend on 22 October 2020 172 Azerbaijani forces then turned northwest advancing towards the Lachin corridor the sole highway between Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh putting it within artillery range According to Artsakh a counterattack repelled forward elements of the Azerbaijani force and pushed them back Armenian Artsakh resistance had managed to halt the Azerbaijani advance to within 25 kilometres of the Lachin corridor by 26 October 2020 Artsakh troops who had retreated into the mountains and forests began launching small unit attacks against exposed Azerbaijani infantry and armour and Armenian forces launched a counteroffensive near the far southwestern border between Armenia and Azerbaijan 173 On 26 October 2020 a US brokered ceasefire came into effect but fighting resumed within minutes 174 175 Three days later the Artsakh authorities stated that the Azerbaijani forces were 5 km 3 1 mi from Shusha 176 On 8 November 2020 Azerbaijani forces seized Shusha 177 the second largest city in Artsakh before the war located 15 kilometres from Stepanakert the republic s capital 178 Although the amount of territory contested was relatively restricted the conflict impacted the wider region in part due to the type of munitions deployed Shells and rockets landed in East Azerbaijan Province Iran although no damage was reported 179 180 and Iran reported that several unmanned aerial vehicles UAVs had been downed or had crashed within its territory 181 182 183 184 Georgia stated that two UAVs had crashed in its Kakheti Province 185 Ceasefire agreement Main article 2020 Nagorno Karabakh ceasefire agreement nbsp Map of the ceasefire agreement Azerbaijan outside of the conflict zone Armenia Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war to stay under its control Agdam District evacuated by Armenia by 20 November 186 187 Kalbajar District evacuated by Armenia by 25 November 188 Lachin District evacuated by Armenia by 1 December 189 Part of Nagorno Karabakh remaining under the control of Artsakh Lachin corridor monitored by Russian peacekeepers Access roads into Nagorno Karabakh All economic and transport connections in the region to be unblocked including transport connections between Nakhchivan and rest of Azerbaijan arrow s hypothetical location chosen by a Wikipedia user and not defined by the statement itself Line of contact before the 2020 conflict Other areas claimed by ArtsakhOn 9 November 2020 in the aftermath of the capture of Shusha a ceasefire agreement was signed by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan and the President of Russia Vladimir Putin ending all hostilities in the zone of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict from 10 November 2020 00 00 Moscow time 105 106 107 The President of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan also agreed to end the hostilities 190 Under the terms of the deal both belligerent parties were to exchange prisoners of war and the bodies of the fallen Furthermore Armenian forces were to withdraw from Armenian occupied territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh by 1 December 2020 while a peacekeeping force provided by the Russian Ground Forces and led by Lieutenant General Rustam Muradov 191 of just under 2 000 soldiers would be deployed for a minimum of five years along the line of contact and the Lachin corridor linking Armenia and the Nagorno Karabakh region Additionally Armenia undertook to guarantee safety of transport communication between Azerbaijan s Nakhchivan exclave and mainland Azerbaijan in both directions while Russia s border troops under the Federal Security Service were to exercise control over the transport communication 192 193 194 On 15 December 2020 after several weeks of cease fire the sides finally exchanged prisoners of war 44 Armenian and 12 Azeri prisoners were exchanged 195 It is unclear whether more prisoners remain in captivity on either side Non military actions taken by Armenia and Azerbaijan Since the beginning of the conflict both Armenia and Azerbaijan declared martial law limiting the freedom of speech Meanwhile a new law came into effect since October 2020 in Armenia which prohibits negative coverage of the situation at the front 196 Restrictions have been reported on the work of international journalists in Azerbaijan with no corresponding restrictions reported in Nagorno Karabakh 197 Armenia nbsp A pro military billboard in Republic Square Yerevan on 7 October 2020 On 28 September 2020 Armenia banned men aged over 18 listed in the mobilisation reserve from leaving the country 198 The next day it postponed the trial of former President Robert Kocharyan and other former officials charged in the 2008 post election unrest case owing to one of the defendants the former Defence Minister of Armenia Seyran Ohanyan going to Artsakh during the conflict 199 On 1 October 2020 the Armenian National Security Service NSS stated that it had arrested and charged a former high ranking Armenian military official with treason on suspicion of spying for Azerbaijan 200 Three days later the NSS stated that it had arrested several foreign citizens on suspicion of spying 201 Protesting Israeli arms sales to Azerbaijan Armenia recalled its ambassador to Israel 202 On 8 October 2020 the Armenian President Armen Sarkissian dismissed the director of the NSS 203 Subsequently the Armenian government toughened the martial law and prohibited criticising state bodies and propaganda aimed at disruption of the defense capacity of the country 204 On the same day the Armenian MoD cancelled a Novaya Gazeta correspondent s journalistic accreditation officially for entering Nagorno Karabakh without accreditation 205 On 9 October 2020 Armenia tightened its security legislation 204 On 21 October 2020 the Armenian Cabinet of Ministers temporarily banned the import of Turkish goods the decision will come into force on 31 December 2020 206 The following day the Armenian parliament passed a law to write off the debts of the Armenian servicemen wounded during the clashes and the debts of the families of those killed 207 On 27 October 2020 the Armenian president Armen Sarkissian dismissed the head of the counterintelligence department of the National Security Service Major General Hovhannes Karumyan and the chief of staff of the border troops of the National Security Service Gagik Tevosyan 208 On 8 November 2020 Sarkissian yet again dismissed the interim head of the National Security Service 209 As of 8 November 2020 one Armenian activist was fined by the police for his anti war post 210 Azerbaijan nbsp Azerbaijani flag in Jafar Jabbarly Square near the 28 May station in Baku on 10 October 2020 On 27 September 2020 Azerbaijani authorities restricted internet access shortly after the clashes began 211 stating it was in order to prevent large scale Armenian provocations The government made a noticeable push to use Twitter which was the only unblocked platform in the country Despite the restrictions some Azerbaijanis still used VPNs to bypass them 212 The National Assembly of Azerbaijan declared a curfew in Baku Ganja Goygol Yevlakh and a number of districts from midnight on 28 September 2020 213 214 under the Interior Minister Vilayet Eyvazov 215 Azerbaijan Airlines announced that all airports in Azerbaijan would be closed to regular passenger flights until 30 September 2020 216 The Military Prosecutor s Offices of Fuzuli Tartar Karabakh and Ganja began criminal investigations of war and other crimes 217 Also on 28 September 2020 the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev issued a decree authorising a partial mobilisation in Azerbaijan 218 On 8 October 2020 Azerbaijan recalled its ambassador to Greece for consultations following allegations of Armenians from Greece arriving in Nagorno Karabakh to fight against Azerbaijan 219 Three days later the Azerbaijani State Security Service SSS warned against a potential Armenian backed terror attack 220 On 17 October 2020 the Azerbaijani MoFA stated that member of the Russian State Duma from the ruling United Russia Vitaly Milonov was declared persona non grata in Azerbaijan for visiting Nagorno Karabakh without permission from the Azerbaijani government 221 On 24 October 2020 by recommendation of the Central Bank of Azerbaijan the member banks of the Azerbaijani Banks Association unanimously adopted a decision to write off the debts of the military servicemen and civilians who died during the conflict 222 On 29 October 2020 the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev issued a decree on the formation of temporary commandant s offices in the areas that the Azerbaijani forces seized control of during the conflict According to the decree the commandants will be appointed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs but they will have to coordinate with other executive bodies of the government including Ministry of Defense the State Border Service the State Security Service and ANAMA 223 224 Over the course of the war several Azerbaijani activists were brought in for questioning by the State Security Service due to their anti war activism 225 226 On 12 December a decree by President Aliyev lifted the curfew that had been imposed in September 227 CasualtiesMain article Casualties of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War Casualties were high 228 officially in the low thousands According to official figures released by the belligerents Armenia lost 3 825 troops killed 78 and 187 missing 79 while Azerbaijan lost 2 906 troops killed with six missing in action 58 During the conflict it was noted that the sides downplayed the number of their own casualties and exaggerated the numbers of enemy casualties and injuries 229 Civilians nbsp The wall with images of fallen Armenian soldiers According to Artsakhian President mainly 18 20 year old soldiers fought in hostilities 230 The Armenian authorities stated that 85 Armenian civilians were killed during the war e while another 21 were missing 79 According to Azerbaijani sources the Armenian military has targeted densely populated areas containing civilian structures 231 As of 9 November 2020 the Prosecutor General s Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan stated that during the war as a result of reported shelling by Armenian artillery and rocketing 100 people had been killed while 416 people had been wounded 82 Also during the post war clashes the Azerbaijani authorities stated that an Azercell employee was seriously injured during the installation of communication facilities and transmission equipment near Hadrut 232 As of 23 October 2020 the Armenian authorities has stated that the conflict had displaced more than half of Nagorno Karabakh s population or approximately 90 000 people 94 The International Rescue Committee has also claimed that more than half of the population of Nagorno Karabakh has been displaced by the conflict 233 As of 2 November 2020 the Azerbaijani authorities has stated that the conflict had displaced approximately 40 000 people in Azerbaijan 92 Seven journalists have been injured 157 234 On 1 October 2020 two French journalists from Le Monde covering the clashes in Khojavend were injured by Azerbaijani shellfire 235 A week later three Russian journalists reporting in Shusha were seriously injured by an Azerbaijani attack 236 237 On 19 October 2020 according to Azerbaijani sources an Azerbaijani AzTV journalist received shrapnel wounds from Armenian shellfire in Aghdam District 234 Military nbsp Wounded Azerbaijani servicemen attending the victory parade on 10 December nbsp An Artsakh 2S1 Gvozdika captured as a war trophy by the Azerbaijani forces displayed on 10 December during the victory parade Armenian authorities reported the deaths of 3 825 servicemen during the war while the Azerbaijani authorities stated that more than 5 000 Armenian servicemen were killed and several times more were wounded as of 28 October 2020 238 After the war the former director of the Armenian National Security Service Artur Vanetsyan had also stated that some 5 000 Armenians were killed during the war 239 Also the Armenian authorities had stated that about 60 Armenian servicemen were captured by Azerbaijan as prisoners of war 81 The former Head of the Military Control Service of the Armenian MoD Movses Hakobyan stated that already on the fifth day of war there were 1 500 deserters from Armenian armed forces who were kept in Karabakh and not allowed to return to Armenia in order to prevent panic The press secretary of Armenian prime minister called the accusations absurd and asked the law enforcement agencies to deal with them 240 Former military commissar of Armenia major general Levon Stepanyan stated that the number of deserters in Armenian army was over 10 000 and it is not possible to prosecute such a large number of military personnel 241 During the post war clashes the Armenian government stated that 60 servicemen went missing 242 including several dozen that were captured 243 and On 27 October 2020 Artsakh authorities stated that its defence minister Jalal Harutyunyan was wounded in action 244 However unofficial Azerbaijani military sources alleged that he was killed and released footage apparently showing the assassination from a drone camera 245 During the conflict the government of Azerbaijan did not reveal the number of its military casualties 246 On 11 January Azerbaijan stated that 2 853 of its soldiers had been killed during the war while another 50 went missing 58 Also Azerbaijani authorities stated that 11 more Azerbaijani servicemen were killed during the post war clashes or landmine explosions 247 248 249 On 23 October 2020 President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev confirmed that Shukur Hamidov who was made National Hero of Azerbaijan in 2016 was killed during the operations in Qubadli District 250 This was the first military casualty officially confirmed by the government However Armenian and Artsakh authorities have claimed 7 630 Azerbaijani soldiers and Syrian mercenaries were killed 251 252 The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights documented the death of at least 541 Syrian fighters or mercenaries fighting for Azerbaijan 59 On 14 November 2020 the Observatory reported the death of a commander of the Syrian National Army s Hamza Division 253 Infrastructure damage nbsp The Armenian Apostolic Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha was shelled twice during the conflict 254 255 256 nbsp Azerbaijani authorities had stated that about four thousand civilian objects were damaged in the territory of the Tartar District as a result of the bombardment of the district 257 258 Civilian areas including major cities have been hit including Azerbaijan s second largest city Ganja and the region s capital Stepanakert with many buildings and homes destroyed 259 260 The Ghazanchetsots Cathedral has also been damaged 261 Several outlets reported increased cases of COVID 19 in Nagorno Karabakh particularly the city of Stepanakert where the population was forced to live in overcrowded bunkers due to Azerbaijan artillery and drone strikes conflict 262 263 There were also reported difficulties in testing and contact tracing during the conflict 262 263 The Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha became damaged as a result of shelling On 19 October 2020 a strong fire broke out in a cotton plant in Azad Qaraqoyunlu Tartar District as a result of the Armenian artillery shelling with several large hangars of the plant becoming completely burned down 264 An Armenian backed Nagorno Karabakh human rights ombudsman report noted 5 800 private properties and 520 private vehicles destroyed with damage to 960 items of civilian infrastructure and industrial and public and objects 265 On 16 November 2020 the Prosecutor General s Office of the Republic of Azerbaijan reported 3 410 private houses 512 civilian facilities and 120 multi storey residential buildings being damaged throughout the war 82 Equipment losses By 7 October 2020 Azerbaijan reported to have destroyed about 250 tanks and other armoured vehicles 150 other military vehicles 11 command and command observation posts 270 artillery units and MLRSs including a BM 27 Uragan 60 Armenian anti aircraft systems including 4 S 300 and 25 9K33 Osas 18 UAVs and 8 arms depots 238 266 267 268 destroyed As of 16 October 2020 the Azerbaijani President stated that the Armenian losses were at US 2 billion 269 In turn an Azerbaijani helicopter was stated to have been damaged but its crew had apparently returned it to Azerbaijani controlled territory without casualties 270 Later it was reported that on 12 October 2020 Azerbaijan had destroyed one Tochka U missile launcher On 14 October 2020 Azerbaijan stated it had further destroyed five T 72 tanks three BM 21 Grad rocket launchers one 9K33 Osa missile system one BMP 2 vehicle one KS 19 air defence gun two D 30 howitzers and several Armenian army automobiles 271 On the same day Azerbaijan announced the destruction of three R 17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missile launchers that had been targeting Ganja and Mingachevir 272 BBC reporters confirmed the destruction of at least one tactical ballistic missile launcher in the vicinity of Vardenis close to the border with Azerbaijan and posted photo evidence in support of this information 273 Later American journalist Josh Friedman posted a high quality video of a destroyed Armenian ballistic missile launcher 274 Armenian and Artsakh authorities initially reported the downing of four Azerbaijani helicopters and the destruction of ten tanks and IFVs as well as 15 drones 275 Later the numbers were revised to 36 tanks and armoured personnel vehicles destroyed two armoured combat engineering vehicles destroyed and four helicopters and 27 unmanned aerial vehicles downed all within the first day of hostilities 276 They released footage showing the destruction or damage of five Azerbaijani tanks 277 Over the course of 2 October the Artsakh Defence Army said they had destroyed 39 Azerbaijani military vehicles including a T 90 tank four SU 25 fighter bombers three Mi 24 attack helicopters and 17 UAVs 278 According to Dutch warfare research group Oryx which documents visually confirmed losses on both sides Armenia lost 255 tanks destroyed 146 damaged 6 captured 103 78 armoured fighting vehicles destroyed 25 damaged 1 captured 52 and 737 trucks vehicles and jeeps destroyed 331 damaged 18 captured 387 while Azerbaijan lost 62 tanks destroyed 38 damaged 16 abandoned 1 captured 7 captured but later lost 1 23 armoured fighting vehicles destroyed 6 damaged 3 abandoned 7 captured 9 76 trucks vehicles and jeeps destroyed 40 damaged 22 abandoned 8 captured 6 as well 11 old An 2 aircraft used as unmanned bait in order for Armenia to reveal the location of air defence systems Oryx only counts destroyed vehicles and equipment of which photo or videographic evidence is available and therefore the actual number of equipment destroyed is higher 279 Suspected war crimesMain article War crimes in the Second Nagorno Karabakh War UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres stated that indiscriminate attacks on populated areas anywhere including in Stepanakert Ganja and other localities in and around the immediate Nagorno Karabakh zone of conflict were totally unacceptable 280 Amnesty International stated that both Azerbaijani and Armenian forces committed war crimes during recent fighting in Nagorno Karabakh and called on Azerbaijani and Armenian authorities to immediately conduct independent impartial investigations identify all those responsible and bring them to justice 281 282 Columbia University s Institute for the Study of Human Rights recognized that violent conflict affected all sides in the conflict but distinguished the collateral damage of Azerbaijanis from the policy of atrocities such as mutilations and beheadings committed by Azerbaijani forces and their proxies in Artsakh 283 Azerbaijan started an investigation on war crimes by Azerbaijani servicemen in November 284 and as of 14 December has arrested four of its servicemen 285 AftermathArmenia See also 2020 2021 Armenian protests 2021 Armenian political crisis and Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War nbsp Protests in Yerevan against the terms of a cease fire agreement on 18 November 2020 286 Shortly after the news about the signing the ceasefire agreement broke in the early hours of 10 November violent protests erupted in Armenia against Nikol Pashinyan claiming he was a traitor for having accepted the peace deal 287 Protesters also seized the parliament building by breaking a metal door and pulled the President of the National Assembly of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan from a car and beat him 288 289 Throughout November numerous Armenian officials resigned from their posts including the Armenian minister of foreign affairs Zohrab Mnatsakanyan 290 the minister of defence David Tonoyan 291 head of the same ministry s military control service Movses Hakobyan 292 and the spokesman of Armenia s Defense Ministry Artsrun Hovhannisyan 293 After the ceasefire agreement was signed President Armen Sarksyan held a meeting with Karekin II where they both made a call to declare 22 November as the Day of Remembrance of the Heroes who fell for the Defense of the Motherland in the Artsakh Liberation War 294 On 16 November he declared that snap parliamentary elections and Pashinyan s resignation were inevitable proposing that a process be overseen and managed by an interim National Accord Government 295 On 10 December the Armenian media reported that an Azerbaijani citizen was detained at night near Berdavan in Tavush Province It was reported that an Azerbaijani civilian was observed in Berdavan between 4 00 and 5 00 in the morning The executive head of Berdavan Smbat Mugdesyan said that the NSS had taken him away and that he did not know other details According to the Armenian media a criminal case was opened against the detained citizen on suspicion of illegally crossing to the Armenian state border The name of the detained Azerbaijani was not disclosed According to the BBC Azerbaijani Service Azerbaijan s Internal Affairs Foreign Affairs and Defence Ministries said they had no information about the incident 296 On 12 December Azerbaijani trucks accompanied by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Russian peacekeepers entered David Bek in Syunik Province of Armenia to pick up the bodies of fallen soldiers Armenian officials refuted the media reports of Azerbaijani vehicles entering Goris 297 On 16 December the family members of the missing Armenian soldiers gathered in front of the Armenian Ministry of Defence building demanding information about their loved ones They were not allowed into the building and Armenian military representatives did not give a response A scuffle ensued during which the family members of the missing Armenian soldiers broke through to the building 298 Azerbaijan nbsp Celebrations in Baku Azerbaijan after the peace treaty The peace agreement and the end of the war was seen as a victory and was widely celebrated in Azerbaijan 299 300 On 10 November 2020 crowds waved flags in Baku after the peace deal was announced 301 On that day President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev gave a speech in which he mockingly said Ne oldu Pasinyan What happened Pashinyan which became an Internet meme in Azerbaijan and Turkey 302 303 On 11 November at a meeting with wounded Azerbaijani servicemen who took part in the war Aliyev said that new orders and medals would be established in Azerbaijan and that he gave appropriate instructions on awarding civilians and servicemen who showed heroism on the battlefield and in the rear and distinguished themselves in this war He also proposed the names of these orders and medals 304 About a week later at a plenary session of the Azerbaijani National Assembly a draft law on amendments to the law On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan was submitted for discussion 305 Seventeen new orders and medals were established on the same day in the first reading in accordance with the bill On the establishment of orders and medals of the Republic of Azerbaijan 306 In mid November Aliyev and Azerbaijan s First Vice president Mehriban Aliyeva visited Fuzuli and Jabrayil Districts both of which were ghost towns in ruins after the Armenian forces occupied it in 1993 307 Aliyev ordered the State Agency of Azerbaijan Automobile Roads to construct a new highway starting from Alxanli which will connect Fuzuli to Shusha 308 In Jabrayil Aliyev stated that a new master plan will be drawn up to rebuild the city 309 nbsp Azerbaijani Sukhoi Su 25 fighter jets during the victory parade in Baku on 10 December 27 September and 10 November were declared Memorial Day and Victory Day respectively 310 311 although the latter s date was changed to 8 November as it overlapped with Mustafa Kemal Ataturk s Memorial Day in Turkey 312 It was also announced that the new station in the Baku Metro will be named 8 November at the suggestion of Aliyev 313 On the same day President Aliyev signed a decree on the establishment of the YASHAT Foundation to support the families of those wounded and killed during the war and general control over the management of the foundation was transferred to the ASAN service 314 On 2 December the Association of Banks of Azerbaijan announced that the bank debts of servicemen and civilians killed during the war in Azerbaijan would be completely written off 315 On 4 December at 12 00 GMT 4 local time a moment of silence was held in Azerbaijan to commemorate the fallen soldiers of the war 316 317 Flags were lowered across the country and traffic halted while ships moored in the Bay of Baku as well as cars honked their horns 318 A unity prayer was held at the Heydar Mosque in Baku in memory of those killed in the war and Shaykh al Islam Allahshukur Pashazadeh chairman of the Religious Council of the Caucasus said that Sunnis and Shiites prayed for the souls of our martyrs together Commemoration ceremonies were also held in mosques in Sumgayit Guba Ganja Shamakhi Lankaran Shaki in churches in Baku and Ganja and in the synagogue of Ashkenazi Jews in Baku 319 On 9 December President Aliyev awarded 83 servicemen with the title of Hero of the Patriotic War 320 204 servicemen with Karabakh Order 321 and 33 servicemen with Zafar Order 322 A victory parade was held on 10 December in honour of the Azerbaijani victory on Azadliq Square 323 with 3 000 military servicemen who distinguished themselves during the war marched alongside military equipment unmanned aerial vehicles and aircraft 324 as well as Armenian war trophies 325 and Turkish soldiers and officers 326 Turkish President Erdogan attended the military parade as part of a state visit to Baku 327 In April 2021 Azerbaijan opened a Military Trophy Park featuring items from the conflict 328 According to peer reviewed journal Caucasus Survey 329 for the first time in the post Soviet era the Azerbaijani leadership has achieved a high degree of social solidarity All opposition parties and organizations including the Popular Front Musavat ReAl and National Council expressed their full support for the war The citizens acquired a shared emotional experience of making history The government received the stamp of approval from its most vicious critics The authoritarian government and the civil society it long persecuted were united in the name of homeland The definition of homeland consequently has been reduced to a military victory for the soil not values or the rights or lives of its people By supporting a war the government waged both the opposition and civil society contributed to the creation of a new source and reserve of legitimacy for authoritarianism Further while the opposition and civil society criticized the regime in Russia for its authoritarianism and imperialist nationalism the majority of them did not express misgivings about the no less authoritarian and imperialist politics of Turkey and enthusiastically embraced ultra right pan Turkism Transfer of territories and flight of Armenian population nbsp Russian peacekeepers and Azerbaijani military personnel near Dadivank of Kalbajar District Main article Armenian occupied territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh 2020 war External videos nbsp Nagorno Karabakh The families burning down their own homes on YouTubeThe Armenian population of the territories ceded to Azerbaijan was forced to flee to Armenia sometimes destroying their houses and livestock to keep them out of Azerbaijani hands 330 331 Turkish Russian peacekeeping Main article Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno Karabakh Post ceasefire clashes Main article Armenia Azerbaijan border crisis Canada s boycott of arms exports to Turkey In 2020 Canada suspended arms exports to Turkey due to accusations of the use of Canadian technology in the conflict in violation of end use assurances Turkey had given to Canada Turkey criticised the Canadian decision 332 In 2021 Canada prohibited arms exports to Turkey after an investigation verified the accusations 333 Turkey protested that the embargo will harm bilateral relations and NATO alliance solidarity 334 AnalysisNationalist sentiment Further information Anti Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan and Anti Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia While Armenians and Azerbaijanis lived side by side under Soviet rule the collapse of the Soviet Union contributed to racialisation and fierce nationalism causing both Armenians and Azerbaijanis to stereotype each other shaping rhetoric on both sides 335 Before during and after the First Nagorno Karabakh War the growth of anti Armenian and anti Azerbaijan sentiment resulted in ethnic violence including pogroms against Armenians in Azerbaijan as in Sumgait and Baku 336 337 338 339 and against Azerbaijanis in Armenia and Nagorno Karabakh as at Gugark and Stepanakert 134 135 136 137 Azerbaijani aims nbsp Most of Azerbaijan s initial successful advances were concentrated in the areas located along the Aras River which has less mountainous terrain compared to the region s northern and central territories In a 27 September 2020 interview regional expert Thomas de Waal said that it was highly unlikely that hostilities were initiated by the Armenian side as they were already in possession of the disputed territory and were incentivised to normalise the status quo while for various reasons Azerbaijan calculate d that military action w ould win it something 340 The suspected immediate goal of the Azerbaijani offensive was to capture the districts of Fuzuli and Jabrayil in southern Nagorno Karabakh where the terrain is less mountainous and more favourable for offensive operations 97 Political scientist Arkady Dubnov of the Carnegie Moscow Center 341 342 believed that Azerbaijan had launched the offensive to improve Azerbaijan s position in a suitable season for hostilities in the terrain 343 Turkey and Russia The geostrategic interests of Russia and Turkey in the region were widely commented upon during the war 344 Both were described as benefiting from the ceasefire agreement with The Economist stating that for Russia China and Turkey all sides stand to benefit economically 345 In late October massed Russian airstrikes targeted a training camp for Failaq al Sham one of the largest Turkish backed Sunni Islamist rebel groups in Syria s Idlib province killing 78 militants in an act widely interpreted as a warning shot to Ankara over the latter s involvement in the Nagorno Karabakh fighting 346 347 Turkey Azerbaijan and Turkey are bound by ethnic cultural and historic ties and both countries refer to their relationship as being one between two states one nation 348 Turkey then the Ottoman Empire helped Azerbaijan previously part of the Russian Empire gain its independence in 1918 and became the first country to recognise Azerbaijan s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 349 Turkey has also been the guarantor of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic an exclave of Azerbaijan since 1921 350 351 Other commentators have seen Turkey s support for Azerbaijan as part of an activist foreign policy linking it with neo Ottoman policies in Syria Iraq and the Eastern Mediterranean 352 353 Turkey s highly visible role in the conflict was described by Armenians as a continuation of the Armenian genocide the mass murder and expulsion of 1 5 million Armenians by the Ottoman government particularly given Turkey s continued denial of the genocide 354 355 356 357 Turkey provided military support to Azerbaijan including military experts and Syrian mercenaries 345 The transport communications stipulated by the ceasefire agreement linking Nakhchivan and the main part of Azerbaijan through Armenia would provide Turkey with trade access to Central Asia and China s Belt and Road Initiative 345 Russia Russia had sought to maintain good relations with Azerbaijan and had sold weapons to both parties Even prior to the war Russia had possessed a military base in Armenia as part of a military alliance with Armenia and thus was obligated by treaty to defend Armenia in the case of a war Like in Syria and in Libya s ongoing civil war Russia and NATO member Turkey therefore had opposing interests 358 Turkey appeared to use the conflict to attempt to leverage its influence in the South Caucasus along its eastern border using both military and diplomatic resources to extend its sphere of influence in the Middle East and to marginalise the influence of Russia another regional power 359 360 Russia had historically pursued a policy of maintaining neutrality in the conflict and Armenia never formally requested aid 96 According to the director of the Russia studies program at the CNA at the beginning of the war Russia was judged to be unlikely to intervene militarily unless Armenia incurred drastic losses 96 The Russian MoFA also released a statement saying that Russia will provide Armenia with all the necessary assistance if the war continued on the territories of Armenia as both countries are part of the Collective Security Treaty Organization 361 362 Nonetheless when the Azerbaijani forces reportedly struck the Armenian territories on 14 October 2020 Russia did not directly interfere in the conflict 363 In a piece published by the Russian broadsheet Vedomosti on 10 November Konstantin Makienko a member of the State Duma Defence Committee wrote that the geopolitical consequences of the war were catastrophic not only for Armenia but for Russia as well because Moscow s influence in the Southern Caucasus had dwindled while the prestige of a successful and feisty Turkey contrariwise had increased immensely 364 Alexander Gabuev of the Carnegie Moscow Center took the opposite view describing the peace agreement as a win for Russia as it had prevented the conclusive defeat of Nagorno Karabakh and by placing Russia in charge of the strategic Lachin corridor boosted the country s leverage in the region 365 The relative success of Azerbaijan in meeting its strategic goals to gain control over Nagorno Karabakh via the use of military force may have influenced the Russian decision to invade Ukraine in 2022 366 Military tactics nbsp Bayraktar TB2 at 2020 Baku Victory Parade Bayraktar TB2 drones were used extensively by Azerbaijani forces during the war Azerbaijan s oil wealth allowed a consistently higher military budget than Armenia 345 and it purchased advanced weapons systems from Israel Russia and Turkey 154 Despite the similar size of both militaries Azerbaijan possessed superior tanks armoured personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles 157 and had also amassed a fleet of Turkish and Israeli drones Armenia built its own drones but these were greatly inferior to the Turkish and Israeli drones owned by Azerbaijan 157 Azerbaijan had a quantitative advantage in artillery systems particularly self propelled guns and long range multiple rocket launchers while Armenia had a minor advantage in tactical ballistic missiles 45 Because of the air defence systems of both sides there was little use of manned aviation during the conflict 157 In the opinion of military analyst Michael Kofman Director of the Russia Studies Program at the CNA and a Fellow at the Kennan Institute Azerbaijan deployed mercenaries from Syria to minimise Azeri troop casualties They took quite a few casualties early on especially in the south east and these mercenaries were essentially used as expendable assault troops to go in the first wave They calculated quite cynically that if it turned out these offensives were not successful early on then it was best these casualties would be among mercenaries not Azerbaijani forces 4 According to Gustav Gressel a Senior Policy Fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations the Armenian Army was superior to the Azerbaijani Army on a tactical level with better officers more agile leadership and higher motivation in soldiers but these were overcome by Azerbaijan s innovative use of drones to discover Armenian forward and reserve positions followed by conventional artillery and ballistic missiles to isolate and destroy Armenian forces 165 Gressel argues that European militaries are not better prepared for anti drone warfare than Armenia s with only France and Germany having some limited jamming capabilities and warns that a lack of gun based self propelled air defence systems and radar systems capable of tracking drones using plot fusion of several radar echoes makes European forces extremely vulnerable to loitering munitions and small drones 165 In the opinion of a Forbes magazine contributor Azerbaijan managed to inflict a devastating and decisive defeat through adept usage of sophisticated military hardware which avoided bogging down in a costly war of attrition According to Forbes Azerbaijan had prepared itself for tomorrow s war rather than a repeat of yesterday s war 367 The International Institute for Strategic Studies presented a summary of analyses by Russian military experts who concluded that the Azerbaijani victory was not just a result of drone warfare and Turkish assistance but could actually be attributed to a number of other factors such as a more professional army with recent battlefield experience employment by Armenia of Soviet era tactics against the modern warfare waged by Azerbaijan a strong national will to fight on part of Azerbaijan compared to irresolute Armenian leadership and the Armenians believing their own propaganda and underestimating the enemy 368 In the opinion voiced by Russian military expert Vladimir Yevseev after the war for unclear reasons Armenia appeared not to have executed the mobilisation it had announced and hardly any mobilised personnel were deployed to the conflict area 369 Drone warfare nbsp The Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline green is one of several pipelines running from Baku Azerbaijan made devastating use of drones and sensors demonstrating what The Economist described as a new more affordable type of air power 154 Azerbaijani drones notably the Turkish made Bayraktar TB2 carried out precise strikes as well as reconnaissance relaying the coordinates of targets to Azerbaijani artillery 100 Commentators noted how drones enabled small countries to conduct effective air campaigns potentially making low level conflicts much more deadly 370 Close air support was provided by specialised suicide drones such as the Israeli made IAI Harop loitering munition rendering tanks vulnerable and suggesting the need for changes to armoured warfare doctrine 371 Another suicide drone the Turkish made STM Kargu was also reportedly used by Azerbaijan 372 64 Targeting of pipelines Concerns were raised about the security of the petroleum industry in Azerbaijan 373 374 Azerbaijan claimed that Armenia targeted or tried to target the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline which accounted for around 80 of country s oil exports and the Baku Novorossiysk pipeline 375 376 377 Armenia rejected the accusations 378 Use of propaganda nbsp Billboards in Yerevan began displaying footage released by the Armenian Ministry of Defence at the beginning of the conflict See also State sponsored Internet propaganda Both sides engaged in extensive propaganda campaigns through official mainstream and social media accounts magnified online 101 including in Russian media Video from drones recording their kills was used in highly effective Azerbaijani propaganda 100 154 In Baku digital billboards broadcast high resolution footage of missiles striking Armenian soldiers tanks and materiel Azerbaijan s President Ilham Aliyev told Turkish television that Azerbaijani operated drones had reduced the number of Azerbaijan s casualties stating These drones show Turkey s strength and empower Azerbaijanis 157 Cyberwarfare Hackers from Armenia and Azerbaijan as well as their allied countries have waged cyberwarfare with Azerbaijani hackers targeting Armenian websites and posting Aliyev s statements 379 and Greek hackers targeting Azerbaijani governmental websites 380 There have been coordinated messages posted from both sides Misinformation and videos of older events and other conflicts have been shared as new New social media accounts posting about Armenia and Azerbaijan have spiked with many from authentic users but many inauthentic also 381 382 According to the EU Parliament Azerbaijani information operations also specifically aimed at harassing Armenia social media users 383 Official statementsArmenia and Artsakh On 27 September 2020 the Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan accused the Azerbaijani authorities of a large scale provocation The Prime Minister stated that the recent aggressive statements of the Azerbaijani leadership large scale joint military exercises with Turkey as well as the rejection of OSCE proposals for monitoring indicated that the aggression was pre planned and constituted a major violation of regional peace and security 384 The next day Armenia s Ministry of Foreign Affairs MoFA issued a statement noting that the people of Artsakh were at war with the Turkish Azerbaijani alliance 385 The same day the Armenian ambassador to Russia Vardan Toganyan did not rule out that Armenia may turn to Russia for fresh arms supplies 386 On 29 September 2020 Prime Minister Pashinyan stated that Azerbaijan with military support from Turkey was expanding the theatre into Armenian territory 387 On 30 September 2020 Pashinyan stated that Armenia was considering officially recognising the Republic of Artsakh as an independent territory 388 The same day the Armenian MoFA stated that the Turkish Air Force had carried out provocative flights along the front between the forces of the Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan including providing air support to the Azerbaijani army 389 On 1 October 2020 the President of Artsakh Arayik Harutyunyan stated that Armenians needed to prepare for a long term war 390 Two days later the Nagorno Karabakh Artsakh Foreign Ministry called on the international community to recognise the independence of the Republic of Artsakh in order to restore regional peace and security 391 On 6 October 2020 the Armenian prime minister Nikol Pashinyan stated that the Armenian side was prepared to make concessions if Azerbaijan was ready to reciprocate 392 On 9 October 2020 Armen Sarkissian demanded that international powers particularly the United States Russia and NATO do more to stop Turkey s involvement in the war and warned that Ankara is creating another Syria in the Caucasus 393 On 21 October 2020 Nikol Pashinyan stated that it is impossible to talk about a diplomatic solution at this stage at least at this stage since the compromise option is not acceptable for Azerbaijan while the Armenian side stated many times that it is ready to resolve the issue through compromises Pashinyan said that to fight for the rights of our people means first of all to take up arms and commit to the protection of the rights of the homeland 394 On 12 November 2020 Pashinyan addressed his nation saying that Armenia and the Armenian people are living extremely difficult days There is sorrow in the hearts of all of us tears in the eyes of all of us pain in the souls of all of us The prime minister pointed out that the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Armenia reported that the war must be stopped immediately And the President of Artsakh warned that if the hostilities do not stop Stepanakert could be lost in days Pashinyan also stated that the Karabakh issue was not resolved and is not resolved and that the international recognition of the Artsakh Republic is becoming an absolute priority 395 Azerbaijan nbsp Meeting of the Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev with the country s Security Council on 27 September 2020According to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence the Armenian military violated the ceasefire 48 times along the line of contact on 26 September 2020 the day before the conflict Azerbaijan stated that the Armenian side attacked first prompting an Azerbaijani counter offensive 396 On 27 September 2020 Azerbaijan accused Armenian forces of a willful and deliberate attack on the front line 397 and of targeting civilian areas alleging a gross violation of international humanitarian law 398 On 28 September 2020 it stated that Armenia s actions had destroyed the peace negotiations through an act of aggression 399 alleged that a war had been launched against Azerbaijan mobilised the people of Azerbaijan and declared a Great Patriotic War 400 It then stated that the deployment of the Armenian military in Nagorno Karabakh constituted a threat to regional peace and accused Armenia of propagandising adding that the Azerbaijani military was operating according to international law 401 The Azerbaijani authorities issued a statement accusing the Armenian military of purposefully targeting civilians including women and children 402 The Azerbaijani Minister of Foreign Affairs MoFA denied any reports of Turkish involvement while admitting military technical cooperation with Turkey and other countries 403 On 29 September 2020 the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev said that Armenian control of the area and aggression had led to the destruction of infrastructure and mosques caused the Khojaly massacre and resulted in cultural genocide and was tantamount to state backed Islamophobia and anti Azerbaijani sentiment 404 The Azerbaijani MoFA demanded that Armenia stop shelling civilians and called on international organisations to ensure Armenia followed international law 405 Azerbaijan denied reports of mercenaries brought in from Turkey by Azerbaijan 406 407 and the First Vice president of the Republic of Azerbaijan Mehriban Aliyeva stated that Azerbaijan had never laid claim to others territory nor committed crimes against humanity 408 On 3 October 2020 Aliyev stated that Armenia needed to leave Azerbaijan s territory in Nagorno Karabakh for the war to stop 409 The next day Aliyev issued an official statement that Azerbaijan was writing a new history describing Karabakh as an ancient Azerbaijani territory and longstanding home to Azerbaijanis and claiming that Armenians had occupied Azerbaijan s territory destroying its religious and cultural heritage for three decades He added that Azerbaijan would restore its cities and destroyed mosques and accused Armenia of distorting history 410 Two days later Aliyev s aide Hikmat Hajiyev said that Armenia had deployed cluster munitions against cities 411 however this had not been verified by other sources On 7 October 2020 Azerbaijan officially notified members of the World Conference on Constitutional Justice the Conference of European Constitutional Courts the Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and similar organisations that it had launched the operation in line with international law to re establish its internationally recognised territorial integrity and for the safety of its people 412 He also accused Armenia of ethnic discrimination on account of the historical expulsion or self exile of ethnic minority communities highlighting its mono ethnic population 413 On 10 October 2020 Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov stated that the truce signed on the same day was temporary 414 Despite this Aliyev stated that both parties were now attempting to determine a political resolution to the conflict 415 On 21 October 2020 Aliyev stated that Azerbaijan did not rule out the introduction of international observers and peacekeepers in Nagorno Karabakh but will put forward some conditions when the time comes 416 He then added that Azerbaijan did not agree for a referendum in Nagorno Karabakh 417 but didn t exclude the cultural autonomy of Armenians in Nagorno Karabakh 416 and reaffirmed that the Azerbaijan considers Armenians living in Nagorno Karabakh as their citizens promising security and rights 418 On 26 October 2020 Aliyev stated that the Azerbaijani government will inspect and record the destruction by Armenian forces in Armenian occupied territories surrounding Nagorno Karabakh during the Nagorno Karabakh conflict 419 Allegations of third party involvementMain article Allegations of third party involvement in the Second Nagorno Karabakh War Because of the geography history and sensitivities of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict accusations allegations and statements have been made of involvement by third party and international actors International reactionsMain article International reactions to the Second Nagorno Karabakh WarSee also nbsp Azerbaijan portal2014 Armenian Azerbaijani clashes Armenia Azerbaijan border crisis List of territorial disputes Republic of Armenia v Republic of Azerbaijan ICJ case Notes Denied by Azerbaijan 1 2 and Turkey 3 Turkey and Azerbaijan deny direct involvement of Turkey 14 15 16 Reported by Azerbaijan 23 and some Armenian military officials 24 also reports that Russia supplied arms to Armenia via Iran 25 26 27 It has been denied by Iran 28 29 On 21 October 2021 the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Azerbaijan published a list of dead servicemen It said 2 908 people were killed during the war 58 although at least two of the soldiers named were killed after the conflict ended 72 73 leaving a total of 2 906 servicemen confirmed killed in the war a b By 27 September 2021 84 civilians were confirmed killed in the conflict 80 of which died in the Republic of Artsakh and 4 were killed in Armenia 1 2 Another 22 were still missing 3 Subsequently the number of civilians missing was updated to 21 by 21 March 2022 4 bringing the total number of confirmed civilian fatalities to 85 Nagorno Karabakh was an autonomous region of Azerbaijan during the Soviet era and is internationally recognised as part of Azerbaijan At the end of the Soviet period it was recorded as being populated by 76 9 Armenians 21 5 Azerbaijanis and 1 5 other groups totalling 188 685 persons in the 1989 census The surrounding districts occupied by the Republic of Artsakh since the 1994 ceasefire were recorded in the 1979 census to have a population of 97 7 Azerbaijanis 1 3 Kurds 0 7 Russians 0 1 Armenians and 0 1 Lezgins for a total of 186 874 persons This does not include the populations of Fuzuli District and Agdam District which were only partially under Armenian control before the 2020 war References Azerbaijan denies Turkey sent it fighters from Syria 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh Azerbaijan accuses Armenia of rocket attack The Guardian 5 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Turkiye nin Daglik Karabag a parali asker gonderdigi iddiasi in Turkish Deutsche Welle 29 September 2020 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 a b Butler Ed 10 December 2020 The Syrian mercenaries used as cannon fodder in Nagorno Karabakh BBC France accuses Turkey of sending Syrian jihadists to Nagorno Karabakh Reuters 1 October 2020 Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 Retrieved 1 October 2020 We now have information which indicates that Syrian fighters from jihadist groups have transited through Gaziantep southeastern Turkey to reach the Nagorno Karabakh theatre of operations Turkey deploying Syrian fighters to help ally Azerbaijan two fighters say Reuters 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan conflict Azerbaijan president vows to fight on bbc com 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Carley Patricia 29 September 2020 Turkey recruiting Syrians to guard troops and facilities in Azerbaijan Middle East Eye Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 McKernan Bethan Safi Michael 30 September 2020 Nagorno Karabakh at least three Syrian fighters killed The Guardian Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Prinuzhdenie k konfliktu Coercion to conflict Kommersant in Russian 16 October 2020 Retrieved 21 April 2021 Kramer Andrew E 29 January 2021 Armenia and Azerbaijan What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail The New York Times Retrieved 4 March 2021 Armenia has said that Turkey was directly involved in the fighting in and around Nagorno Karabakh and that a Turkish F 16 fighter shot down an Armenian jet Turkey denied those accusations Tsvetkova Maria Auyezov Olzhas 9 November 2020 Analysis Russia and Turkey keep powder dry in Nagorno Karabakh conflict Reuters Retrieved 4 March 2021 Turkey s support for Azerbaijan has been vital and Azerbaijan s superior weaponry and battlefield advances have reduced its incentive to reach a lasting peace deal Ankara denies its troops are involved in fighting but Aliyev has acknowledged some Turkish F 16 fighter jets remained in Azerbaijan after a military drill this summer and there are reports of Russian and Turkish drones being used by both sides Texts adopted Implementation of the Common Foreign and Security Policy annual report 2020 European Parliament 20 January 2021 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Strongly condemns the destabilising role of Turkey which further undermines the fragile stability in the whole of the South Caucasus region calls on Turkey to refrain from any interference in the Nagorno Karabakh conflict including offering military support to Azerbaijan and to desist from its destabilising actions and actively promote peace condemns furthermore the transfer of foreign terrorist fighters by Turkey from Syria and elsewhere to Nagorno Karabakh as confirmed by international actors including the OSCE Minsk Group Co Chair countries regrets its willingness to destabilise the OSCE Minsk Group as it pursues ambitions of playing a more decisive role in the conflict F 16s Reveal Turkey s Drive to Expand Its Role in the Southern Caucasus Stratfor 8 October 2020 Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 The presence of the Turkish fighter aircraft demonstrate s direct military involvement by Turkey that goes far beyond already established support such as its provision of Syrian fighters and military equipment to Azerbaijani forces Chausovsky Eugene 7 October 2020 Turkey Challenging Russia s Monopoly in the South Caucasus Center for Global Policy Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 it has been reported though denied by Turkish and Azerbaijani officials that Turkish soldiers and aircraft have been directly involved in the fighting a b c d e f Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan The Drive 28 September 2020 Retrieved 1 November 2020 Turkey supplies T 300 Kasirga rocket system to Azerbaijan AzerNews 21 September 2016 Melman Yossi 7 October 2020 As Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Expands Israel Azerbaijan Arms Trade Thrives Haaretz Retrieved 4 March 2021 Georgian Armen 6 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict Israel under diplomatic fire over arms to Azerbaijan France 24 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Semerdjian Maria Francis Ellen 1 November 2020 Despite Lebanon s woes Armenians spring to action for Nagorno Karabakh Reuters Retrieved 1 November 2020 Zargaryan Robert 3 October 2020 Ուղիղ չվերթով Երևան առաջնագիծ գնալու պարտաստակամությամբ By direct flight to Yerevan ready to go to the front line azatutyun am in Armenian RFE RL Archived from the original on 6 October 2020 Retrieved 6 October 2020 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Cragg Gulliver 7 October 2020 Armenian volunteer returns from France to fight for Nagorno Karabakh France24 Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 7 October 2020 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Harounyan Stephanie 11 October 2020 De Marseille a Erevan un militant marque au front Liberation in French Prezident Ermenistanin tehlukesizliyi pulsuz silahlanmasi Rusiya terefinden temin edilir apa az in Azerbaijani 11 October 2020 Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Khojoyan Sara 19 November 2020 Armenia Fired Iskander Missiles in Azeri War Ex Army Chief Says Bloomberg News Archived from the original on 19 November 2020 Retrieved 2 January 2021 Iran denies allowing passage of weapons into Armenia after video emerges on social media intellinews com 29 September 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2020 Video footages spread regarding weapons and military equipment transport from Iran to Armenia apa az 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Military supplies for Armenia being shipped through Iran azernews az AzerNews 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Spokesman Denies Claim That Arms Transferred via Iran to Armenia mfa gov ir Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran 29 September 2020 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2020 شایعات مبنی بر کمک ایران به ارمنستان کاملا بی اساس است iribnews ir in Persian Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 a b Deal Struck to End Nagorno Karabakh War The Moscow Times 10 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 One nation two states on display as Erdogan visits Azerbaijan for Karabakh victory parade France24 10 December 2020 Azerbaijan s historic win was an important geopolitical coup for Erdogan who has cemented Turkey s leading role as a powerbroker in the ex Soviet Caucasus region Armenia Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno Karabakh peace deal BBC 10 November 2020 The BBC s Orla Guerin in Baku says that overall the deal should be read as a victory for Azerbaijan and a defeat for Armenia Isgaldan azad edilmis seher ve kendlerimiz Azerbaijan State News Agency in Azerbaijani 1 December 2020 Archived from the original on 4 December 2020 Retrieved 1 December 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Kramer Andrew E 10 November 2020 Facing Military Debacle Armenia Accepts a Deal in Nagorno Karabakh War The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Release of the Press Service of the President president az Official website of the President of Azerbaijan 4 October 2020 Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 7 October 2020 Major General Mayis Barkhudarov We will fight to destroy the enemy completely Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 President Ilham Aliyev congratulates 1st Army Corps Commander Hikmet Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz from occupation apa az 3 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2020 President Ilham Aliyev has congratulated 1st Army Corps Commander Hikmet Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz APA reports a b Release of the Press Service of the President Azerbaijan State News Agency 19 October 2020 Retrieved 20 October 2020 Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev congratulated Chief of the State Border Service SBS Colonel General Elchin Guliyev on raising the Azerbaijani flag over the Khudafarin bridge liberating several residential settlements with the participation of the SBS and instructed to convey his congratulations to all personnel Colonel General Elchin Guliyev reported that the State Border Service personnel will continue to decently fulfill all the tasks set by the Commander in Chief a b Jalal Harutyunyan wounded Mikael Arzumanyan appointed Artsakh Defense Minister 27 October 2020 Artsakh Defense Army deputy commander killed 2 November 2020 Արցախում զոհվել է ՊԲ փոխհրամանատար գնդապետ Հովհաննես Սարգսյանը Deputy Commander of the Defence Army Colonel Hovhannes Sargsyan was killed in Artsakh Lurer com in Armenian 18 November 2020 Archived from the original on 4 February 2021 Retrieved 4 February 2021 Հայաստանի Ազգային հերոս Վահագն Ասատրյանն Օմարի բարձունքներն անառիկ պահեց բայց ընկավ Հադրութը պաշտպանելիս Armenian national hero Vahagn Asatryan kept Omar heights invincible but fell while defending Hadrut 1lurer am in Armenian 1 January 2021 Retrieved 25 March 2021 Tiran Khachatryan National Hero of the Republic of Armenia armradio am Public Radio of Armenia 22 October 2020 President Ilham Aliyev congratulates Commander of 1st Army Corps Hikmat Hasanov on liberation of Madagiz Trend News Agency 3 October 2020 Retrieved 24 November 2020 a b c d e The Second Nagorno Karabakh War Two Weeks In War on the Rocks 14 October 2020 Retrieved 16 October 2020 a b c Ekspert ocenil poteri Armenii i Azerbajdzhana v Nagornom Karabahe in Russian Moskovsky Komsomolets 7 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Qarabagin qelbi nece azad olundu 300 spartalinin efsanesi gercek oldu Susada Bizim Yol in Azerbaijani 9 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Aliyev Ilham 26 October 2020 Release of the Press Service of the President President az Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan Retrieved 1 January 2021 Bu gun general olan 4 herbci kimdir Who are the 4 servicemen that became generals today Milli az in Azerbaijani 7 December 2020 Archived from the original on 7 December 2020 Retrieved 8 December 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Ahmad Murad 3 December 2020 Susaya ermenilerin icinden kecib getdik xeberleri olmadi XTD uzvu Video We went to Shusha through Armenians they didn t know SOF member Video Qafqazinfo in Azerbaijani Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 Retrieved 5 December 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Kazimoglu Mirmahmud 10 December 2020 Xarici Kesfiyyat Xidmetinin YARASA xususi bolmesi ilk defe numayis etdirildi Report Information Agency in Azerbaijani Retrieved 10 December 2020 a b Syrian rebel fighters prepare to deploy to Azerbaijan in sign of Turkey s ambition Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 4 October 2020 46 servicemen of Armenia NSS border troops killed during NK war armenpress am Law enforcement 65 Armenia Police officers died in Artsakh war news am 29 September 2023 Hovhannisyan Samvel 16 January 2021 Duel Vanecyana i Kyaramyana strelyayut drug v druga popadayut v Armeniyu Duel of Vanetsyan and Kyaramyan shoot each other end up in Armenia ArmenianReport in Russian Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Retrieved 21 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link The Artsakh War brought about Armenia s first all women military unit 16 November 2020 Uc mine yaxin qazi teklif olunan isden imtina edib Report Informasiya Agentliyi in Azerbaijani Retrieved 12 September 2021 a b c d e List of servicemen who died as Shehids in the Patriotic War Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 a b c SOHR exclusive Death toll of mercenaries in Azerbaijan is higher than that in Libya while Syrian fighters given varying payments Syrian Observatory for Human Rights 3 December 2020 Retrieved 3 December 2020 a b c d e f What Open Source Evidence Tells Us About The Nagorno Karabakh War Forbes Retrieved 12 November 2020 Bensaid Adam 29 September 2020 A military breakdown of the Azerbaijan Armenia conflict TRTWorld Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Frantzman Seth J 1 October 2020 Israeli drones in Azerbaijan raise questions on use in the battlefield Jerusalem Post Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Son dakika Goruntu dunyayi calkaladi SIHA vurdu bir baska drone in Turkish Milliyet 1 October 2020 Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 a b Ilk kez Libya da kullanilmisti Bu kez Azerbaycan da goruntulendi in Turkish CNN Turk 28 September 2020 Azerbaijani Military Retools Old Crop Duster Planes as Attack Drones Hetq Online 14 October 2020 Missiles rockets and drones define Azerbaijan Armenia conflict The Jerusalem Post 4 October 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 a b Azerbaijan shoots down Armenian Su 25 fighter jet TRT World Retrieved 12 November 2020 a b Cities under fire as Armenia Azerbaijan fighting intensifies RTL Today Retrieved 12 November 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan announce new attempt at cease fire AP News 17 October 2020 Retrieved 19 October 2020 Selo Tapkarakoyunlu primerno v 60 kilometrah ot goroda Gyandzha Voennyj pokazyvaet zhurnalistam raketu Smerch pered razminirovaniem in Russian BBC Russian Service 24 October 2020 Retrieved 24 October 2020 Azerbaijani used TB2 drone to destroy second S 300 SAM of Armenia Global Defense Corp 11 October 2020 Retrieved 1 November 2020 Four Azerbaijanis killed in mine blast in Fuzuli region AzerNews az 28 November 2020 Yazar Yazar 28 November 2020 Azerbaycan esgeri Susa yolunda minaya duserek sehid oldu Sozcu az Archived from the original on 8 April 2022 Retrieved 12 June 2023 Veten muharibesinde yaralanan herbcilerin sayi aciqlanib Report az 14 April 2022 Retrieved 4 May 2022 Khulian Artak 10 February 2021 Armenia Azerbaijan Exchange More Prisoners www azatutyun am Azerbaijani captives including Shahbaz Guliyev and Dilgam Asgarov who were held hostage by Armenians brought home www news az 14 December 2020 Nagorno Karabakh battles Fatalities among Turkish backed Syrian mercenaries jump to 250 and more bodies arrive in Syria The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights 6 November 2020 a b Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan s speech at the National Assembly during the discussion of the performance report of the Government Action Plan for 2021 primeminister am The Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia 13 April 2022 Archived from the original on 14 April 2022 The number of victims of the 44 day war is 3825 by today s data a b c d 187 Armenian troops still MIA 21 civilians missing in 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war armenpress m Armenpress 21 March 2022 Retrieved 21 March 2022 Around 11 000 Armenian soldiers wounded and got sick in recent Artsakh war military official says Panorama 29 March 2021 Retrieved 3 April 2021 a b MID Armenii i Krasnyj Krest obedinyat usiliya dlya resheniya voprosa plennyh Armenian Report in Russian 2 December 2020 Retrieved 2 December 2020 a b c d Civilian death toll in Armenian attacks reaches 100 AzerNews 8 December 2020 Retrieved 8 December 2020 Artsakh Ombudsman s Office updates interim report on killing of civilians by Azerbaijani forces armenpress am Caucasus 4 Journalists Injured in Nagorno Karabakh Fighting Voice of America 1 October 2020 Retrieved 21 October 2020 3 vetendasimiz Ermenistanda esir girovluqda saxlanilir axar az 17 December 2020 Retrieved 26 December 2020 Armenia awaits complete numbers of killed soldiers and POWs OC Media 10 December 2020 Retrieved 16 December 2020 Welle dw com Deutsche Nagorno Karabakh Russian helicopter shot down over Armenia DW Russian teenager dies in missile attack on Ganja NEWSru 24 October 2020 Retrieved 17 November 2020 Two French journalists seriously wounded after shelling in Nagorno Karabakh Reuters 1 October 2020 Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 MID RF Rossijskie zhurnalisty v Karabahe poluchili srednie i tyazhelye raneniya in Russian Rossiyskaya Gazeta 8 October 2020 Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2020 Iran comes under attack as fighting between Armenia Azerbaijan spreads across border Almasdar News 3 October 2020 Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 a b Nagorno Karabakh conflict Bachelet warns of possible war crimes as attacks continue in populated areas Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2 November 2020 Retrieved 2 November 2020 Uneasy peace takes hold in contested region of Azerbaijan PBS NewsHour 30 November 2020 a b Glava MID Armenii nazval chislo bezhencev iz za situacii v Karabahe in Russian RIA Novosti 23 October 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2020 Nearly 90 000 people displaced lost homes and property in Nagorno Karabakh ArmenPress 24 October 2020 Retrieved 24 October 2020 a b c d Kofman Michael 2 October 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan War Military Dimensions of the Conflict russiamatters org Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Archived from the original on 5 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2020 On 27 September 2020 Azerbaijan launched a military offensive resulting in fighting that spans much of the line of contact in the breakaway region of Nagorno Karabakh a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b Kucera Joshua 29 September 2020 As fighting rages what is Azerbaijan s goal eurasianet org Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2020 The Azerbaijani offensive against Armenian forces is its most ambitious since the war between the two sides formally ended in 1994 Armenia and Azerbaijan erupt into fighting over disputed Nagorno Karabakh BBC News 27 September 2020 Archived from the original on 28 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Jones Dorian 28 September 2020 Turkey Vows Support for Azerbaijan in Escalating Nagorno Karabakh Conflict Voice of America Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Turkey is already supporting Azerbaijan militarily technical assistance and arms sales providing critical military support especially in terms of armed drones and technical expertise said Turkish analyst Ilhan Uzgel a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b c Gatopoulos Alex The Nagorno Karabakh conflict is ushering in a new age of warfare aljazeera com Retrieved 15 October 2020 a b Mirovalev Mansur 15 October 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan battle an online war over Nagorno Karabakh Al Jazeera Sabbagh Dan 29 December 2020 UK wants new drones in wake of Azerbaijan military success The Guardian Retrieved 21 September 2021 UN Security Council calls for immediate end to fighting in Nagorno Karabakh france24 com Associated Press 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Hovhannisyan Nvard Bagirova Nailia 13 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh conflict unacceptable EU The Canberra Times Retrieved 17 November 2020 a b Putin vystupil s zayavleniem o prekrashenii ognya v Karabahe in Russian RIA Novosti 9 November 2020 Retrieved 9 November 2020 a b Pashinyan zayavil o prekrashenii boevyh dejstvij v Karabahe in Russian RIA Novosti 9 November 2020 Retrieved 9 November 2020 a b Nagorno Karabakh Russia deploys peacekeeping troops to region BBC News 10 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 de Waal Thomas 27 September 2021 The Nagorny Karabakh Conflict in its Fourth Decade Centre for European Policy Studies Retrieved 28 September 2021 Azerbaijan Armenian POWs Abused in Custody 19 March 2021 Azerbaijan Armenian Prisoners of War Badly Mistreated Human Rights Watch 2 December 2020 Retrieved 2 December 2020 Natiqqizi Ulkar Mejlumyan Ani 1 July 2021 Armenian soldiers on trial in Azerbaijan Eurasianet Retrieved 11 August 2021 THE HAGUE the International Court of Justice ICJ holds public hearings in the case Armenia v Azerbaijan 14 October 2021 Hedenskog Jakob Lund Aron Norberg Johan The End of the Second Karabakh War New realities in the South Caucasus Swedish Defence Research Agency Stockholm Chupryna Oleg 14 December 2020 Geopolitical Outcomes of the Second Nagorno Karabakh War Geopolitical Monitor Archived from the original on 12 January 2021 Retrieved 9 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Pashinyan Nikol 4 January 2021 44 օրյա պատերազմի ծագումը վարչապետ Նիկոլ Փաշինյանի հոդվածը Prime Minister of Armenia in Armenian Archived from the original on 4 January 2021 Retrieved 5 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Azerbaycan Ordusu 44 gunluk muharibede tarixi Qelebe elde etdi Khalg Gazeti in Azerbaijani 11 November 2020 Archived from the original on 15 January 2021 Retrieved 5 January 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Արցախյան երկրորդ պատերազմի արդյունքները ստորագրված փաստաթուղթն ու հետևությունները GeoPolitics am in Armenian Archived from the original on 26 July 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Արցախյան երկրորդ պատերազմը արաբ լրագրողի աչքերով ցուցահանդես Մոսկվայում 1lurer am in Armenian 15 December 2020 Archived from the original on 26 July 2022 Retrieved 13 October 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link ՀԱՂԹԵԼՈՒԵՆՔ Սա հայրենական սուրբ պատերազմ է Արայիկ Հարությունյան www 1lurer am 4 October 2020 Toghramadjian Hagop Bailey Kathleen 13 November 2020 It s Time to Get Real About U S Interests in the South Caucasus National Review Retrieved 27 January 2021 President Aliyev s brilliant leadership wisdom ensured Azerbaijan s victory in Second Karabakh War Sobhani AzerNews in Azerbaijani 22 December 2020 Archived from the original on 21 January 2021 Retrieved 15 January 2021 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Veten Muharibesinde dovletimizin ve ordumuzun yanindayiq in Azerbaijani Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 9 January 2021 Retrieved 15 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Azerbaycanda yeni herbi orden medallar ve fexri ad tesis edilib AzeriDefence in Azerbaijani 20 November 2020 Archived from the original on 14 January 2021 Retrieved 15 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Mikayiloglu Ramiz 11 October 2020 Assistant to President of Azerbaijan First phase of operation for peacemenforcement of Armenia was successfully completed Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Defense Ministry Azerbaijan Army s Troops launches counter offensive operation along entire front 29 September 2020 Archived from the original on 19 October 2020 Retrieved 15 January 2021 Azerbaycan Ordusu dusmene qarsi emeliyyatlari Demir yumruq adi altinda kecirib Report Information Agency in Azerbaijani 10 December 2020 Archived from the original on 10 January 2021 Retrieved 15 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Nagorno Karabakh profile BBC News 6 April 2016 Retrieved 6 October 2020 UNHCR publication for CIS Conference Displacement in the CIS Conflicts in the Caucasus UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1 May 1996 Retrieved 18 November 2020 This mountain enclave mostly inhabited by people of Armenian language and origin had been placed under Azerbaijan s jurisdiction in the 1920s and was entirely surrounded by villages populated by Azeris a b De Waal Thomas 2013 Black Garden Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War 10th Year Anniversary Edition Revised and Updated ISBN 978 0 8147 7082 5 OCLC 1154881834 a b The fighting in Nagorno Karabakh reflects decades of conflict The Economist 29 October 2020 Retrieved 2 April 2021 de Waal Thomas 2003 Black Garden Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War New York New York University Press p 90 ISBN 978 0 8147 1945 9 Around ninety Armenians died in the Baku pogroms Parks Michael 27 November 1988 Soviet Tells of Blocking Slaughter of Armenians General Reports His Soldiers Have Suppressed Dozens of Massacre Attempts by Azerbaijanis Los Angeles Times Broers Laurence 2019 Armenia and Azerbaijan Anatomy of Rivalry Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press p 18 ISBN 978 1 4744 5055 3 Armenians see the campaign that emerged in 1987 to unify Karabakh and Armenia as peaceful yet met with organized pogroms killing dozens of Armenians in the Azerbaijani cities of Sumgait Kirovabad today s Ganja and Baku in 1988 1990 a b Barringer Felicity 7 December 1988 3 More Killed in Soviet Ethnic Protest The New York Times Retrieved 5 November 2020 a b Karabah hronologiya konflikt Karabakh Chronology of the conflict BBC Russian Service in Russian BBC 29 August 2005 Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 Retrieved 5 November 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link a b Khlystun Victor 1 February 2001 10 BALLOV PO ShKALE POLITBYuRO 10 POINTS ON THE POLITBURO SCALE Trud in Russian Retrieved 5 November 2020 a b Papyan Mane 22 April 2015 Gugark after Sumgait Caucasus Edition in Russian Archived from the original on 25 November 2020 Retrieved 5 November 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Haider Hans 2 January 2013 Gefahrliche Tone im Frozen War Wiener Zeitung in German Retrieved 18 November 2020 Military occupation of Azerbaijan by Armenia Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project Retrieved 27 September 2020 Grant Stan 29 September 2020 A hundred year frozen conflict has restarted and it s a pattern we ve seen before ABC News Australia Retrieved 18 November 2020 Palmer James 28 September 2020 Why Are Armenia and Azerbaijan Heading to War Foreign Policy Retrieved 8 October 2020 Statement by the Co Chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe 2 October 2020 Archived from the original on 19 October 2020 Retrieved 9 October 2020 Resolutions 822 853 874 and 884 Resolution 822 1993 PDF unscr com United Nations Security Council 30 April 1993 Resolution 853 1993 PDF unscr com United Nations Security Council 29 July 1993 Resolution 874 1993 PDF unscr com United Nations Security Council 14 October 1993 Resolution 884 1993 PDF unscr com United Nations Security Council 12 November 1993 General Assembly adopts resolution reaffirming territorial integrity of Azerbaijan demanding withdrawal of all Armenian forces United Nations 14 March 2008 United Nations A 62 PV 86 General Assembly Sixty second session undocs org United Nations 14 March 2008 a b Armenia Azerbaijan Border clashes between the two countries 15 July 2020 Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs France Retrieved 27 September 2020 Toal Gerard O Loughlin John Bakke Kristin M 12 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh what do residents of the contested territory want for their future The Conversation Retrieved 15 October 2020 Gall Carlotta 27 October 2020 Roots of War When Armenia Talked Tough Azerbaijan Took Action The New York Times Archived from the original on 1 January 2021 Retrieved 2 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Weise Zia Cienski Jan Herszenhorn David M 28 September 2020 The Armenia Azerbaijan conflict explained Politico Retrieved 29 September 2020 Igra muskulami zachem Azerbajdzhan provodit ucheniya s Turciej gazeta Ru in Russian 28 July 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Turkey Azerbaijan military drills intimidate Armenia President Aliyev says Daily Sabah 20 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Synovitz Ron 15 October 2020 Are Syrian Mercenaries Helping Azerbaijan Fight For Nagorno Karabakh Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Archived from the original on 22 October 2020 Retrieved 22 October 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Azerbaijani President There is not a single evidence of any foreign presence in Azerbaijan apa az 3 October 2020 Retrieved 3 October 2020 There is not a single evidence of any foreign presence in Azerbaijan We have capable army We have enough people in our army we have enough people in our reserves I announced a partial mobilization which will allow us to involve tens of thousands of reservists If necessary so we don t need it Armenia needs it because Armenian population is declining And it is only two million people a b c d The Azerbaijan Armenia conflict hints at the future of war The Economist ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 9 October 2020 McKernan Bethan 13 October 2020 Trench warfare drones and cowering civilians on the ground in Nagorno Karabakh The Guardian Archived from the original on 27 December 2020 Retrieved 9 January 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Bulos Nabih 15 October 2020 A new weapon complicates an old war in Nagorno Karabakh Los Angeles Times Retrieved 28 October 2020 a b c d e f Forestier Walker Robin Nagorno Karabakh New weapons for an old conflict spell danger aljazeera com Retrieved 15 October 2020 United Nations Treaty Collection treaties un org Archived from the original on 18 June 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 Armenia Cluster Munitions Kill Civilians in Azerbaijan Human Rights Watch 30 October 2020 Retrieved 21 November 2020 Freeman Colin 5 October 2020 Azerbaijan dropping cluster bombs on civilian areas in war with Armenia Daily Telegraph The Telegraph ISSN 0307 1235 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan Civilians must be protected from use of banned cluster bombs amnesty org 5 October 2020 Retrieved 25 October 2020 Azerbaijan Unlawful Strikes in Nagorno Karabakh Report Human Rights Watch 11 December 2020 Retrieved 3 April 2021 Hauer Neil Nagorno Karabakh Sirens shelling and shelters in Stepanakert aljazeera com Retrieved 19 October 2020 Giles Christopher Bhat Upasana 26 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh The Armenian Azeri information wars BBC News Retrieved 26 October 2020 a b c Gressel Gustav 24 November 2020 Military lessons from Nagorno Karabakh Reason for Europe to worry ECFR Taking Up Arms in Nagorno Karabackh Bloomberg 15 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh volunteers get weapons as clashes intensify Associated Press AP NEWS 15 October 2020 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Konflikt v Karabahe Azerbajdzhan udaril po territorii Armenii in Russian BBC Russian Service 14 October 2020 Retrieved 14 October 2020 Pashinyan zayavil o chastichnom otstuplenii v Karabahe in Russian RIA Novosti 14 October 2020 Retrieved 15 October 2020 Chiragov Fuad 19 October 2020 Azerbaijan Makes Strategic Advances Along Karabakh s Northern Southern Flanks Jamestown Retrieved 25 March 2023 Minoborony Azerbajdzhana opublikovalo eshe odno video iz vzyatogo sela in Russian BBC Russian Service 26 October 2020 Retrieved 26 October 2020 Azerbaijan claims full control of border with Iran timesnownews com 22 October 2020 Retrieved 28 October 2020 Giragosian Richard 26 October 2020 Azerbaijan s next move will make or break Karabakh war Asia Times Retrieved 25 March 2023 Nagorno Karabakh conflict US brokered ceasefire frays soon after starting BBC News 25 October 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Roblin Sebastien Despite Ceasefire Fate Of Nagorno Karabakh May Turn On The Lachin Corridor Forbes Retrieved 25 March 2023 Glava NKR zayavil chto azerbajdzhanskaya armiya v pyati kilometrah ot Shushi in Russian BBC Russian Service 29 October 2020 Retrieved 29 October 2020 Azerbaijan captures strategic city in Nagorno Karabakh Financial Times 9 November 2020 Hovhannisyan Nvard Bagirova Nailia 9 November 2020 Fierce fighting in Nagorno Karabakh after Azeris say they advance Reuters Retrieved 9 November 2020 Hashemzadeh Mehri 27 September 2020 Teymouri Robab ed اصابت راکت به روستای خلف بیگلو خسارت مالی و جانی نداشت in Persian Iranian Students News Agency Retrieved 28 September 2020 Rocket attack on northwest of Iran border Islamic World News October 2020 Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 1 October 2020 Israel David 13 October 2020 Iran Reports Crash of Israeli Made Azeri Drone in Clashes with Armenia Jewish Press Iran shoots down suspected Azerbaijani drone Geopolitics News 30 September 2020 Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 My preduprezhdali Alieva Iran sbil azerbajdzhanskij voennyj samolyot avia pro Archived from the original on 2 October 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 Iran confirms its air defenses shot down foreign drone in East Azerbaijan Al Masdar News 29 September 2020 Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Statement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia 7 October 2020 Archived from the original on 10 October 2020 Retrieved 7 October 2020 Nagorno Karabakh Azeri army enters first territory ceded by Armenia DW com Deutsche Welle 20 November 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Azerbaijan enters Nagorno Karabakh district after peace deal AlJazeera com Al Jazeera 20 November 2020 Retrieved 23 November 2020 Azerbaijani Forces Reclaim Second District From Armenians Under Nagorno Karabakh Truce RFERL org Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 25 November 2020 Retrieved 25 November 2020 Azerbaijani Forces Enter Third District Under Nagorno Karabakh Truce RFERL org Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 1 December 2020 Losh Jack Roth Andrew 10 November 2020 Nagorno Karabakh peace deal brokered by Moscow prompts anger in Armenia The Guardian Retrieved 11 October 2021 General Rustam Muradov is appointed Commander of Russian peacekeepers in Karabakh Turan Information Agency 11 November 2020 Retrieved 11 November 2020 Zayavlenie Prezidenta Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki Premer ministra Respubliki Armeniya i Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii in Russian Kremlin ru 10 November 2020 Retrieved 15 November 2020 Pashinyan zayavlyaet o podpisanii mirnogo soglasheniya in Russian BBC Russian Service 10 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan and Russia sign Nagorno Karabakh peace deal BBC News 10 November 2020 Retrieved 10 November 2020 Armenia Azerbaijan exchange first prisoners after war Yahoo News 15 December 2020 Retrieved 15 December 2020 Avaliani Dimitri 28 October 2020 The dis information war around Karabakh JAM News Retrieved 29 October 2020 France is no longer an honest broker say Azeri officials ahead of Nagorno Karabakh talks France 24 8 October 2020 Retrieved 21 October 2020 Armenian cabinet bans all men from mobilization reserve aged over 18 from leaving state tass com TASS 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Kocharyan Stepan ed 29 September 2020 Kocharyan trial delayed as indicted ex defense minister Seyran Ohanyan heads to Artsakh amid attack armenpress am Armenpress Archived from the original on 30 September 2020 Retrieved 29 September 2020 Kocharyan Stepan ed 1 October 2020 Armenia ex military official charged with high treason on suspicion of spying for Azeri intelligence armenpress am Armenpress Archived from the original on 3 October 2020 Retrieved 1 October 2020 Sirekanyan Tigran ed 4 October 2020 NSS Armenia arrests foreign citizens on intelligence suspicions armenpress am Armenpress Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 Retrieved 4 October 2020 Hovhannisyan Nvard Ayyub Rami 1 October 2020 Armenia recalls ambassador to Israel over arms sales to Azerbaijan Reuters Archived from the original on 9 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Harutyunyan Aneta ed 8 October 2020 Director of Armenia s National Security Service dismissed armenpress am Armenpress Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2020 a b Stepanakert man detained after convincing soldiers to forfeit positions to Azerbaijani army Jam News 9 October 2020 Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 Azar Il ja 8 October 2020 MID Armenii lishil akkreditacii zhurnalista Novoj gazety Ilyu Azara posle reportazha iz Nagornogo Karabaha meduza io in Russian Archived from the original on 8 October 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2020 Pravitelstvo Armenii zapretilo import tureckih tovarov in Russian RIA Novosti 21 October 2020 Retrieved 21 October 2020 Debt write offs for soldiers families and tax breaks for military service in Armenia JAM News 22 October 2020 Retrieved 23 October 2020 V Armenii uvoleny nachalnik kontrrazvedki i nachshtaba pogranohrany in Russian BBC Russian Service 27 October 2020 Retrieved 27 October 2020 V Armenii snova uvolen glava kontrrazvedki in Russian BBC Russian Service 8 November 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Armenian police fine peace activist over anti war post OC Media 8 November 2020 Retrieved 8 November 2020 Vlasti Azerbajdzhana ogranichili dostup k internetu posle obstrelov v Karabahe tvrain ru in Russian Dozhd 27 September 2020 Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Pearce Katy 4 December 2020 While Armenia and Azerbaijan fought over Nagorno Karabakh their citizens battled on social media The Washington Post Archived from the original on 25 March 2023 Retrieved 6 December 2020 Azerbaycanda komendant saati elan olundu azerbaycan24 com in Azerbaijani 27 September 2020 Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Bu geceden komendant saati elan olunur aqreqator az in Azerbaijani 27 September 2020 Archived from the original on 27 September 2020 Retrieved 27 September 2020 Vilayat Eyvazov appointed commandant of areas where curfew is applied apa az 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 12 October 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Metbuat xidmetinin melumati azal az in Azerbaijani Azerbaijan Airlines 28 September 2020 Archived from the original on 6 July 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Metbuat xidmetinin MELUMATI cebhedeki son veziyyet genprosecutor gov az in Azerbaijani Prosecutor General s Office of Azerbaijan 27 September 2020 Archived from the original on 28 September 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the announcement of partial mobilization in the Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Transport Communications and High Technologies Azerbaijan 28 September 2020 Retrieved 12 October 2020 Azerbaijan recalls its ambassador to Greece for consultations ekathimerini com 8 October 2020 Retrieved 8 October 2020 Lmahamad Ayya 16 October 2020 State Security Service issues warning over Armenian terror threat AzerNews Retrieved 29 October 2020 Tagiev Anar 16 October 2020 Deputatu Gosdumy zapretili vezd v Azerbajdzhan in Russian Report Information Agency Retrieved 16 October 2020 Consumer credits of our martyred military servicemen and civilian citizens who sustained damage as result of enemy provocation to be completely written off apa az 16 October 2020 Retrieved 16 October 2020 Aliyev Ilham 29 October 2020 Azerbaycan Respublikasinin isgaldan azad olunmus erazilerinde muveqqeti xususi idareetmenin teskili haqqinda Azerbaycan Respublikasi Prezidentinin Fermani president az in Azerbaijani Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan Retrieved 29 October 2020 Azerbajdzhan sozdaet komendatury otvoevannyh rajonov in Russian BBC Russian Service 29 October 2020 Retrieved 29 October 2020 Weir Fred 31 October 2020 In Azerbaijan and Armenia a brave few call for end to fighting The Christian Science Monitor Retrieved 5 November 2020 Abubakirova Sabina 13 October 2020 Azerbaijani peace activists called for questioning OC Media Retrieved 2 November 2020 Sadyhova Nargiz 12 December 2020 Kochneva Natal ja ed S segodnyashnego dnya v Azerbajdzhane otmenen komendantskij chas in Russian Trend Retrieved 11 December 2020 The human cost of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict Al Jazeera Retrieved 15 October 2020 Military experts from Armenia and Azerbaijan question official casualty figures JAMnews 3 October 2020 Retrieved 18 October 2020 Glavnye predateli my vse my ostavili soldat odnih podcherknul lider Karabaha rus azatutyun am in Russian Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 11 November 2020 My predali vsej naciej pomosh okazyvali ya dovolen no my predali potomu chto nevozmozhno bylo borotsya 18 20 letnim rebyatam protiv 6 7 8 gosudarstv Da v osnovnom voevali 18 20 letnie podcherknul lider Karabaha One more civil person killed as a result of shelling of residential settlements by Armenia apa az 28 September 2020 Retrieved 28 September 2020 Azerbaycan MN 4 herbi qulluqcumuz oldurulub BBC Azerbaijani Service in Azerbaijani 12 December 2020 Retrieved 12 December 2020 Crisis Watch Breaking news from the International Rescue Committee rescue org International Rescue Committee 7 November 2020 a b Azerbajdzhan zayavil o chetyreh postradavshih pri obstrele Agdamskogo rajona in Russian RIA Novosti 19 October 2020 Retrieved 19 October 2020 Safi Michael 1 October 2020 Russia says it and Turkey urge end to hostilities in Nagorno Karabakh The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 7 October 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Sirekanyan Tigran ed 8 October 2020 Russian reporter in critical situation witnesses say drone flying over the Church before striking armenpress am Archived from the original on 14 October 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2023 Russia MFA Russian reporters wounded in Nagorno Karabakh conflict zone to be transported to Yerevan Armenia News 10 October 2020 Archived from the original on 11 October 2020 Retrieved 11 October 2020 a b VS Armenii poteryali ubitymi poryadka 5 tys chelovek v hode boevyh dejstvij v Karabahe prezident Azerbajdzhana Interfax in Russian 28 October 2020 Retrieved 3 December 2020 Artur Vanecyan Porazhenie Armenii v vojne rezultat nekompetentnogo upravleniya Armenian Report in Russian 20 November 2020 Retrieved 25 September 2020 span, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.