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Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

February 16, 2024

"Germanic Wars" redirects here. For the book Bella Germanica, see Pliny the Elder.

This is a chronology of warfare between the Romans and various Germanic peoples. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings, later Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire that started in the late second century BC, and more. The series of conflicts was one factor which led to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire in particular and ancient Rome in general in 476.

The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch, 1909

List of campaigns edit

Chronology edit

Second century BC edit

 
The Defeat of the Cimbri by Alexandre Gabriel Décamps

First century BC edit

 
Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar by Lionel Noel Royer, 1899

First century edit

Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall.

 
Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years 10/11-13 CE. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius. In dark green, territories still directly held by the Romans, in yellow the Roman client states

Second century edit

Third century edit

  • 213–214, Emperor Caracalla's successful campaign against the Alamanni, fortifications of Raetia and Germania Superior strengthened.[49]
  • 235–284, Crisis of the Third Century.
    •  
    The area (Agri Decumates) between Main and Rhine was evacuated in 259 AD, dozens of Roman camps were abandoned.

    Fourth century edit

     
    The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine, with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337.
     
    Empire of the Huns, pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire.

    Fifth century edit

    For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III, see Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain.

     
    Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow) and their allies the Sarmatian Alans before the invasion of Roman Africa, c. 418
     
    During his four-year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul, meanwhile reducing the Visigoths, Burgundians and Suevi to federate status.
     
    Europe in the late fifth century (476–486).

    Sixth century edit

     
    Kingdom of the Visigoths (orange), Kingdom of the Suebi (green), Kingdom of the Burgundians, Kingdom of the Franks (purple), Kingdom of the Vandals (yellow), c. 490.
     
    The Byzantine Empire at the end of Antiquity in 555 AD.

    Eighth century edit

    • 751, the Lombards conquer Ravenna, but Pope Stephen II controlled the territories of Rome, Sicily, Sardinia and others.
    • 751–756, just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil, Pepin the Short, the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand's family, finally managed to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul, deposing Childeric III and becoming king de jure as well as de facto. The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive. Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks, an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled, in exchange for the formal royal anointing, the descent of the Franks in Italy.
    • In 754, the Lombard army, deployed in defence of the Locks in Val di Susa, was defeated by the Franks. Aistulf, perched in Pavia, had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions, but two years later resumed the war against the pope, who in turn called on the Franks. Defeated again, Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions: Ravenna was returned not to the Byzantines, but to the pope, increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St. Peter; Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate, the loss of territorial continuity of his domains, and payment of substantial compensation. The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors. Aistulf died in 756, shortly after this severe humiliation.
    • In 772 CE, the Roman pope Adrian I, of the opposite party of Desiderius, reversed the delicate game of alliances, demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna.[112] Charlemagne, though he had just begun his campaign against the Saxons, came to the aid of the pope. He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow.
    • Between 773 and 774 Charlemagne invaded Italy. Once again the defence of the Locks was ineffective, the fault of the divisions among the Lombards.[112] Charlemagne, having prevailed against a tough resistance, captured the capital of the kingdom, Pavia. Charles then called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum ("By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards"), realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms. Thus ended the Lombard Kingdom in Latin Italy, led by the Roman Pope Adrian I.

    See also edit

    References edit

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    40. ^ Tacitus 117:189–190, The Annals, Bk XI, Ch 18–19. Events of AD 47–48.
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    42. ^ Tacitus 117:253, The Annals, Bk XIII, Ch 55. Events of AD 54–58.
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    45. ^ Frontinus, Stratagemata, I, 3, 10.
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    48. ^ Dean-Jones, Lesley (1992), p. 144
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    63. ^ Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 250.
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    66. ^ Origo Constantini 6.32 mention the actions.
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    Works cited edit

    • Cassius Dio (229), Dio's Roman History, vol. VI, translated by Cary, Earnest, London: William Heinemann (published 1917), ISBN 9780674990920
    • Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (117), Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson (eds.), Annals of Tacitus (translated into English), London: MacMillan and Co. (published 1895)

    Further reading edit

    • Florus on the Germanic wars 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, translated by E.S. Forster, www.livius.org October 2010
    • The Germanic Wars, second century, www.unrv.com October 2010
    • , 12 BC to 17 AD, www.heritage-history.com October 2010
    • Timeline of Ancient Europe, www.earth-history.com October 2010
    • Speidel, Michael, 2004, Ancient Germanic warriors: Warrior styles from Trajan's column to Icelandic sagas. (book)

    February 16, 2024
    chronology, warfare, between, romans, germanic, peoples, germanic, wars, redirects, here, book, bella, germanica, pliny, elder, this, chronology, warfare, between, romans, various, germanic, peoples, nature, these, wars, varied, through, time, between, roman, . Germanic Wars redirects here For the book Bella Germanica see Pliny the Elder This is a chronology of warfare between the Romans and various Germanic peoples The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest Germanic uprisings later Germanic invasions of the Western Roman Empire that started in the late second century BC and more The series of conflicts was one factor which led to the ultimate downfall of the Western Roman Empire in particular and ancient Rome in general in 476 The Varus battle by Otto Albert Koch 1909 Contents 1 List of campaigns 2 Chronology 2 1 Second century BC 2 2 First century BC 2 3 First century 2 4 Second century 2 5 Third century 2 6 Fourth century 2 7 Fifth century 2 8 Sixth century 2 9 Eighth century 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Works cited 5 Further readingList of campaigns editCimbrian War 113 101 BC Battle of Noreia 112 BC 1 Battle of Agen 107 BC 2 Battle of Arausio 105 BC Battle of Aquae Sextiae 102 BC Battle of Vercellae 101 BC 3 Battle of Vosges 58 BC Battle of the Sabis 57 BC Clades Lolliana 16 BC Early Imperial campaigns in Germania 12 BC AD 16 Battle of Arbalo 11 BC Battle of the Lupia River 11 BC Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 9 AD Campaign against the Marsi 14 Campaign against the Chatti 15 Campaign against the Bructeri 15 Battle at Pontes Longi 15 Battle of Idistaviso 16 Battle of the Angrivarian Wall 16 Campaign against the Chatti 16 Battle of Baduhenna Wood 28 Revolt of the Batavi 69 70 Domitian s Campaign against the Chatti 82 Clashes along the Danube 92 Marcomannic Wars 166 180 Battle of Carnuntum 170 Crisis of the Third Century 235 284 Battle at the Harzhorn c 235 Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum 250 Battle of Beroe 250 Battle of Philippopolis 250 Battle of Abrittus 251 Siege of Thessalonica 254 Battle of Thermopylae 254 Battle of Mediolanum 259 Battle of Augusta Vindelicorum 260 Siege of Mainz 268 Battle of Lake Benacus 268 Battle of Naissus 269 Battle of Placentia 271 Battle of Fano 271 Battle of Pavia 271 Battle of Lingones 298 Battle of Vindonissa 298 German and Sarmatian campaigns of Constantine 306 336 Siege of Senonae 356 Siege of Autun 356 Battle of Durocortorum 356 Battle of Brumath 356 Battle of Argentoratum 357 Great Conspiracy 367 368 Battle of Solicinium 368 Battle of Noviodunum 369 Gothic War 376 382 Battle of Marcianople 376 Battle of the Willows 377 Battle of Dibaltum 377 Battle of Adrianople 378 Siege of Adrianople 378 Battle of Constantinople 378 Battle of Thessalonica 380 Battle of Argentovaria 378 Massacre of Thessalonica 390 Battle of the Frigidus 394 Gothic Revolt of Tribigild 399 400 Gothic War 401 403 Siege of Asti 402 Battle of Pollentia 402 Battle of Verona 403 War of Radagaisus 405 406 Battle of Faesulae 406 Crossing of the Rhine 406 Sack of Rome 410 Gothic War in Spain 416 418 Gothic revolt of Theodoric I 426 Frankish War 428 Vandal conquest of Roman Africa 429 432 Battle of Calama 429 Siege of Hippo Regius 430 431 Burgundian Revolt of Gunther 436 Gothic War 436 439 Battle of Narbonne 436 Battle of Mons Colubrarius 439 Vandal War 439 442 Battle of Vicus Helena c 448 Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 Sack of Aquileia 452 Sack of Rome 455 Battle of Aylesford 455 Gothic War in Spain 456 Battle of orbigo 456 Gothic War 457 458 Battle of Arelate 458 Battle of Cartagena 461 Battle of Orleans 463 Battle of Bassianae 468 Battle of Cap Bon 468 Battle of Bolia 469 Battle of Deols c 469 Battle of Arles 471 Battle of Ravenna 476 Vandalic War 533 534 Battle of Ad Decimum 533 Battle of Tricamarum 533 Gothic War 535 554 Siege of Naples 536 Siege of Rome 537 538 Battle of Treviso 541 Siege of Verona 541 Battle of Faventia 542 Battle of Mucellium 542 Siege of Naples 543 Sack of Rome 546 Siege of Rome 549 550 Battle of Sena Gallica 551 Battle of Taginae 552 Battle of Mons Lactarius 553 Battle of the Volturnus 554 Byzantine Lombard wars 568 750 Chronology editSecond century BC edit nbsp The Defeat of the Cimbri by Alexandre Gabriel Decamps113 101 BC Germanic Collision with the Roman Republic Cimbrian War Beginning of Germanic Wars 112 BC Battle of Noreia 1 Suicide of Consul Gnaeus Papirius Carbo 107 BC Helvetii defeat the Romans in the Battle of Agen 2 Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus dies in battle 2 General Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus dies in battle 2 Battle against Allies of the Cimbri 105 BC Battle of Arausio Execution of Roman General Marcus Aurelius Scaurus Proconsul Quintus Servilius Caepio and Consul Gnaeus Mallius Maximus exiled 102 BC Consul Gaius Marius defeats the Sciri and Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae Capture of King Teutobod Extermination of the Teutons Cimbri defeat Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the Adige Valley 4 101 BC Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Vercellae 3 King Boiorix dies in battle 3 Extermination of the Cimbri 3 First century BC edit nbsp Vercingetorix Throws Down His Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar by Lionel Noel Royer 189958 51 BC Conquest of Celtic Gaul to the Rhine by Julius Caesar Gallic Wars 5 58 BC Caesar decisively defeats the Helvetii in the Battle of the Arar and the Battle of Bibracte Caesar decisively defeats the Suevi led by Ariovistus in the Battle of Vosges 6 7 57 BC Battle of the Sabis 55 BC Caesar s intervention against Tencteri and Usipetes Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children totalling 430 000 people somewhere near the Meuse and Rhine rivers Caesar s first crossing of the Rhine against the Suevi Caesar s invasions of Britain Archaeologists with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam claim they ve found the first physical evidence that the battle took place in what is now the Netherlands near the city of Kessel North Brabant 8 54 BCE Destruction of the legion Legio XIV Gemina by the Eburones led by Cativolcus and Ambiorix 9 10 Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta dies in battle Quintus Titurius Sabinus dies in battle 53 BC Caesar s retaliation against the Eburones second crossing of the Rhine Extermination of the Eburones 52 BC Fall of Celtic Gaul Gaul becomes a Roman province 46 BC Execution of Vercingetorix the Celt 11 30 29 BC Rebellion of the Morini and Treveri with aid of the Suebi crushed by proconsuls Gaius Carrinas and Gaius Cornelius Gallus 12 20 BC Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa Governor of Transalpine Gaul Construction of military roads and especially the military road Lugdunum Divodurum Treverorum Agrippinensium from Lyon to Cologne 16 BC clades Lolliana 13 Destruction of the legion Legio V Alaudae by Sicambri and their allies Fall of the Kingdom of Noricum 16 13 BC Emperor Augustus on the Rhine Reorganization of the Three Gauls capital Trier Decision to fortify the left bank of the Rhine and conquest of Germania to the Elbe Rome pays tribute to the Frisii Begin of invasions east of the Rhine by Rome Construction of the modern city of Mainz begins 12 9 BC Invasions of Drusus I up the Elbe from the North Sea the Lippe and Main Battle of the Lupia River Cherusci Marsi and Sicambri 14 subdued Chatti Mattiaci Tencteri and Usipetes are overrun Frisii and other the Germans along the lower Rhine defeated 15 Canal of Drusus constructed 16 Establishment of new forts by Rome of Haltern am See Xanten Haltern Oberaden Holsterhausen Anreppen and Beckinghausen 17 9 BC Creation of Magna Germania capital Cologne Pacification campaigns against the Germanic tribes by the Roman Empire Marcomanni defeated and forced to flee into the territory of the Boii 18 8 7 BC Construction of military forts on both sides of the Weser Deportation of 40 000 Sicambri and Suebi west of the Rhine 19 20 21 6 2 BC Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus leads a Roman army across the Elbe Construction of military roads called the pontes longi amid the vast swamps between the Rhine and the Ems 22 Hermunduri subdued and forced to flee into the territory of the Marcomanni 23 First century edit 1 4 AD Rise of the Chatti 24 25 and Bructeri immensum bellum 26 suppressed by Tiberius who reaches the Elbe Canninefates Chattuarii Cherusci are again subdued Lombards Semnones Chauci and other tribes who dwelt on both sides of the Elbe are subjugated 27 5 The Roman navy reaches the Cimbrian peninsula for the first time Cimbri Charudes Semnones and other Germanic tribes who inhabit the region declare themselves friends of the Roman people 28 29 6 9 Uprising in Illyricum which cancels the major Roman project of war against Suevic Marcomanni Romans forced to move eight of eleven legions present in Magna Germania to crush the rebellion in the Balkans and Pannonia 30 6 Varus succeeds Saturninus as governor of Germania with the mission of peacekeeping and the implementation of tax and judicial administration 9 clades Variana Destruction of the legions XVII XVIII and XIX by Arminius in the Battle of Teutoburg Forest Suicide of Administrator Varus Loss of military camps east of the Rhine 31 32 33 Roman Empire is forced to strategically withdraw from Germania Pro Roman Germanic coalition led by Maroboduus and Segestes turns against Arminius 34 The resistance of the Roman garrison of Aliso and the arrival of Roman reinforcements on the Rhine prevent Arminius from invading Gaul 35 10 13 Military command of Tiberius in Germania and interventions in the valley of the Lippe replaced by Germanicus Construction of Limes Germanicus begins 14 Mutiny of the legions of Germania 14 16 Roman retaliation against Cherusci Chatti Bructeri and Marsi capture of Thusnelda recovery of two legionary standards lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest Battles of Idistaviso and the Angrivarian Wall nbsp Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years 10 11 13 CE In pink the anti Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius In dark green territories still directly held by the Romans in yellow the Roman client states17 Cessation of military offensives east of the Rhine by Tiberius Civil war between pro Roman and anti Roman Germanic tribes ends in a stalemate 36 37 19 Death of Germanicus 20 In a series of actions backed by Rome Vannius came to power following the defeat of the Marcomannic king Catualda by the Hermunduri king of Vibilius establishing the kingdom of Vannius regnum Vannianum Vannius was a client king of the Roman Empire and ruled from 20 AD to 50 AD 38 21 Assassination of Arminius 28 Revolt of the Frisii Tax collectors hanged Romans defeated in the Battle of Baduhenna Wood 41 Raid against the Chauci under Emperor Claudius Recovery of third legionary standard lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 47 Cnaeus Domitius Corbulo crosses the Rhine defeats the Frisii and Chauci and occupies their territory 39 40 50 Raid against the Chatti under Emperor Claudius Liberation of Roman prisoners 41 54 Under Emperor Nero Frisian raid repulsed 42 69 70 Revolt of the Batavi Destruction of 2 Roman legions by the Batavi Rebellion crushed by Quintus Petillius Cerialis 43 72 Under Emperor Vespasian Romans occupy and settle the Agri Decumates 82 83 Campaign against the Chatti under Emperor Domitian Roman armies conquer the territory of Chatti with the help of Mattiaci Hermunduri and Cherusci Triboci and Nemetes subdued Establishment of new Roman forts of Ladenburg Neuenheim Ladenburg Sulz Geislingen Rottenburg an der Laaber Burladingen Gomadingen Donnstetten Urspring Gunzburg 44 45 46 47 89 Lucius Antonius Saturninus Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XXI Rapax revolt against Rome with aid of the Chatti 48 Second century edit c 165 Invasion of Pannonia by Lombards and Ubii 166 180 Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia Marcomannic Wars 180 Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea Third century edit 213 214 Emperor Caracalla s successful campaign against the Alamanni fortifications of Raetia and Germania Superior strengthened 49 235 284 Crisis of the Third Century 235 Battle at the Harzhorn 238 Gothic raid on Istria 50 248 249 Raid in Marcianopolis by Goths 50 250 Roman victory at the Battle of Nicopolis ad Istrum Gothic victory at the Battle of Beroe Siege and sack of Philippopolis by Goths led by Cniva 51 251 Three Roman legions defeated by Goths at the Battle of Abritus Emperor Decius dies in battle Co Emperor Herennius Etruscus dies in battle 254 successful Graeco Roman defense of Thessalonica at the Siege of Thessalonica Successful Graeco Roman defense of Achaea at the Battle of Thermopylae 259 300 000 Alemanni die in the Battle of Mediolanum Milan nbsp The area Agri Decumates between Main and Rhine was evacuated in 259 AD dozens of Roman camps were abandoned 259 260 Evacuation of the agrarian area Agri Decumates by the Roman Empire Roman Empire retreats behind the Rhine 260 274 Usurper Postumus of possible Batavian origin 52 declares himself Emperor of the Gallic Empire including Roman Gaul Roman Britain Roman Spain and Germania He assumed the title Germanicus Maximus after successfully campaigning against Franks and Alamanni 53 c 267 269 Invasion of the Goths Gothic attacks on Marcianopolis and Chrysopolis Sack of Byzantium 268 Siege of Mainz Battle of Lake Benacus assassination of Gallic Emperor Postumus 269 Battle of Naissus 54 end of Gothic Invasion 271 Battle of Placentia Battle of Fano Battle of Pavia Destruction of Alemannic army Emperor Aurelian repelled another Gothic invasion but abandoned the province of Dacia north of Danube forever 55 Construction of the Aurelian Wall begins 277 278 Emperor Probus s successful campaigns against Goths Alamanni Longiones Franks and Burgundians 56 Reportedly 400 000 barbarians were killed during this campaign and the entire nation of the Lugii were extirpated 57 286 Campaign against the Alamanni Burgundians Heruli and Chaibones under Emperor Maximian 287 288 Salian Franks Chamavi and Frisii surrender and become subjects of the Roman Empire Maximian move them to Germania Inferior to provide manpower and prevent the settlement of other Germanic tribes 58 59 292 Constantius defeat the Franks who had settled at the mouth of the Rhineand and deport them to the nearby region of Toxandria providing a buffer along the northern Rhine and reducing his need to garrison the region 58 296 Frisians deported into Roman territory as laeti 60 298 Battle of Lingones 298 Battle of Vindonissa Fourth century edit 306 310 Emperor Constantine the Great drives the Franks back beyond the Rhine and captures two of their kings Ascaric and Merogaisus The prisoners are fed to the beasts of Trier s amphitheater in the adventus arrival celebrations that followed 61 Constantine crosses the Rhine in 308 and 310 devastating the lands of the Franks and the Bructeri 62 332 Roman invasion north of the Danube under Emperor Constantine the Great Capture of Gothic Prince Ariaricus Nearly one hundred thousand Goths die before submitting to Rome 63 64 65 66 67 68 306 337 After thirty years of military campaigns Constantine regains control over a good part of the territories which had been abandoned by Gallienus and Aurelian This included the Agri decumates from the Alemanni the plain south of the Tisza Banat from the Sarmatians and Oltenia amp Wallachia from the Goths 69 70 71 c 350 Infiltration of Germania Inferior by Franks 354 355 Roman double victory over Alamanni under Emperor Constantius II 72 73 356 Recapture of Colonia Agrippina Cologne by future Emperor Julian the Apostate Siege of Senonae by Alamanni Siege of Autun by Alemanni Battle of Reims Battle of Brumath nbsp The northern and eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire in the time of Constantine with the territories acquired in the course of the thirty years of military campaigns between 306 and 337 357 Roman invasion of Alemannic territory led by general Barbatio and Julian Attack on Lugdunum Lyon by Laeti End of coordinated operation against the Alemanni Battle of Argentoratum Capture of Alemannic King Chnodomarius Julian crosses the Rhine at Moguntiacum and forces three Alamannic kingdoms to submit Franks expelled from the basin of the Meuse 74 358 Raid in the province of Raetia by Alemannic Juthungi Destruction of Castra Regina Regensburg by Alemanni Julian forces the Salian Franks into submission and expel the Chamavi back to Hamaland 359 Execution of Roman General Barbatio Recapture of Moguntiacum by Julian Emperor Constantius II crosses the Danube at Brigetio Komarom and devastates the Quadian lands 75 365 Invasion of Roman Gaul by Alemanni Alemanni leave with spoil and captives 76 366 Alemanni invade Roman Gaul a second time 76 367 Sack of Moguntiacum by Alemanni Battle of Solicinium Roman army led by Eastern Emperor Valens defeats Gothic Greuthungi and captures their king Ermanaric 77 367 368 Great Barbarian Conspiracy against Roman Britain and Roman Gaul by Saxons and Franks Death of Nectaridus 367 369 Attack on Gothic Thervingi under Eastern Emperor Valens 78 79 368 Invasion of Alemannic territory under Emperor Valentinian the Great Crossing of the Rhine by the Roman Empire 76 369 Destruction of a fortress near Heidelberg by Alemanni 370 Invasion of Roman Gaul by Saxons Death of all invading Saxons Invasion of Alemannic territory by Valentinian the Great Rome captures thousands of Alemannic Bucinobantes Deposition of Alemannic King Macrian Hunnic raids on Gothic Greuthungi 80 81 82 83 84 85 374 Assassination of Quadic King Gabinius Invasion of former Illyricum by Quadi and Sarmatians 375 Pillaging of Quadi lands by the Roman Empire Western Emperor Valentinian the Great dies during peace negotiations nbsp Empire of the Huns pushing the Germanic tribes over the Limes into the Roman Empire 376 Invasion of the Huns Hunnic war against Visigoths and Ostrogoths Suicide of Gothic King Ermanaric Gothic King Vithimer dies in battle 86 87 376 382 Hunnic raids on Gothic Thervingi Visigoths 80 81 82 83 84 85 Gothic War 80 82 83 88 89 90 91 Plundering and destruction throughout the Balkans by Goths 377 Battle of the Willows 92 Gothic chieftain Farnobius dies in battle 378 Battle of Adrianople 93 94 Eastern Emperor Valens dies in battle Begin of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire 95 377 378 Invasion of Thrace and Moesia by Gothic Greuthungi led by chieftain Alatheus 378 Invasion of Alsace by Alemanni Battle of Argentovaria Extermination of Alemannic Lentienses Alemannic King Priarius dies in battle 380 Battle of Thessalonica Death of Gothic chieftain Fritigern Begin of naval raids by Saxons Begin of the Migration of the Saxons 382 Peace between Rome and the Goths Large Gothic contingents of Thervingi Taifali and Victohali settle along the southern Danube frontier in the province of Thrace 383 Failed raid in the province of Raetia by Alemannic Juthungi 387 Failed Invasion of Thrace and Moesia by Gothic Greuthungi led by chieftain Alatheus Greuthungi chieftain Alatheus dies in battle 390 Massacre of Thessalonica 392 Emperor Valentinian II is hanged Frankish General Arbogast names Eugenius to be Western Emperor 394 20 000 Gothic mercenaries support Eastern Emperor Theodosius the Great in the Battle of the Frigidus Suicide of Frankish General Arbogast Execution of puppet Western Emperor Eugenius 395 Assassination of Consul Rufinus by Gothic mercenaries Fifth century edit For the timeline of events in Britannia after its abandonment by Emperor Valentinian III see Timeline of conflict in Anglo Saxon Britain 401 402 Raid in Raetia by Vandals 401 403 Invasion of Italy by Visigoths under Alaric I Gothic War 402 Gothic Siege of Asti lifted by Stilicho 402 Alaric defeated by Stilicho at the Battle of Pollentia 403 Alaric s army destroyed at the Battle of Verona Visigoths pushed into former Illyricum by Stilicho 405 406 Siege of Florentia 96 Battle of Faesulae 97 execution of Gothic King Radagaisus August 406 98 12 000 Gothic higher status fighters are drafted into the Roman army 96 98 War between Frankish federates and Vandals Vandal king Godigisel dies in battle Battle of Moguntiacum Alans under King Respendial rescue the Vandals Crossing of the Rhine by Vandals Suebi Burgundians and Alans 405 406 exact date disputed 99 406 Usurpation of Marcus in Britannia late 406 supposedly in response to the Crossing of the Rhine 99 408 Failed invasion of Moesia by Huns and Germanic mercenaries led by Uldin the Hun Capture of thousands of Germanic mercenaries Execution of Roman General Stilicho August Slaughter of wives and children of barbarian foederati Siege of Rome by Visigoths Attacks on Roman Britain by Saxons nbsp Kingdom of the Vandals yellow and their allies the Sarmatian Alans before the invasion of Roman Africa c 418409 second Siege of Rome by Visigoths Invasion of Roman Spain by Vandals Suebi Marcomanni Quadi Buri and Alans September or October 409 100 410 Sack of Rome by Visigoths beginning of attacks on Vandals by Visigoths Begin of Barbarian raids by Picts Scoti and Irish Celts End of Roman rule in Britain Suevi establish a kingdom in Galicia 411 Jovinus declares himself Western Roman Emperor with aid of the Burgundians Franks and Alans Burgundians establish a Kingdom left of the Rhine under King Gundahar First sack of Trier by the Franks 101 413 Capture of Narbonne and Toulouse by Visigoths led by King Ataulf Usurper Jovinus is executed Second sack of Trier by the Franks 101 421 Third sack of Trier by the Franks 101 418 Visigoths settle in southwestern Gaul 102 426 436 Campaigns against the Visigoths in southern Gaul under Western Emperor Valentinian III Battle of Narbonne Capture of Visigothic chieftain Anaolsus 428 431 Failed Roman campaigns against Salian Franks Alemannic Juthungi on the Rhine and Danube Germanus of Auxerre leads Romano Britons to a victory against Saxon raiders 103 nbsp During his four year reign Majorian reconquered most of Hispania and southern Gaul meanwhile reducing the Visigoths Burgundians and Suevi to federate status 428 or 435 Fourth sack of Trier by the Franks 101 429 439 Invasion of Africa by Vandals led by Vandal King Genseric Siege of Hippo Regius Capture of Carthage by Vandals Capture of Roman navy by Vandals Pillaging of Sicily Begin of pirate raids by Vandals 431 Invasion to the Somme River by Salian Franks 104 436 437 Invasion of Burgundian Rhineland by Hun mercenaries controlled by Rome Burgundian King Gundahar dies in battle c 443 Britain plunges into civil war Groans of the Britons Britain is abandoned by Western Emperor Valentinian III citation needed c 445 450 Invasion of Northern Gaul by Salian Franks led by king Chlodio who conquers the cities of Tournai and Cambrai 101 448 Defeat of the Salian Franks in the Battle of Vicus Helena by Roman General Aetius 101 451 Invasion of Gaul by the Huns with Frankish Gothic and Burgundian mercenaries led by Attila the Hun Sack of Trier Attack on Metz Siege of Orleans Coalition of Romans Franks and Visigoths led by General Aetius stop the Huns in the Battle of Chalons Visigothic King Theodoric I dies in battle 452 Invasion of northern Italy under Attila the Hun Sack of Aquileia Vicetia Verona Brixia Bergamum and Milan 453 Hunnic and Germanic attacks on Constantinople Attila the Hun dies during heavy drinking 454 Assassination of Roman General Aetius Gepids establish a kingdom in Pannonia 455 Sack of Rome by Vandals Capture of Empress Licinia Eudoxia by Vandals 456 Visigoths defeat the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia in the Battle of orbigo 458 Emperor Majorian leads the Roman army to a victory over the Vandals near Sinuessa 105 Roman victory over the Visigoths in southern Gaul in the Battle of Arelate nbsp Europe in the late fifth century 476 486 459 Seizure of Trier by Franks Roman reconquest of southern Gaul and most of Hispania under Emperor Majorian 460 Roman victory over the Suebi at Lucus Augusti Roman fleet is destroyed by traitors paid by the Vandals Attack on the kingdom of the Vandals cancelled 461 Seventeen Vandal ships destroy forty Roman ships in a surprise attack 463 Battle of Orleans 465 Ostrogothic King Valamir dies in battle 468 Invasion of the Vandal Kingdom by the Byzantine Empire Defeat of the Byzantine Empire by the Vandals in the Battle of Cape Bon 469 Ostrogoths decisively defeat an alliance of pro Roman Germanic forces in the Battle of Bolia 106 Fall of the Hunnic Empire Visigoths thwarted an attack by an alliance of Bretons and Romans in the Battle of Deols 471 Battle of Arles Roman army crushed by Visigoths most of southern Gaul re captured by Visigoths Emperor Anthemius deposed by his own general 472 Revolt in Thrace by Ostrogoths led by chieftain Theodoric Strabo 476 Revolt of Heruli Sciri and Turcilingi mercenaries Battle of Ravenna Germanic Heruli chieftain Odoacer becomes King of Italy Deposition of Romulus Augustulus the last de facto Western Roman Emperor Fall of the Western Roman Empire 480 Assassination of Julius Nepos the last de jure Western Roman Emperor 486 Franks under Merovingian King Clovis I defeat the Kingdom of Soissons in the Battle of Soissons Fall of the Kingdom of Soissons 489 Theodoric the Great defeats Odoacer in the Battle of Isonzo Battle of Verona Sixth century edit nbsp Kingdom of the Visigoths orange Kingdom of the Suebi green Kingdom of the Burgundians Kingdom of the Franks purple Kingdom of the Vandals yellow c 490 526 Raid against Gothic Gepidae by Byzantine General Belisarius 533 534 Invasion of North Africa by the Byzantine Empire Vandalic War 533 Battle of Ad Decimum Capture of Carthage by the Byzantine Empire 533 Battle of Tricamarum Destruction of the Vandal Kingdom by the Byzantine Empire Fall of the Kingdom of the Vandals 535 554 Invasion of Italy by the Byzantine Empire 107 Ostrogothic War 535 Capture of Sicily by Byzantine General Belisarius 536 Capture of Naples and Rome by Byzantine General Belisarius 537 538 Siege of Rome by Ostrogoths 540 Capture of Mediolanum and the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna by Byzantine General Belisarius Capture of Ostrogothic King Witiges 541 542 Bubonic plague wipes out most of the farming community of the former Roman Empire and leaving dead an estimated 25 million people across the world Begin of territorial decline until the ninth century 541 544 Recapture of Northern Italy by Ostrogoths 542 Battle of Faventia Battle of Mucellium 543 Siege of Naples 546 Sack of Rome by Ostrogoths c 548 Recapture of Rome by the Byzantine Empire 549 550 Siege and Capture of Rome by Ostrogoths 551 Battle of Sena Gallica Capture of Ostrogothic chieftain Gibal Demoralization of Gothic army 552 Byzantine Empire with aid of the Heruli and Lombards defeat the Ostrogoths in the Battle of Taginae Ostrogothic King Totila dies on the run Defeat of Gothic Gepids in the Battle of Asfeld against Lombards Longbeards Gepid King Thurisind dies in battle 552 553 Capture of Rome and Siege of Cumae by Byzantine General Narses Battle of Mons Lactarius Ostrogothic king Teia dies in battle Fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom nbsp The Byzantine Empire at the end of Antiquity in 555 AD 552 Justinian sends a force of 2 000 men led by Liberius against the Visigoths in Hispania Conquest of Cartagena and other cities on the southeastern coast and foundation of the new province of Spania 108 554 Byzantine General Narses defeats the Franks and Alemanni in the Battle of the Volturnus 109 c 558 561 Failed Uprising of the Ostrogoth Widin 110 567 Lombards decisively defeat the Gepids Gepid King Cunimund dies in battle Fall of the Kingdom of the Gepidae 568 c 572 Invasion of Italy by a confederation of Lombards a Germanic people that had been previously allied with the Byzantine Empire from Pannonia and Bavarians Gepids Suebi Heruls Thuringians Saxons Ostrogoths and Rugii 111 Longbeards Lombards establish kingdoms in Northern Italy Langobardia Major and in Southern Italy Langobardia Minor 569 Seizure of Cividale del Friuli Vicenza Verona Brescia and Mediolanum by Lombards 570 572 Siege of Ticinum Seizure of Tuscany by Lombards Faroald and Zotto found the Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento 585 King Autari led the Byzantines to ask for the first time since the Lombards had entered Italy for a truce The territories which remained under Byzantine control were called Romania today s Italian region of Romagna in northeastern Italy and had its stronghold in the Exarchate of Ravenna including Rome Eighth century edit 751 the Lombards conquer Ravenna but Pope Stephen II controlled the territories of Rome Sicily Sardinia and others 751 756 just when it seemed Aistulf was able to defeat all opposition on Italian soil Pepin the Short the old enemy of the usurpers of Liutprand s family finally managed to overthrow the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul deposing Childeric III and becoming king de jure as well as de facto The support Pepin enjoyed from the papacy was decisive Because of the threat this move represented for the new king of the Franks an agreement between Pepin and Stephen II settled in exchange for the formal royal anointing the descent of the Franks in Italy In 754 the Lombard army deployed in defence of the Locks in Val di Susa was defeated by the Franks Aistulf perched in Pavia had to accept a treaty that required the delivery of hostages and territorial concessions but two years later resumed the war against the pope who in turn called on the Franks Defeated again Aistulf had to accept much harsher conditions Ravenna was returned not to the Byzantines but to the pope increasing the core area of the Patrimony of St Peter Aistulf had to accept a sort of Frankish protectorate the loss of territorial continuity of his domains and payment of substantial compensation The duchies of Spoleto and Benevento were quick to ally themselves with the victors Aistulf died in 756 shortly after this severe humiliation In 772 CE the Roman pope Adrian I of the opposite party of Desiderius reversed the delicate game of alliances demanding the surrender of the area never ceded by Desiderius and thus causing him to resume the war against the cities of Romagna 112 Charlemagne though he had just begun his campaign against the Saxons came to the aid of the pope He feared the capture of Rome by the Lombards and the consequent loss of prestige that would follow Between 773 and 774 Charlemagne invaded Italy Once again the defence of the Locks was ineffective the fault of the divisions among the Lombards 112 Charlemagne having prevailed against a tough resistance captured the capital of the kingdom Pavia Charles then called himself Gratia Dei rex Francorum et Langobardorum By the grace of God king of the Franks and the Lombards realizing a personal union of the two kingdoms Thus ended the Lombard Kingdom in Latin Italy led by the Roman Pope Adrian I See also editContact between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire Gothic and Vandal warfare Anglo Saxon warfare Furor Teutonicus Germanic Iron Age Germanic Heroic Age Timeline of Anglo Saxon settlement in Britain Timeline of Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula Operation Achse Roman Persian warsReferences edit a b Mommsen Theodor History of Rome Book IV The Revolution p 67 Archived from the original on 2007 09 30 Retrieved 2009 04 18 a b c d Theodor Mommsen Romische Geschichte Vol 2 Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod 3 Ed Weidmann Berlin 1861 S 178 in German Roman History From the battle of Pydna down to Sulla s death Romische Geschichte Bd Von der Schlacht von Pydna bis auf Sullas Tod a b c d Mossman Theodor 1908 History of Rome New York Charles Scribner s SOns p 71 Archived from the original on 2009 09 01 Retrieved 9 October 2009 Florus Epitome 1 38 16 17 and Valerius Maximus Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium Archived 2010 11 30 at the Wayback Machine 6 1 ext 3 Archived 2010 12 01 at the Wayback Machine in Latin Caesar In Hans Herzfeld de 1960 Geschichte in Gestalten History in figures vol 1 A E Das Fischer Lexikon de 37 Frankfurt 1963 p 214 Hauptquellen betreffend Caesar Caesars eigene wenn auch leicht tendenziose Darstellungen des Gallischen und des Burgerkrieges die Musterbeispiele sachgemasser Berichterstattung und stilistischer Klarheit sind Main sources regarding Caesar Caesar s own even though slightly tendentious depictions of the Gallic and the Civil Wars which are paradigms of pertinent information and stylistic clarity Julius Caesar Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1 31 53 Dio Cassius Roman History 38 34 50 see also Plutarch Life of Caesar 19 Dutch Archaeologists Find the Site of a Massacre Julius Caesar Boasted About 18 December 2015 Smith William 1867 Ambiorix In William Smith ed Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Vol 1 Boston Little Brown and Company pp 138 139 Archived from the original on 2013 11 02 Retrieved 2010 09 20 Florus III 10 8 Birkhan Helmut 1997 Die Kelten p 238 in German The Celts Dio LI 20 5 LI 21 6 Suetonius Augustus 23 Tiberius 12 Tacitus Annals I 10 III 48 Velleius II 97 102 Pliny Nat Hist IX 35 58 Dio liv 6 Dio Roman History LIV 33 Cassius Dio 229 365 Roman History Bk LIV Ch 32 Roller Duane W 2006 Roman Exploration Through the Pillars of Herakles Greco Roman Exploration of the Atlantic 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original on 2015 04 26 Retrieved 2017 08 23 Wells Peter S The Battle that stopped Rome New York W W Norton amp Company 2003 p 187 ISBN 0 393 32643 8 The Ambush That Changed History Fergus M Bordewich Smithsonian Magazine September 2005 Archived from the original on 2008 12 05 Retrieved 2008 10 17 Germans under Arminius Revolt Against Rome Edward Shepherd Creasy The Great Events by Famous Historians Vol 2 1905 Archived from the original on 2010 10 03 Retrieved 2010 09 20 LacusCurtius Velleius Paterculus Book II Chapters 94 131 penelope uchicago edu Velleius Paterculus Compendium of Roman History II 120 4 Cassius Dio Roman History LVI 22 2a 2b Tacitus Annals 2 44 46 Kevin Sweeney Scholars look at factors surrounding Hermann s victory Archived July 14 2011 at the Wayback Machine www nujournal com 2010 10 Tacitus The Annals 2 63 Goldsworthy In the Name of Rome p 269 Tacitus 117 189 190 The Annals Bk XI Ch 18 19 Events of AD 47 48 Tacitus Annals XII 27 Tacitus 117 253 The Annals Bk XIII Ch 55 Events of AD 54 58 Luttwak The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire p 53 R Syme Guerre e frontiere del periodo dei Flavi pp 606 ss Frontinus Stratagemata I 3 10 B W Jones The emperor Domitian p 129 C Scarre Chronicle of the roman emperors p 77 Dean Jones Lesley 1992 p 144 Scott Andrew 2008 Change and Discontinuity Within the Severan Dynasty The Case of Macrinus Rutgers p 25 ISBN 978 0 549 89041 6 a b Kulikowski Michael 2007 Rome s Gothic Wars p 18 Jordanes The Goths in the Third Century AD Archived 2011 05 24 at the Wayback Machine in THE ORIGIN AND DEEDS OF THE GOTHS translated by Charles C Mierow www earth history com State Paul F A Brief History of the Netherlands Infobase Publishing 2008 p 8 Drinkwater 1987 pp 30 170 Zosimus Historia Nova book 1 43 Archived 2008 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Potter David S A Companion to the Roman Empire p 270 Southern pg 129 Gibbon p 286 a b Williams 50 51 Barnes Constantine and Eusebius 7 Grane Thomas 2007 From Gallienus to Probus Three decades 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Marcellinus Historiae book 14 chapters 10 Ammianus Marcellinus Historiae book 15 chapters 4 John F Drinkwater The Alamanni and Rome 213 496 pp 240 241 Ammianus Marcellinus Historiae book 17 chapters 12 13 a b c Larned Josephus Nelson 1922 The New Larned History C A Nichols Publishing Company p 204 Gibbon Ibid p 892 893 Ammianus Marcellinus Historiae book 27 chapter 5 Kulikowski Michael 2007 Rome s Gothic Wars pp 115 116 a b c Zosimus Historia Nova Archived 2008 05 14 at the Wayback Machine book 4 Archived 2010 07 16 at the Wayback Machine a b Ammianus Marcellinus Historiae book 31 chapter 3 a b c Philostorgius Ecclesiastical history book 9 chapter 17 a b c Sozomen Ecclesiastical History book 6 chapter 37 a b Heather Peter 1998 The Goths pp 98 104 a b Kulikowski Michael 2007 Rome s Gothic Wars pp 124 128 Heather Peter 2010 Empires and barbarians p 215 Heather Peter 1995 The English Historical Review The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe Archived 2010 10 31 at the 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Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire University of Pennsylvania Press pp 95 98 ISBN 9780812200287 Retrieved 2 September 2020 a b c d e f Lanting J N van der Plicht J 2010 De 14C chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre en Protohistorie VI Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode deel A historische bronnen en chronologische thema s Palaeohistoria 51 52 2009 2010 in Dutch Groningen Groningen Institute of Archaeology pp 45 46 ISBN 9789077922736 Retrieved 1 September 2020 Smith Julia M H 8 September 2005 Europe after Rome A New Cultural History 500 1000 Oxford University Press p 344 ISBN 978 0 19 151427 2 Butler Rev Alban St Germanus Bishop of Auxerre Confessor The Lives of the Saints Vol VII 1866 Archived from the original on 2017 12 22 Retrieved 2017 12 20 Bury J B 18 July 2012 History of the Later Roman Empire Courier Corporation p 243 ISBN 978 0 486 14338 5 Sidonius Apollinaris Carmina V 385 440 and A Loyen Recherches historiques sur les panegiriques de Sidonine Apollinaire Paris 1942 pp 76 77 and note 5 Cited in Savino Eliodoro Campania tardoantica 284 604 d C Edipuglia 2005 ISBN 88 7228 257 8 p 84 History of the Goths University of California Press 13 February 1990 ISBN 9780520069831 Retrieved 5 April 2012 World Timeline of Europe AD 400 800 Early medieval The British Museum 2005 Archived from the original on 2009 02 27 Retrieved 2009 04 06 Getica 303 Haldon John 2008 The Byzantine Wars p 39 Amory Patrick 2003 People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy 489 554 De Bello Gothico IV 32 pp 241 245 a b Jarnut Jorg 2002 Storia dei Longobardi in Italian Torino Einaudi p 125 ISBN 88 464 4085 4 Works cited edit Cassius Dio 229 Dio s Roman History vol VI translated by Cary Earnest London William Heinemann published 1917 ISBN 9780674990920 Tacitus Publius Cornelius 117 Church Alfred John Brodribb William Jackson eds Annals of Tacitus translated into English London MacMillan and Co published 1895 Further reading editFlorus on the Germanic wars Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine translated by E S Forster www livius org October 2010 The Germanic Wars second century www unrv com October 2010 Roman Germanic Wars 12 BC to 17 AD www heritage history com October 2010 Timeline of Ancient Europe www earth history com October 2010 Speidel Michael 2004 Ancient Germanic warriors Warrior styles from Trajan s column to Icelandic sagas book Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples amp oldid 1197671738, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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